In-situ evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing the insulation performance of heavyweight building envelopes

In-situ evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing the insulation performance of heavyweight building envelopes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article In-situ evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing the insulation performance of heavyweight building envelopes Dae Hwan Shin, Jihyun Seo, Dong Eun Jung, Jonghun Kim, Sumin Kim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Thermophysics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Accurate evaluation of thermal transmittance is critical for assessing the energy performance of building envelopes, particularly in high-performance, heavyweight structures. In South Korea, where reinforced concrete buildings dominate the urban landscape, in-situ and non-destructive methods provide practical advantages by overcoming access limitations and avoiding invasive procedures. This study assessed the field applicability and accuracy of three representative non-destructive methods: the heat flow meter (HFM) method (ISO 9869-1), the Infrared Thermography method (IRT-1) based on ISO 9869-2, and an exterior-side infrared method (IRT-2) using the Jürges equation. These methods were applied to walls and windows of a newly constructed, highly insulated heavyweight building. HFM demonstrated high accuracy but required extended stabilization, especially for walls. IRT-1 produced reasonable results for lightweight components, such as windows, with deviations of 6.5% (interior) and 14.4% (exterior), but was unsuitable for heavyweight walls. IRT-2 showed strong agreement with wall measurements under low-wind conditions, with only a 3.8% deviation from the design value, but was ineffective for windows due to their lightweight composition, heterogeneous materials, and rapid surface temperature changes. Windows are more influenced by convection and conduction, complicating stable and accurate thermal transmittance measurements using this method. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate methods based on material properties and environmental conditions. They also emphasize the potential of integrating thermographic techniques with remote sensing technologies, such as UAV-based infrared imaging, to enable efficient and scalable thermal diagnostics of building envelopes. Non-destructive technique (NDT) Heavyweight building envelope In-situ evaluation Infrared thermography (IRT) Heat flow meter (HFM) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in International Journal of Thermophysics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8431559","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":566078626,"identity":"2f5813f4-671f-4ec1-adf1-6813fdef9819","order_by":0,"name":"Dae Hwan Shin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yonsei University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dae","middleName":"Hwan","lastName":"Shin","suffix":""},{"id":566078635,"identity":"149d2844-739c-4c3c-ab0b-30fcacd32679","order_by":1,"name":"Jihyun Seo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yonsei University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jihyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Seo","suffix":""},{"id":566078637,"identity":"12b49990-a86b-4036-97b1-7ec122c0efaf","order_by":2,"name":"Dong Eun Jung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong","middleName":"Eun","lastName":"Jung","suffix":""},{"id":566078641,"identity":"c5cd75a4-0f4e-4000-9002-59a978ee0ebf","order_by":3,"name":"Jonghun Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jonghun","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":566078642,"identity":"a396239a-b4c0-48ee-9c12-c4d34ea91a25","order_by":4,"name":"Sumin Kim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIie3OvQrCMBDA8ZOMNtTxQqG+glIoPo6hoEtxcXEQKQh2dO3iOwiFzBWhLhHXri5uguCii5j6gVvsKJg/JdeG/uAATKYfDMlzgP36Lg9SjbCoMnm/tLLPpZ6wuB6cadgZeEWQ7y+jDthxRryRhjiECocKHPpFr+9ZEgFll3CpIa4i6kEuitB3ajO1aAFkFelJei5JmoQ+u94Qmt+IWmxZLsaXGPpII4SWIlxH2JQKtlAkkYeeY+VotSWftnUEd9v0dBQTPo+DnF3GE9fdrNdMRz41uo9hAdSqAQA7q/ijyWQy/V13qfZDY1K6J7EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Yonsei University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sumin","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-23 07:54:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-026-03727-5","type":"published","date":"2026-02-27T15:58:49+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99317688,"identity":"7d391269-9c50-41c9-867a-37d7c60f6ade","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:30:35","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4744257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/d3e181452cac314b71de3ab7.docx"},{"id":99228080,"identity":"ba4d1dc1-3679-4468-b4cc-507510f73d30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a5bf31f2e47e4de896bc5318d9084fb8.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/c4c2b9d4d35ee8301442d0f9.json"},{"id":99228060,"identity":"671519dd-824b-4d01-a19f-8dc2d6bb5426","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:26","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a5bf31f2e47e4de896bc5318d9084fb81enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/d62cc3596ba70e2045052583.xml"},{"id":99228079,"identity":"62404ddc-2e8f-46fb-b3e3-f84e04b1619f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"eps","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":375803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage1.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/dd677dfbebd4f212b4eeb431.eps"},{"id":99228076,"identity":"bda510b5-bb4e-4c7c-ae7d-eeaa76ed9fd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":273485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/4332648a0dbdfd5c9340faa6.jpeg"},{"id":99228085,"identity":"7d7363c2-7bf7-45ab-bb38-a391f2b975d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1426555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/39ed8b26436346fe5a31c0bc.png"},{"id":99228061,"identity":"1febc0c2-ae10-44b3-ad09-f57b063ad387","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:27","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/34b09a2100afc5ba27ef1e1c.png"},{"id":99228081,"identity":"ead99b3f-0868-4ff8-9101-86b13cad700f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":261169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/f0e80fa041fb4c763af5698f.png"},{"id":99228062,"identity":"eccf6250-edac-42e8-9d90-c7b826dd95a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:27","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":199619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/0556550eb40b62b30220e711.png"},{"id":99228068,"identity":"8e076eb9-a28d-472f-b567-3685cb33a67f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":202837,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/9f2aeb25d5f1c6b0247ad753.png"},{"id":99228073,"identity":"931f6919-f041-42c9-a22a-b62c0a485bf8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":257172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/451cc2f4b037e7b2fe59ed16.png"},{"id":99228084,"identity":"c000fa33-a597-49f8-a156-d7f55b923e91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":228761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/5f082089f5ebb6ef5358d59f.jpeg"},{"id":99228083,"identity":"af5f3a0b-e409-4c54-be17-97ddc17e4fd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1068591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/fbf678166b1f80441c545022.png"},{"id":99228069,"identity":"dcb5c31d-16ca-417e-a3c6-fbd183171951","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/34449f0e8a136effffb87d0e.png"},{"id":99228070,"identity":"d63b3c8a-d049-4e48-8401-c2fb59896956","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/0aa03f086f7f05b5319e923e.png"},{"id":99320411,"identity":"c18a8c71-ba88-476f-a4d0-b09243524d39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:38:34","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/3d9f5a4ecfd8f6ee5d53bc5c.png"},{"id":99319043,"identity":"1a07cb3f-6e64-43aa-9ab1-5bba8097bfcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:36:08","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/fbe79329047a40dff3c171a3.png"},{"id":99228074,"identity":"0a99ecb0-d2cf-4757-9fa2-001a65c6f6c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42686,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/8d0bf5a4469e4d79c7c45348.png"},{"id":99228078,"identity":"277be520-c962-4c35-bef3-f8cfbfa90e80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/ea1956023e68bd5a1e28bfec.png"},{"id":99318281,"identity":"c65f7967-48b3-4b08-b9fb-f2fcdc050f2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:32:33","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/33725b3833a6b52b9f4a90dd.png"},{"id":99228086,"identity":"976a531e-74d4-48df-b215-ada4d6ca91f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/1167e609cd32de97c8da0af2.png"},{"id":99228067,"identity":"f31a64ba-8104-43e2-a292-35d2e300fb33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:30","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/1b2496f085382e004c857f12.png"},{"id":99228071,"identity":"5ab65ceb-a84c-43e3-9d45-6ec012f03e5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:31","extension":"xml","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":107215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a5bf31f2e47e4de896bc5318d9084fb81structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/d9886e61092a5a3a41773155.xml"},{"id":99228087,"identity":"add0f456-627c-4134-8dd1-fdedc1526844","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-30 11:09:32","extension":"html","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":121040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1/8c16077f5f202853ea099975.html"},{"id":103765588,"identity":"9329be06-73ce-41fd-a8a4-7738942ac079","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 16:05:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1066307,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8431559/v1_covered_a471017d-57c3-4338-9ad9-ac421072ef5e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"In-situ evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing the insulation performance of heavyweight building envelopes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-thermophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijot","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Thermophysics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10765)","snPcode":"10765","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10765/3","title":"International Journal of Thermophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Non-destructive technique (NDT), Heavyweight building envelope, In-situ evaluation, Infrared thermography (IRT), Heat flow meter (HFM)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAccurate evaluation of thermal transmittance is critical for assessing the energy performance of building envelopes, particularly in high-performance, heavyweight structures. In South Korea, where reinforced concrete buildings dominate the urban landscape, in-situ and non-destructive methods provide practical advantages by overcoming access limitations and avoiding invasive procedures. This study assessed the field applicability and accuracy of three representative non-destructive methods: the heat flow meter (HFM) method (ISO 9869-1), the Infrared Thermography method (IRT-1) based on ISO 9869-2, and an exterior-side infrared method (IRT-2) using the Jürges equation. These methods were applied to walls and windows of a newly constructed, highly insulated heavyweight building. HFM demonstrated high accuracy but required extended stabilization, especially for walls. IRT-1 produced reasonable results for lightweight components, such as windows, with deviations of 6.5% (interior) and 14.4% (exterior), but was unsuitable for heavyweight walls. IRT-2 showed strong agreement with wall measurements under low-wind conditions, with only a 3.8% deviation from the design value, but was ineffective for windows due to their lightweight composition, heterogeneous materials, and rapid surface temperature changes. Windows are more influenced by convection and conduction, complicating stable and accurate thermal transmittance measurements using this method. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate methods based on material properties and environmental conditions. They also emphasize the potential of integrating thermographic techniques with remote sensing technologies, such as UAV-based infrared imaging, to enable efficient and scalable thermal diagnostics of building envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"In-situ evaluation of non-destructive methods for assessing the insulation performance of heavyweight building envelopes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-30 11:08:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8431559/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-26T09:44:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-26T09:34:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45481185681520731632037989633032759552","date":"2026-01-07T09:41:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T05:55:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"36876899482164925956816188703895654039","date":"2025-12-27T06:58:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T09:56:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T09:14:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T16:13:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Thermophysics","date":"2025-12-23T07:40:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-thermophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijot","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Thermophysics](http://link.springer.com/journal/10765)","snPcode":"10765","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10765/3","title":"International Journal of Thermophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cc937228-60ad-4fb5-9ccf-bf50b1888e4d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-02T16:02:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8431559","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-026-03727-5","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-thermophysics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Thermophysics"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-27 15:58:49","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-30 11:08:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03727-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-026-03727-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8431559","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8431559","identity":"rs-8431559","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}