Experiments on a 3D Rectangular Blade Undergoing Plunging Motion

Experiments on a 3D Rectangular Blade Undergoing Plunging Motion | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experiments on a 3D Rectangular Blade Undergoing Plunging Motion M. BadrGoltapeh, M. Farahani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract 3D rectangular blade with a semi-span aspect ratio 2.4 is measured in a wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 0.27 × 10 6 to investigate the three-dimensional effects of plunge motion on lift coefficient variations. The measured surface pressure integration method is used to calculate the sectional lift coefficients at the blade’s root, mid, and tip sections. For this study, a novel apparatus was designed, manufactured, and calibrated to simulate the almost general motion of a wing. To analyze the effects of motion parameters on lift evolutions, experiments were carried out with various plunge amplitude ratios ( \(\:\stackrel{-}{h}/c\) ) and reduced frequencies ( k ), using the mentioned mechanism. As a result of tip-vortex and cross-flow, the lift history of tip sections shows a different behavior. Lift hysteresis is also affected by the model's structural properties. Due to tip vortices and cross flow perturbations, lift hysteresis loops differ from the conventional elliptic shape of 2D airfoils. Unsteady Aerodynamics Plunging Motion Experimental Aerodynamics Wind-Tunnel Testing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 31 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7889353","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542500568,"identity":"86fa75b8-89a5-4d1d-92ea-26f7d1bd54af","order_by":0,"name":"M. BadrGoltapeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sharif University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"BadrGoltapeh","suffix":""},{"id":542500569,"identity":"3d179e4d-e1ad-406b-835b-040ffaa9ab6b","order_by":1,"name":"M. Farahani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIie3OMQrCQBCF4QkLm2Zj2lmiRxCUQLTyLC62wcZS0K3GRg9g5SFsLCwWhKTxDlrFRkGwEhSMYickKS3276b4mAdgs/1jzAA4GoC7mucn+sDKCO9/iTAfInVlAth/E5C6TDSJZdf7pjesyVN2vG+7CK53LCRRwsPlYj8Y8SDutOcZIjC3VUwOOgSPmKIg5igMToDx4mFR4t6cJ00VyTSTD/P+UkpEyDzaKUKIAlGRjFiDUkUijoJ6TniFYWvnQmO1muXDzmaCvp8Uk99KfthsNputSi+VOjq6EKx1yQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Sharif University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Farahani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-17 19:23:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95685819,"identity":"9f198a5f-fa07-4fa8-85da-11dc5b1a36d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2775892,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptspringer.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/73fdc1b22bf3318054049c66.docx"},{"id":95685816,"identity":"fc198d0c-8a4f-461a-bb9e-6f709571ea23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cbebf547ccc840f5a2ce03030b8a4ccd.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/5c57d3f48efe4b9c65464c9f.json"},{"id":95685815,"identity":"ffc2a898-7331-44d1-9571-3694736b75fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cbebf547ccc840f5a2ce03030b8a4ccd1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/1ef90d5ab3e25c159cbe1f9a.xml"},{"id":95685817,"identity":"386fb2b8-2436-4878-9733-b4ffe5362c76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4288798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/2553247e948d7534c685a782.wmf"},{"id":95685814,"identity":"c175b01c-6015-429b-8b52-ffc8cdcdd1a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1012238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/f482486e66c354dc12da1b1b.wmf"},{"id":95685824,"identity":"1aac51ee-d7eb-4b60-a627-0ce5209e947e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1007232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6b1e8c091946c960b2bc6c2c.wmf"},{"id":95798831,"identity":"6d097076-c5dd-4bc6-90ee-19eac0281839","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:17:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1014478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/3f3bb065cd25e1d4379a1f8f.wmf"},{"id":95685822,"identity":"552d0df0-5aff-43df-950c-538f427bf898","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":419162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/35482b24a80af6427814d416.wmf"},{"id":95799040,"identity":"484f2a88-cf0d-47a1-9bc0-55ecf2a75a8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":765492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/e0c944bba1e9151c8712349e.wmf"},{"id":95685825,"identity":"f42962cf-2b6d-459a-a03e-6a87b9daeed8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":515198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/91932319f15412e2f55b78f5.wmf"},{"id":95685828,"identity":"6dba7b35-6741-4b4f-89ba-18008d143f01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/cbfe5176c081847f738e02b6.wmf"},{"id":95685843,"identity":"c413c402-c517-4897-b056-af13e7c0c79d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/a44439b9ff342a8aaffaa9e4.png"},{"id":95800328,"identity":"59a693ac-0296-410c-b2c0-416ee98da1ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:22:15","extension":"wmf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/7d1c5817b4d2010ffa62de83.wmf"},{"id":95685830,"identity":"ddfa5888-35d5-4e59-b9cd-4deab60257a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/041abc545e19dd7030c67cff.jpeg"},{"id":95799176,"identity":"62adfb4b-d85e-4a12-b514-007f3c535b56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/56f898542fef7df22edaf25b.wmf"},{"id":95685821,"identity":"59aacafc-abcb-43ee-877f-86b565fe6bba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":162866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/38af2c4ec2a6a5f154271290.wmf"},{"id":95685832,"identity":"834d9a8f-63c8-4086-a49f-ae7523611101","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":236648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/2f6373545fbaa0990a2070ed.wmf"},{"id":95799862,"identity":"7c494ad9-2d6a-43f9-976d-91ad20e2276b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:21:00","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":278954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/9450d501a78daaaadd45592a.wmf"},{"id":95685831,"identity":"3db3c0bd-1965-4bc3-acd1-639c77d06e66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4288798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/4e94cac3bf213f72f55c1734.wmf"},{"id":95685856,"identity":"29833aa3-521c-4ec5-95a4-8d303b8acb1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1012238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6eb61c5cbd0c7cbf2858b503.wmf"},{"id":95799868,"identity":"919b284a-1e82-44c2-b4ae-9f92288ccefa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:21:00","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1007232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/d8d800c51a53fa133fc43b9e.wmf"},{"id":95799397,"identity":"43ce8126-01d0-45a2-8e25-ac85b9a7f1df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:19:49","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1014478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/5893f5e03ce09542042c7a87.wmf"},{"id":95799033,"identity":"bd713bdb-fbef-43ba-9a3d-a94d706b1cae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:27","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":419162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/66132d1654c445594a63a864.wmf"},{"id":95798824,"identity":"dd2c4eab-550b-4633-bc9e-254e77b38957","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:17:55","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":765492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/b1d738ab815ee775cb9b07e2.wmf"},{"id":95685839,"identity":"221e0673-dc22-4d4f-96ff-bcfde5e94e35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":515198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/b168efadbe7aec7ce3e2100d.wmf"},{"id":95685829,"identity":"31d26b30-7f17-4f06-85d4-f3e8a7cd8296","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":119006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/7fe8525fff3620e8fea76185.wmf"},{"id":95685836,"identity":"27598659-8190-417f-8a82-59736806516e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/f09b2233babd8a6c61806149.wmf"},{"id":95685858,"identity":"46c5e2cb-d563-402e-99b6-dd9f286b87aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":139198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/c3fb00b7c89a859a42197ce0.wmf"},{"id":95685827,"identity":"ae6ad6eb-434b-443c-8644-113df461220b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":162866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/465e237da5b9e23fcd8e77f4.wmf"},{"id":95685860,"identity":"a45bb3b9-9f06-45ab-b982-429f77ea8198","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":236648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/efc2b98a5fb819435529d27d.wmf"},{"id":95685862,"identity":"a132c9fe-5318-4659-b458-6273b3bd0b04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":278954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/40c730ef4c159a4fb542a17e.wmf"},{"id":95685848,"identity":"b1e97420-0f73-47e9-9eba-e81595277935","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":239815,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/0b7f274d63b21d853b6e7001.png"},{"id":95685851,"identity":"b94e32f4-8075-4511-b3dc-c970423f3d7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64078,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/4dfa08e326b5615ddae66772.png"},{"id":95685874,"identity":"936e9d8b-1dfd-4995-8839-5bb24c05dd6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/b7489717d37e9baf51440391.png"},{"id":95685854,"identity":"60f82df1-a311-4485-b054-b667a3dc1496","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/2393c87b7de22e47f79ec6ff.png"},{"id":95685868,"identity":"9d4e417d-be44-4f74-92a8-ac739027eaee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6a7fbe2d0486733857d14251.png"},{"id":95799163,"identity":"fff13236-795d-4598-a8fb-b82929e45356","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:53","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55746,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/badca33cc6dd2eca7c476e0b.png"},{"id":95685850,"identity":"d1f34091-d8c1-49fa-9500-ae381fa15f36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/c597fbcc8736a21fec36491a.png"},{"id":95685872,"identity":"a87fa54a-309a-4558-a0a3-62a88dc38aaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/cfcbfd1ead209323745de1ad.png"},{"id":95685833,"identity":"efe43c03-ee4b-4c47-922b-c45695d16172","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/a89d09d091fe5df507598f69.png"},{"id":95685835,"identity":"61281112-e9df-4b6c-8ba9-5b13c602448c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/860c145299f44adc9704d3e7.png"},{"id":95685855,"identity":"085be3e1-4d15-44d6-a2df-138fb3140b88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/c9a0400d5905af746221aa10.png"},{"id":95685841,"identity":"cfe05561-547c-40fb-acf3-10f8d933f097","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/4480590ba63c53df75e3b10a.png"},{"id":95685842,"identity":"88906d53-35ca-4878-aef7-1627a1f3d3b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/f18d508fa0e8e03716063c22.png"},{"id":95799257,"identity":"2d59cf59-dfe3-42dd-9649-67fc50b32792","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:19:19","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/24408bd4def39f6589099c72.png"},{"id":95800473,"identity":"904f5735-de31-4253-a113-21a99dea44b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:22:42","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/bd736cf37fb59aa005801ddf.png"},{"id":95685837,"identity":"3ea235f5-3843-4cde-bd04-0b7abdaf3696","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:25","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":239815,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6d5b40670eaa34b09084fa48.png"},{"id":95685845,"identity":"f7ed7f92-b2c6-49fa-99e4-4d595702ca25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":64078,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/e4e2361f1e6ee17df4e3bc0e.png"},{"id":95799334,"identity":"db9fc1f4-10fd-4651-9de6-4dea09af8673","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:19:37","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6f2edb552f01b7d189317a46.png"},{"id":95799911,"identity":"a9757140-929f-4826-ba34-bab8d1c4b0a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:21:06","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/48923bd33d66e1e1b30015c0.png"},{"id":95685859,"identity":"d9bff728-9291-4739-9f62-ce126b0abf8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/73cca19b7c44b6a129a5da8f.png"},{"id":95685870,"identity":"341fc840-1c47-40c6-b145-4ef1fd151d2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55746,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/8c0145dcd41df9a53dcc4a4e.png"},{"id":95685849,"identity":"c8091103-5c6e-4dff-b04c-b304a5c9ff1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/0b4dbe4311dc9fedf3eb2172.png"},{"id":95797601,"identity":"d6afa554-8254-4958-9e20-caff5149dafc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:07:13","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6e99aa79c1df25f6253cb440.png"},{"id":95685866,"identity":"d85f17da-63a4-4887-933f-29f1cfa7bdba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/ca20dbd4c5b7d600830641bd.png"},{"id":95685873,"identity":"0e4c3eb7-5bf7-469f-8426-820b4e9b1fac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:27","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/81a59e52bbd4bc13755863df.png"},{"id":95799079,"identity":"e6dcc218-61f9-4ad4-95a0-328656e2901a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:43","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/f1b1218ac293b0c4d9d3706d.png"},{"id":95799050,"identity":"c554a4c3-ca35-4116-b1d2-4d5e15ccf88f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:18:33","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/ab4081089c5221b42d5c460e.png"},{"id":95685852,"identity":"4fc9e917-3510-4b8a-802f-9093e8ee3ebf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/6f11dc3be2c7f74311d339e8.png"},{"id":95685857,"identity":"ea736575-0672-4ee2-b947-1a88ade5cfe0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-11 23:08:26","extension":"xml","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cbebf547ccc840f5a2ce03030b8a4ccd1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/e2fe6aaa136047d3fa3de8d6.xml"},{"id":95799212,"identity":"78b6fa7f-f1cb-4cc6-a6bd-54f0fee13f9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:19:04","extension":"html","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1/b0d735e999777da4531bd3a5.html"},{"id":95818915,"identity":"7b998395-3d08-4ca4-bb07-427213dce746","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 10:35:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4427428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptspringer.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7889353/v1_covered_ebe65dec-fe04-4b7e-a73d-e189e8eb8282.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experiments on a 3D Rectangular Blade Undergoing Plunging Motion","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/40997)","snPcode":"40997","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40997/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Unsteady Aerodynamics, Plunging Motion, Experimental Aerodynamics, Wind-Tunnel Testing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e3D rectangular blade with a semi-span aspect ratio 2.4 is measured in a wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 0.27\u003cem\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/em\u003e10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e to investigate the three-dimensional effects of plunge motion on lift coefficient variations. The measured surface pressure integration method is used to calculate the sectional lift coefficients at the blade\u0026rsquo;s root, mid, and tip sections. For this study, a novel apparatus was designed, manufactured, and calibrated to simulate the almost general motion of a wing. To analyze the effects of motion parameters on lift evolutions, experiments were carried out with various plunge amplitude ratios (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{h}/c\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and reduced frequencies (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e), using the mentioned mechanism. As a result of tip-vortex and cross-flow, the lift history of tip sections shows a different behavior. Lift hysteresis is also affected by the model's structural properties. Due to tip vortices and cross flow perturbations, lift hysteresis loops differ from the conventional elliptic shape of 2D airfoils.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experiments on a 3D Rectangular Blade Undergoing Plunging Motion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-11 23:08:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7889353/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-09T13:15:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-12T19:22:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227439909655145670815919048919423636135","date":"2026-03-01T21:28:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258388172021481103201479101165756513709","date":"2026-02-28T05:29:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-20T13:42:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"265560244277207678441734226437672653092","date":"2026-02-07T13:13:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-08T09:34:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202141747999554487396214260008030852251","date":"2025-11-04T10:21:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41715314317999346989931652634217356090","date":"2025-10-31T09:23:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T08:09:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T16:32:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T16:31:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","date":"2025-10-17T19:16:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"iranian-journal-of-science-and-technology-transactions-of-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"istm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering](https://link.springer.com/journal/40997)","snPcode":"40997","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40997/3","title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91482b70-e40b-42d3-9b1c-618b322b7f8f","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-09T13:26:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-11 23:08:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7889353","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7889353","identity":"rs-7889353","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}