Relational Spaces Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Southern Minas Gerais: An Analysis of Their Sustainability Practices

Relational Spaces Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Southern Minas Gerais: An Analysis of Their Sustainability Practices | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Relational Spaces Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Southern Minas Gerais: An Analysis of Their Sustainability Practices Gabriela Azevedo Rocha, Marcio Rogério Silva, Antônio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer and exporter, and Southern Minas Gerais plays a central role in sustainability trajectories, with smallholders increasingly adopting agroecological practices despite limited access to markets and institutional support. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital, economic, social, cultural, and symbolic. This study investigates how these dimensions shape farmers’ sustainability trajectories. Based on semi-structured interviews analyzed through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), four relational profiles were identified: non-sustainable, transitioning, sustainable, and certified sustainable farmers. Findings reveal that cultural capital alone is insufficient to drive change; its conversion into economic benefits depends on access to social networks and sustainability certifications. Symbolic capital emerges as a key driver for market differentiation. This research contributes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature by illustrating how social structures and embedded inequalities influence sustainable practices in agriculture. Public policies and market incentives must align to support inclusive and effective sustainability trajectories for smallholders. Pierre Bourdieu Multiple Correspondence Analysis Sustainable Agricultural Practices Social Field of Coffee Farming Family Farming Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction In Brazil, coffee cultivation holds a prominent position both economically - accounting for approximately one-third of the agricultural sector's GDP (Eduarda Terra Querme & Araújo Lima, 2023 ; Medina et al., 2015 ) - and from a sociocultural perspectives, as the country has historically been the world's largest producer and exporter of coffee beans (CONAB, 2023 ; IBGE, 2017 ; Volsi et al., 2019 ). Within this context, the Southern Minas Gerais region stands out in the sector, primarily due to its high productive capacity resulting from favorable climatic and geographic conditions, such as mild temperatures and high altitudes (Flamarion Dutra Alves & Michele Lindner, 2020; ICO, 2023a ). Furthermore, this mountainous region distinguishes itself from other Brazilian coffee-producing areas through its exceptional bean quality, ensured by the conservationist and agroecological management practices of smallholder coffee farmers (L. O. S. Barbosa et al., 2021 ; Schaltz, T. S.; Bork, 2019). It should be emphasized that these farmers are classified as smallholders by possessing up to four fiscal modules, which, in Southern Minas Gerais, do not exceed 60 hectares of planted area (Law No. 11.326 - Family Farming Law, 2006). Given this context, these rural smallholders, though often marginalized within the important coffee production chain - nonetheless play a crucial role in environmental conservation and sustainable development of the sector. This merit stems from their agricultural practices, which combine land stewardship with environmental respect, while simultaneously producing quality products that sustain both regional and broader economies (Faronny et al., 2024 ; Glamann et al., 2017 ; Poncet et al., 2024 ; Pronti & Coccia, 2021 ; Slamet et al., 2024 ; Teixeira et al., 2022 ). However, the reality faced by these small coffee farmers is far from trivial. While many seek to implement more sustainable practices, most encounter obstacles that typically limit their conservation initiatives. Researchers such as Meek ( 2016 ), Kansanga et al. ( 2020 ), Bukuru & Tabitha ( 2021 ), Rossi Moda et al. ( 2022 ) and Teixeira et al. ( 2022 ) identify economic constraints as barriers to accessing more efficient technologies and Investments in ecological transition, as well as cultural and social challenges. These scholars argue that such challenges are related to entrenched harmful behaviors and certain skepticism about the consequences of climate instabilities. Furthermore, these difficulties are compounded by market and organizational issues. Since smallholders operate on limited land areas and produce at smaller scales, those not organized into cooperatives or associations tend to sell their high-quality coffee bags at commodity prices (Hung Anh et al., 2019 ; Lamine, 2015 ; Phimmavong et al., 2023 ). This ultimately discourages investments in more sustainable practices, as the expected financial returns are not realized. Faced with these and numerous other challenges, understanding the reality that permeates the lives and decision-making processes of smallholder coffee farmers constitutes the first step toward proposing solutions (Thuy et al., 2022 ). To this end, it is essential to examine and unravel both the objective and subjective conditions that influence the adoption of sustainable practices - or their absence. From this perspective, Pierre Bourdieu's (1996) reflexive sociology emerges as a particularly relevant analytical tool. This theoretical framework proposes that when analyzing a given reality, researchers should maintain analytical distance from the studied situation to produce unbiased assessments of both the involved agents and, more importantly, the social structures that shape them and the social field in which they are positioned. By conceptualizing coffee farming as a social field through Bourdieusian sociology, it is possible to observe a space characterized by struggles involving economic resources, technical knowledge, social networks, and prestige attained through differentiated agricultural practices, among other factors. These struggles, viewed through Bourdieu's theoretical lens (1996, 2011), are determined by the various forms of capital possessed by social agents. According to the sociologist, these capitals represent resources accumulated throughout their trajectories that fundamentally position them within the social field. Consequently, these capitals - classified as economic, cultural, social, and symbolic - interact dynamically to shape agents' actions, behaviors, and opportunities. Applying these conceptualizations to the social field of coffee production, we can establish that economic capital directly relates to financial and material resources invested in socio-environmentally responsible technologies and practices. Cultural capital, in turn, encompasses technical knowledge and skills acquired over time, which prove indispensable for adopting innovations and conservationist methods. Social capital comprises connections established through cooperatives, associations, and local communities, significantly expanding marketing and purchasing opportunities while facilitating knowledge exchange. Finally, symbolic capital relates to prestige and social recognition, often associated with obtaining sustainability certifications, coffee quality scores, and the valorization of coffee produced through sustainable practices. Thus, we can affirm that Bourdieu's (1996, 2011) conceptual framework of capital determines coffee growers' positions within their social field and directly influences their decision-making processes and strategic approaches when facing challenges and opportunities in sustainable agricultural production. A similar association can be observed in the work of Nettle et al. ( 2018 ) in Australia, which correlates different forms of capital with the adaptability of cotton farms in the face of climate change. Another essential concept from Bourdieusian sociology for understanding the configuration of the coffee farming social field is the notion of “ habitu s”. According to Bourdieu ( 1996 , 2011 ), habitus represents a system of internalized dispositions that reflect individuals' life experiences and conditions. This concept is crucial for understanding why certain groups of coffee farmers more readily adopt sustainable practices while others remain tied to traditional methods. From this perspective, applying an analytical framework based on reflexive sociology concepts - particularly Bourdieu's (1996, 2011) notions of social field, capital, and habitus - to agricultural reality enables a comprehensive examination of the dynamics shaping smallholder coffee farmers' circumstances. This approach considers both structural social influences and the intangible dispositions guiding their practices. As a starting point for analyzing this reality, it is essential to give voice to the principal agents of this field - the coffee farmers - allowing them to share their actual experiences, challenges, and perspectives regarding more sustainable agriculture. In this context, according to Mutolib (2023), listening to coffee farmers through interviews can be a valuable approach to revealing the complexity of this territory. Additionally, statistical tools such as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) emerge as important allies for interpreting and correlating information obtained from interviews. This technique enables visualization and analysis of relationships among various categorical variables (questions), creating a Euclidean relational space with dimensionality reduction that reveals patterns and affinities based on respondents' answers (Bertoncelo, 2022 ). Thus, the MCA technique enables researchers to move beyond simplistic data analysis, providing an understanding of connections and interactions between individuals and groups, while highlighting characteristics that bring different profiles together or set them apart (Arru et al., 2025 ; Bertoncelo, 2022 ; Liu et al., 2024 ; Sarmin et al., 2024 ; Zerga et al., 2024 ). Moreover, according to Bertoncelo ( 2022 ), the potential of MCA is significantly enhanced when grounded in social theories like Pierre Bourdieu's framework, particularly when incorporating his concepts of social field, capital, and relational spaces. Consequently, by applying MCA through a Bourdieusian lens, it becomes possible to concretely visualize how different forms of capital interact and shape sustainable practices - or their absence - among coffee farmers. In light of the above, this study aimed to examine whether forms of capital (economic, social, cultural, and symbolic) influence the adoption of more or less sustainable production practices among smallholder coffee farmers. To achieve this objective, we employed the multivariate statistical technique of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), which enabled the mapping and interpretation of complex relationships within this social field. The data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews conducted with smallholder coffee farmers in the region. This methodological approach allowed for a meticulous examination of their agricultural practices and the components of their habitus , revealing their dispositions and decision-making patterns within the context of sustainable agriculture. 2. Methodology This study adopted an exploratory qualitative method following Gil's (2002) methodology, aiming to investigate how different forms of capital – economic, social, cultural, and symbolic, as defined by Pierre Bourdieu ( 1996 , 2011 ) – influence the decision-making processes among smallholder coffee farmers regarding the adoption (or non-adoption) of sustainable practices. The data collection instrument, consisting of a semi-structured interview form (Table 1 ), was developed based on Bourdieusian theoretical concepts, particularly those of reflexive sociology and the notions of social field, capital, and habitus . The questionnaire comprised 68 items, including both closed-ended and open-ended questions, organized into six main categories: I. Farmer Profile, II. Production Area Characteristics, III. Agricultural Management and Sales, IV. Workforce Composition, V. Certifications, and VI. Sustainable Practices. Each question was aligned with the study's theoretical objectives and correlated with the four forms of capital – economic, social, cultural, and symbolic – as detailed in Table 1 . 2.1 Data Collection Data collection was conducted between June 2023 and March 2024, comprising in-person interviews with 30 smallholder coffee farmers across 22 municipalities in Southern Minas Gerais, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions enabled the gathering of detailed information about agricultural practices and farmers' capital endowments, while also creating opportunities for reflective dialogue where participants felt comfortable sharing their experiences openly. All interviewed coffee farmers are classified as smallholders or family farmers, as they possess up to four fiscal modules, predominantly use family labor for coffee cultivation, and maintain agriculture as their primary income source - in accordance with Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,326 (Law No. 11,326 - Family Farming Law, 2006), which establishes guidelines for family farming in Brazil. Respondent selection employed the snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique (Naderifar, 2017; Heckathorn, 2011 ), where the initial participant was purposively selected, with subsequent farmers being recruited through referrals. This process gradually created a referral network ensuring group representativeness within the research context. Notably, not all participants were acquainted or interconnected through cooperatives, unions, or associations. Data collection followed ethical guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee (REC - Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa), with prior approval under protocol no. 67291823.0.0000.5142. Table 1 Semi-structured questions used in the interviews Pergunta Type of question Related capital C O E S C SB I. Farmer Data 1 Age range x x 2 Level of education x x 3 Postgraduate education x x 4 Years of experience working with coffee x x 5 Type of employment contract x x 6 Current role x x 7 Sources of income x x 8 Is income exclusively derived from coffee? x x 9 Working hours x x II. Producti-on area 10 Coffee brand name x x x 11 City x x 12 Planted area in hectares x x 13 Types of green areas present on the property x x 14 Crop classification x x III. Agricultural Management and Sales 15 Coffee varieties cultivated x x 16 Average number of coffee trees planted per hectare x x 17 Planting spacing used x x x 18 Average coffee yield (bags) over recent years x x 19 Information on land slope x x 20 Altitude x x 21 Are there crop consortia? x x x 22 How is land prepared for planting? x x 23 How is soil pH correction carried out? x x 24 How is/was the planting carried out? x x 25 Types of fertilizers used in production x x 26 Is there zero harvest (stumping)? x x 27 Weeding method x x x 28 Harvesting method x x x 29 Coffee drying method x x x 30 Sales method (percentage for each modality) x x 31 Is the coffee graded? If so, what is the score? x x 32 Is the farmer part of a cooperative or association? x 33 Average price per 60kg bag in 2022/2023 x x 34 Do you receive technical assistance? x x x IV. People Involved 35 How many people work in planting? x x 36 How many people work in harvesting? x x 37 Forms of employment x 38 Daily working hours per employee x x 39 Benefits provided x x x 40/41 Are Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) offered to workers? If so, which ones? x x x 42 Is it difficult to find labor? x x x 43 Is it difficult to obtain inputs? x x x V. Certifications 44/45 Is your production/farm certified? If so, which certification? x x x 46/47 If not yet certified, are you interested in obtaining certification? x x x 48/49 Do you believe certifications facilitate the export of green coffee (unroasted)? x x x x 50/51 Do you believe certifications facilitate the export of roasted coffee (ready for consumption)? x x x x 52/53 Do you believe certifications support domestic market access for roasted coffee? x x x x 54/55 Do you believe certifications contribute to improving socio-environmental responsibility practices? x x x x VI. Sustainable Practices 56 Do you consider your agricultural practices to be sustainable? x x 57 Do you believe your coffee plantation has long-term productivity with current practices? x x 58 Which soil management practices do you consider sustainable? x x 59 Which soil management practices do you consider unsustainable? x x 60 Which water use and disposal practices do you consider sustainable? x x 61 Which water use and disposal practices do you consider unsustainable? x x 62 Which solid waste practices do you consider sustainable? x x 63 Which solid waste practices do you consider unsustainable? x x 64 Which practices on water use, reuse, and disposal are sustainable? x x 65 Which practices on water use, reuse, and disposal are unsustainable? x x 66 What do you do to save electricity or fossil fuels? x x 67/68 Is sustainability linked to higher economic gains? Please explain x x x Legend : Classification of the questions asked during interviews with smallholder coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais, indicating the type of question (C = Closed-ended; O = Open-ended) and the related forms of capital according to Bourdieu ( 1996 , 2008, 2011 ): E = Economic Capital, S = Social Capital, C = Cultural Capital, and SB = Symbolic Capital. 2.2 Description of the Study Area Brazil has historically held the position as the world's largest producer and exporter of coffee, with Minas Gerais standing out as the country's leading coffee-producing state (CONAB, 2023 ; IBGE, 2017 ; ICO, 2023b ). Within this context, the Southern Minas Gerais region accounts for approximately 24.1% of Brazil's total coffee production (Flamarion Dutra Alves & Michele Lindner, 2020) and was selected as the study area due to its significance in coffee production. The region is globally recognized for its high-quality product, largely derived from smallholder farmers who employ sustainable agricultural practices (Faronny et al., 2024 ; Glamann et al., 2017 ; Poncet et al., 2024 ; Slamet et al., 2024 ; Teixeira et al.,2022). Data collection encompassed 22 municipalities, as shown in Fig. 1. Southern Minas Gerais features mild temperatures (an avarage of 18–20°C) and high altitudes reaching up to 1,400 meters, which impart excellent coffee characteristics including high acidity, velvety body, and sweet flavor - qualities that make the beans highly appreciated worldwide (J. N. Barbosa et al., 2012 ; Oliveira et al., 2020 ). From this perspective, the region's socioeconomic development is intrinsically linked to coffee production, particularly in small municipalities characterized by rural landscapes where coffee farming represents one of the most important economic activities (Flamarion Dutra Alves & Michele Lindner, 2020). 2.3 Data Analysis The methodological approach employed to analyze the interview data was Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) - a multivariate statistical technique that constructs relational spaces through perceptual maps of point clouds or scatterplots (Bertoncelo, 2022 ). This method is particularly effective for exploratory analysis of categorical data, typically obtained from structured questionnaires administered to population samples regardless of size (Bertoncelo, 2022 ). As Bertoncelo ( 2022 ) explains, MCA enables the plotting of information from N individuals (whether statistically representative or not) described by Q categorical variables into a cloud of modalities. This visual representation facilitates the identification of associations among categorical data (interview responses) and allows classification of individual group profiles - in this study, represented by smallholder coffee farmers. This method was selected for its ability to: 1) Synthesize complex relationships among numerous categorical variables derived from respondent answers; 2) Represent these associations in a reduced-dimensional space; 3) Facilitate interpretation of results. To commence the analysis, the first stage involved constructing a data matrix in Excel software following Bertoncelo's (2022) methodology. In this matrix, rows represented the 30 interviewed individuals while columns corresponded to categorized responses from the 68-question interview protocol (Table 1 ), yielding a total of 198 active categorical variables. Following Husson and Josse's (2014) established criterion, variables with frequencies below 5% were classified as supplementary and consequently excluded from the construction of the principal axes. This approach ensured greater statistical stability and coherence in the analysis. The matrix data were processed in RStudio using the FactoMineR package, a reference for multivariate exploratory analysis (Fithian & Josse, 2017 ; Girma et al., 2019 ). As Bertoncelo ( 2022 ) explains, when performing MCA in this context, the Burt matrix is decomposed through cross-tabulation of all categorical variables, ensuring computation of all associations between variable categories. This computation generates a two-dimensional scatterplot (Cartesian plane) where dimensions are formed based on variable variation gradients. Dimension 1 (Dim 1) accounts for the greatest data variance, while Dimension 2 (Dim 2) complements the analysis by revealing a second important variance direction crucial for understanding associations. In this framework, the proximity or distance between points reflects the strength of associations or oppositions between analyzed categories. Closer points indicate affinities - practices or characteristics that frequently coexist among respondents - while greater distances suggest differences and oppositions. In this study, the scatterplot generated by MCA consists of blue points representing the interviewed coffee farmers and red triangles denoting the active categorical variables (responses) considered in the construction of the dimensions. The blue points are distributed across the plane according to their proximity or affinity with the variables (red triangles), thereby revealing the farmers' relationship to sustainable practices and socioeconomic characteristics investigated in this social field through interviews. The two-dimensional Cartesian plane was further divided into four quadrants formed by the intersection of principal axes. Under this configuration, following Bertoncelo ( 2022 ), each quadrant represents a distinct combination of active variables positioned relative to the axes. Consequently, this reflects groupings of similar farmer profiles sharing common characteristics. The MCA-generated data were analyzed through the theoretical lens of Pierre Bourdieu's (1996, 2011) typology, enabling the establishment of relationships between the scatterplot and the forms of capital defined by the sociologist. This approach provided a robust foundation for interpreting how sustainable practices, socioeconomic conditions, and farmers' habitus manifest within the social field of coffee production. Furthermore, the analysis was enhanced by the authors' practical experience and expertise, which - combined with established social theories and scientific references - facilitated a thorough and nuanced interpretation of the dynamics structuring sustainable practices in the investigated context. 3. Results and Discussion Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) served as the primary analytical tool for exploring data collected through interviews with smallholder coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais during 2023–2024. This multivariate statistical technique revealed complex relational patterns among categorical variables (represented by red triangles and text labels) characterizing different farmer profiles (represented by blue points and numbers) through a scatterplot visualization (Fig. 2). The graphical output displayed a relational space divided into two principal dimensions, where Dimension 1 (Dim1) accounted for 7.95% of total data variance, while Dimension 2 (Dim2) complemented the analysis by explaining 5.94% of the variance. To interpret the construction of the dimensions, it is necessary to refer to Bertoncelo ( 2022 ), who explains that the farther a category is from the center of the axis, the greater its contribution to the formation of the dimension. This leads to the conclusion that Dimension 1 reflected the degree of sustainability of the practices adopted by coffee growers. At the positive end, characteristics such as the application of green manure (greMan_s), the belief that sustainable practices bring health benefits to family members and employees (HealBen_s), and the selective harvesting of coffee using the 'finger-picking' method (harvFp_s) stood out. In contrast, at the negative end, characteristics such as the practice of waste incineration (incin_s), the belief that their practices cannot be considered sustainable (PracSus_na), and the use of mechanical harvesters for coffee bean collection (harvMh_s) were prominent. Thus, it is evident that Dimension 1 clearly revealed the gradient of sustainable practices among coffee growers, distinguishing those aligned with sustainable practices from those still following conventional methods. This separation reflects the social dynamics in coffee farming and is supported by the findings of Arru et al. ( 2025 ), who, through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), identified that farmers with greater sensitivity to recognizing and valuing ecosystem services tend to occupy distinct social positions compared to those who do not acknowledge the relevance of such services. In the analysis of categorical variables influencing the construction of Dimension 2 (Dim 2), an integration of sociocultural and agronomic factors was observed. At the upper (positive) end, responses indicating lower engagement in sustainable practices and characteristics associated with the traditional profile of coffee growers were positioned, such as the use of mineral fertilizer (MinFert_s), reduced working hours (WorkH_8-), and lower belief in the financial benefits of sustainable practices (SusPrac_d). Conversely, at the lower (negative) end, variables linked to advancements in agricultural practices were located, including high coffee quality scores (90pt and 86pt), the belief that their farming practices are fully sustainable (PracSus_st), and higher education levels, such as a completed master’s degree (MA), reflecting greater cultural capital. This arrangement of Dimension 2 aligns directly with other studies, such as those by Sarmin et al. ( 2024 ), Liu et al. ( 2024 ), and Zerga et al. ( 2024 ), which demonstrate that higher education levels are directly associated with greater innovation capacity and the adoption of more environmentally sustainable practices. The observed polarization between the extremes of Dimensions 1 and 2 reveals significant sociocultural barriers, reflecting challenges in integrating traditional farmers with those more engaged in sustainable practices. In this context, the dimensional analysis from the MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) reinforces that advancing sustainability in coffee cultivation requires integrated strategies that combine, among other factors, social and cultural capital. As argued by Arru et al. ( 2025 ), such strategies should prioritize inclusion and the strengthening of networks connecting farmers with different profiles, fostering knowledge exchange and shared experiences. This coordination is essential to overcome existing barriers in this social field, thereby expanding the reach and effectiveness of sustainable practices in the sector. Further referencing Bertoncelo ( 2022 ), the author explains that the scatterplot analysis (Fig. 2) should be interpreted as follows: the closer two active categories (interview responses) are positioned, the stronger their direct association; similarly, the nearer two individuals (interviewed coffee growers) appear, the more similar their response profiles, enabling inductive reconstruction of contrasts and affinities between social practices and their agents. This two-dimensional distribution of the scatterplot also allows the division of the relational space into four quadrants, each representing a group of individuals with similar characteristics and behaviors. Grounded in social theory and researchers' interpretations, we can assert that these quadrants reflect interactions between economic, symbolic, social, and cultural capital, consistent with Bourdieu's theory of "social fields" (Bourdieu, 1996 , 2011 ). Here, each quadrant represents a cluster of coffee growers occupying analogous positions within this social field, thereby enabling mapping of how different forms of capital influence these actors' practices and perceptions regarding sustainable agriculture. Analysis of the upper-left quadrant zoom (Fig. 3) reveals characteristics that classify this group as 'Non-Sustainable Coffee Growers,' as they exhibit predominantly traditional or unsustainable attributes. Key examples include the use of chemical fertilization (chemFert_s) and mineral fertilization (minFert_s), on-site waste incineration (wasteInc_s), and improper disposal of solid waste in landfills (landfillWaste_s). These practices, combined with the absence of energy monitoring (energyMon_n) and the use of less efficient fossil fuel-powered machinery, result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and negative environmental impacts (Karatay & Meyer-Aurich, 2018 ; Kim & Dale, 2008 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ). From the perspective of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu, 1996 , 2011 ), we can assert that this group comprises individuals who demonstrate a unique interplay between economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital. Although they enjoy commercial advantages - selling 75% of their coffee directly to cooperatives (coopSale_75p) and maintaining relatively stable prices between R$1,070.00 and R$1,300.00 per sack (1070brl, 1300brl), which exceeds the minimum price of R$684.16 per 60kg sack for Arabica coffee in the 2023/24 harvest in Minas Gerais (CONAB, 2024 ) - these coffee growers fail to convert this economic capital into strategies that enhance symbolic capital, such as obtaining certifications (cert_n). Regarding these farmers' relationship with cooperatives (coopSale_75p), through the lens of Bourdieu ( 1996 , 2011 ), this can be interpreted as demonstrating strength in social and economic capital for this group. Such social organizations reflect an ability to consolidate support networks that yield economic benefits, including more stable and predictable coffee prices, as well as access to more affordable inputs due to the economies of scale these organizations provide - as previously demonstrated in studies by Phimmavong et al. ( 2023 ) and Haldar ( 2019 ). However, this advantage in social and economic capital alone appears insufficient to transform the 'non-sustainable' profile characteristic of this quadrant. Drawing on Bourdieu ( 1977 , 1996 , 2011 ) and Bennett ( 2007 ), this inconsistency can be explained by the concept of 'conventional habitus,' which reflects conditioned behavioral patterns shaped by socially established and legitimized practices. Responses such as 'does not believe sustainable practices reduce waste' (wasteRed_n) or 'does not believe sustainability decreases input dependency' (inpDep_n) reveal a belief system prioritizing so-called 'traditional' methods. These methods have been consolidated over decades as the 'most efficient and safest' within their specific socioeconomic and environmental contexts. This finding underscores the fundamental role of territory in intensifying processes of mimetic behavior and institutional isomorphism, where regionally predominant practices tend to be reproduced as tacit norms among local actors (Wienhold & Goulao, 2023 ). As Laguir et al. ( 2016 ) emphasize, sustainability transitions are not merely a matter of technical change, but involve the reconfiguration of institutional logics and legitimacy structures From this perspective, cultural resistance to change—rooted in conventional habitus —reflects historical dynamics of exploitation, as highlighted by Galeano ( 1971 ). Since the 19th and 20th centuries, Latin America's productive logic has been characterized by structural inequalities that prioritize immediate survival over long-term strategies, perpetuating precarious working conditions and dependence on unsustainable agricultural practices. Building on Galeano's (1971) framework, the choice of unsustainable methods can also be understood as responses to recurrent climate and economic crises in Brazil. For instance, the 1969 frost events that devastated coffee plantations nationwide disproportionately affected small producers, while major coffee chain actors leveraged accumulated stocks for profit—reinforcing a logic that protects dominant capital at the expense of the dominated (Bourdieu, 1996 ). Yet, as in other social fields, the dominated paradoxically assimilate and reproduce dominant practices and discourses. Regarding climate crises, this reproduction manifests in beliefs that deleterious events like frosts may not be entirely harmful, as they can increase coffee prices. However, this perspective overlooks the disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable—in this case, small coffee growers themselves. This paradox reflects habitus conditioning, which perpetuates traditional practices even when more accessible sustainable alternatives exist. This analysis suggests that even cooperative participation—while strengthening social capital and providing economic stability—proves insufficient to overcome the structural and cultural barriers shaping these farmers' conventional habitus . The Upper Right quadrant (Fig. 4) brings together a group of coffee farmers classified as “Sustainable Coffee Farmers”, as they present a set of characteristics that demonstrate a clear concern for sustainability in their production systems. Among the practices adopted, the following stand out: green (aduv_s) and organic (organ_s) fertilization, the transformation of organic waste into fertilizer (adOr_s), and the use of biomass as an energy source (UsoBiom_s). Additionally, these producers avoid the use of chemical inputs, such as NPK (npk_n), and chemical weeding (cap_quim_n), in addition to managing the soil with less invasive techniques, such as the use of a hoe (Enx_s) and the exclusion of the use of tractor furrows (SulcT_n). These choices reflect a commitment to environmental preservation, aligned with agroecological principles (Altieri, 2018 ; Genest-Richard et al., 2025 ). Another point that reinforces this alignment is the presence of crop consortium systems (out_cult_s), which include the planting of beans (feij_s) and bananas (ban_s) in coffee plantations. This practice, in addition to promoting the diversification of the agricultural landscape, favors biodiversity and contributes to local food security, reaffirming the sustainable nature of this group (Glamann et al., 2017 ; Jassogne et al., 2021; Poncet et al., 2024 ; Teixeira et al., 2022 ). The agroecological practices employed by this group are strongly associated with small-scale landholdings, primarily due to the greater ease of manual management and reduced dependence on mechanization. Although these producers harvest fewer bags per crop cycle compared to large-scale producers, they are able to add value to their product by accessing markets that prioritize sustainability, as demonstrated in studies by Duque ( 2025 ), Ramirez-Gomez et al. ( 2022 ), and Pronti & Coccia ( 2020 ). As a result of the higher profitability of agroecological coffee production, it is possible to observe that even larger producers are adopting hybrid production models or transitioning their crops to sustainable management systems as a market strategy (Pronti & Coccia, 2021 ; Wienhold & Goulao, 2023 ). However, the commitment to more sustainable practices among this group does not fully translate into proportional financial returns. Despite producing high-quality coffees, scoring 85 and 87 points (85pt, 87pt)—characteristic of specialty coffees—the average price per bag in 2023/2024 was only R$1,000 (1000reals). This value is lower than that recorded by coffee growers in the Upper Left Quadrant, even though the latter employ less sustainable practices. From a Bourdieusian perspective (Bourdieu, 1996 , 2011 ), this disparity can be interpreted by analyzing the social and economic capital of this quadrant. Unlike Quadrant I, where social capital was strengthened by direct trade with cooperatives, the farmers in this group lack a consolidated commercialization channel (v_coop_n). This limits their bargaining power, resulting in lower prices for their coffee and restricted access to higher-value, specialized markets, thereby diminishing the group’s economic capital (Haldar, 2019 ; Hung Anh et al., 2019 ; Lamine, 2015 ; Phimmavong et al., 2023 ) On the other hand, when exploring the cultural capital of this quadrant, it is possible to infer that adherence to sustainable practices may stem from the cultural habitus of this group. For example, having an educational background in applied social sciences (form_csa_s) contributes to shaping this profile and to valuing agroecological and innovative methods, as pointed out by Kansanga et al. ( 2020 ) in their work with farming communities in the Sahel region of Africa. However, the lack of consolidated social capital, through integration into cooperative networks or the absence of certifications that confer symbolic value to coffee, results in a gap between cultural capital and the development of more effective market strategies that would ensure better prices per sack of coffee. Thus, as also highlighted by Meek ( 2016 ) and Nettle et al. ( 2018 ), the social and economic recognition of sustainable and agroecological practices – as well as the consolidation of these strategies as viable options – strongly depends on farmers’ integration into collaborative networks. In other words, without the support of basic social capital, even coffee farmers most engaged in sustainable practices face challenges in consolidating their position as prominent agents within the social field of coffee farming. On the other hand, this quadrant features a notable outlier - individual 28, positioned in isolated prominence at the upper extremity. This distinctive placement suggests they function as a statistical and social outlier within this field, consistent with Bourdieu's (1977) conceptual framework. Their exceptional position in the social space can be attributed to unique characteristics and strategies, particularly regarding coffee market valuation (economic capital). In 2023, this grower achieved a remarkable selling price of R$6,000 per bag (approximately $1,100 USD), targeting premium coffee shops in São Paulo. This market differentiation reflects not only distinct economic positioning but also the ability to mobilize forms of symbolic capital that elevate the production status within the coffee value chain. Unlike other quadrant farmers, this producer operates a 1-hectare agroforestry system, which - as demonstrated by previous research - ensures superior bean quality and flavor profiles (Jha et al., 2014 ; Schiavon et al., 2022 ; Vaast et al., 2006 ). The presence of this outlier within the quadrant reinforces Bourdieu's (1996) idea that, within a social field, agents are not rigidly bound to structures, as individuals can modify their position through the mobilization of specific capitals and differentiated strategies. In the case of Individual 28, their insertion into a highly valued market niche—with consumers who attribute value to the symbolic capital of agroforestry and sustainable production—allowed the conversion of their cultural and symbolic capital into a competitive advantage. This dynamic illustrates how the adoption of innovative practices and the ability to access more exclusive commercialization networks can enable new forms of upward mobility within the social field, even when the broader context presents structural limitations (Goodman, 2004 ). When analyzing the categorical variables of the Lower Left Quadrant (Fig. 5), this group can be classified as 'Coffee Farmers in Transition to Sustainability,' as they exhibit a set of hybrid practices that reflect both conservative traits and elements of transition toward more sustainable systems. Among the traditional practices still prevalent are the use of nitrogen fertilizer (npk_s), chemical weeding (cap_quim_s), and mechanical weeding (cap_mec_s), as well as the absence of composting (compost_n) and the lack of PPE for workers (n_epi_s). Nevertheless, practices indicating a shift toward sustainability are beginning to emerge, such as rainwater reuse (ReuC_s) and the reverse logistics of pesticide packaging (logR_s). Although the latter is mandatory under Brazilian solid waste legislation (Law 12,305/2010 - National Policy on Solid Waste) (Bennett, 2007 ; Law No. 12,305, 2010), it represents a significant advancement in the context of more sustainable agricultural practices. A notable aspect of this group is the presence of coffee farmers certified by Rainforest Alliance (cert_rfa_s). From Bourdieu’s perspective (Bourdieu, 1996 , 2011 ), this certification represents a form of symbolic capital potential. According to the sociologist, symbolic capital is tied to social recognition and the legitimacy granted to individuals or groups based on socially valued attributes. In this context, agricultural certifications like Rainforest Alliance function as tools for assigning symbolic value (prestige), distinguishing the coffee produced by these smallholders in more competitive and demanding markets—where, consequently, buyers are more willing to pay premium prices (Adong, A.; Kornher, L.; Arslan, 2024 ; Giuliani et al., 2017 ; Jena & Grote, 2022 , Shapiro-Garza 2020). This economic gain was evidenced by the higher price per bag, which reached up to R$3,500.00 (3,500 reais) in 2023/2024, equivalent to approximately USD 700. Within this same perspective, the expressed interest in additional certifications—such as Certifica Minas Café (intc_ccm_s) and organic certifications (intc_org_s)—reinforces the perception that these coffee farmers recognize the strategic advantages of increasing their symbolic capital. The response supports this view, 'believes that sustainable practices and certifications add value to coffee, making them less dependent on commodity market prices' (agV_s), demonstrating a conscious appreciation of certifications as mechanisms for differentiation and access to more profitable market niches. However, this process does not occur unilaterally but rather as a two-way street. Obtaining and maintaining sustainability certifications requires significant financial investments, both in structural adjustments on the farms and in complying with strict regulatory requirements (Adong, A.; Kornher, L.; Arslan, 2024 ; Reinecke et al., 2012 ). In this sense, the greater financial capacity of the producers in this group—evidenced by their land holdings of 17 to 35 hectares—can be interpreted as a facilitating factor for entering this premium market. Indeed, certifications demand technical compliance and resources for their implementation and continuity, thereby creating an entry barrier that tends to favor producers with greater pre-existing economic capital (Giuliani et al., 2017 ). Thus, both the transition to more sustainable practices and the pursuit of certifications appear to be directly tied to a dependence on higher economic capital among coffee farmers. Finally, the Lower Right Quadrant (Fig. 6, Appendix IV) comprises small coffee farmers classified as 'Sustainable and Certified.' This group stands out for its sustainable agricultural practices and certifications, but most notably for its qualitative responses that emphasize the perception and appreciation of sustainability. By categorizing open-ended responses and incorporating them into the MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) calculation, key themes emerged within this group, indicating that these actors perceive sustainability as a central pillar that extends beyond environmental benefits. Most significantly, they recognize its direct impact on family health and well-being (melSau_s), improved farm productivity efficiency (prasust_st), and reduced dependence on chemical inputs (mIns_s). This heightened awareness may be associated with the group's higher cultural capital, as evidenced by the MC variable (completed master's degree) (Liu et al., 2024 ; Sarmin et al., 2024 ; Zerga et al., 2024 ). From a technical standpoint, the agricultural practices adopted by coffee farmers in the Lower Right Quadrant also demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainability. The use of green manure (Adbv_s), rainwater harvesting (ReuA_s), and monitoring of energy and fossil fuel consumption (montEn_s) reflect their concern for natural resource preservation (Glamann et al., 2017 ; Godfray et al., 2010 ; Poncet et al., 2024 ; Slamet et al., 2024 ). The avoidance of herbicides (herb_n) and implementation of shade-grown plants (Somb_s) promote soil health and biodiversity (Jha et al., 2014 ), while selective manual harvesting (c_dm_s) ensures bean quality and minimizes environmental impacts (Vaast et al., 2006 ). The use of modern, more efficient machinery (MaqEf_s) contributes to resource conservation and carbon emission reduction (Karatay & Meyer-Aurich, 2018 ; Kim & Dale, 2008 ; Zhang et al., 2022 ), and the provision of PPE (t_epi_s) reinforces their commitment to human welfare, integrating environmental and social practices into a sustainable model (Bhowmik et al., 2024 ). This group also stands out for its strong engagement with agricultural certifications (cert_s), such as Certifica Minas Café (cert_cmc_s), FairTrade (cert_ft_s), and organic certifications (cc_org_s). These certifications provide these coffee growers with significant symbolic capital while legitimizing their sustainability efforts in more demanding markets. The variable jcertcv_vf_s ('Believes certification increases financial value') further confirms that these farmers recognize the positive impact of certifications on economic capital. However, this alignment between sustainable practices and certifications transcends the economic dimension, reflecting a specific habitus rooted in technical knowledge and appreciation of the collective impacts of these practices. The adoption of sustainable practices, coupled with the recognition of certifications as market differentiators, reveals an integrated articulation of cultural, economic, and symbolic capital. The cultural capital, expressed in the predisposition for innovation and adoption of sustainable agricultural systems, is amplified by the symbolic capital conferred by certifications, which in turn strengthens the economic capital of these coffee growers. This interdependence between forms of capital demonstrates that this group has successfully mobilized its strategic resources to establish a sustainable production model that is economically viable and socially recognized. When analyzing all four groups (quadrants) simultaneously, we observe that the persistence of conventional, less sustainable methods is associated with an established conventional habitus structure that perpetuates historically legitimized practices in the field. Conversely, in contexts where certifications and structured commercial networks exist, the conversion of cultural capital into economic value becomes more feasible, enabling greater participation of coffee growers in sustainability-driven markets. Consequently, the synergy between different forms of capital observed in the Lower Right Quadrant - Sustainable and Certified Coffee Farmers - strengthens value-creation trajectories, while the absence of effective conversion mechanisms keeps certain groups in less advantageous positions with lower socio-environmental responsibility. The dynamics observed in this study demonstrate that the economic valorization of sustainable practices must be accompanied by the strengthening of social networks for knowledge and experience exchange, as well as mechanisms that facilitate certification acquisition. These conditions are essential to enable coffee growers at different stages of sustainability transition to enhance their actions and expand their participation in differentiated markets. The results further indicate that the transformation of agricultural practices occurs when there is social recognition of these changes, allowing sustainability to become legitimized in the productive field and converted into economic advantages. 4. Conclusion This study aimed to analyze the profiles of small coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais through the Bourdieusian lens of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and to understand how these structures influence the adoption of sustainable practices. The application of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) as a methodological tool revealed that sustainability in coffee farming should be understood heterogeneously - as a relational and positional phenomenon in which different farmer profiles mobilize their capital distinctively to legitimize their sustainable production practices and access more economically viable markets. Beyond providing this structural understanding, MCA enabled the identification of latent patterns in the relationships between different forms of capital and agricultural practices, highlighting factors that either favor or limit the transition to sustainability. This analytical approach revealed distinct production trajectories and allowed for predictive trend analysis, indicating how different farmer profiles might position themselves within the social field of coffee production. Thus, MCA has established itself as a robust method for future research, particularly in monitoring structural changes and formulating strategies to facilitate more balanced conversion of capital into economic and symbolic advantages across different groups. The study conclusively shows that even technically trained farmers with greater predisposition toward agroecological practices face structural challenges in accessing premium markets, while those with more limited cultural capital but integrated into structured commercial networks achieve more significant financial returns. This finding reinforces that sustainability, when recognized and legitimized through certifications and collaborative networks, can become a substantial competitive advantage. Conversely, the persistence of conventional, less sustainable methods among some farmers is strongly associated with an entrenched conventional habitus and financial advantages from economies of scale, which perpetuates historically legitimized practices sustained by commodity market logic. This analysis demonstrates that consolidating sustainable practices in coffee farming requires strategies that enhance both economic and symbolic recognition of these practices while fundamentally expanding farmers' social capital. This can be achieved by strengthening productive and commercial networks, as well as democratizing access to certifications and differentiated markets. Furthermore, public policies for the sector must account for structural inequalities in capital conversion, implementing mechanisms to value sustainable coffee and promoting institutional structures that ensure greater equity in the distribution of opportunities among producers at different stages of sustainability transition. While the study makes significant contributions to understanding the social field of coffee production, certain limitations should be acknowledged. The analysis focused specifically on Southern Minas Gerais, and future research could expand this scope to other production regions to verify the generalizability of these findings. Declarations Data Availability The data are available on request from the corresponding author. Funding Declaration: This study was supported by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personne). Acknowledgements This study was supported by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personne). The authors are also grateful for the support of FAPEMIG (Foundation for Research Support of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Author Contributions GA Rocha: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Data curation. Methodology; Writing - original draf, Funding acquisition; MR Silva: Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Writing - original draf; Funding acquisition; AR da Cunha Neto: Data curation , Writing-Review & Editing; RO Tiezzi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing - original draf, Funding acquisition; Consent to Participate declaration: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, following approval by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol no. 67291823.0.0000.5142). Consent to Publish declaration: Not applicable, as this study does not include personal data, images, or other identifying information Clinical trial registration: Not applicable, as this research is not a clinical trial. References Adong A, Kornher L, Arslan A. (2024). The hidden costs of coffee production in the Eastern African value chains. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/5553bbc9-40f2-4c97-b9f2-5076b7d6b613 Altieri MA. Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture. 3rd ed. CRC; 2018. Arru B, Furesi R, Pulina P, Bardi A, Madau FA. Perception of Ecosystem Services Provided by the Primary Sector in Floodplains: A Study of Sardinia. Sustainability. 2025;17(3):857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030857 . Barbosa JN, Borem FM, Cirillo MA, Malta MR, Alvarenga AA, Alves HMR. Coffee Quality and Its Interactions with Environmental Factors in Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Agric Sci. 2012;4(5). https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n5p181 . Barbosa LOS, Aguilar C, Maciel L. A participação de Minas Gerais e do Brasil na cadeia produtiva global do café. Economia Região. 2021;9(1):147. https://doi.org/10.5433/2317-627x.2021v9n1p147 . Bennett T. Habitus Clivé: Aesthetics and Politics in the Work of Pierre Bourdieu. New Literary History. 2007;38(1):201–28. https://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2007.0013 . Bertoncelo E. (2022). Construindo espaços relacionais com a análise de correspondências múltiplas: aplicações nas ciências sociais (1st ed.). ENAP. https://repositorio.enap.gov.br/jspui/bitstream/1/7253/1/Bertoncelo_completo_20220822.pdf Bhowmik S, Mamun A-A, Nordin N. Editorial: Effective occupational health and safety management in advancing global agri-food sustainability. Front Public Health. 2024;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1438907 . Bourdieu P. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press; 1977. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507 . Bourdieu P. (1996). Razões Práticas: Sobre a teoria da ação (9th ed.). Papirus. Bourdieu P. (2011). A Distinção. Crítica social do julgamento (2nd ed.). Zouk. Lei no 11.326 - Lei da Agricultura Familiar. &disposition=inline#:~:text=JULHO DE 2006.- Estabelece as diretrizes para a. formulação da Política Nacional,Familiar e Empreendimentos Familiares Rurais; 2006. https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=4080268 . Lei. no 12.305, Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, (2010). https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm Bukuru E, Tabitha N, FINANCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF SMALL SCALE COFFEE FARMS IN BURUNDI. Int J Finance Acc. 2021;6(2):57–70. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1424 . CONAB. (2023). Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira. Boletim Da Safra 2023, 10(2), 45. https://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/ CONAB. (2024). Portal de Informações Agropecuárias. Preços Mínimos. https://portaldeinformacoes.conab.gov.br/precos-minimos Duque GC. Identification of Management Practices and Characterization of Coffee Farms in Alta Mogiana. and Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. April; 2025. Eduarda Terra Querme M, Araújo Lima D. Traceability Automation in Coffee Production: A Case Study on QR Code Integration to Optimize Manual Steps. Archives Adv Eng Sci. 2023;2(3):170–80. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewAAES32021455 . Faronny DI, Rahma MJ, Sunarharum WB, Hakim L. Local Ecological Knowledge of Liberoid Coffee Farmers in Banyuwangi: an Ancestral Legacy in Preserving the Natural Environment. Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi Dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan. 2024;21(1):249–63. https://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v21i1.249-263 . Fithian W, Josse J. Multiple correspondence analysis and the multilogit bilinear model. J Multivar Anal. 2017;157:87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2017.02.009 . Flamarion Dutra Alves, & Michele Lindner. AGRONEGÓCIO DO CAFÉ NO SUL DE MINAS GERAIS: territorialização, mundialização e contradições. OKARA: Geografia Em Debate. 2020;433–52. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1982-3878.2020v14n2.54246 . Galeano E. As Veias Abertas da América Latina. Siglo XXI Editores; 1971. Genest-Richard P, Halde C, Mundler P, Devillers N. A Promising Niche: Current State of Knowledge on the Agroecological Contribution of Alternative Livestock Farming Practices. Agriculture. 2025;15(3):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030235 . Gil A. (2002). Como delinear uma pesquisa bibliográfica. In Como Elaborar Projetos de Pesquisa (3rd ed.). Atlas. Girma G, Natsume S, Carluccio AV, Takagi H, Matsumura H, Uemura A, Muranaka S, Takagi H, Stavolone L, Gedil M, Spillane C, Terauchi R, Tamiru M. Identification of candidate flowering and sex genes in white Guinea yam (D. rotundata Poir.) by SuperSAGE transcriptome profiling. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(9):e0216912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216912 . Giuliani E, Ciravegna L, Vezzulli A, Kilian B. Decoupling Standards from Practice: The Impact of In-House Certifications on Coffee Farms’ Environmental and Social Conduct. World Dev. 2017;96:294–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.013 . Glamann J, Hanspach J, Abson DJ, Collier N, Fischer J. The intersection of food security and biodiversity conservation: a review. Reg Envriron Chang. 2017;17(5):1303–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0873-3 . Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010;327(5967):812–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383 . Goodman D. Rural Europe Redux? Reflections on Alternative Agro-Food Networks and Paradigm Change. Sociologia Ruralis. 2004;44(1):3–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00258.x . Haldar S. Towards a conceptual understanding of sustainability-driven entrepreneurship. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag. 2019;26(6):1157–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1763 . Heckathorn DD. Comment: Snowball versus Respondent-Driven Sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2011;41(1):355–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x . Hung Anh N, Bokelmann W, Thi Thuan N, Nga T, D., Van Minh N. Smallholders’ Preferences for Different Contract Farming Models: Empirical Evidence from Sustainable Certified Coffee Production in Vietnam. Sustainability. 2019;11(14):3799. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143799 . Husson François, Josse J. Multiple Correspondence Analysis. In: Blasius J, Greenacre M, editors. Visualization and verbalization of data. Volume 20, 1st ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16741 . IBGE. (2017). Censo Agropecuário 2017. In IBGE. https://doi.org/https://censos.ibge.gov.br/agro/2017/ ICO. (2023a). Coffe Report and Outlook. In International Coffe Organization. https://icocoffee.org/documents/cy2023-24/Coffee_Report_and_Outlook_December_2023_ICO.pdf ICO. (2023b). The Coffee Report and Outlook (CRO). International Coffee Organization, 1–39. Jassogne L, Wanyama I, Baret P, van Asten P. Perceptions and outlook on intercropping coffee with banana as an opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda. Int J Agric Sustain. 2012;10(4):289–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.714576 . Jena PR, Grote U. Do Certification Schemes Enhance Coffee Yields and Household Income? Lessons Learned Across Continents. Front Sustainable Food Syst. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.716904 . 5. Jha S, Bacon CM, Philpott SM, Ernesto Méndez V, Läderach P, Rice RA. Shade Coffee: Update on a Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity. Bioscience. 2014;64(5):416–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu038 . Kansanga MM, Luginaah I, Kerr B, Lupafya R, E., Dakishoni L. Beyond ecological synergies: examining the impact of participatory agroecology on social capital in smallholder farming communities. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 2020;27(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2019.1655811 . Karatay Y, Meyer-Aurich A. A Model Approach for Yield-Zone-Specific Cost Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction. Sustainability. 2018;10(3):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030710 . Kim S, Dale BE. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics of Corn Production. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(16):6028–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800630d . Lamine C. Sustainability and resilience in agrifood systems: Reconnecting agriculture, food and the environment. Agric Hum Values. 2015;32:11–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9510-5 . Laguir I, Laguir L, Elbaz J. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag. 2016;23(6):386–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1384 . Are Family Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises More Socially Responsible Than Nonfamily Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises?. Liu F, Ding S, Zhang J, Wang Y. A multiscale and multiperspective quantifying framework for spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms of geographical indications. Humanit Social Sci Commun. 2024;11(1):1119. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03602-4 . Medina G, Almeida C, Novaes E, Godar J, Pokorny B. Development Conditions for Family Farming: Lessons From Brazil. World Dev. 2015;74:386–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.023 . Meek D. The cultural politics of the agroecological transition. Agric Hum Values. 2016;33(2):275–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9605-z . Mutolib A, Nuraini C, Helbawanti O, Rahmat A. (2023). Knowledge and Practice of Sustainable Land Management of Coffee Agroforestry in Community Forest Areas, West Lampung Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1266(1), 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012017 Naderifar M, Goli H, Ghaljaie F. Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides Dev Med Educ. 2017;14(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670 . Nettle R, Kuehne G, Lee K, Armstrong D. A new framework to analyse workforce contribution to Australian cotton farm adaptability. Agron Sustain Dev. 2018;38(4):38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0514-6 . Oliveira KR, Ferreira WPM, Fonseca HP, Souza CF, AND ALTITUDE ON THE EXPANSION OF COFFEE CROPS IN MATAS DE MINAS, BRAZIL. (2020). INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE. REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG, 28, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v28i.6360 Phimmavong S, Maraseni TN, Keenan RJ, Phongoudome C, Douangphosy B. Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on financial returns of smallholder coffee plantations in Lao PDR. Agroforest Syst. 2023;97(4):533–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00808-4 . Poncet V, van Asten P, Millet CP, Vaast P, Allinne C. Which diversification trajectories make coffee farming more sustainable? Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2024;68:101432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2024.101432 . Pronti A, Coccia M. Agroecological and conventional agricultural systems: comparative analysis of coffee farms in Brazil for sustainable development. Int J Sustain Dev. 2020;23(3/4):223. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2020.115223 . Pronti A, Coccia M. Multicriteria analysis of the sustainability performance between agroecological and conventional coffee farms in the East Region of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Renewable Agric Food Syst. 2021;36(3):299–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170520000332 . Ramirez-Gomez CJ, Saes MSM, Silva VL dos S., Piao S. R. (2022). The coffee value chain and its transition to sustainability in Brazil and Colombia from innovation system approach. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(6), 1150–1165. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2022.2065794 Reinecke J, Manning S, von Hagen O. The Emergence of a Standards Market: Multiplicity of Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry. Organ Stud. 2012;33(5–6):791–814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612443629 . Rossi Moda L, Eugênio Spers E, de Florêncio L, Schiavi MdeA. S. (2022). Brazilian Coffee Sustainability, Production, and Certification. In Sustainable Agricultural Value Chain (Issue September, p. 20). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105135 Sarmin S, Shahin A, Hasan MF. Influence of socio-demographic and psychological factors on shaping farmers’ pro-environmental behavior in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific J Reg Sci. 2024;8(4):1017–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-024-00351-9 . Schaltz TS, Bork FK. (2019). View of Informal economy in coffee country_ farmers’ use of Western certification schemes.pdf. Diálogos Latinoamericanos, 20(Sustainable Development Goals and informal economies in Latin America). Schiavon OP, May MR, de Mendonça ATBB. Dynamic capabilities and business model innovation in sustainable family farming. Innov Manage Rev. 2022;19(3):252–65. https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-07-2021-0136 . Shapiro-Garza E, King D, Rivera-Aguirre A, Wang S, Finley-Lezcano J. A participatory framework for feasibility assessments of climate change resilience strategies for smallholders: lessons from coffee cooperatives in Latin America. Int J Agric Sustain. 2020;18(1):21–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1658841 . Slamet AS, Purwawangsa H, Prawiro BP, Isbayu M, Irfany MI, Haq DA. (2024). Community-based business ecosystem of coffee with the One Village One CEO Program at Cikajang Garut. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1358(1), 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1358/1/012040 Teixeira HM, Schulte RPO, Anten NPR, Bosco LC, Baartman JEM, Moinet GYK, Reidsma P. How to quantify the impacts of diversification on sustainability? A review of indicators in coffee systems. Agron Sustain Dev. 2022;42(4):62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00785-5 . Thuy PT, Niem LD, Lebailly P. The transition of small-scale coffee farming systems and new pathways for coffee production: A case study in the central highlands of Vietnam. J Plantation Crops. 2022;115–24. https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8236 . Vaast P, Bertrand B, Perriot J, Guyot B, Génard M. Fruit thinning and shade improve bean characteristics and beverage quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) under optimal conditions. J Sci Food Agric. 2006;86(2):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2338 . Volsi B, Telles TS, Caldarelli CE, da Camara MRG. The dynamics of coffee production in Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219742 . Wienhold K, Goulao LF. The Embedded Agroecology of Coffee Agroforestry: A Contextualized Review of Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption and Resistance. Sustainability. 2023;15(8):6827. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086827 . Zerga B, Warkineh B, Teketay D, Woldetsadik M. The livelihood impacts of eucalypt plantations on rural farm households in Western Gurage Watersheds, Central-south Ethiopia. Trees Forests People. 2024;18:100711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100711 . Zhang Y, Nie Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Xiong H, Zhu H, Li Y. Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Yellow Paddy Soils under Long-Term Organic Fertilizer Application. Sustainability. 2022;14(19):12574. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912574 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7530040","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515178281,"identity":"92865dfa-7c56-4a42-bdd4-b4e50457c54b","order_by":0,"name":"Gabriela Azevedo Rocha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHoYDEEYCkF0BpJmZG0jRcgakhZGwFga4Ft42EIOAFnn3swcP/Phjk9jPnnxM4u282mj+dqCWHxXbcGoxPJOXcLCHJy1xZs+zZMO5247nzjjM2MDYc+Y2bi0NOQYHeCQOGxvcyDF8zLvtWG4DUAszYxseLf1vDA7+MfhvbH8jx+Aw75xjufMJaZGXAKrkSTggZyABsqWhJncDIS0GEu8SDsscSJaTOAP0y5xjB3I3ArUcxOcX+f7cwx/f/LHj4W8HhtibmrrceecPH3zwowKPLQdQ+YfB5AEMdci2NKDy6/ApHgWjYBSMghEKAJOZYVnFgaAvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Alfenas","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriela","middleName":"Azevedo","lastName":"Rocha","suffix":""},{"id":515178282,"identity":"54aaeb9a-48c8-4cbe-8623-1841fc1283b6","order_by":1,"name":"Marcio Rogério Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of São Carlos","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcio","middleName":"Rogério","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":515178283,"identity":"143f8ca6-16a0-455f-ac0e-73d895e78a28","order_by":2,"name":"Antônio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Alfenas","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antônio","middleName":"Rodrigues da Cunha","lastName":"Neto","suffix":""},{"id":515178284,"identity":"82c801f9-72d6-4644-81f0-2ec268adc044","order_by":3,"name":"Rafael Oliveira Tiezzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Alfenas","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafael","middleName":"Oliveira","lastName":"Tiezzi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-03 20:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02212-7","type":"published","date":"2025-12-15T15:58:25+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91527404,"identity":"b5625505-3a10-41b8-beda-d00df306e351","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:17:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area: Location of municipalities in Southern Minas \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Gerais where interviews with coffee farmers were conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLengend:\u003c/strong\u003e The numbers on the map \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;highlighted in orange correspond to the municipalities listed in the table on \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;the left. The area highlighted in green indicates the state of Minas Gerais \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;within the Brazilian territory.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/e2aaae58e2a2d2eb87114a0c.png"},{"id":91527405,"identity":"85108e36-0a18-4b29-8fb8-c0bdcbef4b1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:17:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":285088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatterplot of the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of the \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;interviewed coffee farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLengend:\u003c/strong\u003e The graph shows the distribution of \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;individuals (dots and numbers in blue) and active categorical variables \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(triangles and abbreviations in red) along the two MCA dimensions. The four \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;quadrants represent distinct profiles of coffee farmers based on their \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;agricultural practices and socioeconomic conditions: (i) upper left – \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Non-Sustainable; (ii) upper right – Sustainable; (iii) lower left – In \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Transition; (iv) lower right – Certified and Sustainable\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/456f3c12397f5d15d08e7dde.png"},{"id":91528711,"identity":"7e646273-675f-40a9-bda7-87a8725669a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:33:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":209911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoom on the upper left quadrant of the Multiple Correspondence \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis (MCA): Non-Sustainable Coffee Farmers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend:\u003c/strong\u003e The \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;scatterplot shows the clustering of individuals (dots and numbers in blue) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;and active categorical variables (triangles and abbreviations in red) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;associated with coffee farmers who follow less sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/89ca920d956efb5495d39e04.png"},{"id":91527407,"identity":"26bdf18c-4959-4c63-8fbe-f230d5037ef2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:17:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoom on the upper right quadrant of the Multiple Correspondence \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis (MCA): Sustainable Coffee Farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend:\u003c/strong\u003e The scatterplot shows individuals (dots and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;numbers in blue) and active categorical variables (triangles and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;abbreviations in red) associated with the profile of coffee farmers who adopt \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/e28645feede2e57bfa703caa.png"},{"id":91527408,"identity":"de10f745-0fcc-4150-9d24-2049aef78d8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:17:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":389681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoom on the lower left quadrant of the Multiple Correspondence \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis (MCA): Coffee Farmers in Transition to Sustainability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend:\u003c/strong\u003e The scatterplot shows individuals (dots and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;numbers in blue) and active categorical variables (triangles and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;abbreviations in red) associated with the profile of coffee farmers \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;undergoing a sustainability transition.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/7208e3c71a9320b4da9e4823.png"},{"id":91528459,"identity":"d819de97-3780-4b22-b70f-174523a2db87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 11:25:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259001,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eZoom on the lower right quadrant of the Multiple Correspondence \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analysis (MCA): Certified and Sustainable Coffee Farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend:\u003c/strong\u003e The scatterplot shows individuals (dots and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;numbers in blue) and active categorical variables (triangles and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;abbreviations in red) associated with coffee farmers whose practices are both \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;sustainable and certified.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/67f1843f12c53a5189ecf238.png"},{"id":98814017,"identity":"7ad1d72f-cc00-430e-9e75-64a5ce13bec0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:09:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2424844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7530040/v1/f3ca25f9-db2c-4dd9-bc9e-a6e69fa70775.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Relational Spaces Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Southern Minas Gerais: An Analysis of Their Sustainability Practices","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Brazil, coffee cultivation holds a prominent position both economically - accounting for approximately one-third of the agricultural sector's GDP (Eduarda Terra Querme \u0026amp; Ara\u0026uacute;jo Lima, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Medina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) - and from a sociocultural perspectives, as the country has historically been the world's largest producer and exporter of coffee beans (CONAB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; IBGE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Volsi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Within this context, the Southern Minas Gerais region stands out in the sector, primarily due to its high productive capacity resulting from favorable climatic and geographic conditions, such as mild temperatures and high altitudes (Flamarion Dutra Alves \u0026amp; Michele Lindner, 2020; ICO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, this mountainous region distinguishes itself from other Brazilian coffee-producing areas through its exceptional bean quality, ensured by the conservationist and agroecological management practices of smallholder coffee farmers (L. O. S. Barbosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Schaltz, T. S.; Bork, 2019). It should be emphasized that these farmers are classified as smallholders by possessing up to four fiscal modules, which, in Southern Minas Gerais, do not exceed 60 hectares of planted area (Law No. 11.326 - Family Farming Law, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven this context, these rural smallholders, though often marginalized within the important coffee production chain - nonetheless play a crucial role in environmental conservation and sustainable development of the sector. This merit stems from their agricultural practices, which combine land stewardship with environmental respect, while simultaneously producing quality products that sustain both regional and broader economies (Faronny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Glamann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Poncet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Pronti \u0026amp; Coccia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Slamet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Teixeira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, the reality faced by these small coffee farmers is far from trivial. While many seek to implement more sustainable practices, most encounter obstacles that typically limit their conservation initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearchers such as Meek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Kansanga et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Bukuru \u0026amp; Tabitha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Rossi Moda et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Teixeira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) identify economic constraints as barriers to accessing more efficient technologies and Investments in ecological transition, as well as cultural and social challenges. These scholars argue that such challenges are related to entrenched harmful behaviors and certain skepticism about the consequences of climate instabilities. Furthermore, these difficulties are compounded by market and organizational issues. Since smallholders operate on limited land areas and produce at smaller scales, those not organized into cooperatives or associations tend to sell their high-quality coffee bags at commodity prices (Hung Anh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Lamine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Phimmavong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This ultimately discourages investments in more sustainable practices, as the expected financial returns are not realized.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaced with these and numerous other challenges, understanding the reality that permeates the lives and decision-making processes of smallholder coffee farmers constitutes the first step toward proposing solutions (Thuy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). To this end, it is essential to examine and unravel both the objective and subjective conditions that influence the adoption of sustainable practices - or their absence. From this perspective, Pierre Bourdieu's (1996) reflexive sociology emerges as a particularly relevant analytical tool. This theoretical framework proposes that when analyzing a given reality, researchers should maintain analytical distance from the studied situation to produce unbiased assessments of both the involved agents and, more importantly, the social structures that shape them and the social field in which they are positioned. By conceptualizing coffee farming as a social field through Bourdieusian sociology, it is possible to observe a space characterized by struggles involving economic resources, technical knowledge, social networks, and prestige attained through differentiated agricultural practices, among other factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese struggles, viewed through Bourdieu's theoretical lens (1996, 2011), are determined by the various forms of capital possessed by social agents. According to the sociologist, these capitals represent resources accumulated throughout their trajectories that fundamentally position them within the social field. Consequently, these capitals - classified as economic, cultural, social, and symbolic - interact dynamically to shape agents' actions, behaviors, and opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplying these conceptualizations to the social field of coffee production, we can establish that economic capital directly relates to financial and material resources invested in socio-environmentally responsible technologies and practices. Cultural capital, in turn, encompasses technical knowledge and skills acquired over time, which prove indispensable for adopting innovations and conservationist methods. Social capital comprises connections established through cooperatives, associations, and local communities, significantly expanding marketing and purchasing opportunities while facilitating knowledge exchange. Finally, symbolic capital relates to prestige and social recognition, often associated with obtaining sustainability certifications, coffee quality scores, and the valorization of coffee produced through sustainable practices. Thus, we can affirm that Bourdieu's (1996, 2011) conceptual framework of capital determines coffee growers' positions within their social field and directly influences their decision-making processes and strategic approaches when facing challenges and opportunities in sustainable agricultural production. A similar association can be observed in the work of Nettle et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) in Australia, which correlates different forms of capital with the adaptability of cotton farms in the face of climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother essential concept from Bourdieusian sociology for understanding the configuration of the coffee farming social field is the notion of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ehabitu\u003c/em\u003es\u0026rdquo;. According to Bourdieu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e represents a system of internalized dispositions that reflect individuals' life experiences and conditions. This concept is crucial for understanding why certain groups of coffee farmers more readily adopt sustainable practices while others remain tied to traditional methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom this perspective, applying an analytical framework based on reflexive sociology concepts - particularly Bourdieu's (1996, 2011) notions of social field, capital, and \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e - to agricultural reality enables a comprehensive examination of the dynamics shaping smallholder coffee farmers' circumstances. This approach considers both structural social influences and the intangible dispositions guiding their practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a starting point for analyzing this reality, it is essential to give voice to the principal agents of this field - the coffee farmers - allowing them to share their actual experiences, challenges, and perspectives regarding more sustainable agriculture. In this context, according to Mutolib (2023), listening to coffee farmers through interviews can be a valuable approach to revealing the complexity of this territory. Additionally, statistical tools such as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) emerge as important allies for interpreting and correlating information obtained from interviews. This technique enables visualization and analysis of relationships among various categorical variables (questions), creating a Euclidean relational space with dimensionality reduction that reveals patterns and affinities based on respondents' answers (Bertoncelo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the MCA technique enables researchers to move beyond simplistic data analysis, providing an understanding of connections and interactions between individuals and groups, while highlighting characteristics that bring different profiles together or set them apart (Arru et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Bertoncelo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Sarmin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zerga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, according to Bertoncelo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the potential of MCA is significantly enhanced when grounded in social theories like Pierre Bourdieu's framework, particularly when incorporating his concepts of social field, capital, and relational spaces. Consequently, by applying MCA through a Bourdieusian lens, it becomes possible to concretely visualize how different forms of capital interact and shape sustainable practices - or their absence - among coffee farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn light of the above, this study aimed to examine whether forms of capital (economic, social, cultural, and symbolic) influence the adoption of more or less sustainable production practices among smallholder coffee farmers. To achieve this objective, we employed the multivariate statistical technique of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), which enabled the mapping and interpretation of complex relationships within this social field. The data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews conducted with smallholder coffee farmers in the region. This methodological approach allowed for a meticulous examination of their agricultural practices and the components of their \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e, revealing their dispositions and decision-making patterns within the context of sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted an exploratory qualitative method following Gil\u0026apos;s (2002) methodology, aiming to investigate how different forms of capital \u0026ndash; economic, social, cultural, and symbolic, as defined by Pierre Bourdieu (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ndash; influence the decision-making processes among smallholder coffee farmers regarding the adoption (or non-adoption) of sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection instrument, consisting of a semi-structured interview form (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), was developed based on Bourdieusian theoretical concepts, particularly those of reflexive sociology and the notions of social field, capital, and \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e. The questionnaire comprised 68 items, including both closed-ended and open-ended questions, organized into six main categories: I. Farmer Profile, II. Production Area Characteristics, III. Agricultural Management and Sales, IV. Workforce Composition, V. Certifications, and VI. Sustainable Practices. Each question was aligned with the study\u0026apos;s theoretical objectives and correlated with the four forms of capital \u0026ndash; economic, social, cultural, and symbolic \u0026ndash; as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData collection was conducted between June 2023 and March 2024, comprising in-person interviews with 30 smallholder coffee farmers across 22 municipalities in Southern Minas Gerais, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. The combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions enabled the gathering of detailed information about agricultural practices and farmers\u0026apos; capital endowments, while also creating opportunities for reflective dialogue where participants felt comfortable sharing their experiences openly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll interviewed coffee farmers are classified as smallholders or family farmers, as they possess up to four fiscal modules, predominantly use family labor for coffee cultivation, and maintain agriculture as their primary income source - in accordance with Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,326 (Law No. 11,326 - Family Farming Law, 2006), which establishes guidelines for family farming in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespondent selection employed the snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique (Naderifar, 2017; Heckathorn, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), where the initial participant was purposively selected, with subsequent farmers being recruited through referrals. This process gradually created a referral network ensuring group representativeness within the research context. Notably, not all participants were acquainted or interconnected through cooperatives, unions, or associations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData collection followed ethical guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee (REC - Comit\u0026ecirc; de \u0026Eacute;tica em Pesquisa), with prior approval under protocol no. 67291823.0.0000.5142.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-structured questions used in the interviews\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePergunta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of question\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelated capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI. Farmer Data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of experience working with coffee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of employment contract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent role\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSources of income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs income exclusively derived from coffee?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII. Producti-on area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoffee brand name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanted area in hectares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of green areas present on the property\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrop classification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"20\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII. Agricultural Management and Sales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoffee varieties cultivated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage number of coffee trees planted per hectare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanting spacing used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage coffee yield (bags) over recent years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation on land slope\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre there crop consortia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow is land prepared for planting?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow is soil pH correction carried out?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow is/was the planting carried out?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of fertilizers used in production\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs there zero harvest (stumping)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeeding method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarvesting method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoffee drying method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSales method (percentage for each modality)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs the coffee graded? If so, what is the score?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs the farmer part of a cooperative or association?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage price per 60kg bag in 2022/2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you receive technical assistance?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIV. People Involved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow many people work in planting?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow many people work in harvesting?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForms of employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily working hours per employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefits provided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40/41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) offered to workers? If so, which ones?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs it difficult to find labor?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs it difficult to obtain inputs?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV. Certifications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44/45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs your production/farm certified? If so, which certification?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46/47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf not yet certified, are you interested in obtaining certification?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48/49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you believe certifications facilitate the export of green coffee (unroasted)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50/51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you believe certifications facilitate the export of roasted coffee (ready for consumption)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52/53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you believe certifications support domestic market access for roasted coffee?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54/55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you believe certifications contribute to improving socio-environmental responsibility practices?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVI. Sustainable Practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you consider your agricultural practices to be sustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you believe your coffee plantation has long-term productivity with current practices?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich soil management practices do you consider sustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich soil management practices do you consider unsustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich water use and disposal practices do you consider sustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich water use and disposal practices do you consider unsustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich solid waste practices do you consider sustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich solid waste practices do you consider unsustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich practices on water use, reuse, and disposal are sustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich practices on water use, reuse, and disposal are unsustainable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat do you do to save electricity or fossil fuels?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67/68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs sustainability linked to higher economic gains? Please explain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend\u003c/strong\u003e: Classification of the questions asked during interviews with smallholder coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais, indicating the type of question (C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Closed-ended; O\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Open-ended) and the related forms of capital according to Bourdieu (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, 2008, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e): E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Economic Capital, S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Social Capital, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cultural Capital, and SB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Symbolic Capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Description of the Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil has historically held the position as the world\u0026apos;s largest producer and exporter of coffee, with Minas Gerais standing out as the country\u0026apos;s leading coffee-producing state (CONAB, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; IBGE, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; ICO, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). Within this context, the Southern Minas Gerais region accounts for approximately 24.1% of Brazil\u0026apos;s total coffee production (Flamarion Dutra Alves \u0026amp; Michele Lindner, 2020) and was selected as the study area due to its significance in coffee production. The region is globally recognized for its high-quality product, largely derived from smallholder farmers who employ sustainable agricultural practices (Faronny et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Glamann et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Poncet et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Slamet et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Teixeira et al.,2022). Data collection encompassed 22 municipalities, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouthern Minas Gerais features mild temperatures (an avarage of 18\u0026ndash;20\u0026deg;C) and high altitudes reaching up to 1,400 meters, which impart excellent coffee characteristics including high acidity, velvety body, and sweet flavor - qualities that make the beans highly appreciated worldwide (J. N. Barbosa et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Oliveira et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). From this perspective, the region\u0026apos;s socioeconomic development is intrinsically linked to coffee production, particularly in small municipalities characterized by rural landscapes where coffee farming represents one of the most important economic activities (Flamarion Dutra Alves \u0026amp; Michele Lindner, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe methodological approach employed to analyze the interview data was Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) - a multivariate statistical technique that constructs relational spaces through perceptual maps of point clouds or scatterplots (Bertoncelo, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This method is particularly effective for exploratory analysis of categorical data, typically obtained from structured questionnaires administered to population samples regardless of size (Bertoncelo, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs Bertoncelo (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) explains, MCA enables the plotting of information from N individuals (whether statistically representative or not) described by Q categorical variables into a cloud of modalities. This visual representation facilitates the identification of associations among categorical data (interview responses) and allows classification of individual group profiles - in this study, represented by smallholder coffee farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis method was selected for its ability to: 1) Synthesize complex relationships among numerous categorical variables derived from respondent answers; 2) Represent these associations in a reduced-dimensional space; 3) Facilitate interpretation of results.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo commence the analysis, the first stage involved constructing a data matrix in Excel software following Bertoncelo\u0026apos;s (2022) methodology. In this matrix, rows represented the 30 interviewed individuals while columns corresponded to categorized responses from the 68-question interview protocol (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), yielding a total of 198 active categorical variables. Following Husson and Josse\u0026apos;s (2014) established criterion, variables with frequencies below 5% were classified as supplementary and consequently excluded from the construction of the principal axes. This approach ensured greater statistical stability and coherence in the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe matrix data were processed in RStudio using the FactoMineR package, a reference for multivariate exploratory analysis (Fithian \u0026amp; Josse, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Girma et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). As Bertoncelo (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) explains, when performing MCA in this context, the Burt matrix is decomposed through cross-tabulation of all categorical variables, ensuring computation of all associations between variable categories. This computation generates a two-dimensional scatterplot (Cartesian plane) where dimensions are formed based on variable variation gradients. Dimension 1 (Dim 1) accounts for the greatest data variance, while Dimension 2 (Dim 2) complements the analysis by revealing a second important variance direction crucial for understanding associations. In this framework, the proximity or distance between points reflects the strength of associations or oppositions between analyzed categories. Closer points indicate affinities - practices or characteristics that frequently coexist among respondents - while greater distances suggest differences and oppositions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the scatterplot generated by MCA consists of blue points representing the interviewed coffee farmers and red triangles denoting the active categorical variables (responses) considered in the construction of the dimensions. The blue points are distributed across the plane according to their proximity or affinity with the variables (red triangles), thereby revealing the farmers\u0026apos; relationship to sustainable practices and socioeconomic characteristics investigated in this social field through interviews. The two-dimensional Cartesian plane was further divided into four quadrants formed by the intersection of principal axes. Under this configuration, following Bertoncelo (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), each quadrant represents a distinct combination of active variables positioned relative to the axes. Consequently, this reflects groupings of similar farmer profiles sharing common characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe MCA-generated data were analyzed through the theoretical lens of Pierre Bourdieu\u0026apos;s (1996, 2011) typology, enabling the establishment of relationships between the scatterplot and the forms of capital defined by the sociologist. This approach provided a robust foundation for interpreting how sustainable practices, socioeconomic conditions, and farmers\u0026apos; \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e manifest within the social field of coffee production. Furthermore, the analysis was enhanced by the authors\u0026apos; practical experience and expertise, which - combined with established social theories and scientific references - facilitated a thorough and nuanced interpretation of the dynamics structuring sustainable practices in the investigated context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMultiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) served as the primary analytical tool for exploring data collected through interviews with smallholder coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais during 2023\u0026ndash;2024. This multivariate statistical technique revealed complex relational patterns among categorical variables (represented by red triangles and text labels) characterizing different farmer profiles (represented by blue points and numbers) through a scatterplot visualization (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The graphical output displayed a relational space divided into two principal dimensions, where Dimension 1 (Dim1) accounted for 7.95% of total data variance, while Dimension 2 (Dim2) complemented the analysis by explaining 5.94% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo interpret the construction of the dimensions, it is necessary to refer to Bertoncelo (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who explains that the farther a category is from the center of the axis, the greater its contribution to the formation of the dimension. This leads to the conclusion that Dimension 1 reflected the degree of sustainability of the practices adopted by coffee growers. At the positive end, characteristics such as the application of green manure (greMan_s), the belief that sustainable practices bring health benefits to family members and employees (HealBen_s), and the selective harvesting of coffee using the 'finger-picking' method (harvFp_s) stood out. In contrast, at the negative end, characteristics such as the practice of waste incineration (incin_s), the belief that their practices cannot be considered sustainable (PracSus_na), and the use of mechanical harvesters for coffee bean collection (harvMh_s) were prominent. Thus, it is evident that Dimension 1 clearly revealed the gradient of sustainable practices among coffee growers, distinguishing those aligned with sustainable practices from those still following conventional methods. This separation reflects the social dynamics in coffee farming and is supported by the findings of Arru et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), who, through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), identified that farmers with greater sensitivity to recognizing and valuing ecosystem services tend to occupy distinct social positions compared to those who do not acknowledge the relevance of such services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the analysis of categorical variables influencing the construction of Dimension 2 (Dim 2), an integration of sociocultural and agronomic factors was observed. At the upper (positive) end, responses indicating lower engagement in sustainable practices and characteristics associated with the traditional profile of coffee growers were positioned, such as the use of mineral fertilizer (MinFert_s), reduced working hours (WorkH_8-), and lower belief in the financial benefits of sustainable practices (SusPrac_d). Conversely, at the lower (negative) end, variables linked to advancements in agricultural practices were located, including high coffee quality scores (90pt and 86pt), the belief that their farming practices are fully sustainable (PracSus_st), and higher education levels, such as a completed master\u0026rsquo;s degree (MA), reflecting greater cultural capital. This arrangement of Dimension 2 aligns directly with other studies, such as those by Sarmin et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), Liu et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and Zerga et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which demonstrate that higher education levels are directly associated with greater innovation capacity and the adoption of more environmentally sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe observed polarization between the extremes of Dimensions 1 and 2 reveals significant sociocultural barriers, reflecting challenges in integrating traditional farmers with those more engaged in sustainable practices. In this context, the dimensional analysis from the MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) reinforces that advancing sustainability in coffee cultivation requires integrated strategies that combine, among other factors, social and cultural capital. As argued by Arru et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), such strategies should prioritize inclusion and the strengthening of networks connecting farmers with different profiles, fostering knowledge exchange and shared experiences. This coordination is essential to overcome existing barriers in this social field, thereby expanding the reach and effectiveness of sustainable practices in the sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther referencing Bertoncelo (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the author explains that the scatterplot analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2) should be interpreted as follows: the closer two active categories (interview responses) are positioned, the stronger their direct association; similarly, the nearer two individuals (interviewed coffee growers) appear, the more similar their response profiles, enabling inductive reconstruction of contrasts and affinities between social practices and their agents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis two-dimensional distribution of the scatterplot also allows the division of the relational space into four quadrants, each representing a group of individuals with similar characteristics and behaviors. Grounded in social theory and researchers' interpretations, we can assert that these quadrants reflect interactions between economic, symbolic, social, and cultural capital, consistent with Bourdieu's theory of \"social fields\" (Bourdieu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Here, each quadrant represents a cluster of coffee growers occupying analogous positions within this social field, thereby enabling mapping of how different forms of capital influence these actors' practices and perceptions regarding sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the upper-left quadrant zoom (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3) reveals characteristics that classify this group as 'Non-Sustainable Coffee Growers,' as they exhibit predominantly traditional or unsustainable attributes. Key examples include the use of chemical fertilization (chemFert_s) and mineral fertilization (minFert_s), on-site waste incineration (wasteInc_s), and improper disposal of solid waste in landfills (landfillWaste_s). These practices, combined with the absence of energy monitoring (energyMon_n) and the use of less efficient fossil fuel-powered machinery, result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and negative environmental impacts (Karatay \u0026amp; Meyer-Aurich, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Dale, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), we can assert that this group comprises individuals who demonstrate a unique interplay between economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital. Although they enjoy commercial advantages - selling 75% of their coffee directly to cooperatives (coopSale_75p) and maintaining relatively stable prices between R$1,070.00 and R$1,300.00 per sack (1070brl, 1300brl), which exceeds the minimum price of R$684.16 per 60kg sack for Arabica coffee in the 2023/24 harvest in Minas Gerais (CONAB, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) - these coffee growers fail to convert this economic capital into strategies that enhance symbolic capital, such as obtaining certifications (cert_n).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding these farmers' relationship with cooperatives (coopSale_75p), through the lens of Bourdieu (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), this can be interpreted as demonstrating strength in social and economic capital for this group. Such social organizations reflect an ability to consolidate support networks that yield economic benefits, including more stable and predictable coffee prices, as well as access to more affordable inputs due to the economies of scale these organizations provide - as previously demonstrated in studies by Phimmavong et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Haldar (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, this advantage in social and economic capital alone appears insufficient to transform the 'non-sustainable' profile characteristic of this quadrant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrawing on Bourdieu (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and Bennett (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), this inconsistency can be explained by the concept of 'conventional habitus,' which reflects conditioned behavioral patterns shaped by socially established and legitimized practices. Responses such as 'does not believe sustainable practices reduce waste' (wasteRed_n) or 'does not believe sustainability decreases input dependency' (inpDep_n) reveal a belief system prioritizing so-called 'traditional' methods. These methods have been consolidated over decades as the 'most efficient and safest' within their specific socioeconomic and environmental contexts. This finding underscores the fundamental role of territory in intensifying processes of mimetic behavior and institutional isomorphism, where regionally predominant practices tend to be reproduced as tacit norms among local actors (Wienhold \u0026amp; Goulao, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). As Laguir et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize, sustainability transitions are not merely a matter of technical change, but involve the reconfiguration of institutional logics and legitimacy structures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom this perspective, cultural resistance to change\u0026mdash;rooted in conventional \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;reflects historical dynamics of exploitation, as highlighted by Galeano (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e). Since the 19th and 20th centuries, Latin America's productive logic has been characterized by structural inequalities that prioritize immediate survival over long-term strategies, perpetuating precarious working conditions and dependence on unsustainable agricultural practices. Building on Galeano's (1971) framework, the choice of unsustainable methods can also be understood as responses to recurrent climate and economic crises in Brazil. For instance, the 1969 frost events that devastated coffee plantations nationwide disproportionately affected small producers, while major coffee chain actors leveraged accumulated stocks for profit\u0026mdash;reinforcing a logic that protects dominant capital at the expense of the dominated (Bourdieu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, as in other social fields, the dominated paradoxically assimilate and reproduce dominant practices and discourses. Regarding climate crises, this reproduction manifests in beliefs that deleterious events like frosts may not be entirely harmful, as they can increase coffee prices. However, this perspective overlooks the disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable\u0026mdash;in this case, small coffee growers themselves. This paradox reflects \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e conditioning, which perpetuates traditional practices even when more accessible sustainable alternatives exist. This analysis suggests that even cooperative participation\u0026mdash;while strengthening social capital and providing economic stability\u0026mdash;proves insufficient to overcome the structural and cultural barriers shaping these farmers' conventional \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Upper Right quadrant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4) brings together a group of coffee farmers classified as \u0026ldquo;Sustainable Coffee Farmers\u0026rdquo;, as they present a set of characteristics that demonstrate a clear concern for sustainability in their production systems. Among the practices adopted, the following stand out: green (aduv_s) and organic (organ_s) fertilization, the transformation of organic waste into fertilizer (adOr_s), and the use of biomass as an energy source (UsoBiom_s). Additionally, these producers avoid the use of chemical inputs, such as NPK (npk_n), and chemical weeding (cap_quim_n), in addition to managing the soil with less invasive techniques, such as the use of a hoe (Enx_s) and the exclusion of the use of tractor furrows (SulcT_n). These choices reflect a commitment to environmental preservation, aligned with agroecological principles (Altieri, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Genest-Richard et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Another point that reinforces this alignment is the presence of crop consortium systems (out_cult_s), which include the planting of beans (feij_s) and bananas (ban_s) in coffee plantations. This practice, in addition to promoting the diversification of the agricultural landscape, favors biodiversity and contributes to local food security, reaffirming the sustainable nature of this group (Glamann et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jassogne et al., 2021; Poncet et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Teixeira et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe agroecological practices employed by this group are strongly associated with small-scale landholdings, primarily due to the greater ease of manual management and reduced dependence on mechanization. Although these producers harvest fewer bags per crop cycle compared to large-scale producers, they are able to add value to their product by accessing markets that prioritize sustainability, as demonstrated in studies by Duque (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), Ramirez-Gomez et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and Pronti \u0026amp; Coccia (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). As a result of the higher profitability of agroecological coffee production, it is possible to observe that even larger producers are adopting hybrid production models or transitioning their crops to sustainable management systems as a market strategy (Pronti \u0026amp; Coccia, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wienhold \u0026amp; Goulao, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the commitment to more sustainable practices among this group does not fully translate into proportional financial returns. Despite producing high-quality coffees, scoring 85 and 87 points (85pt, 87pt)\u0026mdash;characteristic of specialty coffees\u0026mdash;the average price per bag in 2023/2024 was only R$1,000 (1000reals). This value is lower than that recorded by coffee growers in the Upper Left Quadrant, even though the latter employ less sustainable practices. From a Bourdieusian perspective (Bourdieu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), this disparity can be interpreted by analyzing the social and economic capital of this quadrant. Unlike Quadrant I, where social capital was strengthened by direct trade with cooperatives, the farmers in this group lack a consolidated commercialization channel (v_coop_n). This limits their bargaining power, resulting in lower prices for their coffee and restricted access to higher-value, specialized markets, thereby diminishing the group\u0026rsquo;s economic capital (Haldar, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hung Anh et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Lamine, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Phimmavong et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, when exploring the cultural capital of this quadrant, it is possible to infer that adherence to sustainable practices may stem from the cultural habitus of this group. For example, having an educational background in applied social sciences (form_csa_s) contributes to shaping this profile and to valuing agroecological and innovative methods, as pointed out by Kansanga et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) in their work with farming communities in the Sahel region of Africa. However, the lack of consolidated social capital, through integration into cooperative networks or the absence of certifications that confer symbolic value to coffee, results in a gap between cultural capital and the development of more effective market strategies that would ensure better prices per sack of coffee. Thus, as also highlighted by Meek (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and Nettle et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the social and economic recognition of sustainable and agroecological practices \u0026ndash; as well as the consolidation of these strategies as viable options \u0026ndash; strongly depends on farmers\u0026rsquo; integration into collaborative networks. In other words, without the support of basic social capital, even coffee farmers most engaged in sustainable practices face challenges in consolidating their position as prominent agents within the social field of coffee farming.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, this quadrant features a notable outlier - individual 28, positioned in isolated prominence at the upper extremity. This distinctive placement suggests they function as a statistical and social outlier within this field, consistent with Bourdieu's (1977) conceptual framework. Their exceptional position in the social space can be attributed to unique characteristics and strategies, particularly regarding coffee market valuation (economic capital). In 2023, this grower achieved a remarkable selling price of R$6,000 per bag (approximately $1,100 USD), targeting premium coffee shops in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo. This market differentiation reflects not only distinct economic positioning but also the ability to mobilize forms of symbolic capital that elevate the production status within the coffee value chain. Unlike other quadrant farmers, this producer operates a 1-hectare agroforestry system, which - as demonstrated by previous research - ensures superior bean quality and flavor profiles (Jha et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Schiavon et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Vaast et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of this outlier within the quadrant reinforces Bourdieu's (1996) idea that, within a social field, agents are not rigidly bound to structures, as individuals can modify their position through the mobilization of specific capitals and differentiated strategies. In the case of Individual 28, their insertion into a highly valued market niche\u0026mdash;with consumers who attribute value to the symbolic capital of agroforestry and sustainable production\u0026mdash;allowed the conversion of their cultural and symbolic capital into a competitive advantage. This dynamic illustrates how the adoption of innovative practices and the ability to access more exclusive commercialization networks can enable new forms of upward mobility within the social field, even when the broader context presents structural limitations (Goodman, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen analyzing the categorical variables of the Lower Left Quadrant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5), this group can be classified as 'Coffee Farmers in Transition to Sustainability,' as they exhibit a set of hybrid practices that reflect both conservative traits and elements of transition toward more sustainable systems. Among the traditional practices still prevalent are the use of nitrogen fertilizer (npk_s), chemical weeding (cap_quim_s), and mechanical weeding (cap_mec_s), as well as the absence of composting (compost_n) and the lack of PPE for workers (n_epi_s). Nevertheless, practices indicating a shift toward sustainability are beginning to emerge, such as rainwater reuse (ReuC_s) and the reverse logistics of pesticide packaging (logR_s). Although the latter is mandatory under Brazilian solid waste legislation (Law 12,305/2010 - National Policy on Solid Waste) (Bennett, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Law No. 12,305, 2010), it represents a significant advancement in the context of more sustainable agricultural practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA notable aspect of this group is the presence of coffee farmers certified by Rainforest Alliance (cert_rfa_s). From Bourdieu\u0026rsquo;s perspective (Bourdieu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), this certification represents a form of symbolic capital potential. According to the sociologist, symbolic capital is tied to social recognition and the legitimacy granted to individuals or groups based on socially valued attributes. In this context, agricultural certifications like Rainforest Alliance function as tools for assigning symbolic value (prestige), distinguishing the coffee produced by these smallholders in more competitive and demanding markets\u0026mdash;where, consequently, buyers are more willing to pay premium prices (Adong, A.; Kornher, L.; Arslan, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Giuliani et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jena \u0026amp; Grote, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Shapiro-Garza 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis economic gain was evidenced by the higher price per bag, which reached up to R$3,500.00 (3,500 reais) in 2023/2024, equivalent to approximately USD 700. Within this same perspective, the expressed interest in additional certifications\u0026mdash;such as Certifica Minas Caf\u0026eacute; (intc_ccm_s) and organic certifications (intc_org_s)\u0026mdash;reinforces the perception that these coffee farmers recognize the strategic advantages of increasing their symbolic capital. The response supports this view, 'believes that sustainable practices and certifications add value to coffee, making them less dependent on commodity market prices' (agV_s), demonstrating a conscious appreciation of certifications as mechanisms for differentiation and access to more profitable market niches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, this process does not occur unilaterally but rather as a two-way street. Obtaining and maintaining sustainability certifications requires significant financial investments, both in structural adjustments on the farms and in complying with strict regulatory requirements (Adong, A.; Kornher, L.; Arslan, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Reinecke et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this sense, the greater financial capacity of the producers in this group\u0026mdash;evidenced by their land holdings of 17 to 35 hectares\u0026mdash;can be interpreted as a facilitating factor for entering this premium market. Indeed, certifications demand technical compliance and resources for their implementation and continuity, thereby creating an entry barrier that tends to favor producers with greater pre-existing economic capital (Giuliani et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, both the transition to more sustainable practices and the pursuit of certifications appear to be directly tied to a dependence on higher economic capital among coffee farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the Lower Right Quadrant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;6, Appendix IV) comprises small coffee farmers classified as 'Sustainable and Certified.' This group stands out for its sustainable agricultural practices and certifications, but most notably for its qualitative responses that emphasize the perception and appreciation of sustainability. By categorizing open-ended responses and incorporating them into the MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) calculation, key themes emerged within this group, indicating that these actors perceive sustainability as a central pillar that extends beyond environmental benefits. Most significantly, they recognize its direct impact on family health and well-being (melSau_s), improved farm productivity efficiency (prasust_st), and reduced dependence on chemical inputs (mIns_s). This heightened awareness may be associated with the group's higher cultural capital, as evidenced by the MC variable (completed master's degree) (Liu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Sarmin et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zerga et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a technical standpoint, the agricultural practices adopted by coffee farmers in the Lower Right Quadrant also demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainability. The use of green manure (Adbv_s), rainwater harvesting (ReuA_s), and monitoring of energy and fossil fuel consumption (montEn_s) reflect their concern for natural resource preservation (Glamann et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Godfray et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Poncet et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Slamet et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The avoidance of herbicides (herb_n) and implementation of shade-grown plants (Somb_s) promote soil health and biodiversity (Jha et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), while selective manual harvesting (c_dm_s) ensures bean quality and minimizes environmental impacts (Vaast et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The use of modern, more efficient machinery (MaqEf_s) contributes to resource conservation and carbon emission reduction (Karatay \u0026amp; Meyer-Aurich, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Dale, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and the provision of PPE (t_epi_s) reinforces their commitment to human welfare, integrating environmental and social practices into a sustainable model (Bhowmik et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis group also stands out for its strong engagement with agricultural certifications (cert_s), such as Certifica Minas Caf\u0026eacute; (cert_cmc_s), FairTrade (cert_ft_s), and organic certifications (cc_org_s). These certifications provide these coffee growers with significant symbolic capital while legitimizing their sustainability efforts in more demanding markets. The variable jcertcv_vf_s ('Believes certification increases financial value') further confirms that these farmers recognize the positive impact of certifications on economic capital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, this alignment between sustainable practices and certifications transcends the economic dimension, reflecting a specific \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e rooted in technical knowledge and appreciation of the collective impacts of these practices. The adoption of sustainable practices, coupled with the recognition of certifications as market differentiators, reveals an integrated articulation of cultural, economic, and symbolic capital. The cultural capital, expressed in the predisposition for innovation and adoption of sustainable agricultural systems, is amplified by the symbolic capital conferred by certifications, which in turn strengthens the economic capital of these coffee growers. This interdependence between forms of capital demonstrates that this group has successfully mobilized its strategic resources to establish a sustainable production model that is economically viable and socially recognized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen analyzing all four groups (quadrants) simultaneously, we observe that the persistence of conventional, less sustainable methods is associated with an established conventional \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e structure that perpetuates historically legitimized practices in the field. Conversely, in contexts where certifications and structured commercial networks exist, the conversion of cultural capital into economic value becomes more feasible, enabling greater participation of coffee growers in sustainability-driven markets. Consequently, the synergy between different forms of capital observed in the Lower Right Quadrant - Sustainable and Certified Coffee Farmers - strengthens value-creation trajectories, while the absence of effective conversion mechanisms keeps certain groups in less advantageous positions with lower socio-environmental responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dynamics observed in this study demonstrate that the economic valorization of sustainable practices must be accompanied by the strengthening of social networks for knowledge and experience exchange, as well as mechanisms that facilitate certification acquisition. These conditions are essential to enable coffee growers at different stages of sustainability transition to enhance their actions and expand their participation in differentiated markets. The results further indicate that the transformation of agricultural practices occurs when there is social recognition of these changes, allowing sustainability to become legitimized in the productive field and converted into economic advantages.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to analyze the profiles of small coffee farmers in Southern Minas Gerais through the Bourdieusian lens of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and to understand how these structures influence the adoption of sustainable practices. The application of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) as a methodological tool revealed that sustainability in coffee farming should be understood heterogeneously - as a relational and positional phenomenon in which different farmer profiles mobilize their capital distinctively to legitimize their sustainable production practices and access more economically viable markets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond providing this structural understanding, MCA enabled the identification of latent patterns in the relationships between different forms of capital and agricultural practices, highlighting factors that either favor or limit the transition to sustainability. This analytical approach revealed distinct production trajectories and allowed for predictive trend analysis, indicating how different farmer profiles might position themselves within the social field of coffee production. Thus, MCA has established itself as a robust method for future research, particularly in monitoring structural changes and formulating strategies to facilitate more balanced conversion of capital into economic and symbolic advantages across different groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study conclusively shows that even technically trained farmers with greater predisposition toward agroecological practices face structural challenges in accessing premium markets, while those with more limited cultural capital but integrated into structured commercial networks achieve more significant financial returns. This finding reinforces that sustainability, when recognized and legitimized through certifications and collaborative networks, can become a substantial competitive advantage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, the persistence of conventional, less sustainable methods among some farmers is strongly associated with an entrenched conventional \u003cem\u003ehabitus\u003c/em\u003e and financial advantages from economies of scale, which perpetuates historically legitimized practices sustained by commodity market logic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis analysis demonstrates that consolidating sustainable practices in coffee farming requires strategies that enhance both economic and symbolic recognition of these practices while fundamentally expanding farmers' social capital. This can be achieved by strengthening productive and commercial networks, as well as democratizing access to certifications and differentiated markets. Furthermore, public policies for the sector must account for structural inequalities in capital conversion, implementing mechanisms to value sustainable coffee and promoting institutional structures that ensure greater equity in the distribution of opportunities among producers at different stages of sustainability transition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the study makes significant contributions to understanding the social field of coffee production, certain limitations should be acknowledged. The analysis focused specifically on Southern Minas Gerais, and future research could expand this scope to other production regions to verify the generalizability of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e The data are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was supported by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education\u0026nbsp;Personne).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education\u0026nbsp;Personne). The authors are also grateful for the support of FAPEMIG (Foundation for Research Support of Minas Gerais, Brazil).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGA Rocha: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Data curation. Methodology; Writing - original draf, Funding acquisition;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMR Silva: Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Writing - original draf; Funding acquisition;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAR da Cunha Neto: Data curation , Writing-Review \u0026amp; Editing;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRO Tiezzi: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing - original draf, Funding acquisition;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, following approval by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol no. 67291823.0.0000.5142).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable, as this study does not include personal data, images, or other identifying information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial registration:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable, as this research is not a clinical trial.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdong A, Kornher L, Arslan A. (2024). The hidden costs of coffee production in the Eastern African value chains. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://openknowledge.fao.org/items/5553bbc9-40f2-4c97-b9f2-5076b7d6b613\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/5553bbc9-40f2-4c97-b9f2-5076b7d6b613\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAltieri MA. Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture. 3rd ed. CRC; 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArru B, Furesi R, Pulina P, Bardi A, Madau FA. Perception of Ecosystem Services Provided by the Primary Sector in Floodplains: A Study of Sardinia. Sustainability. 2025;17(3):857. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su17030857\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su17030857\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarbosa JN, Borem FM, Cirillo MA, Malta MR, Alvarenga AA, Alves HMR. Coffee Quality and Its Interactions with Environmental Factors in Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Agric Sci. 2012;4(5). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n5p181\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5539/jas.v4n5p181\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarbosa LOS, Aguilar C, Maciel L. A participa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Minas Gerais e do Brasil na cadeia produtiva global do caf\u0026eacute;. Economia Regi\u0026atilde;o. 2021;9(1):147. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5433/2317-627x.2021v9n1p147\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5433/2317-627x.2021v9n1p147\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBennett T. Habitus Cliv\u0026eacute;: Aesthetics and Politics in the Work of Pierre Bourdieu. New Literary History. 2007;38(1):201\u0026ndash;28. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2007.0013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1353/nlh.2007.0013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBertoncelo E. (2022). Construindo espa\u0026ccedil;os relacionais com a an\u0026aacute;lise de correspond\u0026ecirc;ncias m\u0026uacute;ltiplas: aplica\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es nas ci\u0026ecirc;ncias sociais (1st ed.). ENAP. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://repositorio.enap.gov.br/jspui/bitstream/1/7253/1/Bertoncelo_completo_20220822.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://repositorio.enap.gov.br/jspui/bitstream/1/7253/1/Bertoncelo_completo_20220822.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhowmik S, Mamun A-A, Nordin N. Editorial: Effective occupational health and safety management in advancing global agri-food sustainability. Front Public Health. 2024;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1438907\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpubh.2024.1438907\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBourdieu P. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press; 1977. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/CBO9780511812507\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBourdieu P. (1996). Raz\u0026otilde;es Pr\u0026aacute;ticas: Sobre a teoria da a\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o (9th ed.). Papirus.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBourdieu P. (2011). A Distin\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o. Cr\u0026iacute;tica social do julgamento (2nd ed.). Zouk.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLei no 11.326 - Lei da Agricultura Familiar. \u0026amp;disposition=inline#:~:text=JULHO DE 2006.- Estabelece as diretrizes para a. formula\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da Pol\u0026iacute;tica Nacional,Familiar e Empreendimentos Familiares Rurais; 2006. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=4080268\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://legis.senado.leg.br/sdleg-getter/documento?dm=4080268\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLei. no 12.305, Pol\u0026iacute;tica Nacional de Res\u0026iacute;duos S\u0026oacute;lidos, (2010). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBukuru E, Tabitha N, FINANCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF SMALL SCALE COFFEE FARMS IN BURUNDI. Int J Finance Acc. 2021;6(2):57\u0026ndash;70. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1424\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.47604/ijfa.1424\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCONAB. (2023). Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira. Boletim Da Safra 2023, 10(2), 45. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCONAB. (2024). Portal de Informa\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es Agropecu\u0026aacute;rias. Pre\u0026ccedil;os M\u0026iacute;nimos. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://portaldeinformacoes.conab.gov.br/precos-minimos\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://portaldeinformacoes.conab.gov.br/precos-minimos\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuque GC. Identification of Management Practices and Characterization of Coffee Farms in Alta Mogiana. and Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. April; 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEduarda Terra Querme M, Ara\u0026uacute;jo Lima D. Traceability Automation in Coffee Production: A Case Study on QR Code Integration to Optimize Manual Steps. Archives Adv Eng Sci. 2023;2(3):170\u0026ndash;80. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewAAES32021455\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.47852/bonviewAAES32021455\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFaronny DI, Rahma MJ, Sunarharum WB, Hakim L. Local Ecological Knowledge of Liberoid Coffee Farmers in Banyuwangi: an Ancestral Legacy in Preserving the Natural Environment. Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi Dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan. 2024;21(1):249\u0026ndash;63. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v21i1.249-263\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.14710/presipitasi.v21i1.249-263\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFithian W, Josse J. Multiple correspondence analysis and the multilogit bilinear model. J Multivar Anal. 2017;157:87\u0026ndash;102. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2017.02.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jmva.2017.02.009\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFlamarion Dutra Alves, \u0026amp; Michele Lindner. AGRONEG\u0026Oacute;CIO DO CAF\u0026Eacute; NO SUL DE MINAS GERAIS: territorializa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o, mundializa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e contradi\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es. OKARA: Geografia Em Debate. 2020;433\u0026ndash;52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1982-3878.2020v14n2.54246\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22478/ufpb.1982-3878.2020v14n2.54246\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaleano E. As Veias Abertas da Am\u0026eacute;rica Latina. Siglo XXI Editores; 1971.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGenest-Richard P, Halde C, Mundler P, Devillers N. A Promising Niche: Current State of Knowledge on the Agroecological Contribution of Alternative Livestock Farming Practices. Agriculture. 2025;15(3):235. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030235\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agriculture15030235\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGil A. (2002). Como delinear uma pesquisa bibliogr\u0026aacute;fica. In Como Elaborar Projetos de Pesquisa (3rd ed.). Atlas.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirma G, Natsume S, Carluccio AV, Takagi H, Matsumura H, Uemura A, Muranaka S, Takagi H, Stavolone L, Gedil M, Spillane C, Terauchi R, Tamiru M. Identification of candidate flowering and sex genes in white Guinea yam (D. rotundata Poir.) by SuperSAGE transcriptome profiling. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(9):e0216912. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216912\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0216912\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGiuliani E, Ciravegna L, Vezzulli A, Kilian B. Decoupling Standards from Practice: The Impact of In-House Certifications on Coffee Farms\u0026rsquo; Environmental and Social Conduct. World Dev. 2017;96:294\u0026ndash;314. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlamann J, Hanspach J, Abson DJ, Collier N, Fischer J. The intersection of food security and biodiversity conservation: a review. Reg Envriron Chang. 2017;17(5):1303\u0026ndash;13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0873-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10113-015-0873-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGodfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010;327(5967):812\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1126/science.1185383\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoodman D. Rural Europe Redux? Reflections on Alternative Agro-Food Networks and Paradigm Change. Sociologia Ruralis. 2004;44(1):3\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00258.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00258.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaldar S. Towards a conceptual understanding of sustainability-driven entrepreneurship. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag. 2019;26(6):1157\u0026ndash;70. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1763\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/csr.1763\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeckathorn DD. Comment: Snowball versus Respondent-Driven Sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2011;41(1):355\u0026ndash;66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHung Anh N, Bokelmann W, Thi Thuan N, Nga T, D., Van Minh N. Smallholders\u0026rsquo; Preferences for Different Contract Farming Models: Empirical Evidence from Sustainable Certified Coffee Production in Vietnam. Sustainability. 2019;11(14):3799. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su11143799\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su11143799\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHusson Fran\u0026ccedil;ois, Josse J. Multiple Correspondence Analysis. In: Blasius J, Greenacre M, editors. Visualization and verbalization of data. Volume 20, 1st ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2014. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1201/b16741\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1201/b16741\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIBGE. (2017). Censo Agropecu\u0026aacute;rio 2017. In IBGE. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/https://censos.ibge.gov.br/agro/2017/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://doi.org/https://censos.ibge.gov.br/agro/2017/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eICO. (2023a). Coffe Report and Outlook. In International Coffe Organization. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://icocoffee.org/documents/cy2023-24/Coffee_Report_and_Outlook_December_2023_ICO.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://icocoffee.org/documents/cy2023-24/Coffee_Report_and_Outlook_December_2023_ICO.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eICO. (2023b). The Coffee Report and Outlook (CRO). International Coffee Organization, 1\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJassogne L, Wanyama I, Baret P, van Asten P. Perceptions and outlook on intercropping coffee with banana as an opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda. Int J Agric Sustain. 2012;10(4):289\u0026ndash;301. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.714576\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/14735903.2012.714576\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJena PR, Grote U. Do Certification Schemes Enhance Coffee Yields and Household Income? Lessons Learned Across Continents. Front Sustainable Food Syst. 2022. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.716904\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fsufs.2021.716904\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. 5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJha S, Bacon CM, Philpott SM, Ernesto M\u0026eacute;ndez V, L\u0026auml;derach P, Rice RA. Shade Coffee: Update on a Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity. Bioscience. 2014;64(5):416\u0026ndash;28. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu038\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/biosci/biu038\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKansanga MM, Luginaah I, Kerr B, Lupafya R, E., Dakishoni L. Beyond ecological synergies: examining the impact of participatory agroecology on social capital in smallholder farming communities. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 2020;27(1):1\u0026ndash;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2019.1655811\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/13504509.2019.1655811\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaratay Y, Meyer-Aurich A. A Model Approach for Yield-Zone-Specific Cost Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction. Sustainability. 2018;10(3):710. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su10030710\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su10030710\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim S, Dale BE. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics of Corn Production. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(16):6028\u0026ndash;33. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/es800630d\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/es800630d\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLamine C. Sustainability and resilience in agrifood systems: Reconnecting agriculture, food and the environment. Agric Hum Values. 2015;32:11\u0026ndash;25. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9510-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10460-014-9510-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaguir I, Laguir L, Elbaz J. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag. 2016;23(6):386\u0026ndash;98. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1384\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/csr.1384\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Are Family Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises More Socially Responsible Than Nonfamily Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises?.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu F, Ding S, Zhang J, Wang Y. A multiscale and multiperspective quantifying framework for spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms of geographical indications. Humanit Social Sci Commun. 2024;11(1):1119. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03602-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1057/s41599-024-03602-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMedina G, Almeida C, Novaes E, Godar J, Pokorny B. Development Conditions for Family Farming: Lessons From Brazil. World Dev. 2015;74:386\u0026ndash;96. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.023\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeek D. The cultural politics of the agroecological transition. Agric Hum Values. 2016;33(2):275\u0026ndash;90. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9605-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10460-015-9605-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMutolib A, Nuraini C, Helbawanti O, Rahmat A. (2023). Knowledge and Practice of Sustainable Land Management of Coffee Agroforestry in Community Forest Areas, West Lampung Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1266(1), 012017. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012017\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012017\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaderifar M, Goli H, Ghaljaie F. Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Strides Dev Med Educ. 2017;14(3). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5812/sdme.67670\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5812/sdme.67670\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNettle R, Kuehne G, Lee K, Armstrong D. A new framework to analyse workforce contribution to Australian cotton farm adaptability. Agron Sustain Dev. 2018;38(4):38. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0514-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s13593-018-0514-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOliveira KR, Ferreira WPM, Fonseca HP, Souza CF, AND ALTITUDE ON THE EXPANSION OF COFFEE CROPS IN MATAS DE MINAS, BRAZIL. (2020). INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE. REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG, 28, 157\u0026ndash;165. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v28i.6360\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13083/reveng.v28i.6360\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhimmavong S, Maraseni TN, Keenan RJ, Phongoudome C, Douangphosy B. Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on financial returns of smallholder coffee plantations in Lao PDR. Agroforest Syst. 2023;97(4):533\u0026ndash;48. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00808-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10457-023-00808-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoncet V, van Asten P, Millet CP, Vaast P, Allinne C. Which diversification trajectories make coffee farming more sustainable? Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2024;68:101432. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2024.101432\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cosust.2024.101432\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePronti A, Coccia M. Agroecological and conventional agricultural systems: comparative analysis of coffee farms in Brazil for sustainable development. Int J Sustain Dev. 2020;23(3/4):223. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2020.115223\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1504/IJSD.2020.115223\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePronti A, Coccia M. Multicriteria analysis of the sustainability performance between agroecological and conventional coffee farms in the East Region of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Renewable Agric Food Syst. 2021;36(3):299\u0026ndash;306. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170520000332\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1742170520000332\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamirez-Gomez CJ, Saes MSM, Silva VL dos S., Piao S. R. (2022). The coffee value chain and its transition to sustainability in Brazil and Colombia from innovation system approach. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(6), 1150\u0026ndash;1165. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2022.2065794\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/14735903.2022.2065794\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReinecke J, Manning S, von Hagen O. The Emergence of a Standards Market: Multiplicity of Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry. Organ Stud. 2012;33(5\u0026ndash;6):791\u0026ndash;814. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612443629\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/0170840612443629\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRossi Moda L, Eug\u0026ecirc;nio Spers E, de Flor\u0026ecirc;ncio L, Schiavi MdeA. S. (2022). Brazilian Coffee Sustainability, Production, and Certification. In Sustainable Agricultural Value Chain (Issue September, p. 20). IntechOpen. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105135\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5772/intechopen.105135\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSarmin S, Shahin A, Hasan MF. Influence of socio-demographic and psychological factors on shaping farmers\u0026rsquo; pro-environmental behavior in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific J Reg Sci. 2024;8(4):1017\u0026ndash;49. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-024-00351-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s41685-024-00351-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchaltz TS, Bork FK. (2019). View of Informal economy in coffee country_ farmers\u0026rsquo; use of Western certification schemes.pdf. Di\u0026aacute;logos Latinoamericanos, 20(Sustainable Development Goals and informal economies in Latin America).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchiavon OP, May MR, de Mendon\u0026ccedil;a ATBB. Dynamic capabilities and business model innovation in sustainable family farming. Innov Manage Rev. 2022;19(3):252\u0026ndash;65. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-07-2021-0136\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1108/INMR-07-2021-0136\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShapiro-Garza E, King D, Rivera-Aguirre A, Wang S, Finley-Lezcano J. A participatory framework for feasibility assessments of climate change resilience strategies for smallholders: lessons from coffee cooperatives in Latin America. Int J Agric Sustain. 2020;18(1):21\u0026ndash;34. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1658841\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/14735903.2019.1658841\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSlamet AS, Purwawangsa H, Prawiro BP, Isbayu M, Irfany MI, Haq DA. (2024). Community-based business ecosystem of coffee with the One Village One CEO Program at Cikajang Garut. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1358(1), 012040. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1358/1/012040\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1755-1315/1358/1/012040\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTeixeira HM, Schulte RPO, Anten NPR, Bosco LC, Baartman JEM, Moinet GYK, Reidsma P. How to quantify the impacts of diversification on sustainability? A review of indicators in coffee systems. Agron Sustain Dev. 2022;42(4):62. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00785-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s13593-022-00785-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThuy PT, Niem LD, Lebailly P. The transition of small-scale coffee farming systems and new pathways for coffee production: A case study in the central highlands of Vietnam. J Plantation Crops. 2022;115\u0026ndash;24. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8236\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8236\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVaast P, Bertrand B, Perriot J, Guyot B, G\u0026eacute;nard M. Fruit thinning and shade improve bean characteristics and beverage quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) under optimal conditions. J Sci Food Agric. 2006;86(2):197\u0026ndash;204. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2338\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/jsfa.2338\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVolsi B, Telles TS, Caldarelli CE, da Camara MRG. The dynamics of coffee production in Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):1\u0026ndash;15. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219742\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0219742\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWienhold K, Goulao LF. The Embedded Agroecology of Coffee Agroforestry: A Contextualized Review of Smallholder Farmers\u0026rsquo; Adoption and Resistance. Sustainability. 2023;15(8):6827. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su15086827\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su15086827\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZerga B, Warkineh B, Teketay D, Woldetsadik M. The livelihood impacts of eucalypt plantations on rural farm households in Western Gurage Watersheds, Central-south Ethiopia. Trees Forests People. 2024;18:100711. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100711\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100711\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Y, Nie Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Xiong H, Zhu H, Li Y. Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Yellow Paddy Soils under Long-Term Organic Fertilizer Application. Sustainability. 2022;14(19):12574. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su141912574\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su141912574\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pierre Bourdieu, Multiple Correspondence Analysis, Sustainable Agricultural Practices, Social Field of Coffee Farming, Family Farming","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBrazil is the world\u0026rsquo;s largest coffee producer and exporter, and Southern Minas Gerais plays a central role in sustainability trajectories, with smallholders increasingly adopting agroecological practices despite limited access to markets and institutional support. Using Pierre Bourdieu\u0026rsquo;s theory of capital, economic, social, cultural, and symbolic. This study investigates how these dimensions shape farmers\u0026rsquo; sustainability trajectories. Based on semi-structured interviews analyzed through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), four relational profiles were identified: non-sustainable, transitioning, sustainable, and certified sustainable farmers. Findings reveal that cultural capital alone is insufficient to drive change; its conversion into economic benefits depends on access to social networks and sustainability certifications. Symbolic capital emerges as a key driver for market differentiation. This research contributes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature by illustrating how social structures and embedded inequalities influence sustainable practices in agriculture. Public policies and market incentives must align to support inclusive and effective sustainability trajectories for smallholders.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Relational Spaces Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Southern Minas Gerais: An Analysis of Their Sustainability Practices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-17 11:17:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530040/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-20T15:24:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T05:04:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T14:27:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"213706204951615124815534512720113139084","date":"2025-10-08T16:53:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"153658136755783228147263249400874671854","date":"2025-10-06T16:17:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"81653481237393871713646466904825520477","date":"2025-10-02T20:58:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T08:29:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T05:52:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T05:52:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-09-03T20:03:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e3ceae9c-17bc-449a-b62e-688380dd8f64","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:02:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7530040","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02212-7","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-15 15:58:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-17 11:17:44","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-02212-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02212-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7530040","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7530040","identity":"rs-7530040","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}