Prevalence of and Risk factors associated with hypertension: a community based- cross sectional study in Ndorwa West Health Sub District, Kabale district, southwestern Uganda

Prevalence of and Risk factors associated with hypertension: a community based- cross sectional study in Ndorwa West Health Sub District, Kabale district, southwestern Uganda | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of and Risk factors associated with hypertension: a community based- cross sectional study in Ndorwa West Health Sub District, Kabale district, southwestern Uganda John Bosco Munezero Tamu, Valence Mfitumukiza, Christiana Nkiru Okafor, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Globally, one billion people have hypertension (HT), it kills 9.4 million people annually. Prevalence is higher in developed countries and is rapidly rising in developing countries, and approximately 31.5% of Ugandans have HT. Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with HT among adults aged 25–65 years in the Ndorwa West HSD, Kabale District. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 381 adults aged 25–65 years in Ndorwa West HSD, using a modified WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Chi-square tests with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and p-values less than 0.05, were used to assess the association between hypertension and associated factors. Odds Ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) estimated the risk. Results The prevalence of HT and pre-HT in Ndorwa HSD was 28.3% and 45.7%, respectively. 61.8% (n = 243) were females and 36.1% (n = 142) were males with a mean age of 48.18 years and standard deviation of 11.5 years. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 25.92 kg/m 2 and the standard deviation was 3.69 kg/m 2 . Only Age (p = 0.010, OR = 1.81(1.14–2.87) and level of education (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with hypertension. age ≥ 45years increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.81 times. Behavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of the BP status (p = 0.010, OR = 0.53(CI: 0.32–0.87),use of fats/oil for cooking (p = 0.02, OR = 1.73 (CI: 1.09–2.75)), reduced salt intake (p = 0.001, OR = 0.075(CI:0.01–0.55)), and overweight and obesity (BMI) level ( p = 0.010, OR = 1.77 (CI 1.12–2.80)). BMI ≥ 25kg/m 2 increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.77 times. Conclusion The prevalence of HT and pre-HT in this rapidly transitioning rural–urban population was high. The risk of CVDs is about 16 folds higher among pre-HT compared to no HT and doubles for every 10-mmHg increase in BP. Hence, the considerable risk and burden of HT and related CVDs that require a dire need to adopt strategies to prevent and control hypertension based on the identified associated risk factors in Ndorwa HSD. Prevalence Hypertension Risk factors Community Uganda Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Globally, Hypertension (HT) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and a major contributor to approximately three-fourths of mortality from cardiovascular disease and stroke[ 1 ]. In 2015 alone, it was responsible for over 212 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) globally, indicating a 40% rise since 1990 [ 2 ]. HT is defined as abnormally high arterial blood pressure due to a persistently raised force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps it [ 3 ]. It is a silent and invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms [ 4 ]. There is increasing evidence of the incidence of NCDs in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and this increase is attributed to interrelated changes in socio-demographic determinants influenced by globalization [ 5 ]. A number of studies also indicate that the adoption of a Western behavioral lifestyle is linked with an increased prevalence of obesity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical inactivity, and transition from rural agricultural work to more globalized urban lifestyles [ 6 ]. Recent studies in Uganda have highlighted variations in the prevalence of hypertension between regions and in demographic groups between men and women [ 7 , 8 ]. In 2018, the national prevalence of hypertension among adults in Uganda was 31.5% 2 . It was higher among males (34.2%) than among females (30.2%), and 90% of individuals with HT were reported to be unaware of it. The prevalence of HT in Uganda was highest in the western region of Uganda, including Kabale district at 26.3% of the total population [ 2 ]. However, the prevalence of HT in the Ndorwa West Health Sub-District (HSD) remains unknown. Moreover, there are high trends of HT prevalence in similar rural communities due to socio-demographic and behavioral transition [ 9 ]. Hence, a community-based, cross-sectional study among adults aged 25–65 years done and assessed the prevalence and factors associated with HT in the Ndorwa West HSD and associated factors, since there is unknown amidst evidence of high prevalence in similar rural areas. This study intends to fill the gap by determining the prevalence of HP and Pre-HBP in Ndorwa west Health Sub-Distric. Methods Study Design, Setting, and Participants: This study used a community-based, cross-sectional design that assessed the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension in Ndorwa HSD. The setting comprised the sub-counties Kitumba, Kamuganguzi, Katuna, Ryakirimira, Rubaya, and Butanda. The Ndorwa West HSD has a population of approximately 102,500 people[ 10 ] is bordered by Kabale Municipality to the north, Ndorwa East HSD to the east, Republic of Rwanda to the south, and Rubanda District to the west. The Katuna Town Council, the main town, lies on the border of Rwanda and is approximately 470 km (300 mi) by road, southwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, and approximately 25 km (16 mi) south of Kabale District. The main activities in Katuna, Ryakirimira, and Kitumba are cross-border trade and retail businesses. This has led to a shift from traditional manual farming, which is both physically demanding and intense. People’s settlements have also progressively moved downhill from the hilltops to the lowlands where modern transport is accessible, which could reduce physical exertion. The WHO STEPwise approach according [ 11 ] was modified to suit the Ndorwa context to provide a simple, standardized method for collecting and analyzing associated risk factors among adults aged 25–65 years. The WHO STEP-wise approach was household-based, interviewer-administered, and collected data in two steps: step 1 used a questionnaire for demographic and lifestyle/behavioral data, and step 2 involved physical measurements of BP, height, and weight, which were used for BMI calculations. Sample size and sampling procedure: The sample size of 384 was determined using the Israel Glen formula 12 . It assumed the prevalence of hypertension to be 50% because it was unknown, permissible error of 5%, and the level of confidence of 95%. Additional non-response rate of 10% (39) was included to provide a final sample size of 423 participants. A 3-stage sampling procedure was used: Stage 1. Selection of parishes from six counties using systematic sampling. Stage 2 involved the selection of households from each parish using simple random sampling. Stage 3. Involved in the convenient selection of a member of the target age group from each of the selected households. When the sampled household had more than one eligible participant available, one member was randomly chosen using the lottery method. In the case of the non-availability of eligible persons in a selected household, an adjacent household was considered. Data Collection. The selected households were accessed with the help of the Village Health team (VHT). Face-to-face interviews based on the WHO STEP-wise questionnaire for NCDs surveillance tailored to the study setting were conducted, and data regarding sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, and behavioral factors were collected by a Registered Nurse trained as a research assistant. Physical measurements of participants’ (blood pressure, height, and weight were obtained without heavy outdoor clothing after the interview. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using an anthropometric rod. Weight was measured using a pre-standardized digital body weighing scale. BMI was calculated using the formula [weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared] and classified as Underweight-BMI 30.0 kg/m 2 . Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer with the participants in a sitting position after resting for at least five minutes. Three BP measurements on a single visit were taken at least one minute apart and the average was recorded. Male and female research assistants measured the BP of male and female participants, respectively, to avoid opposite-sex anxiety. BP readings were classified as Normotension , with an average systolic BP of 80–120 mmHg or diastolic BP of 60–79 mmHg; Pre-hypertension , systolic BP = 121–139 mmHg or diastolic BP = 80–89 mmHg; Hypertension where the average systolic BP was ≥ 140 mmHg and or diastolic BP was ≥ 90 mmHg; and hypotension , defined as an average systolic BP < 79 mmHg and or diastolic BP of < 59 mmHg. Data Analysis The analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (IBM SPSS version 20). Descriptive statistics were summarized and presented using simple frequency distribution tables. The prevalence of hypertension was determined as the percentage of participants classified as hypertensive with all study participants as the denominator. Prevalence was then standardized by age and sex using the method according to a previous study [ 13 ]. Chi-square tests (p < p-values less than 0.05) were used to assess the association between hypertension and associated risk factors. Odds Ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) provided the risk estimates of the associated risk factors. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Research Ethics Committee (REC). All participants provided written informed consent before voluntarily participating in the study. Participants with elevated blood pressure and no adherence to treatment were counselled and referred to their nearest health facility for further action and follow-up. VHTs assisted by home access were requested to leave private interviews and blood pressure measurements. The questionnaires were coded to ensure the non-identification of the participants. The completed questionnaires were immediately kept under a lockable cupboard that was only accessible to the principal investigator until data entry for analysis and report publication. The entire community was acknowledged rather than the individual participants. Results Out of the 423 participants, 385 participants had complete data, giving a response rate of 91%. Socio-demographic and behavioral factors Table 1 : Table 1 Participants’ socio demographic and behavioral characteristics Socio-demographic age category Frequency Percent 25–35 79 20.5 36–45 91 23.6 46–55 84 21.8 56–65 131 34.0 Total 385 100.0 Sex Frequency Percent Male 142 36.9 Female 243 63.1 total 385 100 Tribe Frequency Valid Percent Mukiga 333 86.5 munyankore 12 3.1 mufumbira/munyarwanda 40 10.4 Total 385 100.0 Marital status Frequency Valid Percent single 25 6.6 married/cohabiting 236 62.1 separated/divorce/widowed 119 31.3 Total 380 100.0 Occupation Frequency Percent un employed 221 58.0 self employed 113 29.7 Employed 47 12.3 Total 381 100.0 Level of education Frequency Percent Informal 42 10.9 Primary 243 63.1 Secondary 63 16.4 Tertiary college/university 37 9.6 Total 385 100.0 Those who had ever had their BP measured frequency percent yes 342 89.5 no 40 10.5 Total 382 100.0 BP awareness in the last 12 months frequency percent yes 294 87.8 no 41 12.2 Total 335 100.0 BMI (kg/m 2 ) Frequency Percent BMI 30.0 52 13.5 Smoking Frequency Percent Yes 51 13.2 No 334 86.8 Total 385 100.0 Alcohol consumption Frequency Percent Yes 221 57.4 No 162 42.1 Total 385 100.0 Fat/oil use for cooking vegetable oil 130 33.8 butter/ghee/ margarine 92 23.9 none 163 42.3 Total 385 100.0 Activity(walk up hill, bicycling ) Frequency Percent Yes 151 39.2 No 234 60.8 Total 385 100.0 Reduced Salt intake Yes 345 91.8 No 31 8.2 Total 376 100.0 The majority (61.8%) were females and the mean age was 48.18, SD 11.5 years. The mean BMI was 25.92 kg/m 2, SD 2.69 kg/m 2 ). Most of the participants were non-smokers as only 13.2%( n = 51) reported smoking. However, 57.4% reported alcohol consumption. Only one third (39.2%) reported participation in activities that required exertion e.g. walking uphill or bicycling, while another one third reported fats/oil use in their diet. Prevalence of hypertension Figure 1 : The prevalence of HT and pre-HT in Ndorwa HSD was 28.3% and 45.7% respectively Figure 2 : Females had both higher pre-HT and HT prevalence compared to men. Figure 3 : The prevalence of hypertension increased with age however it more rapidly after 55 years. Age was significantly associated with HT (p value = 0.010, OR = 1.81(1.14–2.87). Age > 45years increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.81 times (Table 2 ). Table 2 Socio demographic and behavioral factors associated with hypertension Hypertension status X 2− p-value Risk estimate. Odds Ratio,95%CI Remark No HTN HTN Total 6.43 0.01 1.81, 1.14–2.87 Significant Age category 45 years and below 133 37 170 46 years and above 143 72 215 Total 276 109 385 sex 0.56 0.45 1.19 (CI:0.75–1.90 Not significant Male 105 37 142 Female 171 72 243 Total 276 109 385 marital status No partner 105 44 149 0.02 0.65 0.57–1.43 Not significant Partner present 171 65 236 Total 276 109 385 Overweight and obesity 6.05 0.01 1.77 (CI 1.12–2.80) Significant BMI < 24.9kg/m 2 137 39 176 BMI ≥25kg/m 2 139 70 209 Total 276 109 385 Level of education 8.28 0.41 risk not estimated Significant informal 33 9 42 primary 165 78 243 secondary 45 18 63 Tertiary 33 4 37 Total 276 109 385 Employment 2.89 0.89 0.67 ( CI:0.43–1.06) Not significant un employed 151 70 221 Employed 125 39 164 Total 276 109 385 Smoking 0.963 0.810 1.33 ( CI:0.68–2.64) Not Significant yes 0 15 24 no 1 84 152 Total 1 176 Use of fat/oil for cooking 5.40 0.02 1.73 (CI: 1.09–2.75) Significant no fat/oil use 127 36 163 fat/oil use 149 73 222 Total 276 109 385 Alcohol consumption 0.68 0.79 1.06(CI:0.69–1.66) Not significant yes 161 62 223 no 115 47 162 Total 276 109 385 Reduced Salt intake 10.57 0.001 0.075(CI:0.01–0.55) Significant yes 239 106 345 no 30 1 31 269 107 376 Activity-walking up hill/cycling 1.21 0.27 1.29 (CI:0.82–2.06) Not significant yes 110 37 147 no 165 72 237 275 109 384 Awareness of BP status 6.48 0.01 0.53(CI: 0.32–0.87) Significant yes 55 35 90 No 221 74 295 Total 276 109 385 Socio demographic and behavioral factors associated with HT Table 2 : Only Age category and level of education were significantly associated sociodemographic factors with HT. Behavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of the BP status (p = 0.010, OR = 0.53(CI: 0.32–0.87), use of fats/oil for cooking (p = 0.02, OR = 1.73 (CI: 1.09–2.75)), reduced salt intake (p = 0.001, OR = 0.075(CI:0.01–0.55)), and overweight and obesity (BMI) level ( p = 0.010, OR = 1.77 (CI 1.12–2.80)). BMI ≥ 25kg/m 2 increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.77 times. Discussion The findings of the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors among adults aged 25–65 years from Ndorwa west HSD community based study, revealed a prevalence of hypertension of 28.3%. This prevalence is slightly higher compared to Western Uganda region and other Ugandan rural areas, which were 26.3% and 25.8%, respectively [ 8 ]. It is also higher than prevalence in a similar setting study in Burkina Faso, which reported 18% [ 14 ]. the prevalence however was lower compared in a study conducted in similar setting in Sudan, which reported a 40.8% prevalence 15 . The prevalence of hypertension in Ndorwa HSD however is consistent with findings from two community based studies in Ethiopia, which reported 28.3% and 27.4% [ 16 , 17 ]. It also concurs with that reported in rural areas of the central region of Uganda of 28.5% 8 . The high prevalence in this community based study is most likely due to an increase in adoption of modern lifestyles characterized by less exercise and high fat diet, which could be linked with an increased prevalence of obesity since less than half of the participants (44.9%) had Normal BMI > 24.5kg/m 2 . In this study, BMI was significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.013). BMI > 24.9 kg/m 2 compared to < 25 kg/M 2 increased the odds of developing hypertension by 0.79. Therefore, Ndorwa HSD should not delay initiating interventions that improve physical activity and a healthy diet through community-based strategies that incorporate informational, behavioral, and social policy-making. Although females had a higher pre-HT and HT prevalence than men, sex was not found to be significantly associated with HT. However, the observed difference can be explained by the fact that females engage in less physical activity at home, which makes it easier for them to accumulate fat and become more obese, and hence more prone to developing hypertension 18 . The prevalence of pre-HT was 47.5%, which was higher than 30.6% reported by meta- analysis studies conducted in Middle East and North Africa [ 19 ], and in Nepal [ 20 ]. The high prevalence of pre-HT represents an increased risk of developing hypertension and other associated cardiovascular diseases. Pre-HT progresses to clinical hypertension at a rate of 19% over four years [ 21 , 22 ]. Therefore, it is important to note that a high prevalence of pre-HT reflects an emerging public health concern because of progression to hypertension and other associated CVDs. This calls for the need to strengthen Hypertension and other NCD prevention programs to prevent the progression to hypertension and reduce related CVDs. Behavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of BP status, reduced salt intake, use of fat/oil for cooking, and overweight and obesity. The study noted that 89.5% had ever had their BP measured at least once, and 87.8% were aware of their blood pressure status contrary to 2 finding of 90% not aware of their BP status. This means that remaining 12.2% are still unknowingly at risk of HT and its complications, since it is a silent killer [ 4 ]. Those with a BP status are more likely to take up HT prevention compared to those who are not and have reduced odds of developing HT. Reduced salt intake was associated with lower odds of developing HT. Among those who reported high salt intake, one out of three were hypertensive and approximately one out of two were pre-hypertensive. Activity, which included any form of physical exertion such as walking up a hill/cycling or digging, was not significantly associated with the development of HT. The use of fat/oil is another significant factor in this study. The odds of developing HT were higher among those who used fat/oil for cooking than among those who did not. Cooking with fats/oils increased the odds of HT development by 0.73. This study did not find any significant association between HT, alcohol consumption, and smoking. This finding differs from studies that have indicated a significant association between HT and smoking, alcohol consumption, and fruit and vegetable consumption. This could be due to the indication of different risk factors for hypertension in Ndorwa West HSD among the Bakinga, since they accounted for the majority (86.5%). However, this is consistent with a study a previous study [ 23 ] done in Bangladeshi that did not find a significant association between smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and HT. This community-based cross-sectional study had several limitations. This study established an association between HT and a number of risk factors and estimated their risks using odds ratios. As this was a cross-sectional study, it lacked the ability to establish causal relationship between observed associated risk factors and HT. HT was defined as the average of three BP readings taken at least 1 min apart and measured at the field level instead of the clinical setting level. The study also did not collect data on several other factors that are often associated with hypertension, such as a family history of HT, waist circumference, and cholesterol levels. However, this study used a standard and pre-tested WHO STEPs questionnaire tailored to the study setting. The WHO STEPs questionnaire is widely used and, therefore, provides a reliable comparison of our findings with those of other studies. Conclusion The prevalence of HT and pre-HT in this rapidly rural-urban transitioning population was high. The risk of CVDs is about 16 folds higher among pre-HT compared to no HT and doubles for every 10-mmHg increase in BP. Hence, the considerable risk and burden of HT and related CVDs that require a dire need to adopt strategies to prevent and control hypertension based on the identified associated risk factors in Ndorwa HSD. Recommendations It is important to start awareness and prevention of hypertension campaigns through the Village Health team and other community health workers in the Ndorwa West HSD communicates based on identified modifiable risk factors, such as awareness of BP status, reduced salt intake, use of oil for cooking, and overweight and obesity status. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The current study was performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations as contained in the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in Tokyo 2004). Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Research Ethics Committee (REC) with the protocol number MUST-2021-319. All the participants consented to participate in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data is with the corresponding author and will be made available at a reasonable request Competing Interest The authors report no conflict of interest Funding Not Applicable Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of State’s Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy (S/GAC), and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) under Award Number. 1R25TW011213. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.” Acknowledgement is also extended to the community of Ndorwa west HSD. Authors’ Contributions JBMT, VM, CNO, IM and JK wrote the main manuscript text and EBA, LN, HIN, EBM and UPO prepared Tables 1, 2 and, figures 1, 2, 3. All authors reviewed the manuscript. 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Tables Table 1: Participants’ socio demographic and behavioral characteristics Socio-demographic age category Frequency Percent 25-35 79 20.5 36-45 91 23.6 46-55 84 21.8 56-65 131 34.0 Total 385 100.0 Sex Frequency Percent Male 142 36.9 Female 243 63.1 total 385 100 Tribe Frequency Valid Percent Mukiga 333 86.5 munyankore 12 3.1 mufumbira/munyarwanda 40 10.4 Total 385 100.0 Marital status Frequency Valid Percent single 25 6.6 married/cohabiting 236 62.1 separated/divorce/widowed 119 31.3 Total 380 100.0 Occupation Frequency Percent un employed 221 58.0 self employed 113 29.7 Employed 47 12.3 Total 381 100.0 Level of education Frequency Percent Informal 42 10.9 Primary 243 63.1 Secondary 63 16.4 Tertiary college/university 37 9.6 Total 385 100.0 Those who had ever had their BP measured frequency percent yes 342 89.5 no 40 10.5 Total 382 100.0 BP awareness in the last 12 months frequency percent yes 294 87.8 no 41 12.2 Total 335 100.0 BMI (kg/m 2 ) Frequency Percent BMI30.0 52 13.5 Smoking Frequency Percent Yes 51 13.2 No 334 86.8 Total 385 100.0 Alcohol consumption Frequency Percent Yes 221 57.4 No 162 42.1 Total 385 100.0 Fat/oil use for cooking vegetable oil 130 33.8 butter/ghee/ margarine 92 23.9 none 163 42.3 Total 385 100.0 Activity(walk up hill, bicycling ) Frequency Percent Yes 151 39.2 No 234 60.8 Total 385 100.0 Reduced Salt intake Yes 345 91.8 No 31 8.2 Total 376 100.0 Table 2: Socio demographic and behavioral factors associated with hypertension Hypertension status X 2- p-value Risk estimate. Odds Ratio,95%CI Remark No HTN HTN Total 6.43 0.01 1.81, 1.14-2.87 Significant Age category 45 years and below 133 37 170 46 years and above 143 72 215 Total 276 109 385 sex 0.56 0.45 1.19 (CI:0.75-1.90 Not significant Male 105 37 142 Female 171 72 243 Total 276 109 385 marital status No partner 105 44 149 0.02 0.65 0.57-1.43 Not significant Partner present 171 65 236 Total 276 109 385 Overweight and obesity 6.05 0.01 1.77 (CI 1.12-2.80) Significant BMI<24.9kg/m 2 137 39 176 BMI ≥25kg/m 2 139 70 209 Total 276 109 385 Level of education 8.28 0.41 risk not estimated Significant informal 33 9 42 primary 165 78 243 secondary 45 18 63 Tertiary 33 4 37 Total 276 109 385 Employment 2.89 0.89 0.67 ( CI:0.43-1.06) Not significant un employed 151 70 221 Employed 125 39 164 Total 276 109 385 Smoking 0.963 0.810 1.33 ( CI:0.68-2.64) Not Significant yes 0 15 24 no 1 84 152 Total 1 176 Use of fat/oil for cooking 5.40 0.02 1.73 (CI: 1.09-2.75) Significant no fat/oil use 127 36 163 fat/oil use 149 73 222 Total 276 109 385 Alcohol consumption 0.68 0.79 1.06(CI:0.69-1.66) Not significant yes 161 62 223 no 115 47 162 Total 276 109 385 Reduced Salt intake 10.57 0.001 0.075(CI:0.01-0.55) Significant yes 239 106 345 no 30 1 31 269 107 376 Activity-walking up hill/cycling 1.21 0.27 1.29 (CI:0.82-2.06) Not significant yes 110 37 147 no 165 72 237 275 109 384 Awareness of BP status 6.48 0.01 0.53(CI: 0.32-0.87) Significant yes 55 35 90 No 221 74 295 Total 276 109 385 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4579650","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":315203251,"identity":"e48cee53-689a-47fc-9912-7207e275ec5f","order_by":0,"name":"John Bosco Munezero Tamu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9jYGZqIU8iBYx0jWIpFGpBZ7sTNmDz78scnnl3yW+LmAwU6eQSL9An5bpHPMDWfwpFnOnJ12WHoGQ7Jhg0ROASEtZtI8EocNDG6nN0jzMDAnMEjkJBDW8sfgv4HBzePNv3kY6onUwpBwwMDgBtsxoC2HgVrSD+DXcjutTLLnQLKBZE9amvUMg+OGbTxv8OpgYJ+dvE3ixx87A372Y8a3Cyqq5fnZ0x/g14MKDBgY2Bh4DEjRArGZJFtGwSgYBaNg+AMA6lM55aXQX7kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"John","middleName":"Bosco Munezero","lastName":"Tamu","suffix":""},{"id":315203253,"identity":"43b72622-2d1a-4edf-a6df-5ae94c115122","order_by":1,"name":"Valence Mfitumukiza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Valence","middleName":"","lastName":"Mfitumukiza","suffix":""},{"id":315203254,"identity":"025d67f9-3644-48bf-98f1-e5c7d48a9811","order_by":2,"name":"Christiana Nkiru Okafor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christiana","middleName":"Nkiru","lastName":"Okafor","suffix":""},{"id":315203256,"identity":"0ed6308d-8d4a-47fb-94df-ec7b8123c168","order_by":3,"name":"Immaculate Mandera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Immaculate","middleName":"","lastName":"Mandera","suffix":""},{"id":315203257,"identity":"8aa0c17a-2b92-4582-84e6-ade4b98c9f7f","order_by":4,"name":"Jane Kabami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jane","middleName":"","lastName":"Kabami","suffix":""},{"id":315203258,"identity":"0950ca8e-c3cb-4e0b-b08f-9ae7f77fa70a","order_by":5,"name":"Edward Bwengye Arineitwe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Edward Bwengye Arineitwe. Kabale local government","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edward","middleName":"Bwengye","lastName":"Arineitwe","suffix":""},{"id":315203259,"identity":"7fcc5478-4922-4699-bab8-53add9993a7b","order_by":6,"name":"Lydia Namuyibwa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lydia Namuyibwa, Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lydia","middleName":"","lastName":"Namuyibwa","suffix":""},{"id":315203260,"identity":"e2b2788d-f9ba-4c32-8c31-6cb6b82cf76b","order_by":7,"name":"Herbert Izo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kabale University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Herbert","middleName":"","lastName":"Izo","suffix":""},{"id":315203261,"identity":"5dd32dbd-5358-4d8b-9b3a-9333c6c48782","order_by":8,"name":"Everd Baikaitwoha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Everd Baikaitwoha. Maniple. School of medicine, Kabale University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Everd","middleName":"","lastName":"Baikaitwoha","suffix":""},{"id":315203262,"identity":"76d487cf-4d8e-40a0-ac62-2c4fa9ed3419","order_by":9,"name":"Uchenna Prosper Okonkwo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uchenna","middleName":"Prosper","lastName":"Okonkwo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-14 05:44:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59480769,"identity":"751e7b3b-a289-42de-81ff-6645a19281b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 09:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4579650/v1/89a1f970b236f67c42dfbbbf.png"},{"id":59480768,"identity":"b7c548b0-94e4-4fbd-86b0-2348ae031bec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 09:56:46","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of HT standardized to sex.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemales had both higher pre-HT and HT prevalence compared to men.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4579650/v1/219d4752cf5aa6522fbc983d.png"},{"id":59481487,"identity":"c5fb694a-c1a5-49d6-ad9a-3506590836d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 10:04:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprevalence of HT standardized to age category.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of hypertension increased with age however it more rapidly after 55 years.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4579650/v1/603d6f4d1008077ea3b9a3c4.png"},{"id":101482682,"identity":"de54491f-48cd-4bd0-a20d-f0adb03a5491","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-30 08:27:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2421256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4579650/v1/4e2a585a-f6a9-4a38-83a0-30c7eefcfece.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence of and Risk factors associated with hypertension: a community based- cross sectional study in Ndorwa West Health Sub District, Kabale district, southwestern Uganda","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, Hypertension (HT) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and a major contributor to approximately three-fourths of mortality from cardiovascular disease and stroke[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2015 alone, it was responsible for over 212\u0026nbsp;million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) globally, indicating a 40% rise since 1990 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. HT is defined as abnormally high arterial blood pressure due to a persistently raised force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a silent and invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is increasing evidence of the incidence of NCDs in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and this increase is attributed to interrelated changes in socio-demographic determinants influenced by globalization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. A number of studies also indicate that the adoption of a Western behavioral lifestyle is linked with an increased prevalence of obesity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical inactivity, and transition from rural agricultural work to more globalized urban lifestyles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies in Uganda have highlighted variations in the prevalence of hypertension between regions and in demographic groups between men and women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2018, the national prevalence of hypertension among adults in Uganda was 31.5% \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. It was higher among males (34.2%) than among females (30.2%), and 90% of individuals with HT were reported to be unaware of it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HT in Uganda was highest in the western region of Uganda, including Kabale district at 26.3% of the total population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the prevalence of HT in the Ndorwa West Health Sub-District (HSD) remains unknown. Moreover, there are high trends of HT prevalence in similar rural communities due to socio-demographic and behavioral transition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Hence, a community-based, cross-sectional study among adults aged 25\u0026ndash;65 years done and assessed the prevalence and factors associated with HT in the Ndorwa West HSD and associated factors, since there is unknown amidst evidence of high prevalence in similar rural areas. This study intends to fill the gap by determining the prevalence of HP and Pre-HBP in Ndorwa west Health Sub-Distric.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e Study Design, Setting, and Participants: This study used a community-based, cross-sectional design that assessed the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension in Ndorwa HSD. The setting comprised the sub-counties Kitumba, Kamuganguzi, Katuna, Ryakirimira, Rubaya, and Butanda. The Ndorwa West HSD has a population of approximately 102,500 people[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] is bordered by Kabale Municipality to the north, Ndorwa East HSD to the east, Republic of Rwanda to the south, and Rubanda District to the west. The Katuna Town Council, the main town, lies on the border of Rwanda and is approximately 470 km (300 mi) by road, southwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, and approximately 25 km (16 mi) south of Kabale District. The main activities in Katuna, Ryakirimira, and Kitumba are cross-border trade and retail businesses. This has led to a shift from traditional manual farming, which is both physically demanding and intense. People\u0026rsquo;s settlements have also progressively moved downhill from the hilltops to the lowlands where modern transport is accessible, which could reduce physical exertion. The WHO STEPwise approach according [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] was modified to suit the Ndorwa context to provide a simple, standardized method for collecting and analyzing associated risk factors among adults aged 25\u0026ndash;65 years. The WHO STEP-wise approach was household-based, interviewer-administered, and collected data in two steps: step 1 used a questionnaire for demographic and lifestyle/behavioral data, and step 2 involved physical measurements of BP, height, and weight, which were used for BMI calculations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size and sampling procedure:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size of 384 was determined using the Israel Glen formula\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. It assumed the prevalence of hypertension to be 50% because it was unknown, permissible error of 5%, and the level of confidence of 95%. Additional non-response rate of 10% (39) was included to provide a final sample size of 423 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 3-stage sampling procedure was used: Stage 1. Selection of parishes from six counties using systematic sampling. Stage 2 involved the selection of households from each parish using simple random sampling. Stage 3. Involved in the convenient selection of a member of the target age group from each of the selected households. When the sampled household had more than one eligible participant available, one member was randomly chosen using the lottery method. In the case of the non-availability of eligible persons in a selected household, an adjacent household was considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection. The selected households were accessed with the help of the Village Health team (VHT). Face-to-face interviews based on the WHO STEP-wise questionnaire for NCDs surveillance tailored to the study setting were conducted, and data regarding sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, and behavioral factors were collected by a Registered Nurse trained as a research assistant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical measurements of participants\u0026rsquo; (blood pressure, height, and weight were obtained without heavy outdoor clothing after the interview. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using an anthropometric rod. Weight was measured using a pre-standardized digital body weighing scale. BMI was calculated using the formula [weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared] and classified as Underweight-BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5 kg/m2, normal weight- BMI 18.5\u0026ndash;24.9 kg/m2.,Overweight- BMI 25.0\u0026ndash;29.9 kg/m2 and Obese- BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30.0 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer with the participants in a sitting position after resting for at least five minutes. Three BP measurements on a single visit were taken at least one minute apart and the average was recorded. Male and female research assistants measured the BP of male and female participants, respectively, to avoid opposite-sex anxiety. BP readings were classified as \u003cb\u003eNormotension\u003c/b\u003e, with an average systolic BP of 80\u0026ndash;120 mmHg or diastolic BP of 60\u0026ndash;79 mmHg; \u003cb\u003ePre-hypertension\u003c/b\u003e, systolic BP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121\u0026ndash;139 mmHg or diastolic BP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80\u0026ndash;89 mmHg; \u003cb\u003eHypertension\u003c/b\u003e where the average systolic BP was \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;140 mmHg and or diastolic BP was \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;90 mmHg; and \u003cb\u003ehypotension\u003c/b\u003e, defined as an average systolic BP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;79 mmHg and or diastolic BP of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;59 mmHg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (IBM SPSS version 20). Descriptive statistics were summarized and presented using simple frequency distribution tables. The prevalence of hypertension was determined as the percentage of participants classified as hypertensive with all study participants as the denominator. Prevalence was then standardized by age and sex using the method according to a previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Chi-square tests (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;p-values less than 0.05) were used to assess the association between hypertension and associated risk factors. Odds Ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) provided the risk estimates of the associated risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Research Ethics Committee (REC). All participants provided written informed consent before voluntarily participating in the study. Participants with elevated blood pressure and no adherence to treatment were counselled and referred to their nearest health facility for further action and follow-up. VHTs assisted by home access were requested to leave private interviews and blood pressure measurements. The questionnaires were coded to ensure the non-identification of the participants. The completed questionnaires were immediately kept under a lockable cupboard that was only accessible to the principal investigator until data entry for analysis and report publication. The entire community was acknowledged rather than the individual participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOut of the 423 participants, 385 participants had complete data, giving a response rate of 91%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic and behavioral factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; socio demographic and behavioral characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eage category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTribe\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eValid Percent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukiga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emunyankore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emufumbira/munyarwanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e385\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eValid Percent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarried/cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eseparated/divorce/widowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eun employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eself employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary college/university\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose who had ever had their BP measured\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBP awareness in the last 12 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI 18.5\u0026ndash;24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI 25.0\u0026ndash;29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat/oil use for cooking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evegetable oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebutter/ghee/ margarine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eActivity(walk up hill, bicycling )\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePercent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReduced Salt intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority (61.8%) were females and the mean age was 48.18, SD 11.5 years. The mean BMI was 25.92 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2,\u003c/sup\u003e SD 2.69 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Most of the participants were non-smokers as only 13.2%( n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51) reported smoking. However, 57.4% reported alcohol consumption. Only one third (39.2%) reported participation in activities that required exertion e.g. walking uphill or bicycling, while another one third reported fats/oil use in their diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of hypertension\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HT and pre-HT in Ndorwa HSD was 28.3% and 45.7% respectively\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales had both higher pre-HT and HT prevalence compared to men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of hypertension increased with age however it more rapidly after 55 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge was significantly associated with HT (p value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.81(1.14\u0026ndash;2.87). Age\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45years increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.81 times (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio demographic and behavioral factors associated with hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk estimate. Odds Ratio,95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo HTN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.81, 1.14\u0026ndash;2.87\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge category\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 years and below\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 years and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003esex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.19 (CI:0.75\u0026ndash;1.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u0026ndash;1.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner present\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverweight and obesity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.77 (CI 1.12\u0026ndash;2.80)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24.9kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026ge;25kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003erisk not estimated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einformal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.67 ( CI:0.43\u0026ndash;1.06)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eun employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.963\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.810\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.33 ( CI:0.68\u0026ndash;2.64)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot Significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of fat/oil for cooking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.73 (CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;2.75)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno fat/oil use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efat/oil use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.06(CI:0.69\u0026ndash;1.66)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReduced Salt intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.075(CI:0.01\u0026ndash;0.55)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eActivity-walking up hill/cycling\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.29 (CI:0.82\u0026ndash;2.06)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot significant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of BP status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.53(CI: 0.32\u0026ndash;0.87)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio demographic and behavioral factors associated with HT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly Age category and level of education were significantly associated sociodemographic factors with HT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of the BP status (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53(CI: 0.32\u0026ndash;0.87), use of fats/oil for cooking (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.73 (CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;2.75)), reduced salt intake (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.075(CI:0.01\u0026ndash;0.55)), and overweight and obesity (BMI) level ( p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.77 (CI 1.12\u0026ndash;2.80)). BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.77 times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors among adults aged 25\u0026ndash;65 years from Ndorwa west HSD community based study, revealed a prevalence of hypertension of 28.3%. This prevalence is slightly higher compared to Western Uganda region and other Ugandan rural areas, which were 26.3% and 25.8%, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. It is also higher than prevalence in a similar setting study in Burkina Faso, which reported 18% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. the prevalence however was lower compared in a study conducted in similar setting in Sudan, which reported a 40.8% prevalence\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of hypertension in Ndorwa HSD however is consistent with findings from two community based studies in Ethiopia, which reported 28.3% and 27.4% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. It also concurs with that reported in rural areas of the central region of Uganda of 28.5%\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high prevalence in this community based study is most likely due to an increase in adoption of modern lifestyles characterized by less exercise and high fat diet, which could be linked with an increased prevalence of obesity since less than half of the participants (44.9%) had Normal BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24.5kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, BMI was significantly associated with hypertension (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013). BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e compared to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e increased the odds of developing hypertension by 0.79. Therefore, Ndorwa HSD should not delay initiating interventions that improve physical activity and a healthy diet through community-based strategies that incorporate informational, behavioral, and social policy-making.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough females had a higher pre-HT and HT prevalence than men, sex was not found to be significantly associated with HT. However, the observed difference can be explained by the fact that females engage in less physical activity at home, which makes it easier for them to accumulate fat and become more obese, and hence more prone to developing hypertension\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of pre-HT was 47.5%, which was higher than 30.6% reported by meta- analysis studies conducted in Middle East and North Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and in Nepal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high prevalence of pre-HT represents an increased risk of developing hypertension and other associated cardiovascular diseases. Pre-HT progresses to clinical hypertension at a rate of 19% over four years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is important to note that a high prevalence of pre-HT reflects an emerging public health concern because of progression to hypertension and other associated CVDs. This calls for the need to strengthen Hypertension and other NCD prevention programs to prevent the progression to hypertension and reduce related CVDs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of BP status, reduced salt intake, use of fat/oil for cooking, and overweight and obesity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study noted that 89.5% had ever had their BP measured at least once, and 87.8% were aware of their blood pressure status contrary to\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e finding of 90% not aware of their BP status. This means that remaining 12.2% are still unknowingly at risk of HT and its complications, since it is a silent killer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Those with a BP status are more likely to take up HT prevention compared to those who are not and have reduced odds of developing HT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced salt intake was associated with lower odds of developing HT. Among those who reported high salt intake, one out of three were hypertensive and approximately one out of two were pre-hypertensive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity, which included any form of physical exertion such as walking up a hill/cycling or digging, was not significantly associated with the development of HT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of fat/oil is another significant factor in this study. The odds of developing HT were higher among those who used fat/oil for cooking than among those who did not. Cooking with fats/oils increased the odds of HT development by 0.73.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study did not find any significant association between HT, alcohol consumption, and smoking. This finding differs from studies that have indicated a significant association between HT and smoking, alcohol consumption, and fruit and vegetable consumption. This could be due to the indication of different risk factors for hypertension in Ndorwa West HSD among the Bakinga, since they accounted for the majority (86.5%). However, this is consistent with a study a previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] done in Bangladeshi that did not find a significant association between smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and HT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis community-based cross-sectional study had several limitations. This study established an association between HT and a number of risk factors and estimated their risks using odds ratios. As this was a cross-sectional study, it lacked the ability to establish causal relationship between observed associated risk factors and HT. HT was defined as the average of three BP readings taken at least 1 min apart and measured at the field level instead of the clinical setting level. The study also did not collect data on several other factors that are often associated with hypertension, such as a family history of HT, waist circumference, and cholesterol levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, this study used a standard and pre-tested WHO STEPs questionnaire tailored to the study setting. The WHO STEPs questionnaire is widely used and, therefore, provides a reliable comparison of our findings with those of other studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HT and pre-HT in this rapidly rural-urban transitioning population was high. The risk of CVDs is about 16 folds higher among pre-HT compared to no HT and doubles for every 10-mmHg increase in BP. Hence, the considerable risk and burden of HT and related CVDs that require a dire need to adopt strategies to prevent and control hypertension based on the identified associated risk factors in Ndorwa HSD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is important to start awareness and prevention of hypertension campaigns through the Village Health team and other community health workers in the Ndorwa West HSD communicates based on identified modifiable risk factors, such as awareness of BP status, reduced salt intake, use of oil for cooking, and overweight and obesity status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations as contained in the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in Tokyo 2004).\u0026nbsp;Ethical approval\u0026nbsp;was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Research Ethics Committee (REC) with the protocol number \u0026nbsp; MUST-2021-319.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;All the participants consented to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data is with the corresponding author and will be made available at a reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of State’s Office of the U.S. \u0026nbsp;Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy (S/GAC), and\u0026nbsp;the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) under Award Number.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1R25TW011213. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement is also extended to the community of Ndorwa west HSD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJBMT, VM, CNO, IM and JK wrote the main manuscript text and EBA, LN, HIN, EBM and UPO prepared Tables 1, 2 and, figures 1, 2, 3. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede B, Ayele G, Haftu D, Gebremichael G. The prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Southern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of chronic diseases\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;2020. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcd/2020/8020129/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLunyera J, Kirenga B, Stanifer JW, et al. Geographic differences in the prevalence of hypertension in Uganda: Results of a national epidemiological study. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e. 2018;13(8):e0201001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKekana KK. \u003cem\u003eThe Relationship of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status with Blood Pressure in Pregnant African Women: The NuPED Study\u003c/em\u003e. PhD Thesis. North-West University (South-Africa); 2021. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/37677\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eId MR, Shah G, Id MA, Shah A. Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan : A systematic review and meta- analysis. Published online 2021:1-23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246085\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMkuu RS. \u003cem\u003eSOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE RISK IN KENYA\u003c/em\u003e. PhD Thesis. 2018. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/173945\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMosha NR, Mahande M, Juma A, et al. Prevalence, awareness and factors associated with hypertension in North West Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eGlobal health action\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;10(1):1321279.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKwarisiima D, Balzer L, Heller D, et al. Population-based assessment of hypertension epidemiology and risk factors among HIV-positive and general populations in rural Uganda. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e. 2016;11(5):e0156309.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuwatudde D, Mutungi G, Wesonga R, et al. The epidemiology of hypertension in Uganda: findings from the national non-communicable diseases risk factor survey. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;10(9):e0138991.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhihi AJ, Anaeli A, Mpembeni RN, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among young and middle-aged adults: Results from a community-based survey in rural Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of hypertension\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;2020. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijhy/2020/9032476/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 2020. STATISTICAL ... Census - Google Search. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d\u0026amp;q=UGANDA+BUREAU+OF+STATISTICS.+2020.+STATISTICAL+...+Census\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiley L, Guthold R, Cowan M, et al. The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance: Methods, Challenges, and Opportunities. \u003cem\u003eAm J Public Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2016;106(1):74-78. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302962\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsrael GD. Determining sample size. Published online 1992. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Subhash-Basu-3/post/how_could_i_determine_sample_size_for_my_study/attachment/5ebaa4924f9a520001e613b6/AS:890361492811785@1589290130539/download/samplesize1.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorris JA, Gardner MJ. Statistics in medicine: Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates. \u003cem\u003eBritish medical journal (Clinical research ed)\u003c/em\u003e. 1988;296(6632):1313.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoubeiga JK, Millogo T, Bicaba BW, Doulougou B, Kouanda S. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Burkina Faso: a countrywide cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;17(1):64. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3926-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOmar SM, Musa IR, Osman OE, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Gadarif in eastern Sudan: a community-based study. \u003cem\u003eBMC public health\u003c/em\u003e. 2020;20(1):1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeset Haile D, Taddess N, Mekuria AD, Abebe AM, Mezemir Y. Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults in Debre Berhan Town, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, 2020. \u003cem\u003eVHRM\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;Volume 17:203-210. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S297403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeset Haile D, Taddess N, Mekuria AD, Abebe AM, Mezemir Y. Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Adults in Debre Berhan Town, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, 2020. \u003cem\u003eVHRM\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;Volume 17:203-210. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S297403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaeed KMI. Burden of hypertension in the capital of Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study in Kabul City, 2015. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of hypertension\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;2017. Accessed March 21, 2024. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijhy/2017/3483872/abs/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalouchi A, Rafsanjani MHAP, Al-Mutawaa K, et al. Hypertension and Pre-Hypertension in Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. \u003cem\u003eCurrent problems in cardiology\u003c/em\u003e. 2022;47(7):101069.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Sedhai YR, et al. Prevalence, awareness, risk factors and control of hypertension in Nepal from 2000 to 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003ePublic Health in Practice\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;2:100119.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuwatudde D, Nankya-Mutyoba J, Kalyesubula R, et al. The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a four-country cross sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMC public health\u003c/em\u003e. 2015;15(1):1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz L, Nikniaz Z. Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: The lifestyle promotion project (LPP). \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e. 2016;11(10):e0165264.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhanam R, Ahmed S, Rahman S, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural Sylhet district of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMJ open\u003c/em\u003e. 2019;9(10):e026722.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Participants\u0026rsquo; socio demographic and behavioral characteristics \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eage category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36-45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46-55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56-65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValid Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMukiga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emunyankore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emufumbira/munyarwanda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e385\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValid Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emarried/cohabiting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eseparated/divorce/widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eun employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eself employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary college/university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThose who had ever had their BP measured\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBP awareness in the last 12 months\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026lt;18.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 18.5\u0026ndash;24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 25.0\u0026ndash;29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026gt;30.0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFat/oil use for cooking\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evegetable oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebutter/ghee/ margarine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivity(walk up hill, bicycling ) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Percent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eReduced Salt intake\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Socio demographic and behavioral factors associated with hypertension\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.02232854864434%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.17384370015949%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypertension status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Risk estimate. Odds Ratio,95%CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemark\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.446601941747574%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo HTN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.067961165048544%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.067961165048544%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12621359223301%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.067961165048544%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.50485436893204%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.81, 1.14-2.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.718446601941746%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 years and below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.19 (CI:0.75-1.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emarital status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.993630573248407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.127388535031848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.484076433121019%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.535031847133759%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.57-1.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.630573248407643%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartner present\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverweight and obesity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.77 (CI 1.12-2.80)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026lt;24.9kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026nbsp;\u0026ge;25kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.993630573248407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.127388535031848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.484076433121019%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.535031847133759%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erisk not estimated\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.630573248407643%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einformal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.993630573248407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.127388535031848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.484076433121019%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.535031847133759%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.67 ( CI:0.43-1.06)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.630573248407643%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eun employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.993630573248407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.127388535031848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.484076433121019%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.963\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.810\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.535031847133759%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.33 ( CI:0.68-2.64)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.630573248407643%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot Significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of fat/oil for cooking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.73 (CI: 1.09-2.75)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno fat/oil use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efat/oil use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol consumption\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.06(CI:0.69-1.66)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.993630573248407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduced Salt intake\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.127388535031848%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.484076433121019%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.07643312101911%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.535031847133759%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.075(CI:0.01-0.55)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.630573248407643%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivity-walking up hill/cycling\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.29 (CI:0.82-2.06)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.196172248803826%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwareness of BP status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.496012759170654%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.556618819776714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.53(CI: 0.32-0.87)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.660287081339714%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.09316770186335%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.503105590062113%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.70186335403727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Prevalence, Hypertension, Risk factors, Community, Uganda","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, one billion people have hypertension (HT), it kills 9.4\u0026nbsp;million people annually. Prevalence is higher in developed countries and is rapidly rising in developing countries, and approximately 31.5% of Ugandans have HT.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with HT among adults aged 25\u0026ndash;65 years in the Ndorwa West HSD, Kabale District.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 381 adults aged 25\u0026ndash;65 years in Ndorwa West HSD, using a modified WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Chi-square tests with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and p-values less than 0.05, were used to assess the association between hypertension and associated factors. Odds Ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) estimated the risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HT and pre-HT in Ndorwa HSD was 28.3% and 45.7%, respectively. 61.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;243) were females and 36.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142) were males with a mean age of 48.18 years and standard deviation of 11.5 years. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 25.92 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and the standard deviation was 3.69 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Only Age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.81(1.14\u0026ndash;2.87) and level of education (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04) were significantly associated with hypertension. age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45years increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.81 times. Behavioral factors associated with HT included awareness of the BP status (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.53(CI: 0.32\u0026ndash;0.87),use of fats/oil for cooking (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.73 (CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;2.75)), reduced salt intake (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.075(CI:0.01\u0026ndash;0.55)), and overweight and obesity (BMI) level ( p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.77 (CI 1.12\u0026ndash;2.80)). BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e increased the likelihood of developing HT by 0.77 times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HT and pre-HT in this rapidly transitioning rural\u0026ndash;urban population was high. The risk of CVDs is about 16 folds higher among pre-HT compared to no HT and doubles for every 10-mmHg increase in BP. Hence, the considerable risk and burden of HT and related CVDs that require a dire need to adopt strategies to prevent and control hypertension based on the identified associated risk factors in Ndorwa HSD.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of and Risk factors associated with hypertension: a community based- cross sectional study in Ndorwa West Health Sub District, Kabale district, southwestern Uganda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-02 09:56:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4579650/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8906c118-7e33-473d-a51c-6a8978e10c95","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-30T08:25:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-02 09:56:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4579650","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4579650","identity":"rs-4579650","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}