Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health promotion amongst young people: A scoping review protocol

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Gallant" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Caroline Wilson" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Catherine D. Darker" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Leona Ryan" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "John Paul Lyne" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Colm McDonald" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Colm Healy" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Gary Donohue" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "David Cotter" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sara Burke" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Karen O'Connor" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "David Mongan" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Louise Doyle" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "HRB Open Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://hrbopenresearch.org/img/AMP/HRB_image.png", "height": 566, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://hrbopenresearch.org/img/AMP/HRB_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 127 }, "description": " Background Adolescence is a period of transition in which young people undergo physical, psychological and social changes. While most move through this transition with few problems, others experience greater difficulties, which may lead to an increased risk of becoming vulnerable to mental health issues. Social media use amongst young people is high; an abundance of literature identifies the deleterious impact of its use on mental health. However, its positive influence on youth well-being is also reported. Ireland’s mental health policy recommends harnessing the positive role social media can play in the promotion of youth mental health. However, an evidence gap exists as to how this can be implemented. This scoping review aims to identify the barriers and enablers to the use of social media as a youth mental health promotion tool, to inform the implementation of policy recommendations. Methods The search strategy, screening, extraction and synthesis will be informed by the JBI guidelines. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research will guide the identification and mapping of implementation determinants. The review outcomes will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Primary studies focused on young people and key stakeholders, such as teachers and parents, identifying barriers and enablers to the use of social media for youth mental health promotion will be included. A librarian-developed search strategy will be applied to the Web of Science Core Collection, Medline (EBSCO), Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases. A narrative synthesis of the results guided by CFIR framework will be presented. Conclusion The review extends the work of previous reviews by adopting an Implementation Science approach focusing on the identification and mapping of implementation barriers and enablers to the use of social media as a youth mental health promotion tool. Registration Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/T5YF7M) " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://hrbopenresearch.org/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://hrbopenresearch.org/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://hrbopenresearch.org/articles/8-73/v1", "name": "Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health..." } } ] } Home Browse Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Kartalova-O'Doherty Y, Cannon M, Sheaf G et al. Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health promotion amongst young people: A scoping review protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] . HRB Open Res 2025, 8 :73 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.14184.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Study Protocol Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health promotion amongst young people: A scoping review protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Yulia Kartalova-O'Doherty https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3260-3459 1 , Mary Cannon 2 , Greg Sheaf https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-1772 3 , [...] Agnes Higgins https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-1884 1 , Brian Keogh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-486X 1 , Sarah Watters 1 , Olivia Longe https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1072-7709 1 , Shaakya Anand-Vembar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-1865 1 , Lorna Staines 2 , David McEvoy 2 , Rebecca Murphy 4 , Donal O'Keeffe 1,5 , Nicole Horkan 5 , Allyson J. Gallant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-7470 6 , Caroline Wilson 2 , Catherine D. Darker https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-7076 6 , Leona Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-3439 7 , John Paul Lyne 2 , Colm McDonald 8 , Colm Healy 2,9 , Gary Donohue 7 , David Cotter 2 , Sara Burke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-1642 10 , Karen O'Connor 11 , David Mongan 2,12 , Louise Doyle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-8326 1 Yulia Kartalova-O'Doherty https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3260-3459 1 , Mary Cannon 2 , [...] Greg Sheaf https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-1772 3 , Agnes Higgins https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0631-1884 1 , Brian Keogh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-486X 1 , Sarah Watters 1 , Olivia Longe https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1072-7709 1 , Shaakya Anand-Vembar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-1865 1 , Lorna Staines 2 , David McEvoy 2 , Rebecca Murphy 4 , Donal O'Keeffe 1,5 , Nicole Horkan 5 , Allyson J. Gallant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-7470 6 , Caroline Wilson 2 , Catherine D. Darker https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-7076 6 , Leona Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-3439 7 , John Paul Lyne 2 , Colm McDonald 8 , Colm Healy 2,9 , Gary Donohue 7 , David Cotter 2 , Sara Burke https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-1642 10 , Karen O'Connor 11 , David Mongan 2,12 , Louise Doyle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-8326 1 PUBLISHED 01 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Trinity College Dublin School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dublin, Leinster, D02 T283, Ireland 2 Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, D02 YN77, Ireland 3 Ussher Library, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Leinster, D02 PN40, Ireland 4 Dublin City University School of Nursing Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin, Leinster, D09 V209, Ireland 5 Mental Health Ireland, Dun Laoghaire, Leinster, A96 E289, Ireland 6 Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, D24 DH74, Ireland 7 National University of Ireland Galway School of Psychology, Galway, County Galway, Ireland 8 National University of Ireland Galway Department of Psychiatry, Galway, County Galway, Ireland 9 Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 10 Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland 11 Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral science, University College Cork Department of Medicine, Cork, County Cork, Ireland 12 Queen's University Belfast Centre for Public Health, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Yulia Kartalova-O'Doherty Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mary Cannon Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Greg Sheaf Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Agnes Higgins Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Brian Keogh Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Watters Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Olivia Longe Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Shaakya Anand-Vembar Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Lorna Staines Roles: Writing – Review & Editing David McEvoy Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Rebecca Murphy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Donal O'Keeffe Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Nicole Horkan Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Allyson J. Gallant Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Caroline Wilson Roles: Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Catherine D. Darker Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Leona Ryan Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing John Paul Lyne Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Colm McDonald Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Colm Healy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Gary Donohue Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing David Cotter Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Sara Burke Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Karen O'Connor Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology David Mongan Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Louise Doyle Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW REVIEWER STATUS AWAITING PEER REVIEW This article is included in the Public and Patient Involvement collection. Abstract Background Adolescence is a period of transition in which young people undergo physical, psychological and social changes. While most move through this transition with few problems, others experience greater difficulties, which may lead to an increased risk of becoming vulnerable to mental health issues. Social media use amongst young people is high; an abundance of literature identifies the deleterious impact of its use on mental health. However, its positive influence on youth well-being is also reported. Ireland’s mental health policy recommends harnessing the positive role social media can play in the promotion of youth mental health. However, an evidence gap exists as to how this can be implemented. This scoping review aims to identify the barriers and enablers to the use of social media as a youth mental health promotion tool, to inform the implementation of policy recommendations. Methods The search strategy, screening, extraction and synthesis will be informed by the JBI guidelines. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research will guide the identification and mapping of implementation determinants. The review outcomes will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Primary studies focused on young people and key stakeholders, such as teachers and parents, identifying barriers and enablers to the use of social media for youth mental health promotion will be included. A librarian-developed search strategy will be applied to the Web of Science Core Collection, Medline (EBSCO), Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases. A narrative synthesis of the results guided by CFIR framework will be presented. Conclusion The review extends the work of previous reviews by adopting an Implementation Science approach focusing on the identification and mapping of implementation barriers and enablers to the use of social media as a youth mental health promotion tool. Registration Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/T5YF7M ) READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Adolescents and young people, social media, mental health promotion, determinants, implementation science Corresponding Author(s) Louise Doyle ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Louise Doyle Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This study was funded by the Health Research Board (HRB) Applied Programme Grant APRO-2023-023 (reference: 9610). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Kartalova-O'Doherty Y et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Kartalova-O'Doherty Y, Cannon M, Sheaf G et al. Determinants that impact the use of social media for mental health promotion amongst young people: A scoping review protocol [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] . HRB Open Res 2025, 8 :73 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.14184.1 ) First published: 01 Jul 2025, 8 :73 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.14184.1 ) Latest published: 01 Jul 2025, 8 :73 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.14184.1 ) Abbreviations CFIR: Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research JBI: Joanna Briggs Institute LGBTQ+ community: lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer community. The plus sign includes people with other minority sexual orientations and gender identities. MMAT: Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool OSF: Open Science Framework PPI: Patient and Public Involvement PRISMA-ScR: the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews SM: Social Media SMU: Social Media Use Background Adolescence, defined in a seminal paper by Sawyer et al. (2018) as the period from 10 to 24 years, is a key period of physical, psychological, and social transition. Notably, the WHO also broadly defines adolescents and young people as those aged 10–24 years ( World Health Organization, 2024 ). As a life-stage, this period can be a difficult time when young people grapple with these changes and increased societal pressures. While most young people will navigate successfully through this period experiencing only ‘normal emotional turmoil’ ( Freake et al. , 2007 : 639), a significant minority will experience more serious emotional and mental health difficulties. The presence of even a relatively mild mental health difficulty in adolescence can result in a disruptive transition into adulthood and adverse long-term outcomes including impacts on mental and physical health, social functioning, quality of life, and the establishments of adult roles ( Copeland et al. , 2015 ). Most mental health difficulties manifest before the age of 24 ( Blakemore, 2019 ) with variations reported in prevalence rates due largely to heterogeneity in study samples and methodologies. Silva et al. (2020) in a systematic review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies report the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders at 31% of the adolescent population ( Silva et al. , 2020 ), while the World Health Organization estimate that one in seven adolescents globally experience mental health difficulties ( World Health Organization, 2024 ). In Ireland, a recent systematic review of the prevalence of mental health difficulties in children and adolescents nationally reported a range between 4.4% to 27.4% ( Lynch et al. , 2023 ). In addition, suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people aged 15–29 years old ( World Health Organization, 2024 ), while self-harm, a major predictor of later death by suicide ( Moran et al. , 2024 ), also peaks in the adolescent age group ( Joyce et al. , 2025 ). The mental health of adolescents and young people aged 10–24 years therefore constitutes an important public health issue, both in Ireland and beyond. Help-seeking for adolescents experiencing mental health difficulties is reported to be low ( Sheppard et al. , 2018 ). In Ireland, the National Youth Mental Health Task Force Report ( Department of Health & National Youth Mental Health Task Force, 2017 ), identifies how many young people do not access mental health services and supports when they are required. Pressures on existing services ( Lynch et al. , 2023 ), and young peoples’ identified barriers to help-seeking (e.g. feeling stigmatised, perceiving mental health service provision as overly formal, and not trusting care providers) ( Doyle et al. , 2017 ; Huff et al. , 2024 ) mean that many young people who need mental health service provision do not receive it. In addition, minority groups such as refugees or members of the LGBTQ+ community may have specific vulnerabilities or difficulties, such as disclosure to parents, beliefs around mental health issue and fears of discrimination, that can make access to mental health services additionally challenging, ( Department of Health, 2020 ; Higgins et al. , 2021 ; Huff et al. , 2024 ). In the absence of access to formal service provision, young people often turn to social media to understand more about their mental health difficulties and share their experiences ( Naslund et al. , 2019 ). Social media use has been defined by Valkenburg, Meier, & Beyens (2022: 59) as “the active (e.g. posting) or passive (e.g. browsing), private (e.g. one-to-one) or public (e.g. one-to-many) usage of social media platforms, such as Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook, WeChat, TikTok and WhatsApp”. Other definitions of social media use include “an online space that allows for community interaction and the exchange of user-generated content (e.g. online discussion boards, forums)” ( Kruzan et al. , 2022 : 2) and “online platforms that enable interactions through the sharing of pictures, comments and reactions to content” ( Carr & Hayes, 2015 ; Popat & Tarrant, 2023 : 323). The concept of ‘virtual social interaction’ is one shared across most definitions of social media use. The use of social media is prolific amongst young people with reports identifying that up to 95% of adolescents use social media, with one in five of those saying that they use it “almost constantly” ( Anderson et al. , 2023 ). It serves a variety of functions for young people including self-expression, social engagement, peer support, and wellbeing ( Kruzan et al. , 2022 ; Popat & Tarrant, 2023 ). According to the Health Service Executive, Irish people were more reliant on social media than any other country in Europe ( Health Service Executive, 2017 ). The penetration rate of both internet and smart phone usage in Ireland is very high, with almost all persons aged under 60 years of age having access to the internet on their mobile phone or smartphone in 2023 ( Central Statistics Office, 2025 ). Over the past number of years there has been a large increase in the number of studies focusing on adolescent mental health and social media use. In a recent scoping review of social media use and mental health and well-being in adolescence, Schønning et al. (2020) reported that three-quarters of the 79 papers included in their review were related to social media use and mental health difficulties, with only a minority of papers exploring the positive potential of social media. The studies and reviews focusing on how social media impacts the mental health of young people often present conflicting results. For example, an umbrella review of adolescent social media use concluded that social media could have a powerful positive influence in the lives of young people but also can be potentially harmful ( Valkenburg et al. , 2022 ). A qualitative literature review of the views of adolescents on social media and mental health also highlighted both positive and negative impacts of social media on adolescent emotional wellbeing ( Popat & Tarrant, 2023 ). Findings suggest higher incidences of depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, poor self-esteem, poor sleep and poor body image associated with adolescent social media use ( Barthorpe et al. , 2020 ; Kelly et al. , 2018 ; O’Reilly et al. , 2018 ). Reported also are pressures related to validation-seeking, fear of judgement, cyberbullying, and the “addictive” nature of social media use ( Kelly et al. , 2018 ; O’Reilly et al. , 2018 ; Popat & Tarrant, 2023 ). Greater periods spent on social media were also associated with poorer mental health outcomes ( Barthorpe et al. , 2020 ; Kelly et al. , 2018 ). The negative findings around social media use culminated in the recent issuing of an advisory by the US Surgeon General warning about the potential risks of social media use amongst young people with suggestions of a “warning label” being applied to its use ( Office of the Surgeon General, 2023 ). Despite the potential risks around social media use in young people, positive impacts and mechanisms have also been identified in the literature, although there is a paucity of published high-quality research on how social media can be used for improving mental health ( Naslund et al. , 2020 ; Popat & Tarrant, 2023 ; Valkenburg et al. , 2022 ). Positive impacts centre on their being a sense of community and belonging, and the development of support and discussion forums for people with similar mental health issues with a youth-orientated focus ( La Sala et al. , 2023 ; Popat & Tarrant, 2023 ). An integrative review of the potential of social media in health promotion highlighted that engaging social media users in health awareness campaigns can increase the rate of reach and exposure, and impact health behaviours and outcomes ( Ghahramani et al. , 2022 ). A scoping review of social media-based interventions for adolescent and youth mental health, ranging from clinical to non-clinical support, provided preliminary evidence that social media interventions can improve mental health outcomes ( Kruzan et al. , 2022 ). The authors outlined areas for future research as the use of existing peer support networks, just-in-time or ad hoc interventions, and predesigned individually tailored social media interventions for the purposes of alleviation of distress, mental health promotion, mental health education or mental health literacy. A recent study on the use of social media by teenagers and their mental health, published by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, highlighted the need for developing digital literacy skills among teenagers and providing support for those at risk of problematic use so that adolescents could control their social media use rather than have social media controlling them ( Boniel-Nissim et al. , 2024 ). Recognising the potential for social media as a mental health promotion tool, one of the recommendations of the Irish Mental Health Policy Sharing the Vision ( Department of Health, 2020 ) focuses on harnessing the positive role evidence-based social media channels can play in the promotion of mental health of adolescents and young people and signposting to support and services. However, an implementation gap exists as to how this policy recommendation can be translated into practice ( Health Service Executive and the Department of Health, 2022 ). The reality is that young people use social media often ( Anderson et al. , 2023 ) and very few seek professional mental help on time, which can lead to exacerbation of mental health difficulties in the future ( Huff et al. , 2024 ). Exploration of determinants of the use of social media as a tool for youth mental health promotion, prevention and early intervention constitutes an important public issue which requires thorough investigation. The success of policy implementation may depend on willingness or readiness of both providers and beneficiaries of recommended policies, among other personal, professional, social and/or contextual factors ( Emmons & Chambers, 2021 ; Labbe et al. , 2024 ). Understanding factors which could either enable or impede implementation, is therefore vital for ensuring that evidence-based practice and policy recommendations are adopted in a particular setting. Implementation science can provide theoretical framework for investigating such factors ( Labbe et al. , 2024 ). The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ) is an integration of multiple theories of implementation from various disciplines which can be applied to multiple contexts to support the implementation of evidence-based practice, policies or innovations ( Higgins et al. , 2020 ; Labbe et al. , 2024 ). The most recently updated CFIR ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ) comprises 48 constructs and 19 subconstructs grouped under five broad domains : inner setting (e.g., culture, IT or work infrastructure, communication), outer setting (e.g., legislation, local attitudes), intervention/innovation characteristics (relative advantage, evidence base, cost, complexity etc), characteristics of the individuals (e.g., leaders, providers and recipients of innovation) and implementation processes (e.g., activities or strategies to deliver the innovation) ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ). Implementation science and the CFIR framework will help to identify and map various facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the recommendation of the Irish national mental health policy Sharing the Vision ( Department of Health, 2020 ) regarding the potential of social media to be used as a tool for youth mental health promotion. This scoping review is the first step of a wider study focused on the use of SOCial MEDia (SOCMED) as a mental health promotion tool in young people. The findings of the scoping review will be used to develop an interview schedule for the qualitative phase of the project involving interviews with young people and key stakeholders (e.g., parents, teachers) and will also inform analysis of interview data. SOCMED study is part of a broader VISTA research programme (VISion To Action for Promoting Mental Health and Recovery – An Implementation Science Approach to ‘Sharing the Vision’). The aim of VISTA programme is to develop implementation blueprints for the Irish Department of Health following recommendations of ‘Sharing the Vision’ the Irish National mental health policy ( Department of Health, 2020 ; Gallant et al. , 2025 ; McEvoy et al. , 2025 ). Rationale and review aim Using an implementation science approach, this scoping review aims to identify and map the determinants to the use of social media as a mental health promotion and service signposting tool in young people, by identifying both the barriers and enablers to its use with a view to informing implementation of this key policy recommendation. Protocol Methods This scoping review is informed by the JBI scoping reviews guidelines ( Peters et al. , 2020 ; Stern et al. , 2020 ). Terms related to implementation facilitators and barriers were added to the search. CFIR constructs will be used at the extraction, coding and narrative synthesis stages to identify and map implementation determinants ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ). The review outcomes will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines ( Tricco et al. , 2018 ) (see Supplementary File 1 Prisma-ScR Checklist). The protocol was registered with OSF on 20 December 2024 ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/T5YF7 ). Research ethical approval was not required for this scoping review. Eligibility criteria To achieve the aim of this scoping review, we selected the PICo framework (population, phenomenon of interest and context) over the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) one as the most appropriate ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ; Stern et al. , 2020 ). Table 1 summarises key eligibility criteria guided by PICo principles. Table 1. Eligibility criteria. Include Exclude Population Adolescents and young adults aged 10 – 24 Adults aged 25 years and older Phenomenon of interest Studies focussing on activity, strategy, campaign, information source, intervention or programme used and/or designed to be delivered on social media for positive youth mental health promotion and prevention of and early intervention for mental health problems, substance misuse and neurodivergence • Studies focussing on mental health promotion activities, interventions or programmes not designed or delivered on social media • Studies with a primary focus on physical or sexual wellbeing Context Global social media platforms, websites, apps of youth mental health organisations, mental health supports and services not limited by geographic location Any digital content not designed, delivered or accessed via social media Types of evidence sources • Quantitative studies • Qualitative studies • Mixed methods studies • Limited search of published grey literature: primary research reports, theses • Reviews • Protocols • Editorials, commentaries • Book chapters The population of interest are adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 who use social media to seek and share information about mental health for mental health promotion, prevention and signposting purposes. We will also include the views of key stakeholders on barriers and enablers to social media use by young people, specifically those aged 10–24 years, as a mental health promotion tool. These stakeholders may include parents, teachers, youth organisations, content creators, digital media providers and those responsible for developing national social media campaigns. The phenomenon of interest is defined as social media use for youth mental health promotion and will include any activity, strategy, campaign, ad hoc or opportunistic intervention, social networking site or programme either sporadically used for or purposefully designed to be delivered on social media for mental health promotion, prevention of, or intervention for mental health problems, alleviation of distress, mental health literacy and/or for seeking of mental health information, support and services. The context will be global social media, which will include any online platforms, apps and websites of youth organisations and mental health services, which enable social interactions through the sharing of comments, pictures, videos and reactions to contents ( Carr & Hayes, 2015 ). We will search for published research on both the active (e.g., posting) and passive (e.g. browsing), private (e.g., one-to-one) or public (e.g., one-to-many) use of social media platforms ( Valkenburg et al. , 2022 ). Existing generic social media platforms will include Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, WeChat, WhatsApp, X (previously Twitter), YouTube, LinkedIn Reddit, Bereal, Discord, Twitch and Telegram. We will exclude sources where mental health promotion and/or mental health literacy campaigns, interventions and programmes were not delivered, found or made available via social media. Evidence sources will include peer reviewed primary qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research papers. We will exclude reviews to avoid duplication with primary studies and will only review the reference lists of any potentially relevant reviews to see if there were any other studies we should consider including. In addition, a limited grey literature search will involve a targeted search of the websites of relevant national and international youth mental health organisations. The list of websites and other grey literature sources will be agreed between team members who are experts in the field of digital youth mental health. YKOD will then perform a grey literature search to identify reports of published studies focussing on the use of social media for youth mental health promotion and any enablers and barriers to such use. Search strategy Firstly, the research team compiled a preliminary list of keywords and terms to include in the search of concepts related to the use of social media for youth mental health promotion. Secondly, the Patient and Public Involvement team added keywords related to the concept of mental health promotion and positive mental health. Thirdly, the study librarian (GS) selected and modified the most relevant terms and developed search strings for the Web of Science Core Collection (see Table 2 ). Table 2. Concepts and search terms. Concept 1: Adolescents, young people and key stakeholders (adolescen* OR boy* OR child* OR girl* OR father* OR influencer* OR juvenile* OR learner* OR minor* OR mother* OR pediatric* OR paediatric* OR parent* OR pupil* OR schoolboy* OR schoolgirl* OR (secondary NEAR/2 (education OR school*)) OR student* OR teacher* OR teen* OR (young* NEAR/2 (adult* OR man OR men OR person OR people OR woman OR women)) OR youth*) Concept 2: Mental health promotion ("ADHD" OR antistigma* OR anxiet* OR anxious OR autis* OR (chang* NEAR/2 behavio*) OR (communit* NEAR/2 connect*) OR "conduct disorder*" OR depress* OR "eating disorder*" OR empower* OR ((mental*) NEAR/2 (disorder* OR health* OR ill*)) OR (peer NEAR/2 support) OR positivit* OR psychiatric OR psychosis OR psychotic OR resilience OR schizophreni* OR (self NEAR/2 (esteem OR harm* OR worth)) OR stigma* OR suicid* OR thriv* OR "well being" OR wellbeing) Concept 3: Social Media (Bluesky OR Bereal OR Discord OR Facebook OR Instagram OR LinkedIn OR Mastodon OR (social NEAR/2 (media OR network*)) OR Reddit OR Snapchat OR Telegram OR Threads OR TikTok OR Twitch OR Twitter OR WeChat OR WhatsApp OR "X" OR YouTube) Concept 4: Determinants (barrier* OR determinant* OR enable* OR facilitat* OR implement*) Concepts and search terms The search strategy involves a combination of search terms with the concepts in Table 2 of “Concept 1: Adolescents and young people” AND “Concept 2: “Mental health promotion” AND “Concept 3: Social media AND “Concept 4: Determinants”. The search terms were developed for the Web of Science Core Collection ( Table 2 ) and will be applied to other search engines such as Medline (EBSCO), Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases with minor modifications as appropriate. The results will be imported into Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation, Australia). Screening The first step involves screening the titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria which is being conducted by YKOD. A randomly selected sub-sample (20%) will independently be screened by another researcher. Any discrepancies will be resolved by consensus, or in the case of no consensus being reached, will be referred to a third reviewer. Relevant full text articles will be retrieved and screened independently by two reviewers. Any conflicting outcomes will be discussed by the two reviewers or referred to a third reviewer. Studies not meeting the inclusion criteria will be excluded and the reasons for the exclusion will be presented in a PRISMA flow diagram on final study selection. Data extraction Data on the key source details, such as lead author, publication year, country, social media type, target population, study aim, design and methods will be extracted from all selected studies in Covidence (see Supplementary File 2). In accordance with CFIR framework, we will then extract enablers and barriers to implementation related to CFIR constructs into an Excel spreadsheet from where it will be transferred to NVivo for further analysis and synthesis (see Supplementary File 3). For the purposes of this review the construct of intervention/innovation will be social media use for youth mental health promotion. Characteristics of innovation (e.g. relative advantage, cost, complexity, credibility etc) will be coded into facilitators and barriers to its implementation (Supplementary File 3). The two extraction templates will be piloted by two reviewers on three included studies. Reviewers will agree on the extraction process and the final layout and design of extraction templates, which will be modified if necessary and used to extract the data for the rest of the included studies. Data extraction will be then performed by YKOD and reviewed by another researcher. Conflicts will be resolved by consensus between two or more researchers if required. Any revisions made to the original protocol will be discussed by the research team and the PPI team, and relevant updates will be made to the online version of the protocol registered on Open Science Framework (OSF) and on the HRB Open. Quality assessment Critical appraisal of primary studies will also be conducted using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) ( Hong et al. , 2018 ), which allows for the methodological appraisal of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies. Whereas no articles will be excluded based upon their MMAT evaluation, the research team consider it best practice to present aggregated quality criterion ratings of included studies with anticipated high levels of heterogeneity across them. Data synthesis and presentation of results CFIR constructs will be used at the synthesis stage to map implementation determinants ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ). Following JBI methodological guidance for the conduct of mixed methods reviews, the convergent integrative approach will be used for data coding and narrative synthesis, whereby quantitative results will be “qualitised” by being coded into constructs and subconstructs of the CFIR framework ( Damschroder et al. , 2022a ; Damschroder et al. , 2022b ; Stern et al. , 2020 ). Depending on the design of relevant mixed methods studies (sequential, concurrent or transformational), we will apply either convergent integrated approach allowing us to transform quantitative results into the CFIR coding framework, or convergent segregated approach whereby quantitative and qualitative data will be synthesised independently and then integrated into CFIR framework. The integrated data will be further analysed and synthesised in NVivo. To ensure rigour, trustworthiness and triangulation of results, inductive reflective thematic analysis will be conducted on qualitative data only ( Braun et al. , 2022 ). Two research team members will identify recurrent themes and subcategories within the constructs of CFIR coding framework. The PPI advisory team will be consulted on the labelling of key themes and the subsequent presentation and dissemination of results. A narrative description of the study results based on the synthesised CFIR and thematic framework will be presented. The overall results of the scoping review will be presented in a table according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The CFIR constructs, facilitators and barriers to implementation and key themes identified in the scoping review will be used for the development of the interview schedule and further analysis for the qualitative phase of the project, and feed into the design of an implementation blueprint for the Irish Department of Health and the development of youth-tailored national mental health social media campaigns. Limitations Limitations may include not identifying all relevant sources, as well as subjectivity of the researchers during screening, extraction, analysis and synthesis stages. Adherence to PRISMA-Sr screening and reporting principles, CFIR coding framework, coding by more than one researcher and reflective collaborative work with PPI advisory team will reduce any potential biases. Conclusion This is an innovative scoping review which is guided at all stages by Implementation Science principles and PPI team involvement through consultation and engagement. The review extends the work of previous reviews by focusing explicitly on the identification of barriers and enablers to the use of social media as a mental health promotion tool in young people, and synthesising findings both deductively and inductively. Identifying the barriers and enablers to the use of social media for youth mental health promotion will inform Irish mental health policy, contribute to the design and development of youth-tailored social media campaigns, and improve our knowledge base both nationally and internationally. Ethics and consent Ethical approval and consent were not required for this scoping review. Data availability Underlying data No data are associated with this article. Extended data Open Science Framework: SOCMED PRISMA-ScR Checklist. https://osf.io/p7cty/ ( Kartalova-O’Doherty, 2025 ). This project contains the following extended data: 1) Supplementary File 1 PRISMA-ScR checklist.docx https://osf.io/p7cty/files/osfstorage/68406278b7ca8f1f77a4d9ae 2) Supplementary File 2 Extraction tool for key source details.docx https://osf.io/p7cty/files/osfstorage/684064032f6e48d191ab80c0 3) Supplementary File 3 Extraction tool for CFIR constructs (Excel).docx https://osf.io/p7cty/files/osfstorage/6840643c5c7845aad9d6a2e6 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Author contributions Corresponding author: Louise Doyle ( [email protected] ) Authors Author CRediT roles Kartalova-O’Doherty, Y. Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Cannon, M. Conceptualisation, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review and Editing Sheaf, G. Data Curation, Investigation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Higgins, A. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Keogh, B. Writing – Review & Editing Watters, S. Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Longe, O. Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Anand-Vembar, S. Writing – Review & Editing Staines, L . Writing – Review and Editing McEvoy, D. Writing – Review & Editing Murphy, R. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing O’Keeffe, D. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Horkan, N . Writing – Review & Editing Gallant, A.J. Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Wilson, C. Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Darker, C.D. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Ryan, L . Methodology; Writing – Review & Editing Lyne, J.P. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing McDonald, C . Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Healy, C . Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Donohue, G. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Cotter, D. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Burke, S. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology O’Connor, K. Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Mongan, D . Conceptualisation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Doyle, L. 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Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Trinity College Dublin School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dublin, Leinster, D02 T283, Ireland 2 Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, D02 YN77, Ireland 3 Ussher Library, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Leinster, D02 PN40, Ireland 4 Dublin City University School of Nursing Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin, Leinster, D09 V209, Ireland 5 Mental Health Ireland, Dun Laoghaire, Leinster, A96 E289, Ireland 6 Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, D24 DH74, Ireland 7 National University of Ireland Galway School of Psychology, Galway, County Galway, Ireland 8 National University of Ireland Galway Department of Psychiatry, Galway, County Galway, Ireland 9 Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 10 Centre for Health Policy and Management, Trinity College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland 11 Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral science, University College Cork Department of Medicine, Cork, County Cork, Ireland 12 Queen's University Belfast Centre for Public Health, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Yulia Kartalova-O'Doherty Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mary Cannon Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Greg Sheaf Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Agnes Higgins Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Brian Keogh Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Watters Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Olivia Longe Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Shaakya Anand-Vembar Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Lorna Staines Roles: Writing – Review & Editing David McEvoy Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Rebecca Murphy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Donal O'Keeffe Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Nicole Horkan Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Allyson J. Gallant Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Caroline Wilson Roles: Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Catherine D. Darker Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Leona Ryan Roles: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing John Paul Lyne Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Colm McDonald Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Colm Healy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Gary Donohue Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing David Cotter Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Sara Burke Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Karen O'Connor Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology David Mongan Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology Louise Doyle Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This study was funded by the Health Research Board (HRB) Applied Programme Grant APRO-2023-023 (reference: 9610). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 01 Jul 2025, 8:73 https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.14184.1 Copyright © 2025 Kartalova-O'Doherty Y et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. 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