Advancing the 3D printing of magnetoactive epoxy shape memory composites: correlating the rheology, printability, and shape fidelity

Advancing the 3D printing of magnetoactive epoxy shape memory composites: correlating the rheology, printability, and shape fidelity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Advancing the 3D printing of magnetoactive epoxy shape memory composites: correlating the rheology, printability, and shape fidelity Mohammad Hossein Zamani, Zoubeida Ounaies This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract shape memory polymers (SMPs) stand out as versatile candidates possessing actuation, shape memory effect, and sensing capabilities. This study investigates the impact of iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) functionalization by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) on the magnetic and rheological properties of SMP composites. Optical microscopy shows improved Fe 3 O 4 particle dispersion and distribution due to PEG coating. Magnetic characterization using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) reveals enhanced mass magnetization of the functionalized Fe 3 O 4 -loaded SMP composites. By replacing unfunctionalized Fe 3 O 4 with Fe 3 O 4 _PEG20, the saturation magnetization of SMP composites improved by 19%. Rheological tests reveal that fumed silica has a major effect on the shear thinning behavior of SMP dispersions. Also, PEG functionalized dispersions exhibit enhanced shear thinning behavior and shape fidelity compared to unfunctionalized dispersions. Shape fidelity test revealed the reduction of die-swell of SMP dispersions loaded with Fe 3 O 4 _PEG30 and improved percent deformation from 439–5% for SMP(93.39)_Silica(4.11)_Fe 3 O 4 (2.5) and SMP(83.81)_Silica(3.69)_Fe 3 O 4 (12.5)_PEG30, respectively. The improved rheological behavior and shape fidelity make PEG-functionalized SMP composites promising candidates for 3D printing and other processing methods. These findings contribute to the development of advanced stimuli-responsive materials with tunable properties for various applications, including soft robotics, and biomedical devices. rheology magnetic properties epoxy iron oxide poly(ethylene glycol) Full Text Supplementary Files Supplementaryfile.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accept 18 Dec, 2024 Editor invited by journal 17 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5449807","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":392156205,"identity":"f0f07ea3-f029-4edb-9735-83a9368f17c2","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Hossein Zamani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAv0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQb2Dx8qJOQgPDbitLAxzjhjYUyaFmbetorEBqK16M5uf/aA54xE+nb+MwYMH8oOE9ZidudAuoFEhUTuzhk5BowzzhGj5UbCAQmDMxK5G27wGABdSJSWxAaJxDaJdIPzZwyY/xKnJZlN4mCbRILBgRwDZkaitNw5xmzYcEbCcOeMtIKDPefSidByu/3h4z8VdfLm/Ic3PvhRZk1YCxwYAPEBEtRDtYyCUTAKRsEowAoAiYU+fZm8osEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8536-8888","institution":"The Pennsylvania State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Hossein","lastName":"Zamani","suffix":""},{"id":392156206,"identity":"be8011c5-8c68-4d6f-9d47-51b2ccbb11bc","order_by":1,"name":"Zoubeida Ounaies","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-5350","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zoubeida","middleName":"","lastName":"Ounaies","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-13 23:54:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04247-2","type":"published","date":"2025-01-18T15:57:40+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74285706,"identity":"d8c94a99-452d-42c2-9368-27c2eeeccfc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-20 16:14:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1031066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ZamaniandOunaiesrevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5449807/v1_covered_21aa24cf-77d2-4e18-ae02-3aa46af33b1a.pdf"},{"id":71914457,"identity":"3dbc492c-9bfc-484b-87de-877ece712ccf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-19 16:18:14","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":174609,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5449807/v1/6a094d77fa863328f8a54239.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Advancing the 3D printing of magnetoactive epoxy shape memory composites: correlating the rheology, printability, and shape fidelity","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"rheology, magnetic properties, epoxy, iron oxide, poly(ethylene glycol)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eshape memory polymers (SMPs) stand out as versatile candidates possessing actuation, shape memory effect, and sensing capabilities. This study investigates the impact of iron oxide (Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) functionalization by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) on the magnetic and rheological properties of SMP composites. Optical microscopy shows improved Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e particle dispersion and distribution due to PEG coating. Magnetic characterization using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) reveals enhanced mass magnetization of the functionalized Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-loaded SMP composites. By replacing unfunctionalized Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e_PEG20, the saturation magnetization of SMP composites improved by 19%. Rheological tests reveal that fumed silica has a major effect on the shear thinning behavior of SMP dispersions. Also, PEG functionalized dispersions exhibit enhanced shear thinning behavior and shape fidelity compared to unfunctionalized dispersions. Shape fidelity test revealed the reduction of die-swell of SMP dispersions loaded with Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e_PEG30 and improved percent deformation from 439\u0026ndash;5% for SMP(93.39)_Silica(4.11)_Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e(2.5) and SMP(83.81)_Silica(3.69)_Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e(12.5)_PEG30, respectively. The improved rheological behavior and shape fidelity make PEG-functionalized SMP composites promising candidates for 3D printing and other processing methods. These findings contribute to the development of advanced stimuli-responsive materials with tunable properties for various applications, including soft robotics, and biomedical devices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Advancing the 3D printing of magnetoactive epoxy shape memory composites: correlating the rheology, printability, and shape fidelity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-19 16:18:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5449807/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2024-12-18T22:30:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2024-12-18T00:51:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2024-12-17T10:15:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"daf9218a-9670-468e-b74f-4c54a1a29307","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-20T16:09:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5449807","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04247-2","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Polymer Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-18 15:57:40","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 18th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-19 16:18:08","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10965-024-04247-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04247-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5449807","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5449807","identity":"rs-5449807","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}