Combined Effects of LPE Graphene and CVD Graphene Interlayers on SAC/Cu Solder Joints

Combined Effects of LPE Graphene and CVD Graphene Interlayers on SAC/Cu Solder Joints | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Combined Effects of LPE Graphene and CVD Graphene Interlayers on SAC/Cu Solder Joints Gabriela Silva da Rocha, Gabriel Fabricio Rocha de Carvalho Padua, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8576352/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The reliability of lead-free solder joints in microelectronic packaging is strongly influenced by the formation and growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) during reflow soldering. In this study, the effects of graphene introduced through two different approaches dispersed graphene nanoplatelets obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) and a monolayer graphene interlayer grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) solder joints on copper substrates were investigated. SAC composite solders containing 0.05 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% graphene were fabricated and reflowed under controlled conditions. In parallel, CVD graphene was synthesized directly on copper substrates under a CH₄/H₂ atmosphere at 1000°C, acting as a diffusion-modifying interlayer. Interfacial microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, focusing on the morphology and thickness of Cu₆Sn₅ and Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds. Mechanical behavior was assessed by nanoindentation, yielding Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, and plastic deformation parameters. The results show that both graphene additions lead to a noticeable reduction in IMC layer thickness and a more uniform interfacial morphology compared to conventional SAC/Cu joints. Improvements in mechanical properties were also observed, which are attributed to the combined effects of restricted Cu diffusion across the interface and heterogeneous nucleation during solder solidification. These findings demonstrate that graphene, whether incorporated into the solder matrix or applied as a CVD-grown interfacial layer, effectively tailors interfacial reactions and enhances the mechanical response of SAC solder joints. Graphene CVD SAC solder Intermetallic compounds Nanoindentation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8576352","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":576432072,"identity":"ebf97b57-0cc1-4868-a5e6-cc575f0388f4","order_by":0,"name":"Gabriela Silva da Rocha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Conethus Institute of Technology and Biotechnology of Amazonas","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriela","middleName":"Silva da","lastName":"Rocha","suffix":""},{"id":576432073,"identity":"75111c4b-07e9-456b-9099-5c9333992c11","order_by":1,"name":"Gabriel Fabricio Rocha de Carvalho 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Joints","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Graphene, CVD, SAC solder, Intermetallic compounds, 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In this study, the effects of graphene introduced through two different approaches dispersed graphene nanoplatelets obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) and a monolayer graphene interlayer grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn\u0026ndash;Ag\u0026ndash;Cu (SAC) solder joints on copper substrates were investigated. SAC composite solders containing 0.05 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% graphene were fabricated and reflowed under controlled conditions. In parallel, CVD graphene was synthesized directly on copper substrates under a CH₄/H₂ atmosphere at 1000\u0026deg;C, acting as a diffusion-modifying interlayer. Interfacial microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, focusing on the morphology and thickness of Cu₆Sn₅ and Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds. Mechanical behavior was assessed by nanoindentation, yielding Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus, and plastic deformation parameters. 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