15 Years of Progress in Quercetin Nanotechnology Revealing Thematic Evolution Applications and Future Directions

15 Years of Progress in Quercetin Nanotechnology Revealing Thematic Evolution Applications and Future Directions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review 15 Years of Progress in Quercetin Nanotechnology Revealing Thematic Evolution Applications and Future Directions Atikah Mohd Nasir, Nurin Haziqah Razali, Amirtha Varshini Mani Balan, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7603751/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Quercetin, a natural flavonoid with notable health benefits and therapeutic properties, has attracted considerable attention for its potential to enhance disease and cancer therapy efficacy through nanotechnology-based integration and delivery. This study draws on literature from the Web of Science Core Collection database to assess the current status and development trajectories within quercetin nanotechnology research. Employing the Bibliometrix toolkit in R (via Biblioshiny ) alongside VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis, this research systematically examines annual publication patterns, influential works, and thematic evolution in quercetin nanotechnology from 2009 to December 2024. The comprehensive analysis identified 218 relevant publications, comprising 122 articles and 96 reviews. Through an in-depth evaluation of highly-cited publications, keyword co-occurrence density, and thematic progression, this study reveals a shift in research focus, evolving from initial efforts to enhance quercetin bioavailability via nanotechnology up to advanced investigations targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, and chronic disease management. Additionally, the analysis identifies emerging trends, including the development of novel quercetin-based nano-formulations for a targeted drug delivery and exploration of synergistic effects with other therapeutic agents. This bibliometric study serves as a valuable resource, offering researchers a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape and guiding future investigations through the unsolved research gaps into the application of quercetin nanotechnology, particularly in diseases and cancer therapy. quercetin nanotechnology bibliometric analysis therapeutic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1 Introduction The field of quercetin nanotechnology has emerged as a significant area of research, particularly in the context of enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Quercetin with structures of 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-flavone exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral effects and may contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress and cardiovascular conditions (Rao 2020) (Nathiya S. et al. 2014) (Hamid et al. 2020) (Potnuri et al. 2023) (Liliana Hurjui et al. 2021). Quercetin is extensively studied for its potential in health-promoting properties due to its broad pharmacological properties and powerful antioxidant compared to other flavonoids. Recent studies revealed quercetin has selective anticancer and antiproliferative effects on various human cancer cell lines through apoptotic mechanisms (Carrillo-martinez et al. 2024)(Vafadar et al. 2020)(Ren et al. 2017). Despite its immense therapeutic potential, quercetin has yet to be fully harnessed in clinical applications, primarily due to challenges related to its poor bioavailability caused by its low aqueous solubility (2.15 µg/mL at 25°C), rapid gastrointestinal digestion and chemical instability in alkaline and neutral media (Vafadar et al. 2020)(Sahoo et al. 2023). As compared to another flavonoid like catechin, the aqueous solubility for catechin is approximately 2260 µg/mL at 25°C which is significantly higher (Srinivas et al. 2010). While catechin exhibits relatively good bioavailability, quercetin’s low solubility remains a major challenge in its therapeutic application. Furthermore, because this water-insoluble polyphenolic compound cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, a tight connection throughout blood capillaries and interstitial fluids, it significantly impedes central nervous system treatments and may have negative effects when used for a long time or at high dosages (Sanad et al. 2023). Quercetin is susceptible to degradation when exposed to environmental factors such as light, heat, and pH variations. This instability not only affects its shelf life but also diminishes its effectiveness upon administration. Moreover, the targeted delivery of quercetin presents a considerable challenge. Similar to other natural compounds, quercetin exhibits limited specificity, impacting both healthy and diseased tissues alike and potentially resulting in undesirable side effects (Dillard & German 2000). There has been increasing research interest in the potential of quercetin, particularly in its integration with nanotechnology, highlighting quercetin-mediated nanomaterials as promising solutions for cancer and other disease treatments. Existing reviews have examined the therapeutic properties of quercetin (D’Andrea 2015), therapeutic effects of quercetin on ovarian cancer cells (Vafadar et al. 2020), nanomaterials loaded with quercetin for cancer treatment (Caro et al. 2022) and pharmacological capacity of quercetin (Carrillo-martinez et al. 2024). The integration of nanotechnology into quercetin research not only creates new opportunities for drug delivery but also addresses significant challenges in managing chronic diseases, oxidative stress, and inflammation. While numerous studies have explored the application of nanotechnology to improve quercetin’s efficacy, there has been no comprehensive bibliometric analysis on this emerging field. Bibliometric analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of academic literature, identifying trends, key authors, influential journals, and collaborations within a given research area. Despite the growing number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology, the absence of such an analysis leaves a gap in understanding the research landscape, emerging trends, and future directions in this domain. The bibliometric analysis presented in this study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape surrounding quercetin nanotechnology, highlighting research publication trend, most impactful publications, distribution and co-operation among countries, influential publications, research hotspot and thematic evolutions within the field. The analysis reveals that the most impactful articles predominantly date back to 2014, indicating a foundational period for this research area. Furthermore, the study identifies the country leading in publications and citations, underscoring the global interest and collaborative efforts in advancing quercetin nanotechnology. 2 Materials and Methods Bibliometric analysis is a comprehensive analysis that integrates key data, such as evaluating the global research pattern or trend based on findings from scholarly literature databases. This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study on applying quercetin nanotechnology to cancer treatment. As such, the methodology employed in this study centres on the procedure of collecting and examining data in-depth prior to filtering and using it as the last source of data. In this study, a literature review was conducted on December 4th, 2024 and the advanced retrieval was performed on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection databases using the retrieval formula ((TS = (“quercetin nanotechnology”) and DT = (article or review) and LA = (English). Then, after screening, a total of 218 retrieval results met the requirements including 122 articles and 96 review articles. The retrieval results are exported in plain text file format of “Full and Cited References”, which contains information such as author, title, source publication, abstract, keywords, number of citations, country and etc. Then, a bibliometric analysis is made through VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) and the R language-based bibliometric systematic analysis toolkit, Biblioshiny (version 4.0) on the research field of quercetin nanotechnology in the WOS core collection database. In order to retrieve the frequencies and percentage of publications, the retrieval results are exported in CSV format corresponding to Microsoft Excel. The time frame was limited between January 2009 and 4th December 202 as these 15-years (2009–2024) provides a clear timeline for analysing patterns such as the evolution of research focus, emerging applications, and technological breakthroughs in the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Research publication pattern The total number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology is 209 from January 2019 to December 4th, 2024. In this bibliometric study, the type of publications included 122 articles and 96 reviews. The two proceeding papers and book chapters are excluded respectively. Figure 1 depicts a light purple bars and dark purple line chart visualizing research trends on quercetin nanotechnology in academic publications and citations for the period from 2009 to 2024 respectively. Briefly, between 2009 and 2013, the number of publications remained relatively low, with fewer than 5 papers published annually. This result suggests that from 2009 to 2013 as an early exploration phase for quercetin nanotechnology as researchers were investigating foundational aspects of quercetin. Based on the total number of citations, the citations also followed a gradual increase from 2009 to 2013, correlating with the number of publications, however, the citations remained relatively modest. A gradual increase in publications can be observed from around 2014 to 2018, reaching approximately 10 papers annually. A significant rise in publications began around 2019 with a notable surge in 2020 reaching over 20 publications. Total citations also grew steadily parallel to the rise in publications. The increasing number of publications and citation counts reflects a growing recognition and validation of quercetin nanotechnology’s potential in scientific and clinical communities. The highest number of publications occurred in 2021 and 2022 with around 35 to 40 publications. A slight dip in 2023 and 2024 suggests stabilization but maintains a high number of publications above 30. The peak rise in publications reflects the maturation of quercetin nanotechnology as a research field. Furthermore, from 2018 till 2023, the total citations grew sharply with over 1100 citations, while 2023 shows a slight decrease in publication however the total citations likely to stabilize in the number of publications but still maintain a high number of total citations over 1000. In 2024, the number of publications demonstrated a significant increase, reaching 39 publications and accumulating over 1,200 total citations. Within this period, researchers likely began focusing on more sophisticated applications in health, such as targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and chronic diseases. The sharp rise in citations during this time also indicates the field's growing impact on broader scientific disciplines, including nanomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical applications. 3.2 Most impactful publications In order to explore the research trend of the topic, it is essential to utilize credentials and impactful papers as sources of references. Table 1 highlights the top 10 of highly cited articles found using “quercetin nanotechnology” as a keyword. Based on the data, it is evident that the most cited articles were mostly from 2014, as the top four articles were found within that year. The titles of the top articles are (1) Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review written by (Bonifácio et al. 2014) in International Journal of Nanomedicine with total citation of 429; (2) Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals written by (S. Wang et al. 2014) in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry with total citation of 312; (3) Delivery of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer written by (Nair et al. 2010) in the journal of Biochemical Pharmacology with total citation of 191; (4) Quercetin and gallic acid mediated synthesis of bimetallic (silver and selenium) nanoparticles and their antitumor and antimicrobial potential written by (Mittal et al. 2014) in the journal of Journal of Colloid and Interface Science and (5) Quercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers: Characteristics and anti-breast cancer activities in vitro written by (D. D. Sun et al. 2015) published in the journal of Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces The first two articles mainly emphasized on the integration of nanotechnology to enhance the delivery, bioavailability and therapeutic properties of natural phytochemicals. The latter three articles focus on the development and formulation of quercetin-based nanoparticles and nanostructures in treating cancer or tumor. Overall, these articles open a research avenue on the general potential of nanotechnology in enhancing drug delivery efficiency through phytochemicals including quercetin. Therefore, most researchers will refer to these articles as main references to further elaborate on the overview of the development of quercetin nanotechnology before discussing their respective niche topics. The rest of most cited articles covered the advancement of quercetin nanotechnology such as the efficiency potential of quercetin nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoencapsulation of quercetin, metal-based quercetin, and quercetin loaded polymeric nanoparticles in cancer therapy as listed in Table 1 These findings suggest a strong research interest in using quercetin within nanotechnology for medical applications, particularly in cancer therapy and bioactivity enhancement. Table 1 Top 10 publications with high citations on quercetin nanotechnology. Rank Title Year Journal Total citations References 1st Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review 2014 International Journal of Nanomedicine 440 (Bonifácio et al. 2014) 2nd Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals 2014 Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 320 (S. Wang et al. 2014) 3rd Delivery of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer 2010 Biochemical Pharmacology 192 (Nair et al. 2010) 4th Quercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers: Characteristics and anti-breast cancer activities in vitro 2014 Colloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces 181 (M. Sun et al. 2014) 5th Quercetin and gallic acid mediated synthesis of bimetallic (silver and selenium) nanoparticles and their antitumor and antimicrobial potential 2014 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 180 (Mittal et al. 2014) 6th Flavonoids nanoparticles in cancer: Treatment, prevention and clinical prospects 2021 Seminars in Cancer Biology 148 (Khan et al. 2021) 7th Nanoencapsulation of quercetin and resveratrol into elastic liposomes 2013 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes 131 (Cadena et al. 2013) 8th ROS mediated destruction of cell membrane, growth and biofilms of human bacterial pathogens by stable metallic Ag-NPs functionalized from bell pepper extract and quercetin 2018 Advanced Powder Technology 121 (Ahmed et al. 2018) 9th Nano delivery of Natural Antioxidants: An Anti-aging Perspective 2020 Frontiers In Bioengineering and Biotechnology 113 (Vaiserman et al. 2020) 10th In vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy potential of Quercetin loaded polymeric nanoparticles 2018 Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 111 (Baksi et al. 2018) 3.3 Analysis of Distribution and Co-operation Among Countries This world map visualizes the distribution of scientific articles related to quercetin nanotechnology across various countries (Fig. 2 ). The total number of countries contributing to quercetin nanotechnology publications is 17 countries. Each country is color-coded and labelled with the number of articles they have contributed to this research area. India is the leading contributor to research on quercetin nanotechnology, with the highest number of published articles with 60 publications and total publications. China ranks second with 32 publications, significantly contributing to the body of knowledge in this area. Saudi Arabia, the USA, Iran, and Italy are also major contributors with 23, 21, 20, and 19 publications respectively. Brazil, Egypt, England, and Malaysia have also shown significant research activity in quercetin nanotechnology, contributing more than 10 publications since 2009. These findings demonstrate that quercetin nanotechnology is a field of growing global research interest. Table 2 presents the leading 10 countries ranked by the total number of publications, citations, and their respective H-index. The H-index serves as a metric to evaluate the productivity and citation impact of these publications. However, based on total citations and H-index values, India, China, the USA, and Italy are the leading countries, with H-index scores ranging from 18 to 13, reflecting the high quality of their research output. India and China lead with the highest number of publications and citations. The high H-Index of 18 and 14 suggests that many publications from India and China are highly cited respectively, indicating consistent research quality across a large number of papers. Knowing that India and China recorded the highest population in the world, possibly both countries have massive cases, experiences, and occasions where quercetin was involved. Historically, the use of plant extract in traditional India medicine such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine in China has provided strong foundation for modern research (Patwardhan et al. 2005). Through these experiences, the advancement in quercetin including nanotechnology aspect has begun earlier and thus their information, knowledge and technology are considerably advanced and reliable. The USA and Italy have a lower number of publications which are 21 and 19 respectively but a large number of citations, indicating higher quality or impactful research. The H-Index is relatively high which is 13 considering the lower publication count, showing that its fewer papers are more consistently cited. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran may have moderate H-Index because while they produce many papers, fewer papers receive high citation counts, limiting the H-Index's growth. Countries with higher H-index values generally demonstrate significant investment in research infrastructure and allocate substantial funding to support research activities. This investment facilitates the production of higher-quality publications, as researchers benefit from enhanced tools, facilities, and support systems. The higher H-index also signifies that a considerable proportion of publications are not only successfully disseminated but are also frequently cited on a global scale, indicating the substantial influence and widespread recognition of the country’s research contributions. Table 2 Top 10 countries with number of publications, citations and H-Index. Rank Country Total number of publications) Total number of citations % of publication H-Index of the publications 1st India 64 1317 28.71 18 2nd China 34 756 15.31 14 3rd USA 22 1092 10.04 13 4th Italy 19 491 9.09 13 5th Brazil 14 823 6.70 11 6th Saudi Arabia 23 502 11.00 9 7th Egypt 14 306 6.70 9 8th Iran 20 335 9.57 8 9th Malaysia 11 222 5.26 8 10th England 11 217 5.26 7 bar chart/map 3.4 Most influential source title of publication The most influential source title for quercetin nanotechnology was evaluated based on six criteria: total publications, total citations, 5-year impact factor, journal impact factor quartile, journal citation indicator (JCI), and Eigen factor. Total publications and citations are sum from 2009 till October 2024. From Table 3 , the Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology has published the highest number of publications which is 9 with total citation of 115 on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. The International Journal of Nanomedicine stands out with 829 total citations, 8 publications, and 75 citations per year indicating its influential and impactful publications annually on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. Most all the top 10 sources of publications on quercetin nanotechnology ranked in quartile Q1 and Q2. The journal ranked in Q1 is in the top 25% meanwhile, journals ranked in Q2 such as Molecules and Applied Sciences-Basel are in the top 25% to 50% of journals in its field based on their Impact Factor. Both Q1 and Q2 journals are known for their rigorous peer-review processes, high-quality and impactful journals. The fact that quercetin nanotechnology research is predominantly published in these journals suggests that the research in this area is of high quality and meets the stringent criteria for publication in leading journals. The 5-year Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. It is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the five previous years. The Journal of Nanobiotechnology has the highest impact factor at 11.4, indicating that articles in this journal have been heavily cited over five years. The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is the average Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) of citable items (articles & reviews) published by a journal over a recent three-year period. The average JCI in a category is 1. Journals with a JCI of 1.5 have 50% more citation impact than the average in that category. The Journal of Nanobiotechnology has the highest JCI at 1.71, followed by the International Journal of Pharmaceutics with JCI of 1.63 and Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy with JCI of 1.57 implying this journal is more influential and older relative to other journals in the same field. The Eigen factor Score reflects the density of the network of citations around the journal using 5 years of cited content as cited by the current year. It considers both the number of citations and the source of those citations so that highly cited sources will influence the network more than less cited sources. The Eigen factor calculation also does not include journal self-citations. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences has the highest Eigen factor score was 0.4308 followed by Molecules with an Eigen factor was 0.1712 on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology, which indicates both are highly influential in the academic community or across multiple fields, despite its lower JCI and impact factor. Most publications on quercetin nanotechnology appearing in Q1 and Q2 journals strongly indicate the field’s scientific significance, high quality, and broad influence. This reflects the advanced nature of the research, its recognition by leading scholars, and its substantial impact on nanotechnology, biotechnology, and medicine. Based on 5-year impact factors, JCIs, and average citations per year, the Journal of Nanobiotechnology and the International Journal of Nanomedicine are ideal channels for research in quercetin nanotechnology, as they offer both immediate citation impact and greater visibility. Additionally, journals with high Eigen factor scores, such as the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, offer long-term influence beyond short-term citation metrics, making them valuable for multidisciplinary research impact. Table 3 Top 10 most influential publication titles on quercetin nanotechnology. Publication Titles Count Total Citations Average Citation Per Year 5 Years Impact Factor Journal Impact Factor Quartile Journal Citation Indicator Eigen factor Score Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 10 115 23 4.7 Q1 1.37 0.0153 International Journal of Nanomedicine 8 829 75 7.5 Q1 1.29 0.0246 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6 186 17 5.6 Q1 0.71 0.4308 Molecules 6 197 39 4.6 Q2 0.69 0.1712 Frontiers in Pharmacology 4 31 16 5.0 Q1 1.15 0.1154 International Journal of Pharmaceutics 4 48 11.5 5.6 Q1 1.63 0.0299 Journal of Nanobiotechnology 4 107 21.4 11.4 Q1 1.71 0.0204 Pharmaceutics 4 32 11 5.5 Q1 1.3 0.0473 Applied Sciences-Basel 3 40 10 2.7 Q2 0.56 0.1489 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 3 156 26 6.8 Q1 1.57 0.0715 3.5 Research hotspots according to term analysis of keywords A total of 695 keywords were obtained from the Author's co-occurrence keywords. The minimum number of co-occurrences of these keywords to be displayed in Fig. 3 was set at ‘3’. This makes 52 keywords meet the threshold. Figure 3 displays the density visualization on the Author’s keyword co-occurrences within the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. The density visualization map provides key research areas and relationships related to quercetin nanotechnology based on co-occurrences of Authors' keywords in publications. In a bibliometric density visualization, the colours represent the density of occurrences or co-occurrences of certain terms in the analysed body of literature. Each colour indicates how frequently the terms are found together in the research papers. Virtually, three main-coloured clusters are three main-coloured clusters that can be observed in this density visualization. First is a red-coloured cluster representing high-density regions containing quercetin and nanotechnology as the core area and main focus of the research hotspot. Next, is yellow-coloured cluster indicates a moderately high density of co-occurrence that linked to the research's main core are phytochemicals, cancer, nanomedicine and nanocarriers indicating that research on quercetin nanotechnology is mainly focused in the application of cancer therapy. The yellow cluster also consists of nanoparticles, antioxidants, drug delivery, curcumin, bioavailability, and flavonoids. This suggests a significant focus on improving the bioavailability and delivery of quercetin as flavonoids that have antioxidant properties through encapsulation of the quercetin in nanoparticles. Next, the green cluster represents moderate density meaning that keywords in this cluster are well discussed in the literature but not as frequently as the red and yellow clusters. The keywords in the green cluster include anticancer, green synthesis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, polyphenols, nutraceuticals, and neurodegeneration. These keyword co-occurrences indicated the broader application of quercetin nanotechnology in treating oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s through nutraceuticals. This cluster also represents the green synthesis of nanoparticles from quercetin as a sustainable and safe approach for cancer treatment. Lastly, the light blue cluster indicates a low-density research area meaning these keywords are less frequently discussed in the literature yet suggest emerging or niche areas of research that can be further explored in the future. Keywords such as nano formulations, hyaluronic acid, essential oil, berberine, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, wound healing, antimicrobial, blood-brain barrier, nanomaterials, liposomes, diabetes, cancer therapy, natural compounds neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson’s disease. These keywords could represent more specialized and newer research areas where the role of quercetin nanotechnology is being explored to a lesser extent and not established as the central theme yet. These findings could open potential avenues of research on quercetin nanotechnology. 3.6 Thematic evolution of research on quercetin nanotechnology Figure 4 illustrates the thematic evolution through the advancement and progression of research on quercetin nanotechnology specifically for health science applications. Starting in 2009 to 2010, first publication titled “Nano dispersion of quercetin and ferulic acid by (Pourmorad et al. 2009). The theme of nanotechnology stands out as the central theme marking the early stages of applying this quercetin nanotechnology as a therapy method. In their study, the nanosized droplet of quercetin and ferulic acid was successfully prepared by solvent diffusion method in organic phase and lecithin. They found the droplet size of the quercetin and ferulic acid were 298 ± 14 and 289 ± 14 nm respectively. Their findings are consistent with the work done by Liao et al., demonstrating that the formation of nano emulsion droplets enhances the performance of quercetin compared to its original form (Liao et al. 2010). Later, from 2013 to 2014, the theme of nanotechnology continued to dominate, with the theme of flavonoids as quercetin belongs to the family of flavonoids, specifically flavanols. These two main themes indicated the growing interest in combining these natural compounds with nanotechnology. Within these years, the application of nanotechnology has been successfully demonstrated to enhance bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals such as quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin and epigallocatechin (S. Wang et al. 2014)(Aras et al. 2014)(Bothiraja et al. 2014)(S. P. Wang et al. 2013). From 2015 to 2018, significant advancements were made in quercetin nanotechnology research, with emerging themes focusing on bioavailability, drug delivery, and neurodegeneration, while quercetin and nanotechnology remained central to the research. These research themes show a clear emphasis on improving the bioavailability of quercetin by using nanotechnology (Li et al. 2015). The application of quercetin nanotechnology in drug delivery was also a prominent focus during these years. For instance, Xu et al revealed by quercetin-loaded MPEG-PCL nano micelles as a novel nano agent of quercetin with particle size of 34.8 nm, completely dispersed in the water and released quercetin in a prolonged period in vitro and in vivo (Xu et al. 2015). Several studies reported the quercetin-based nanotechnology could overcome multi drug resistance and site specific action without affecting other organs and tissues (Hädrich et al. 2016)(Kunjiappan et al. 2016)(Xu et al. 2018). Within these years, the theme of neurodegeneration also appeared. This indicates that by conjugating quercetin into nanotechnology as drug delivery system, the bioavailability of quercetin in the brain can be enhanced compared to free quercetin (Najafabadi et al. 2018)(Halevas 2017)(Halevas et al. 2016). This suggests that nanotechnology-enhanced quercetin is being investigated to be utilized for the neurodegeneration treatment in combatting diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s. Next, in 2019 to 2023, research themes of quercetin, and drug delivery remain to be critical, with the increased focus on how nanotechnology could enhance the targeting of quercetin to specific disease sites. Several research themes like nanoparticles, essential oil, oxidative stress, and inflammation appeared during this period indicating growing interest in this topic. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants leading to tissue or cellular damage that causing inflammation. Integration of quercetin nanotechnology in the form of nanoparticles gain importance, reflecting advancement in the design of nanocarrier by integrating the benefit of quercetin and metal nanoparticles respectively. The development of inorganic nanoparticles by conjugating quercetin was published starting in 2014, the appearance of nanoparticles within this region could be resulted of the usage of keywords by Authors. Several metal nanoparticles were synthesized from quercetin such as silver-selenium (Mittal et al. 2014), gold(Milaneze et al. 2016)(Milanezi et al. 2019), silver (Panneerselvam et al. 2016) (Aiswarriya et al. 2023), titanium dioxide (Gulla et al. 2021) palladium (Piñón-Castillo et al. 2021), Iron (III) (Nathupakorn et al. 2022). However, the toxicity and safety concerns associated with metal nanoparticles have been a subject of ongoing debate. Essential oil appears to this period indicated an alternative therapeutic agent other than quercetin that can be conjugated with nanotechnology. As reported by Hafez et al the integration of quercetin and essential oil in lipid nano-capsules proved as promising synergistic antifibrotic efficiency on rats with CCL4-induced liver fibrosis (Hafez et al. 2022). In the latest phase in 2024, the research theme on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology evolved into Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and breast cancer while remained other themes such as inflammation, nanotechnology, nanoparticles and quercetin. This shows the research fully revolves around applied health applications with quercetin nanotechnology being investigated to combat inflammation (Kharbanda et al. 2024) (Syahputra et al. 2024), cancer (Homayoonfal et al. 2023), breast cancer (Mirzaei et al. 2024) and more specific neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (Kamath et al. 2024) (Goyal et al. 2024) (Shelke et al. 2024). The research theme evolution on quercetin nanotechnology has revolved and advanced from addressing basic bioavailability issues to applying quercetin-loaded nanoparticles in treating major diseases, indicating the growing impact of this topic in therapeutic applications. 4 Conclusion This bibliometric analysis provides insight into the research trends of quercetin nanotechnology. By using 218 publications extracted from the database of the WOS core collection. The result revealed that from 2009, there was growing interest in research of quercetin nanotechnology with a cumulative increase annually. The highest number of publications occurred in 2021 and 2022 with around 35 to 40 publications. India, China, the USA, and Italy are the leading countries, with H-index scores ranging from 18 to 13. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology has published the highest number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology. This growth reflects a broader recognition of the potential applications of quercetin in various health-related domains, including nanomedicine, pharmacology, and cancer therapy. As the field continues to evolve, the insights gained from this bibliometric analysis serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the potential of quercetin and nanotechnology to address pressing health challenges. This bibliometric analysis also indicates a marked increase in scholarly publications related to this topic, particularly from 2014 onwards, with a notable surge in citations from 2018 to 2024. The findings not only emphasize the importance of continued research in this area but also highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to fully realize the benefits of quercetin nanotechnology in clinical applications. Declarations Funding Declaration We would like to express our gratitude to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia for the Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM) code GGPM-2023-039. Ethics Not applicable. Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent to Publish Declarations Not applicable. Author Contribution A.M.N. conceived the idea, supervised the entire project, acquired funding, and was primarily responsible for writing, reviewing, and editing the final manuscript. N.H.R. conducted the investigation, performed data curation and analysis, created the visualizations, and wrote the original draft. A.V.M.B., A.S.M.N., and N.I.H.Z. contributed to the literature investigation, data collection, curation, and the writing of the original draft. J.J. provided critical resources, supervision, and validation, and contributed to the reviewing and editing of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript. Competing Interest Not applicable. References Ahmed, B., Hashmi, A., Khan, M.S. & Musarrat, J. 2018. ROS mediated destruction of cell membrane, growth and biofilms of human bacterial pathogens by stable metallic AgNPs functionalized from bell pepper extract and quercetin. ADVANCED POWDER TECHNOLOGY 29(7): 1601–1616. Aiswarriya, G.R., Gayathri, R., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Sankaran, K. & Francis, A.P. 2023. 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Xu, G.Y., Li, B., Wang, T., Wan, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, J.W. & Shen, Y.M. 2018. Enhancing the anti-ovarian cancer activity of quercetin using a self-assembling micelle and thermosensitive hydrogel drug delivery system. RSC ADVANCES 8(38): 21229–21242. Xu, G.Y., Shi, H.S., Ren, L.B., Gou, H.F., Gong, D.Y., Gao, X. & Huang, N. 2015. Enhancing the anti-colon cancer activity of quercetin by self-assembled micelles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 10: 2051–2063. * Corresponding author; Atikah Mohd Nasir, email: [email protected] Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendix1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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06:49:19","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":107778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/0d90f3a4b634f5662b8e3995.html"},{"id":97666619,"identity":"e1eb4b3f-ec98-46b2-9e84-8fa42fa24595","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 09:21:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch publication trend analysis of quercetin nanotechnology through the number of publications and citations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlacement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Page 8 which under results and discussion under 1.1 Research publication pattern.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/71a2e759e0db12d9c7118ec4.png"},{"id":97415706,"identity":"e4df9b5c-6df8-404d-9e63-04eaec761e7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-04 06:49:19","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of total publications worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlacement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Page 12 which under results and discussion under 1.3 1.3 Analysis of Distribution and Co-operation Among Countries.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/ae205aa4dcf03092f486ec36.png"},{"id":97415705,"identity":"5bf82a29-cc1b-4874-8809-874abc83a5d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-04 06:49:19","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":216319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDensity Visualization on the Keywords Co-occurrences within Quercetin Nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlacement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Page 17 which under results and discussion under 1.5 Research hotspots according to term analysis of keywords.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/538fc574df93a7e9325867f5.png"},{"id":97415707,"identity":"7535bf88-f2e0-4b12-8b24-a043bf17f288","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-04 06:49:19","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThematic evolution analysis using \u003cem\u003eBiblioshiny \u003c/em\u003eobtained from Author’s keywords on quercetin nanotechnology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlacement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Page 20 which under results and discussion under 1.6 Thematic evolution of research on quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/3c6652dcede01ff681bf21c4.png"},{"id":100732167,"identity":"3fad31cc-d304-40df-ab17-c3d94a9094f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 21:42:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1191191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/177d1d4a-41fc-4140-bb46-310be1b3dc1b.pdf"},{"id":97415703,"identity":"8bf3b268-a30f-43ba-b6f1-35321bb38253","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-04 06:49:19","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15135,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7603751/v1/5fb302205f4823b7c6dbff49.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e15 Years of Progress in Quercetin Nanotechnology Revealing Thematic Evolution Applications and Future Directions\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field of quercetin nanotechnology has emerged as a significant area of research, particularly in the context of enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Quercetin with structures of 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-flavone exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral effects and may contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress and cardiovascular conditions (Rao 2020) (Nathiya S. et al. 2014) (Hamid et al. 2020) (Potnuri et al. 2023) (Liliana Hurjui et al. 2021). Quercetin is extensively studied for its potential in health-promoting properties due to its broad pharmacological properties and powerful antioxidant compared to other flavonoids. Recent studies revealed quercetin has selective anticancer and antiproliferative effects on various human cancer cell lines through apoptotic mechanisms (Carrillo-martinez et al. 2024)(Vafadar et al. 2020)(Ren et al. 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite its immense therapeutic potential, quercetin has yet to be fully harnessed in clinical applications, primarily due to challenges related to its poor bioavailability caused by its low aqueous solubility (2.15 \u0026micro;g/mL at 25\u0026deg;C), rapid gastrointestinal digestion and chemical instability in alkaline and neutral media (Vafadar et al. 2020)(Sahoo et al. 2023). As compared to another flavonoid like catechin, the aqueous solubility for catechin is approximately 2260 \u0026micro;g/mL at 25\u0026deg;C which is significantly higher (Srinivas et al. 2010). While catechin exhibits relatively good bioavailability, quercetin\u0026rsquo;s low solubility remains a major challenge in its therapeutic application. Furthermore, because this water-insoluble polyphenolic compound cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, a tight connection throughout blood capillaries and interstitial fluids, it significantly impedes central nervous system treatments and may have negative effects when used for a long time or at high dosages (Sanad et al. 2023). Quercetin is susceptible to degradation when exposed to environmental factors such as light, heat, and pH variations. This instability not only affects its shelf life but also diminishes its effectiveness upon administration. Moreover, the targeted delivery of quercetin presents a considerable challenge. Similar to other natural compounds, quercetin exhibits limited specificity, impacting both healthy and diseased tissues alike and potentially resulting in undesirable side effects (Dillard \u0026amp; German 2000).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere has been increasing research interest in the potential of quercetin, particularly in its integration with nanotechnology, highlighting quercetin-mediated nanomaterials as promising solutions for cancer and other disease treatments. Existing reviews have examined the therapeutic properties of quercetin (D\u0026rsquo;Andrea 2015), therapeutic effects of quercetin on ovarian cancer cells (Vafadar et al. 2020), nanomaterials loaded with quercetin for cancer treatment (Caro et al. 2022) and pharmacological capacity of quercetin (Carrillo-martinez et al. 2024). The integration of nanotechnology into quercetin research not only creates new opportunities for drug delivery but also addresses significant challenges in managing chronic diseases, oxidative stress, and inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile numerous studies have explored the application of nanotechnology to improve quercetin\u0026rsquo;s efficacy, there has been no comprehensive bibliometric analysis on this emerging field. Bibliometric analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of academic literature, identifying trends, key authors, influential journals, and collaborations within a given research area. Despite the growing number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology, the absence of such an analysis leaves a gap in understanding the research landscape, emerging trends, and future directions in this domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe bibliometric analysis presented in this study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape surrounding quercetin nanotechnology, highlighting research publication trend, most impactful publications, distribution and co-operation among countries, influential publications, research hotspot and thematic evolutions within the field. The analysis reveals that the most impactful articles predominantly date back to 2014, indicating a foundational period for this research area. Furthermore, the study identifies the country leading in publications and citations, underscoring the global interest and collaborative efforts in advancing quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis is a comprehensive analysis that integrates key data, such as evaluating the global research pattern or trend based on findings from scholarly literature databases. This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study on applying quercetin nanotechnology to cancer treatment. As such, the methodology employed in this study centres on the procedure of collecting and examining data in-depth prior to filtering and using it as the last source of data. In this study, a literature review was conducted on December 4th, 2024 and the advanced retrieval was performed on the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection databases using the retrieval formula ((TS = (\u0026ldquo;quercetin nanotechnology\u0026rdquo;) and DT = (article or review) and LA = (English). Then, after screening, a total of 218 retrieval results met the requirements including 122 articles and 96 review articles. The retrieval results are exported in plain text file format of \u0026ldquo;Full and Cited References\u0026rdquo;, which contains information such as author, title, source publication, abstract, keywords, number of citations, country and etc. Then, a bibliometric analysis is made through VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) and the R language-based bibliometric systematic analysis toolkit, Biblioshiny (version 4.0) on the research field of quercetin nanotechnology in the WOS core collection database. In order to retrieve the frequencies and percentage of publications, the retrieval results are exported in CSV format corresponding to Microsoft Excel. The time frame was limited between January 2009 and 4th December 202 as these 15-years (2009\u0026ndash;2024) provides a clear timeline for analysing patterns such as the evolution of research focus, emerging applications, and technological breakthroughs in the topic of quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Research publication pattern\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology is 209 from January 2019 to December 4th, 2024. In this bibliometric study, the type of publications included 122 articles and 96 reviews. The two proceeding papers and book chapters are excluded respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e depicts a light purple bars and dark purple line chart visualizing research trends on quercetin nanotechnology in academic publications and citations for the period from 2009 to 2024 respectively. Briefly, between 2009 and 2013, the number of publications remained relatively low, with fewer than 5 papers published annually. This result suggests that from 2009 to 2013 as an early exploration phase for quercetin nanotechnology as researchers were investigating foundational aspects of quercetin. Based on the total number of citations, the citations also followed a gradual increase from 2009 to 2013, correlating with the number of publications, however, the citations remained relatively modest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA gradual increase in publications can be observed from around 2014 to 2018, reaching approximately 10 papers annually. A significant rise in publications began around 2019 with a notable surge in 2020 reaching over 20 publications. Total citations also grew steadily parallel to the rise in publications. The increasing number of publications and citation counts reflects a growing recognition and validation of quercetin nanotechnology\u0026rsquo;s potential in scientific and clinical communities. The highest number of publications occurred in 2021 and 2022 with around 35 to 40 publications. A slight dip in 2023 and 2024 suggests stabilization but maintains a high number of publications above 30. The peak rise in publications reflects the maturation of quercetin nanotechnology as a research field. Furthermore, from 2018 till 2023, the total citations grew sharply with over 1100 citations, while 2023 shows a slight decrease in publication however the total citations likely to stabilize in the number of publications but still maintain a high number of total citations over 1000. In 2024, the number of publications demonstrated a significant increase, reaching 39 publications and accumulating over 1,200 total citations. Within this period, researchers likely began focusing on more sophisticated applications in health, such as targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and chronic diseases. The sharp rise in citations during this time also indicates the field's growing impact on broader scientific disciplines, including nanomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Most impactful publications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to explore the research trend of the topic, it is essential to utilize credentials and impactful papers as sources of references. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e highlights the top 10 of highly cited articles found using \u0026ldquo;quercetin nanotechnology\u0026rdquo; as a keyword. Based on the data, it is evident that the most cited articles were mostly from 2014, as the top four articles were found within that year. The titles of the top articles are (1) Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review written by (Bonif\u0026aacute;cio et al. 2014) in International Journal of Nanomedicine with total citation of 429; (2) Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals written by (S. Wang et al. 2014) in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry with total citation of 312; (3) Delivery of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer written by (Nair et al. 2010) in the journal of Biochemical Pharmacology with total citation of 191; (4) Quercetin and gallic acid mediated synthesis of bimetallic (silver and selenium) nanoparticles and their antitumor and antimicrobial potential written by (Mittal et al. 2014) in the journal of Journal of Colloid and Interface Science and (5) Quercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers: Characteristics and anti-breast cancer activities in vitro written by (D. D. Sun et al. 2015) published in the journal of Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces The first two articles mainly emphasized on the integration of nanotechnology to enhance the delivery, bioavailability and therapeutic properties of natural phytochemicals. The latter three articles focus on the development and formulation of quercetin-based nanoparticles and nanostructures in treating cancer or tumor. Overall, these articles open a research avenue on the general potential of nanotechnology in enhancing drug delivery efficiency through phytochemicals including quercetin. Therefore, most researchers will refer to these articles as main references to further elaborate on the overview of the development of quercetin nanotechnology before discussing their respective niche topics. The rest of most cited articles covered the advancement of quercetin nanotechnology such as the efficiency potential of quercetin nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoencapsulation of quercetin, metal-based quercetin, and quercetin loaded polymeric nanoparticles in cancer therapy as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e These findings suggest a strong research interest in using quercetin within nanotechnology for medical applications, particularly in cancer therapy and bioactivity enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 publications with high citations on quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: a review\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Nanomedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Bonif\u0026aacute;cio et al. 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Nutritional Biochemistry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(S. Wang et al. 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDelivery of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiochemical Pharmacology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Nair et al. 2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers: Characteristics and anti-breast cancer activities in vitro\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(M. Sun et al. 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuercetin and gallic acid mediated synthesis of bimetallic (silver and selenium) nanoparticles and their antitumor and antimicrobial potential\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Colloid and Interface Science\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Mittal et al. 2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlavonoids nanoparticles in cancer: Treatment, prevention and clinical prospects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeminars in Cancer Biology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Khan et al. 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNanoencapsulation of quercetin and resveratrol into elastic liposomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Cadena et al. 2013)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eROS mediated destruction of cell membrane, growth and biofilms of human bacterial pathogens by stable metallic Ag-NPs functionalized from bell pepper extract and quercetin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdvanced Powder Technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Ahmed et al. 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNano delivery of Natural Antioxidants: An Anti-aging Perspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrontiers In Bioengineering and Biotechnology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Vaiserman et al. 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy potential of Quercetin loaded polymeric nanoparticles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiomedicine and Pharmacotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Baksi et al. 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Analysis of Distribution and Co-operation Among Countries\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis world map visualizes the distribution of scientific articles related to quercetin nanotechnology across various countries (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The total number of countries contributing to quercetin nanotechnology publications is 17 countries. Each country is color-coded and labelled with the number of articles they have contributed to this research area. India is the leading contributor to research on quercetin nanotechnology, with the highest number of published articles with 60 publications and total publications. China ranks second with 32 publications, significantly contributing to the body of knowledge in this area. Saudi Arabia, the USA, Iran, and Italy are also major contributors with 23, 21, 20, and 19 publications respectively. Brazil, Egypt, England, and Malaysia have also shown significant research activity in quercetin nanotechnology, contributing more than 10 publications since 2009. These findings demonstrate that quercetin nanotechnology is a field of growing global research interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the leading 10 countries ranked by the total number of publications, citations, and their respective H-index. The H-index serves as a metric to evaluate the productivity and citation impact of these publications. However, based on total citations and H-index values, India, China, the USA, and Italy are the leading countries, with H-index scores ranging from 18 to 13, reflecting the high quality of their research output. India and China lead with the highest number of publications and citations. The high H-Index of 18 and 14 suggests that many publications from India and China are highly cited respectively, indicating consistent research quality across a large number of papers. Knowing that India and China recorded the highest population in the world, possibly both countries have massive cases, experiences, and occasions where quercetin was involved. Historically, the use of plant extract in traditional India medicine such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine in China has provided strong foundation for modern research (Patwardhan et al. 2005). Through these experiences, the advancement in quercetin including nanotechnology aspect has begun earlier and thus their information, knowledge and technology are considerably advanced and reliable. The USA and Italy have a lower number of publications which are 21 and 19 respectively but a large number of citations, indicating higher quality or impactful research. The H-Index is relatively high which is 13 considering the lower publication count, showing that its fewer papers are more consistently cited. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran may have moderate H-Index because while they produce many papers, fewer papers receive high citation counts, limiting the H-Index's growth. Countries with higher H-index values generally demonstrate significant investment in research infrastructure and allocate substantial funding to support research activities. This investment facilitates the production of higher-quality publications, as researchers benefit from enhanced tools, facilities, and support systems. The higher H-index also signifies that a considerable proportion of publications are not only successfully disseminated but are also frequently cited on a global scale, indicating the substantial influence and widespread recognition of the country\u0026rsquo;s research contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 countries with number of publications, citations and H-Index.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal number of publications)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal number of citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of publication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH-Index of the publications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e756\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10th\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebar chart/map\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Most influential source title of publication\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most influential source title for quercetin nanotechnology was evaluated based on six criteria: total publications, total citations, 5-year impact factor, journal impact factor quartile, journal citation indicator (JCI), and Eigen factor. Total publications and citations are sum from 2009 till October 2024. From Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology has published the highest number of publications which is 9 with total citation of 115 on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. The International Journal of Nanomedicine stands out with 829 total citations, 8 publications, and 75 citations per year indicating its influential and impactful publications annually on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost all the top 10 sources of publications on quercetin nanotechnology ranked in quartile Q1 and Q2. The journal ranked in Q1 is in the top 25% meanwhile, journals ranked in Q2 such as Molecules and Applied Sciences-Basel are in the top 25% to 50% of journals in its field based on their Impact Factor. Both Q1 and Q2 journals are known for their rigorous peer-review processes, high-quality and impactful journals. The fact that quercetin nanotechnology research is predominantly published in these journals suggests that the research in this area is of high quality and meets the stringent criteria for publication in leading journals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 5-year Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. It is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the five previous years. The Journal of Nanobiotechnology has the highest impact factor at 11.4, indicating that articles in this journal have been heavily cited over five years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is the average Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) of citable items (articles \u0026amp; reviews) published by a journal over a recent three-year period. The average JCI in a category is 1. Journals with a JCI of 1.5 have 50% more citation impact than the average in that category. The Journal of Nanobiotechnology has the highest JCI at 1.71, followed by the International Journal of Pharmaceutics with JCI of 1.63 and Biomedicine \u0026amp; Pharmacotherapy with JCI of 1.57 implying this journal is more influential and older relative to other journals in the same field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Eigen factor Score reflects the density of the network of citations around the journal using 5 years of cited content as cited by the current year. It considers both the number of citations and the source of those citations so that highly cited sources will influence the network more than less cited sources. The Eigen factor calculation also does not include journal self-citations. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences has the highest Eigen factor score was 0.4308 followed by Molecules with an Eigen factor was 0.1712 on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology, which indicates both are highly influential in the academic community or across multiple fields, despite its lower JCI and impact factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost publications on quercetin nanotechnology appearing in Q1 and Q2 journals strongly indicate the field\u0026rsquo;s scientific significance, high quality, and broad influence. This reflects the advanced nature of the research, its recognition by leading scholars, and its substantial impact on nanotechnology, biotechnology, and medicine. Based on 5-year impact factors, JCIs, and average citations per year, the Journal of Nanobiotechnology and the International Journal of Nanomedicine are ideal channels for research in quercetin nanotechnology, as they offer both immediate citation impact and greater visibility. Additionally, journals with high Eigen factor scores, such as the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, offer long-term influence beyond short-term citation metrics, making them valuable for multidisciplinary research impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 most influential publication titles on quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublication Titles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Citation Per Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 Years Impact Factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Impact Factor Quartile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Citation Indicator\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEigen factor Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Nanomedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e829\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMolecules\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrontiers in Pharmacology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Pharmaceutics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Nanobiotechnology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0204\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePharmaceutics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplied Sciences-Basel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1489\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiomedicine \u0026amp; Pharmacotherapy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Research hotspots according to term analysis of keywords\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 695 keywords were obtained from the Author's co-occurrence keywords. The minimum number of co-occurrences of these keywords to be displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e was set at \u0026lsquo;3\u0026rsquo;. This makes 52 keywords meet the threshold. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays the density visualization on the Author\u0026rsquo;s keyword co-occurrences within the topic of quercetin nanotechnology. The density visualization map provides key research areas and relationships related to quercetin nanotechnology based on co-occurrences of Authors' keywords in publications. In a bibliometric density visualization, the colours represent the density of occurrences or co-occurrences of certain terms in the analysed body of literature. Each colour indicates how frequently the terms are found together in the research papers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVirtually, three main-coloured clusters are three main-coloured clusters that can be observed in this density visualization. First is a red-coloured cluster representing high-density regions containing quercetin and nanotechnology as the core area and main focus of the research hotspot. Next, is yellow-coloured cluster indicates a moderately high density of co-occurrence that linked to the research's main core are phytochemicals, cancer, nanomedicine and nanocarriers indicating that research on quercetin nanotechnology is mainly focused in the application of cancer therapy. The yellow cluster also consists of nanoparticles, antioxidants, drug delivery, curcumin, bioavailability, and flavonoids. This suggests a significant focus on improving the bioavailability and delivery of quercetin as flavonoids that have antioxidant properties through encapsulation of the quercetin in nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNext, the green cluster represents moderate density meaning that keywords in this cluster are well discussed in the literature but not as frequently as the red and yellow clusters. The keywords in the green cluster include anticancer, green synthesis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, polyphenols, nutraceuticals, and neurodegeneration. These keyword co-occurrences indicated the broader application of quercetin nanotechnology in treating oxidative stress and Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s through nutraceuticals. This cluster also represents the green synthesis of nanoparticles from quercetin as a sustainable and safe approach for cancer treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, the light blue cluster indicates a low-density research area meaning these keywords are less frequently discussed in the literature yet suggest emerging or niche areas of research that can be further explored in the future. Keywords such as nano formulations, hyaluronic acid, essential oil, berberine, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, wound healing, antimicrobial, blood-brain barrier, nanomaterials, liposomes, diabetes, cancer therapy, natural compounds neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease. These keywords could represent more specialized and newer research areas where the role of quercetin nanotechnology is being explored to a lesser extent and not established as the central theme yet. These findings could open potential avenues of research on quercetin nanotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Thematic evolution of research on quercetin nanotechnology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the thematic evolution through the advancement and progression of research on quercetin nanotechnology specifically for health science applications. Starting in 2009 to 2010, first publication titled \u0026ldquo;Nano dispersion of quercetin and ferulic acid by (Pourmorad et al. 2009). The theme of nanotechnology stands out as the central theme marking the early stages of applying this quercetin nanotechnology as a therapy method. In their study, the nanosized droplet of quercetin and ferulic acid was successfully prepared by solvent diffusion method in organic phase and lecithin. They found the droplet size of the quercetin and ferulic acid were 298\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14 and 289\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14 nm respectively. Their findings are consistent with the work done by Liao et al., demonstrating that the formation of nano emulsion droplets enhances the performance of quercetin compared to its original form (Liao et al. 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLater, from 2013 to 2014, the theme of nanotechnology continued to dominate, with the theme of flavonoids as quercetin belongs to the family of flavonoids, specifically flavanols. These two main themes indicated the growing interest in combining these natural compounds with nanotechnology. Within these years, the application of nanotechnology has been successfully demonstrated to enhance bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals such as quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin and epigallocatechin (S. Wang et al. 2014)(Aras et al. 2014)(Bothiraja et al. 2014)(S. P. Wang et al. 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom 2015 to 2018, significant advancements were made in quercetin nanotechnology research, with emerging themes focusing on bioavailability, drug delivery, and neurodegeneration, while quercetin and nanotechnology remained central to the research. These research themes show a clear emphasis on improving the bioavailability of quercetin by using nanotechnology (Li et al. 2015). The application of quercetin nanotechnology in drug delivery was also a prominent focus during these years. For instance, Xu et al revealed by quercetin-loaded MPEG-PCL nano micelles as a novel nano agent of quercetin with particle size of 34.8 nm, completely dispersed in the water and released quercetin in a prolonged period in vitro and in vivo (Xu et al. 2015). Several studies reported the quercetin-based nanotechnology could overcome multi drug resistance and site specific action without affecting other organs and tissues (H\u0026auml;drich et al. 2016)(Kunjiappan et al. 2016)(Xu et al. 2018). Within these years, the theme of neurodegeneration also appeared. This indicates that by conjugating quercetin into nanotechnology as drug delivery system, the bioavailability of quercetin in the brain can be enhanced compared to free quercetin (Najafabadi et al. 2018)(Halevas 2017)(Halevas et al. 2016). This suggests that nanotechnology-enhanced quercetin is being investigated to be utilized for the neurodegeneration treatment in combatting diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNext, in 2019 to 2023, research themes of quercetin, and drug delivery remain to be critical, with the increased focus on how nanotechnology could enhance the targeting of quercetin to specific disease sites. Several research themes like nanoparticles, essential oil, oxidative stress, and inflammation appeared during this period indicating growing interest in this topic. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants leading to tissue or cellular damage that causing inflammation. Integration of quercetin nanotechnology in the form of nanoparticles gain importance, reflecting advancement in the design of nanocarrier by integrating the benefit of quercetin and metal nanoparticles respectively. The development of inorganic nanoparticles by conjugating quercetin was published starting in 2014, the appearance of nanoparticles within this region could be resulted of the usage of keywords by Authors. Several metal nanoparticles were synthesized from quercetin such as silver-selenium (Mittal et al. 2014), gold(Milaneze et al. 2016)(Milanezi et al. 2019), silver (Panneerselvam et al. 2016) (Aiswarriya et al. 2023), titanium dioxide (Gulla et al. 2021) palladium (Pi\u0026ntilde;\u0026oacute;n-Castillo et al. 2021), Iron (III) (Nathupakorn et al. 2022). However, the toxicity and safety concerns associated with metal nanoparticles have been a subject of ongoing debate. Essential oil appears to this period indicated an alternative therapeutic agent other than quercetin that can be conjugated with nanotechnology. As reported by Hafez et al the integration of quercetin and essential oil in lipid nano-capsules proved as promising synergistic antifibrotic efficiency on rats with CCL4-induced liver fibrosis (Hafez et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the latest phase in 2024, the research theme on the topic of quercetin nanotechnology evolved into Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and breast cancer while remained other themes such as inflammation, nanotechnology, nanoparticles and quercetin. This shows the research fully revolves around applied health applications with quercetin nanotechnology being investigated to combat inflammation (Kharbanda et al. 2024) (Syahputra et al. 2024), cancer (Homayoonfal et al. 2023), breast cancer (Mirzaei et al. 2024) and more specific neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (Kamath et al. 2024) (Goyal et al. 2024) (Shelke et al. 2024). The research theme evolution on quercetin nanotechnology has revolved and advanced from addressing basic bioavailability issues to applying quercetin-loaded nanoparticles in treating major diseases, indicating the growing impact of this topic in therapeutic applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric analysis provides insight into the research trends of quercetin nanotechnology. By using 218 publications extracted from the database of the WOS core collection. The result revealed that from 2009, there was growing interest in research of quercetin nanotechnology with a cumulative increase annually. The highest number of publications occurred in 2021 and 2022 with around 35 to 40 publications. India, China, the USA, and Italy are the leading countries, with H-index scores ranging from 18 to 13. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology has published the highest number of publications on quercetin nanotechnology. This growth reflects a broader recognition of the potential applications of quercetin in various health-related domains, including nanomedicine, pharmacology, and cancer therapy. As the field continues to evolve, the insights gained from this bibliometric analysis serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the potential of quercetin and nanotechnology to address pressing health challenges. This bibliometric analysis also indicates a marked increase in scholarly publications related to this topic, particularly from 2014 onwards, with a notable surge in citations from 2018 to 2024. The findings not only emphasize the importance of continued research in this area but also highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to fully realize the benefits of quercetin nanotechnology in clinical applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our gratitude to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia for the \u003cem\u003eGeran Galakan Penyelidik Muda\u003c/em\u003e (GGPM) code GGPM-2023-039.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish Declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.M.N. conceived the idea, supervised the entire project, acquired funding, and was primarily responsible for writing, reviewing, and editing the final manuscript. N.H.R. conducted the investigation, performed data curation and analysis, created the visualizations, and wrote the original draft. A.V.M.B., A.S.M.N., and N.I.H.Z. contributed to the literature investigation, data collection, curation, and the writing of the original draft. J.J. provided critical resources, supervision, and validation, and contributed to the reviewing and editing of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed, B., Hashmi, A., Khan, M.S. \u0026amp; Musarrat, J. 2018. 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Enhancing the anti-colon cancer activity of quercetin by self-assembled micelles. \u003cem\u003eINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE\u003c/em\u003e 10: 2051\u0026ndash;2063.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Corresponding author; Atikah Mohd Nasir, email: \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\[email protected]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"quercetin, nanotechnology, bibliometric analysis, therapeutic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7603751/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7603751/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eQuercetin, a natural flavonoid with notable health benefits and therapeutic properties, has attracted considerable attention for its potential to enhance disease and cancer therapy efficacy through nanotechnology-based integration and delivery. This study draws on literature from the Web of Science Core Collection database to assess the current status and development trajectories within quercetin nanotechnology research. Employing the Bibliometrix toolkit in R (via \u003cem\u003eBiblioshiny\u003c/em\u003e) alongside VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis, this research systematically examines annual publication patterns, influential works, and thematic evolution in quercetin nanotechnology from 2009 to December 2024. The comprehensive analysis identified 218 relevant publications, comprising 122 articles and 96 reviews. Through an in-depth evaluation of highly-cited publications, keyword co-occurrence density, and thematic progression, this study reveals a shift in research focus, evolving from initial efforts to enhance quercetin bioavailability via nanotechnology up to advanced investigations targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, and chronic disease management. Additionally, the analysis identifies emerging trends, including the development of novel quercetin-based nano-formulations for a targeted drug delivery and exploration of synergistic effects with other therapeutic agents. This bibliometric study serves as a valuable resource, offering researchers a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape and guiding future investigations through the unsolved research gaps into the application of quercetin nanotechnology, particularly in diseases and cancer therapy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"15 Years of Progress in Quercetin Nanotechnology Revealing Thematic Evolution Applications and Future Directions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-04 06:49:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7603751/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6a4cdc03-3b87-4e74-833e-25badad5759d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-20T19:48:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-04 06:49:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7603751","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7603751","identity":"rs-7603751","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}