Investigating the Coupling Effect of Loading Rate and Initial Shear Stress on Landslide and Soil Liquefaction within an energy-based framework

Investigating the Coupling Effect of Loading Rate and Initial Shear Stress on Landslide and Soil Liquefaction within an energy-based framework | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigating the Coupling Effect of Loading Rate and Initial Shear Stress on Landslide and Soil Liquefaction within an energy-based framework Juntian Wang, Han Bao, Hengxing Lan, Yao Li, Zhe Wang, Xiang Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7632100/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Geoenvironmental Disasters → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The coupling effect of loading rate and initial shear stress on landslide and liquefaction-induced flow slide is a major concern in engineering geology, and it has been extensively investigated from the perspective of stress or strain criteria. Initial static shear stress is generated in sloping ground conditions and increases the complexity of the stress state of soil, making the assessment of loading rate effects more challenging. This paper presents a systematic experimental study on Leighton Buzzard sand, aiming to interpret major concerns on loading rate and initial shear stress effects within an energy-based framework. The cumulative dissipated energy per unit volume is used to characterize the shear strength of sand in designed monotonic tests and the cyclic mobility of sand in liquefaction tests. Monotonic test results show that increasing loading rates significantly results in higher soil strength, while the cumulative dissipated energy at peak stress is independent of loading rates. For cyclic tests, oval-shaped shear stress paths with various frequencies are employed to simulate the stress condition commonly induced by seismic events. The cumulative dissipated energy for triggering flow failure or liquefaction can be predicted by a multi-factors model, and the model is governed by relative density and initial stress states. This energy-based method, utilizing the distinct pore pressure (pp)-cumulative energy (W) relationship, offers a unified and coherent framework for comprehending the complex interactions between loading rate and initial shear stress in soil strength determination while also providing a means to quantify these effects in practical engineering. landslide soil liquefaction loading rate initial shear stress energy dissipation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Geoenvironmental Disasters → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 16 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7632100","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":528347906,"identity":"301b53ac-cd19-46b5-800c-8a0da0849ef4","order_by":0,"name":"Juntian Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chang'an University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juntian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":528347907,"identity":"5f36ad19-4def-4e39-92d8-114ec8cf07db","order_by":1,"name":"Han 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Initial static shear stress is generated in sloping ground conditions and increases the complexity of the stress state of soil, making the assessment of loading rate effects more challenging. This paper presents a systematic experimental study on Leighton Buzzard sand, aiming to interpret major concerns on loading rate and initial shear stress effects within an energy-based framework. The cumulative dissipated energy per unit volume is used to characterize the shear strength of sand in designed monotonic tests and the cyclic mobility of sand in liquefaction tests. Monotonic test results show that increasing loading rates significantly results in higher soil strength, while the cumulative dissipated energy at peak stress is independent of loading rates. For cyclic tests, oval-shaped shear stress paths with various frequencies are employed to simulate the stress condition commonly induced by seismic events. The cumulative dissipated energy for triggering flow failure or liquefaction can be predicted by a multi-factors model, and the model is governed by relative density and initial stress states. This energy-based method, utilizing the distinct pore pressure (pp)-cumulative energy (W) relationship, offers a unified and coherent framework for comprehending the complex interactions between loading rate and initial shear stress in soil strength determination while also providing a means to quantify these effects in practical engineering.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the Coupling Effect of Loading Rate and Initial Shear Stress on Landslide and Soil Liquefaction within an energy-based framework","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-15 11:11:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7632100/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-19T00:41:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-18T02:47:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T14:21:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T06:37:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"167821984220350898090683233343876129355","date":"2025-10-08T03:58:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"103549599616900627645864682457522485125","date":"2025-10-04T19:45:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236739332212029791798701166827791687305","date":"2025-10-03T08:10:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"334693498662061313592244163188345233200","date":"2025-10-03T03:35:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240999363303445110347186290470843017516","date":"2025-10-02T14:39:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-02T14:34:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-23T01:45:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-20T00:10:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Geoenvironmental Disasters","date":"2025-09-16T15:13:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"geoenvironmental-disasters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gedi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Geoenvironmental Disasters](http://geoenvironmental-disasters.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40677","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40677/3","title":"Geoenvironmental Disasters","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d09df8a4-d23c-4ae3-a551-d95e3138aa51","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T16:06:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7632100","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-025-00355-3","journal":{"identity":"geoenvironmental-disasters","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Geoenvironmental Disasters"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-31 15:58:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 31st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-15 11:11:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40677-025-00355-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-025-00355-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7632100","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7632100","identity":"rs-7632100","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}