Strength asymmetries and their impact on landing dynamics during counter movement jump and drop jump tests in professional female basketball players

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Gencer, Erkan Güven, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Injury prevention is a critical concern for female basketball players, particularly in preventing lower limb injuries associated with improper landing mechanics. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength (knee, hip, ankle, and trunk) and landing kinematics during Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jump (DJ) tasks in female basketball players. Specifically, the objectives were to (1) compare strength discrepancies between dominant and non-dominant limbs, (2) compare landing metrics during CMJ and DJ tasks, and (3) examine the interactions between muscle strength and landing, braking and sway components to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players. Methods A total of 25 professional female basketball players (age: 16.18 ± 1.74 years; height: 177.6 ± 7.44 cm; body weight: 66.21 ± 9.86 kg) participating in the study. Isokinetic muscle strength tests were conducted to assess knee, hip, ankle, and trunk strength. CMJ and DJ tests were performed on a force plate to evaluate landing mechanics. Results Significant strength differences were found between dominant and non-dominant limbs, with the dominant limb demonstrating greater strength in knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups (p < 0.05). Landing metrics revealed that non-dominant limbs exhibited higher peak braking forces, average braking forces, and sway measures during both CMJ and DJ tasks (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed negative significant relationships between muscle strength and landing/braking forces during both CMJ and DJ landing tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings highlight the significant role of lower limb and trunk muscle strength in optimizing landing mechanics and reducing injury risks in female basketball players. Specific muscle strength imbalances between limbs were associated with altered landing kinematics, suggesting that strength training interventions targeting both limbs could enhance performance and mitigate injury risks. Counter movement jump drop jump postural sway force power impulse Introduction Injury prevention is a top priority for female basketball players, as the dynamic and high-impact nature of the sport increases the risk of lower limb and trunk injuries [ 1 ]. Given the frequent demands for jumping, landing, and rapid directional changes, understanding the role of muscle strength in landing kinematics is essential for developing effective injury prevention strategies [ 2 ]. The strength of key muscle groups, particularly the knee, hip, ankle, and trunk extensors and flexors, directly influence the control of landing mechanics and the ability to withstand the forces generated during the tests such as the countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) which can simulate these movements and are particularly relevant for assessing landing kinematics and injury risk [ 3 , 4 ]. Proper landing mechanics are crucial for minimizing injury risk, especially for common injuries in basketball, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, ankle sprains, and lower back strains [ 5 , 6 ]. Determining the interactions between the metrics obtained during the landing and braking phases of CMJ and DJ and muscle strength profiles of lower and upper extremity muscles may play a crucial role in designing injury prevention strategies for female basketball players. For instance, during these activities, the knee, hip, ankle, and trunk extensor and flexor muscles play essential roles in controlling landing mechanics, absorbing shock, and maintaining balance. Proper muscle strength in these areas is crucial for minimizing injury risks, particularly for knee, ankle, and lower back injuries, which are common in female basketball players [ 7 ]. However, while general research on muscle strength and landing mechanics exists, specific studies addressing the role of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscle strength on landing kinematics during CMJ and DJ in female basketball players are sparse. Considering the complementary roles of these specific muscle groups during the landing and braking phases of CMJ and DJ, each muscle group has distinct roles during these tasks. For example, knee extensor strength, particularly in the quadriceps, is critical for controlling the deceleration of the body upon landing, and for preventing knee valgus, a common movement associated with ACL injuries [ 8 ]. Hip extensor muscles, such as the gluteus maximus and hamstrings, contribute to stabilizing the pelvis and controlling trunk alignment during landings, helping to reduce excessive forward lean and the risk of lower back and hip injuries [ 9 – 11 ]. Similarly, the strength of ankle extensors (gastrocnemius and soleus) and flexors (tibialis anterior) are necessary to manage the impact forces during foot contact with the ground [ 12 ]. Ankle extensor strength aids in push-off during takeoff and stabilizes the foot and ankle during landing, while ankle flexors help in controlling foot descent and distributing the landing forces evenly [ 13 ]. Furthermore, trunk muscle strength, which helps maintain proper posture and minimize lateral and anterior-posterior sway during landing, is also crucial for postural stability [ 14 ]. A weak trunk can lead to excessive sway and imbalance, which increases the risk of lower extremity and spinal injuries. Although trunk stability has been shown to influence landing performance in other athletic populations, its specific role in the landing mechanics of female basketball players, particularly during CMJ and DJ, has not been extensively studied. Also, despite their importance, there is limited research focusing specifically on the role of these muscles in CMJ and DJ landing kinematics in female basketball players. Additionally, practitioners often extract and analyze various force-time metrics from the CMJ and DJ, including jump height, modified reactive strength index, impulse, peak power, average power, as well as the rate of force development and rate of power development during both the concentric and eccentric phases of the jump during the propulsion phase of these tasks [ 15 ]. However, metrics obtained during the landing and braking phases of these testing modalities can help monitor athletes' neuromuscular fatigue and readiness over time, as well as track progress and tailor training strategies to individual needs [ 16 , 17 ]. For this reason, rather than the components obtained during the propulsion phase of these tasks, metrics such as force, impulse and power during braking and landing obtained during CMJ and DJ may portray how well an athlete can decelerate and absorb impact upon propulsion as they also highlight the efficiency of energy transfer during deceleration phases, which is vital for reducing the risk of joint injuries [ 18 , 19 ]. On the other hand, these metrics may provide insights into the forces experienced during landing, directly correlating with the potential for stress on the lower extremities [ 20 ]. In addition to force, impulse, and power components during landing and braking, parameters such as ML (medial-lateral) and AP (anteroposterior) sway may reflect dynamic balance and stability during landing, which influences risk of injury, especially for non-contact knee injuries like ACL tears [ 21 ]. Nevertheless, while existing literature highlights the importance of individual muscle groups in landing mechanics, the interaction between knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscle strength and landing kinematics during CMJ and DJ in female basketball players remains underexplored. Most studies on landing mechanics have either focused on isolated muscle groups or generalized findings across sports, leaving a gap in the understanding of how these muscle strengths specifically influence landing and braking performance to profile injury risk in female basketball athletes. With this in mind, we aimed (1) to compare the strength discrepancies in knee and hip extension and flexion, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (2) to compare the metrics of propulsion, braking, and landing phases during CMJ and DJ tests as well as the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) sway components between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (3) to examine the interactions among the muscle strengths of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles and the components of the landing, braking, and sway patterns during CMJ and DJ tasks to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players. Methods Participants A total of 25 professional female basketball players were recruited for this study (age: 16.18 ± 1.74 years; height: 177.6 ± 7.44 cm; body weight: 66.21 ± 9.86 kg; body mass index: 20.91 ± 1.89 kg/m 2 ; percent fat mass: 21.62%; total fat mass: 14.41 ± 4.02 kg; total muscle mass: 48.72 ± 6.60 kg). Participants were required to have previous experience in jumping activities and no history of musculoskeletal injury in the lower extremities for at least six months prior to the study. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. Anthropometric measurements The anthropometric parameters (body fat mass, lean body mass, body weight) were assessed using Bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita 418-MA Japan). The heights of the participants were measured with a stadiometer in the standing position (Holtain Ltd. U.K.). All test sessions were conducted at 24-hour intervals. The evaluation of isokinetic knee muscle performance Isokinetic knee extensor (con) and flexor (con) muscle strength performance were evaluated using a HUMAC NORM isokinetic dynamometer (CSMI, USA) whilst the participants were seated in the upright position with the hips flexed at an angle of 90°. During the test, the hips and thighs of participants were stabilized through pelvic and thigh straps. Each participant performed dynamometer trials over a series of 10 submaximal repetitions (about 50% maximum voluntary contraction), both during flexion and extension at 180°/s. Following the warm-up session, each participant performed 5 maximal bilateral knee extension repetitions in an isokinetic test protocol at an angular velocity of 60°/s to determine isokinetic peak moment strength. The participants were asked to perform as quickly as possible and at a maximal effort. They were also told to grasp the handles at the sides of the chair throughout the warm-up and the test. Gravitational corrections were made before all test sessions to avoid the effect of limb weight on moment production. The participants underwent the same protocol for both legs during all isokinetic testing sessions. The evaluation of isokinetic hip muscle performance On the third visit to the laboratory, participants laid supine on the dynamometer chair with the chair back completely flattened to measure hip flexion/extension peak moment strength at an angular velocity of 60°/s. The tested hip was at 0° of flexion, with 90° of knee flexion, and secured into a brace. The tested thigh was strapped to the dynamometer pad at the femur level. The non-tested thigh stabilized to the dynamometer chair at 0° of hip flexion. The pelvis and trunk were strapped to the dynamometer chair to prevent undesirable movements throughout the test. The evaluation of isokinetic ankle muscle performance In the following test session, the participants performed isokinetic ankle muscle strength measurements at an angular velocity of 60°/s in the supine position for the assessment of ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion peak moments. Additional straps were used to stabilize the participant during ankle testing. Ankle ROM was determined as the participant's maximum plantar and dorsiflexion. After the standard joint-specific warm-up and 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 maximal concentric plantar flexion repetitions at 60°/s. At the end of each repetition, participants were told to relax, and the ankle was returned to the starting position. After 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 subsequent concentric dorsiflexion repetitions at 60°/s using the same design. The evaluation of isokinetic trunk muscle performance In the final session, isokinetic trunk muscle strength was measured. All participants performed trunk flexion and extension with the trunk modular component adapter. The dynamometer and the testing frame were stabilized and secured using straps at the feet, distal quadriceps, and pelvic area distal to the anterior superior iliac spine for each participant during the test for effective testing. Each participant was told to move superiorly or inferiorly via adjustable footplates to optimize their alignment of the clinical anatomical axis with the input axis shaft of the dynamometer. Throughout the testing, the participants were instructed to place their hands across the chest and grasp the anterior trunk bar. The range of motion during the testing was set from 0 deg extension to 90 deg flexion for all participants. Upon completion of a standard joint-specific warm-up and 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 maximal concentric trunk flexion reps at 60 o /s. They were instructed to relax and move back to the starting position after each repetition. After completion of trunk flexion measures, each participant performed 5 reciprocal concentric maximal trunk extension reps at 60 o /s. For all participants, trunk flexion testing was performed first, followed by trunk extension. Countermovement jump test After completing the warm-up procedures, athletes performed three countermovement jumps (CMJs), with a 15–30 second rest interval between each jump to ensure sufficient recovery and minimize fatigue effects. The highest jump height was recorded for further analysis. Data was gathered using Hawkin Dynamics unidimensional dual force platforms (Hawkin Dynamics, Westbrook, ME, USA) at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The force plates were calibrated and zeroed before data collection. Athletes were instructed to step onto the force plate, stand still with their hands on their hips for 2–3 seconds, and then jump as quickly and as high as possible while maintaining their hand placement throughout the movement. Data collection was triggered by a visual and auditory signal from a tripod-mounted tablet in front of the athlete. Verbal encouragement was provided during each jump to ensure maximal effort. Participants performed the CMJ after a standardized warm-up, which included 5 minutes of light aerobic exercise followed by dynamic stretching (e.g., leg swings, high knees). Following the warm-up, participants were instructed to stand upright on the force plate with their hands placed on their hips to avoid arm swing interference. The participants were asked to bend their knees to approximately 90° to initiate the countermovement, followed by an explosive upward jump with maximal effort. They were instructed to land softly on the force plate with both feet simultaneously. The leg that was used to propel the body during CMJ and DJ tasks was determined as dominant leg. Drop jump test The DJ test was performed using a standard height-adjustable platform (box height = 30 cm). Before testing, participants performed a standardized warm-up routine, including 5 minutes of light aerobic exercise and dynamic stretching to increase flexibility and reduce injury risk. The DJ test was conducted in the following manner: participants stood atop the box, with their feet shoulder-width apart. Upon the signal, participants were instructed to step off the box, fall to the ground, and immediately perform a maximal vertical jump upon landing. The jump was considered valid if the participant could maintain proper landing mechanics (knees slightly bent, feet flat on the floor) without any additional step or stumble after landing. Each participant completed three trials with at least 60 seconds of rest between trials to minimize fatigue effects. Equipment setup, calibration, and data collection Before any data collection, the Hawkins Dynamics force plate was calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure accurate measurements and data consistency [ 22 ]. The force plate was placed on a stable, flat surface, and the connection to the data acquisition system was checked for functionality. Calibration involved setting up the sampling frequency (between 1000 to 2000 Hz) to ensure high temporal resolution of force signals during dynamic movements. The peak and average values for each force variable were identified during specific phases of the jumps, including the braking, landing, and propulsive phases. The sway measurements were calculated based on the center of pressure movements during the stance phase of each task. Averages across all trials were computed for each participant for further analysis. The data collection process for this study involved the use of a Hawkins Dynamics force plate to measure various biomechanical parameters during two specific athletic movements: the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and the Drop Jump (DJ). The forces involved in these movements were captured to assess multiple aspects of physical performance, including braking forces, propulsive forces, and sway characteristics. The measured variables include peak braking force, average braking force, peak propulsive force, average propulsive force, peak force at landing, average force at landing, mediolateral (ML) sway length, anteroposterior (AP) sway length, sway length, ML sway range, AP sway range, sway range, average ML sway velocity, average AP sway velocity, sway velocity, average braking force, peak braking force, braking impulse, average braking power, peak braking power, and average landing force. Participants were instructed to perform both the CMJ and DJ in a controlled environment with proper warm-up and standardization of instructions. The order of the tasks was randomized to minimize any order effects on performance. For the CMJ, participants were asked to begin in a standing position and perform a countermovement before jumping vertically as high as possible. The DJ task involved participants stepping off a box and immediately jumping vertically upon landing. During both tasks, participants were asked to focus on maximal effort with instructions to land with minimal impact. A series of three successful trials for each task were collected, with a brief rest period between trials to minimize fatigue. The force plate was embedded into the ground to measure vertical and horizontal forces during each trial [ 23 – 26 ]. The force data was recorded and analyzed for the variables presented in Table 1 . Table 1 List and definitions of force–time metrics examined in the present study. Variables Definition Peak Braking Force: The maximum negative force experienced during the braking phase of the jump, typically during landing [ 23 ]. Average Braking Force: The mean force exerted during the braking phase [ 25 ]. Peak Propulsive Force: The maximum positive force exerted during the propulsive phase of the jump [ 22 ]. Average Propulsive Force: The mean force exerted during the propulsive phase of the jump [ 25 ]. Peak Force at Landing: The maximum force recorded immediately after contact with the ground [ 26 ]. Average Force at Landing: The mean force during the landing phase [ 25 ]. Mediolateral (ML) Sway Length: The distance covered by the participant’s center of mass in the mediolateral direction during the task [ 24 ]. Anteroposterior (AP) Sway Length: The distance covered by the participant’s center of mass in the anteroposterior direction during the task [ 24 ]. Sway Length: The total distance covered both ML and AP directions. ML Sway Range: The range of motion in the mediolateral direction [ 24 ]. AP Sway Range: The range of motion in the anteroposterior direction. Sway Range: The total range of sway in both directions. Average ML Sway Velocity: The mean velocity of sway in the mediolateral direction. Average AP Sway Velocity: The mean velocity of sway in the anteroposterior direction. Sway Velocity: The overall velocity of the center of mass during sway. Braking Impulse: The integral of the braking force over time, reflecting the impulse delivered during landing [ 22 ]. Braking Power: The rate at which energy is absorbed during the braking phase [ 25 ]. Landing Force: The total vertical force experienced during landing. Insert Table 1 here Statistical analysis The Shapiro-Wilk test and Q-Q plots confirmed that the normality assumption was not violated. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to identify statistically significant differences in the muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant limbs and the metrics during CMJ and DJ tests, with Cohen’s d used to measure effect sizes (small: d ≥ 0.2, medium: d ≥ 0.5, large: d ≥ 0.8). Cohen’s d = (M 2 – M 1 ) ⁄ SD pooled where; SD pooled = √((SD 1 2 + SD 2 2 ) ⁄ 2) The interactions among muscle strength components and the components of CMJ and DJ during landing tasks were tested using a Pearson product moment correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Graphs were created with GraphPad Prism 6. Results The results of paired comparisons showed that knee extension (p = 0.042, Cohen’s d: 0.40), knee flexion (p = 0.040, Cohen’s d: 0.49), hip extension (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.03), hip flexion (p = 0.044, Cohen’s d: 0.69), plantarflexion (p = 0.018, Cohen’s d: 0.73), and dorsiflexion (p = 0.012, Cohen’s d: 1.23) of right (dominant) limb was significantly greater than the left (non-dominant) limb during isokinetic screenings (Table 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of dominant and non-dominant muscle strength profiles of lower extremity muscles Variables (Mean ± SD) Std. Error Mean 95% CI of the Difference t df Sig ES Right Left Lower Upper Knee extension (Nm) 110.12 ± 26.36 100.48 ± 21.72 4.50 .356 18.92 2.14 24 0.042 0.40 Knee flexion (Nm) 69.00 ± 15.26 61.12 ± 16.56 2.67 .62 10.38 1.83 24 0.040 0.49 Hip extension (Nm) 149.76 ± 39.17 117.08 ± 22.24 4.60 23.18 42.18 7.10 24 0.000 1.03 Hip flexion (Nm) 78.52 ± 14.19 67.40 ± 17.63 2.34 1.71 7.95 1.33 24 0.044 0.69 Plantarflexion (Nm) 60.46 ± 15.67 48.75 ± 16.37 5.43 10.48 32.94 3.99 24 0.018 0.73 Dorsiflexion (Nm) 51.84 ± 11.84 39.32 ± 8.20 2.99 10.34 22.70 5.52 24 0.012 1.23 Notes: Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. ES: effect size. Cohen’s d was used to measure effect sizes (small: d ≥ 0.2, medium: d ≥ 0.5, large: d ≥ 0.8). Insert Table 2 here There were no statistically significant differences in peak braking force (p = 0.559, Cohen’s d: 0.10), average braking force (p = 0.059, Cohen’s d: 0.27), peak propulsive force (p = 0.722, Cohen’s d: 0.05), average propulsive force (p = 0.878, Cohen’s d: 0.02), peak force at landing (p = 0.066, Cohen’s d: 0.40), average force at landing (p = 0.0552, Cohen’s d: 0.40) between dominant and non-dominant limb during CMJ test. Similarly, average propulsive force (p = 0.237, Cohen’s d: 0.17), between dominant and non-dominant limb during DJ test was not significantly different. However, peak braking force (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 2.05), average braking force (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 4.41), peak propulsive force (p = 0.004, Cohen’s d: 1.08), peak force at landing (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 0.35), average force at landing (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 0.30) of non-dominant limb were significantly greater than dominant limb during DJ test, respectively. Paired comparisons showed that ML sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 0.44), AP sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 3.99), sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 4.42), ML sway range (p = 0.002, Cohen’s d: 0.96), AP sway range (p = 0.030, Cohen’s d: 0.58), sway range (p = 0.035, Cohen’s d: 0.49), average ML sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.67), average AP sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.63), and sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.76) was significantly greater in non-dominant limb compared to dominant limb during CMJ tasks. Similarly, ML sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 3.59), AP sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 2.78), sway length (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 3.65), ML sway range (p = 0.004, Cohen’s d: 0.80), AP sway range (p = 0.003, Cohen’s d: 0.79), sway range (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.02), average ML sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 1.43), average AP sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 2.17), and sway velocity (p = 0.000, Cohen’s d: 2.25) of non-dominant limb were significantly greater compared to dominant limb during DJ tasks (Table 3 ). Table 3 Comparison of force-time metrics of dominant and non-dominant limbs during CMJ and DJ landing and braking phases Variables (Mean ± SD) Right Left Std. Error Mean 95% CI of the Difference t df Sig ES Lower Upper CMJ- Peak braking force (N) 674.96 ± 111.39 685.44 ± 103.94 17.66910 -25.98723 46.94723 .593 24 .559 0.10 CMJ- Average braking force (N) 498.52 ± 102.25 525.77 ± 87.97 13.74208 -1.11854 55.60599 1.983 24 .059 0.27 CMJ- Peak propulsive force (N) 712.44 ± 91.71 716.92 ± 96.30 12.43746 -21.18965 30.14965 .360 24 .722 0.05 CMJ- Average propulsive force (N) 597.91 ± 77.66 599.46 ± 88.66 10.02994 -19.14596 22.25561 .155 24 .878 0.02 CMJ- Peak force at landing (N) 1779.88 ± 480.20 1605.52 ± 387.10 90.47832 -12.37807 361.09807 1.927 24 .066 0.40 CMJ- Average force at landing (N) 437.07 ± 106.42 456.14 ± 125.57 31.65016 -46.24902 84.39640 .603 24 .552 0.40 CMJ- ML sway length (cm) 6.12 ± 6.68 39.24 ± 9.95 2.84001 -38.98456 -27.26157 -11.663 24 .000 0.44 CMJ- AP sway length (cm) 12.34 ± 7.41 41.33 ± 7.12 2.37688 -33.89567 -24.08441 -12.197 24 .000 3.99 CMJ- Sway length (cm) 15.86 ± 11.81 70.85 ± 13.04 4.23323 -63.72676 -46.25283 -12.990 24 .000 4.42 CMJ- ML sway range (cm) 2.74 ± 1.53 3.96 ± 0.94 .34506 -1.93268 − .50834 -3.537 24 .002 0.96 CMJ- AP sway range (cm) 6.88 ± 1.83 8.76 ± 4.23 .81662 .20223 3.57308 2.312 24 .030 0.58 CMJ- Sway range (cm) 7.98 ± 1.87 9.48 ± 3.86 .80752 − .16438 3.16889 1.860 24 .035 0.49 CMJ- Average ML sway velocity (cm/s) 3.73 ± 0.95 9.29 ± 4.62 .93360 3.63500 7.48872 5.957 24 .000 1.67 CMJ- Average AP sway velocity (cm/s) 3.93 ± 0.68 26.05 ± 19.21 3.82465 14.22583 30.01323 5.783 24 .000 1.63 CMJ- Sway velocity (cm/s) 6.74 ± 1.25 30.09 ± 18.73 3.72304 15.66779 31.03574 6.272 24 .000 1.76 DJ- Peak braking force (N) 1014.31 ± 138.32 1553.10 ± 345.23 68.03155 -685.61 -391.97 -22.490 24 .000 2.05 DJ- Average braking force (N) 956.25 ± 96.85 1345.87 ± 78.96 4.10514 -438.59 -340.65 -5.246 24 .000 4.41 DJ- Peak propulsive force (N) 1431.27 ± 102.22 1537.76 ± 95.63 38.92906 -200.67 -12.85 3.216 24 .004 1.08 DJ- Average propulsive force (N) 1136.48 ± 237.84 1167.60 ± 233.90 25.67744 -21.87564 84.11564 1.212 24 .237 0.17 DJ- Peak force at landing (N) 3707.92 ± 967.13 3952.45 ± 187.10 186.48790 -630.65 141.59 -15.262 24 .000 0.35 DJ- Average force at landing (N) 3521.26 ± 705.13 3754.89 ± 860.70 105.15798 -670.36 203.10 16.590 24 .000 0.30 DJ- ML sway length (cm) 9.20 ± 7.02 40.43 ± 10.11 2.44377 26.18575 36.27315 12.779 24 .000 3.59 DJ- AP sway length (cm) 14.66 ± 7.33 44.22 ± 13.11 3.16145 23.04386 36.09367 9.353 24 .000 2.78 DJ- Sway length (cm) 20.26 ± 11.23 74.16 ± 17.60 4.33724 44.95334 62.85658 12.428 24 .000 3.65 DJ- ML sway range (cm) 4.05 ± 1.25 5.24 ± 1.69 .77719 -2.80055 .40752 -1.540 24 .004 0.80 DJ- AP sway range (cm) 7.36 ± 3.09 10.26 ± 4.18 .87081 -4.69769 -1.10316 -3.331 24 .003 0.79 DJ- Sway range (cm) 8.64 ± 3.17 12.23 ± 3.82 .72562 -5.26212 -2.26692 -5.188 24 .000 1.02 DJ- Average ML sway velocity (cm/s) 3.84 ± 0.96 8.22 ± 4.23 .85739 -6.14411 -2.60497 -5.102 24 .000 1.43 DJ- Average AP sway velocity (cm/s) 4.20 ± 1.24 15.43 ± 7.20 1.47440 -14.27477 -8.18873 -7.618 24 .000 2.17 DJ- Sway velocity (cm/s) 7.05 ± 1.67 19.92 ± 7.91 1.63632 -16.25167 -9.49726 -7.868 24 .000 2.25 Notes: Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. CMJ: counter movement jump, DJ: drop jump, AP: anteroposterior, ML: mediolateral. ES: effect size. Cohen’s d was used to measure effect sizes (small: d ≥ 0.2, medium: d ≥ 0.5, large: d ≥ 0.8). Insert Table 3 here The results of Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed negative significant interactions among muscle strength components and the components of CMJ and DJ during landing tasks. The results showed that knee extension muscle strength was inversely correlated with average landing force during CMJ (r = − .433, p = 0.031). Muscle strength of knee extensors was also negatively correlated with peak braking force (r = − .534, p = 0.006), breaking impulse (r = − .481, p = 0.015), average braking power (r = − .422, p = 0.036), and average landing force (r = − .460, p = 0.021) during DJ landing phases. The results showed that knee flexion muscle strength was negatively correlated with average braking force (r = − .462, p = 0.020), braking impulse (r = − .515, p = 0.008), average braking power (r = − .408, p = 0.043), and average landing force (r = − .421, p = 0.036) during CMJ testing. Knee flexor muscle strength was also negatively correlated with average braking force (r = − .443, p = 0.027), braking impulse (r = − .623, p = 0.001), average braking power (r = − .536, p = 0.006), peak braking power (r = − .488, p = 0.013), and average landing force (r = − .519, p = 0.008) during landing phases of DJ tasks, respectively. Hip extensor muscle strength was also negatively correlated with braking impulse (r = − .413, p = 0.040) during CMJ while similar interactions were also found with braking impulse (r = − .548, p = 0.005), peak braking power (r = − .401, p = 0.043) and average landing force (r = − .503, p = 0.010) during DJ test. Similarly, hip flexion muscle strength was inversely correlated with braking impulse (r = − .454, p = 0.023), average braking power (r = − .401, p = 0.042), and peak braking power (r = − .431, p = 0.032) during CMJ as well as with peak braking force (r = − .416, p = 0.038), breaking impulse (r = − .536, p = 0.006) and peak braking power (r = − .404, p = 0.044) during DJ test. Trunk extensor muscle strength was found significantly associated with average braking force (r = − .466, p = 0.019), peak braking force (r = − .496, p = 0.012), braking impulse (r = − .445, p = 0.026), peak braking power (r = − .432, p = 0.031) and average landing force (r = − .413, p = 0.040) during CMJ while it was also negatively significantly correlated with average braking force (r = − .417, p = 0.038), braking impulse (r = − .474, p = 0.017 ) and average landing force (r = − .401, p = 0.042) during DJ test session. Trunk flexion muscle strength was also negatively correlated with average braking force (r = − .412, p = 0.041) and peak braking force (r = − .476, p = 0.018) during CMJ as well as with average landing force (r = − .457, p = 0.028), average braking force (r = − .537, p = 0.006), and average landing force (r = − .543, p = 0.006) during DJ test session. The results also showed negative significant correlations between plantarflexion muscle strength and average braking force (r = − .446, p = 0.029) during CMJ. Similarly, muscle strength of plantar flexors was also negatively correlated with peak braking force (r = − .445, p = 0.026), braking impulse (r = − .505, p = 0.012) and average landing force (r = − .501, p = 0.013) during DJ test. Dorsiflexion muscle strength was found negatively correlated with average landing force (r = − .411, p = 0.041) during CMJ while it was also inversely correlated with average breaking force (r = − .430, p = 0.032), peak braking force (r = − .534, p = 0.006) and average landing force (r = − .465, p = 0.019) during landing phases of DJ test (Table 4 ). Table 4 The interactions between muscle strength components and time-force metrics during CMJ and DJ landing and braking phases Variable Avg. Braking force- CMJ Peak Braking force- CMJ Braking Impulse-CMJ Avg. Braking Power-CMJ Peak Braking Power- CMJ Avg. Landing Force- CMJ Avg. Braking force- DJ Peak Braking force- DJ Braking Impulse-DJ Avg. Braking Power-DJ Peak Braking Power- DJ Avg. Landing Force- DJ KE − .433* − .534** − .481* − .422* − .460* KF − .462* − .515** − .408* − .421* − .443* − .623** − .536** − .488* − .519** HE − .413* − .548** − .401* − .503* HF − .454* − .401* − .431* − .416* − .536** − .404* TE − .466* − .496* − .445* − .432* − .413* − .417* − .474* − .401* TF − .412* − .476* − .457* − .537* − .543* PF − .446* − .445* − .505* − .501* DF − .411* − .430* − .534** − .465* Note: CMJ: counter movement jump, DJ: drop jump, KE: knee extension, KF: knee flexion, HE: hip extension, HF: hip flexion, TE: trunk extension, TF: trunk flexion, PF: plantarflexion, DF: dorsiflexion. **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Insert Table 4 here Discussion This study aimed: (1) to compare the strength discrepancies in knee and hip extension and flexion, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (2) to compare the metrics of propulsion, braking, and landing phases during CMJ and DJ tests as well as the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) sway components between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (3) to examine the interactions among the muscle strengths of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles and the components of the landing, braking, and sway patterns during CMJ and DJ tasks to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players. While existing literature has predominantly focused on individual muscle groups or generalized sports populations, this study uniquely examines the interactions among multiple muscle groups, knee, hip, ankle, and trunk, during landing tasks, thus addressing a gap in our understanding of how these muscle strengths specifically influence landing performance and injury risk in female basketball athletes. The results indicated significant differences in muscle strength between the right (dominant) and left (non-dominant) limbs, particularly in knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups, which had implications for landing mechanics and stability during these dynamic movements as well as substantial differences in postural sway patterns during the CMJ and DJ tasks. Muscle strength differences between limbs In line with previous research on unilateral strength discrepancies [ 27 ], our results indicated statistically significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in muscle strength during isokinetic testing. Our findings showed that the dominant limb consistently exhibited significantly greater strength across several muscle groups, specifically, knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip flexion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion all showed significant asymmetry (p < 0.05), with the dominant limb generally exhibiting stronger performance. The magnitude of these differences varied, with Cohen's d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.23, indicating small to moderate effect sizes for most variables. The difference in muscle strength between the two limbs could have an important impact on movement patterns, especially in sports that require rapid direction changes, like basketball. The findings are consistent with previous research that demonstrated significant strength asymmetries between limbs in athletes, particularly in lower body muscle groups, such as the quadriceps and hamstrings [ 28 ]. These asymmetries can affect an athlete’s movement efficiency, increasing the risk of injury if the weaker limb compensates for the stronger one during high-demand tasks [ 29 ]. In contrast, the non-dominant limb demonstrated increased postural sway values during both CMJ and DJ tasks, highlighting an imbalance in strength between the two limbs. The differences in sway could be indicative of compensatory strategies or increased neuromuscular demand on the non-dominant leg, potentially leading to a higher risk of injury [ 30 ]. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies [ 31 ], which suggested that the non-dominant limb may compensate for the greater load placed on the dominant limb during sporting activities, particularly in asymmetrical sports like basketball. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in key landing force parameters (e.g., peak braking and peak propulsive forces) between the dominant and non-dominant limbs during CMJ tasks, suggesting that despite the strength discrepancies, both limbs function similarly in the context of the CMJ. However, during DJ tasks, the non-dominant limb demonstrated significantly higher peak braking and landing forces, which aligns with prior findings suggesting that non-dominant limbs may be involved in more forceful eccentric actions to decelerate and stabilize the body after the drop [ 32 ]. Muscle strength and braking and landing mechanics The correlation analysis revealed significant negative relationships between various muscle strength components and braking and landing forces during both CMJ and DJ tasks. Specifically, greater strength in knee extensors, knee flexors, hip extensors, and other key muscle groups was associated with reduced braking forces and landing forces. This suggests that stronger muscles contribute to more efficient force attenuation during landing and braking, potentially reducing the risk of injury. The ability of strong muscles to dissipate forces effectively during landing is crucial for minimizing the risk of knee, ankle, and hip injuries, especially in high-impact sports like basketball [ 33 ]. These differences suggest that the dominant limb plays a more substantial role in producing force during dynamic movements like landing and braking. The higher strength in the dominant limb might be attributed to the habitual load bearing during various athletic activities, which often emphasize the use of the dominant leg for propulsion, stability, and balance [ 34 ]. This asymmetry in muscle strength has been well-documented in athletes, where the dominant leg typically shows superior strength due to repetitive use [ 35 ]. For example, knee extension strength negatively correlated with peak braking force and average landing force, indicating that stronger knee extensors may aid in controlling the deceleration forces at landing. Similarly, the strength of hip flexors and extensors showed inverse correlations with braking forces, suggesting their essential role in stabilizing the body during the landing phase and reducing excessive forces transmitted to the lower extremities. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening these muscle groups to enhance landing performance and minimize the impact on the joints [ 36 ]. The inverse relationships observed between muscle strength and landing forces, especially in knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles, suggest that stronger muscles in these groups may contribute to more controlled and efficient landing mechanics. This is supported by previous work that indicated greater muscle strength, particularly in the knee extensors and flexors, and is associated with reduced ground reaction forces during landing [ 37 ]. The negative correlations between knee extension and average landing force (r = -0.433) and knee flexion strength with peak braking force (r = -0.534) further emphasize the importance of these muscles in controlling the landing impact. Stronger knee flexors may also contribute to greater shock absorption during the landing phase, reducing the risk of injury [ 38 ]. Similarly, the hip extensors and flexors, which play a critical role in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling trunk motion during dynamic movements [ 39 ], were found to have significant negative correlations with braking force and braking impulse during both CMJ and DJ. This reinforces the idea that strong hip muscles help manage the eccentric forces encountered during landing, providing greater stability and reducing the likelihood of injury, particularly in female athletes who have been shown to be more susceptible to ACL injuries [ 5 ]. Additionally, trunk extensors and flexors were negatively correlated with braking forces during both CMJ and DJ tasks. These findings suggest that the trunk musculature plays a critical role in stabilizing the upper body and transferring forces during dynamic landings. Trunk muscle strength may help mitigate excessive postural sway and improve landing control [ 8 ]. The inverse relationship between trunk flexion strength and average landing force also indicates the potential importance of these muscles in controlling the body's descent and ensuring smooth landings. Ankle strength, both in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, also demonstrated significant negative correlations with landing forces, which suggests that ankle musculature is critical in modulating the forces during landing and propulsion phases. Previous studies have shown that strong ankle muscles help with deceleration and improve overall stability during high-impact activities [ 40 ]. Our findings that plantarflexion strength was negatively correlated with average braking force during both CMJ and DJ, and dorsiflexion strength with average landing force during CMJ, highlight the significant role of ankle strength in managing the forces involved in landing. When analyzing the braking and landing forces during the CMJ and DJ tests, the study found no significant differences in force parameters between limbs during the CMJ test. This suggests that for the CMJ, both limbs are able to absorb forces similarly, despite strength differences. However, during the DJ test, significant differences were observed, particularly in the non-dominant limb, which exhibited greater peak braking force, average braking force, and peak landing force (Table 2 ). These results suggest that the non-dominant limb may play a more significant role in force absorption and deceleration during landing from a drop, which may be due to its relative strength advantage in some of the muscle groups. These findings are in line with previous research that noted that asymmetries in muscle strength can influence how forces are distributed during landing [ 41 , 42 ]. Muscle strength and postural sway and control during landing The significant differences in postural sway during both CMJ and DJ tasks between the dominant and non-dominant limbs suggest that the asymmetry in muscle strength between the limbs may also affect postural control. The increased sway observed in the non-dominant limb could reflect an impaired ability to stabilize and maintain equilibrium, particularly during dynamic tasks like landing [ 43 ]. This imbalance in postural control could lead to compensatory movement patterns and potentially increase the risk of lower extremity injuries. The results of this study showed significant differences in the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) sway metrics, with the non-dominant limb exhibiting greater sway in both CMJ and DJ tasks (Table 2 ). Increased sway could reflect poorer stability during the landing phases, which might elevate the risk of injuries like ankle sprains or knee ligament injuries [ 44 , 45 ]. Also, our results showed that the non-dominant limb demonstrated greater sway length, range, and velocity across both sway directions. This suggests that the non-dominant limb might exhibit a higher level of instability during landing and braking, which could affect the athlete’s ability to control balance post-landing. These findings are consistent with previous studies, which have indicated that asymmetries in muscle strength can affect postural control and stability [ 46 ]. The negative correlations observed between muscle strength and braking and landing components imply that greater strength in certain muscle groups, particularly those involved in hip, knee, and ankle stabilization, can enhance stability during dynamic landings (Table 3 ). Conclusion In conclusion, significant differences in muscle strength were observed between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in women basketball players, which influenced braking and landing forces, as well as postural sway during dynamic tasks like the CMJ and DJ. The present study emphasizes the importance of muscle strength, particularly in the knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups, in facilitating proper landing mechanics, reducing postural sway, and potentially lowering injury risk during high-impact sports such as basketball. The significant differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs underscore the need for targeted strength training interventions, especially for the non-dominant limb, to improve performance and prevent injury. These findings highlight the importance of addressing muscle strength asymmetries in training programs for female basketball players and suggest areas for future research to further explore the relationships between muscle strength, movement mechanics, and injury prevention. Practical implications Future research should further investigate the long-term effects of strength training programs on landing mechanics and injury prevention in female athletes, particularly focusing on the impact of asymmetries in muscle strength and the interactions between different muscle groups during dynamic sports movements. Strengthening both limbs, with particular attention to the non-dominant side, may improve performance and stability, leading to reduced injury risks and enhanced athletic performance. Future research should focus on developing specific strength training programs tailored to address these asymmetries and further explore the role of muscle strength in injury prevention. Given the significant correlations between muscle strength and braking/landing forces, as well as postural control, this study highlights the importance of strength training for female basketball players. Developing both the dominant and non-dominant limbs, particularly the knee extensors, knee flexors, hip extensors, and ankle muscles, should be a priority in injury prevention strategies. Programs that focus on enhancing strength asymmetry, improving bilateral muscle coordination, and enhancing postural control could mitigate the risk of injuries that arise during landing and deceleration phases, which are crucial in basketball. Enhancing strength in these muscle groups is important for managing ML and AP sway, as they may improve overall control and reduce the likelihood of joint destabilization. Injury prevention strategies for female basketball players should therefore focus on improving both muscular strength and landing biomechanics to better handle forces encountered during dynamic movements so that the interventions targeting these aspects can lead to a reduction in injury rates. Strengthening the non-dominant limb could be particularly beneficial, as the current study showed increased sway and a greater reliance on compensatory strategies in the non-dominant limb. Additionally, improving overall muscle balance and strength may enhance performance, improve movement efficiency, and reduce the risk of overuse injuries that often result from compensatory loading patterns. Targeting specific muscle groups, particularly those associated with knee, hip, ankle, and trunk strength, can be beneficial for enhancing landing control and minimizing the impact forces during high intensity landing tasks. Training protocols aimed at improving muscle strength in the non-dominant limb, especially in knee and hip extensors, could help reduce imbalances and improve overall performance and injury prevention. Furthermore, exercises focusing on improving trunk stability and ankle proprioception could be incorporated into training regimens to enhance postural control during dynamic movements like jumping and landing. The observed negative correlations between strength and sway components suggest that incorporating balance and stability training into the strength training regimen could further enhance performance and reduce injury risk. Limitations While this study provides valuable insights into the impact of muscle strength asymmetry on landing mechanics, there are several limitations to consider. The sample size, though sufficient for detecting significant differences, may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future studies with larger and more diverse populations, including male athletes and different sport disciplines, could help validate these results. Additionally, assessing muscle activation patterns using electromyography (EMG) during landing tasks would provide a more detailed understanding of how muscle coordination influences landing mechanics. Declarations Disclosure of funding: None Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest. Ethics approval and consent to participate : All participants were informed about the purpose, content, and potential risks and benefits of the study, and signed an informed consent. Participants under the age of 16 were allowed to participate in the current research provided their parent/ guardian had signed a written consent form. Prior to the study, parents or legally authorized guardians have read, or had been read, the entire consent form, including the risks and benefits of the research. Each parent or legally authorized guardian was informed that they were able to withdraw their child at any time. Parents or legally authorized guardians of the participants who signed consent forms were also provided a copy of the forms. The participants whose parents or legal guardians signed the consent forms also signed a written informed consent and gave assent form before participating in the study approved by the Mersin University Institutional Review Board (Protocol number: 2024-059, Date of approval: 10/24/2024) by the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Funding: None Authors' contributions: N.E.A. = main investigator, study design, and preparation of the manuscript; N.E.A., G.U., = study design, and preparation of the manuscript; G.U. = statistical analyses; G.U., N.E.A. = collected the data; N.E.A., G.A.T., E.G., Y.G.G. =contributed to the writing of the manuscript; N.E.A., G.U. = revised the manuscript., supervisor, proofreading. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgment: The authors would like to the participants involved in the study. References McKay MJ, Mattacola CG. Lower extremity strength and landing mechanics in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):654-61. Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Measurement of landing biomechanics: A comparison of three techniques. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(12):1185-93. Beaulieu LE, et al. The effects of jump-landing technique and strength on the risk of ACL injury in female athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(4):505-14. Kellis E, Katis A. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6132880","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":432491913,"identity":"ee27b906-1af0-44b9-800b-2db60aec4262","order_by":0,"name":"Nasuh Evrim Acar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZjDJ3gAiJUCEAZFaeA4ga0kgRosEQhV+Lebsx59JF9TYyZvPfJ34uOKPRR4De/M2CcYf93BqsezJMZOecSzZcM7t3M2GZ9skihl4jpVJMCQU49RicCCHTZqH7QDjDOncbZKNDRKJDRI5ZkAtuF1mcP75M2mefwfsZ0ie3f6z4Q9Qi/wbAlpuJJhJ87YdSJwhwbuNsYENZAsPIS1vjK15+5KTZ/DkbpZsbJNIbONJK7ZISMPnsPSHt3m+2dnOYD+78WPDn7rEfvbDG298sMGtBROwgQhSNIyCUTAKRsEowAQAHn1OB0JcU/EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Mersin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nasuh","middleName":"Evrim","lastName":"Acar","suffix":""},{"id":432491914,"identity":"74663458-707b-4138-bd3d-cbef374809da","order_by":1,"name":"Gökhan Umutlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kansas Medical Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gökhan","middleName":"","lastName":"Umutlu","suffix":""},{"id":432491915,"identity":"e2836758-6947-4747-8816-c59ff876cf3f","order_by":2,"name":"Yıldırım G. Gencer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mersin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yıldırım","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Gencer","suffix":""},{"id":432491916,"identity":"90ce2c8a-c8d7-47ef-8350-9ed8df930613","order_by":3,"name":"Erkan Güven","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mersin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erkan","middleName":"","lastName":"Güven","suffix":""},{"id":432491917,"identity":"84449998-1b84-4a13-8fe5-2fde6baf8cff","order_by":4,"name":"Gizem A. Taşman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mersin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gizem","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Taşman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-01 06:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01352-7","type":"published","date":"2025-09-29T15:56:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92883574,"identity":"59466985-e0a2-44d8-95c0-f968a6fb2fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 16:01:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1293229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6132880/v1/0f22901b-32c0-428f-9e70-ae8cfdda482e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Strength asymmetries and their impact on landing dynamics during counter movement jump and drop jump tests in professional female basketball players","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eInjury prevention is a top priority for female basketball players, as the dynamic and high-impact nature of the sport increases the risk of lower limb and trunk injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Given the frequent demands for jumping, landing, and rapid directional changes, understanding the role of muscle strength in landing kinematics is essential for developing effective injury prevention strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The strength of key muscle groups, particularly the knee, hip, ankle, and trunk extensors and flexors, directly influence the control of landing mechanics and the ability to withstand the forces generated during the tests such as the countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) which can simulate these movements and are particularly relevant for assessing landing kinematics and injury risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Proper landing mechanics are crucial for minimizing injury risk, especially for common injuries in basketball, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, ankle sprains, and lower back strains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the interactions between the metrics obtained during the landing and braking phases of CMJ and DJ and muscle strength profiles of lower and upper extremity muscles may play a crucial role in designing injury prevention strategies for female basketball players. For instance, during these activities, the knee, hip, ankle, and trunk extensor and flexor muscles play essential roles in controlling landing mechanics, absorbing shock, and maintaining balance. Proper muscle strength in these areas is crucial for minimizing injury risks, particularly for knee, ankle, and lower back injuries, which are common in female basketball players [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, while general research on muscle strength and landing mechanics exists, specific studies addressing the role of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscle strength on landing kinematics during CMJ and DJ in female basketball players are sparse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the complementary roles of these specific muscle groups during the landing and braking phases of CMJ and DJ, each muscle group has distinct roles during these tasks. For example, knee extensor strength, particularly in the quadriceps, is critical for controlling the deceleration of the body upon landing, and for preventing knee valgus, a common movement associated with ACL injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Hip extensor muscles, such as the gluteus maximus and hamstrings, contribute to stabilizing the pelvis and controlling trunk alignment during landings, helping to reduce excessive forward lean and the risk of lower back and hip injuries [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, the strength of ankle extensors (gastrocnemius and soleus) and flexors (tibialis anterior) are necessary to manage the impact forces during foot contact with the ground [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Ankle extensor strength aids in push-off during takeoff and stabilizes the foot and ankle during landing, while ankle flexors help in controlling foot descent and distributing the landing forces evenly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, trunk muscle strength, which helps maintain proper posture and minimize lateral and anterior-posterior sway during landing, is also crucial for postural stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. A weak trunk can lead to excessive sway and imbalance, which increases the risk of lower extremity and spinal injuries. Although trunk stability has been shown to influence landing performance in other athletic populations, its specific role in the landing mechanics of female basketball players, particularly during CMJ and DJ, has not been extensively studied. Also, despite their importance, there is limited research focusing specifically on the role of these muscles in CMJ and DJ landing kinematics in female basketball players.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, practitioners often extract and analyze various force-time metrics from the CMJ and DJ, including jump height, modified reactive strength index, impulse, peak power, average power, as well as the rate of force development and rate of power development during both the concentric and eccentric phases of the jump during the propulsion phase of these tasks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. However, metrics obtained during the landing and braking phases of these testing modalities can help monitor athletes' neuromuscular fatigue and readiness over time, as well as track progress and tailor training strategies to individual needs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. For this reason, rather than the components obtained during the propulsion phase of these tasks, metrics such as force, impulse and power during braking and landing obtained during CMJ and DJ may portray how well an athlete can decelerate and absorb impact upon propulsion as they also highlight the efficiency of energy transfer during deceleration phases, which is vital for reducing the risk of joint injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, these metrics may provide insights into the forces experienced during landing, directly correlating with the potential for stress on the lower extremities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to force, impulse, and power components during landing and braking, parameters such as ML (medial-lateral) and AP (anteroposterior) sway may reflect dynamic balance and stability during landing, which influences risk of injury, especially for non-contact knee injuries like ACL tears [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, while existing literature highlights the importance of individual muscle groups in landing mechanics, the interaction between knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscle strength and landing kinematics during CMJ and DJ in female basketball players remains underexplored. Most studies on landing mechanics have either focused on isolated muscle groups or generalized findings across sports, leaving a gap in the understanding of how these muscle strengths specifically influence landing and braking performance to profile injury risk in female basketball athletes. With this in mind, we aimed (1) to compare the strength discrepancies in knee and hip extension and flexion, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (2) to compare the metrics of propulsion, braking, and landing phases during CMJ and DJ tests as well as the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) sway components between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (3) to examine the interactions among the muscle strengths of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles and the components of the landing, braking, and sway patterns during CMJ and DJ tasks to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 25 professional female basketball players were recruited for this study (age: 16.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74 years; height: 177.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.44 cm; body weight: 66.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.86 kg; body mass index: 20.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e; percent fat mass: 21.62%; total fat mass: 14.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.02 kg; total muscle mass: 48.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.60 kg). Participants were required to have previous experience in jumping activities and no history of musculoskeletal injury in the lower extremities for at least six months prior to the study. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnthropometric measurements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anthropometric parameters (body fat mass, lean body mass, body weight) were assessed using Bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita 418-MA Japan). The heights of the participants were measured with a stadiometer in the standing position (Holtain Ltd. U.K.). All test sessions were conducted at 24-hour intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe evaluation of isokinetic knee muscle performance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsokinetic knee extensor (con) and flexor (con) muscle strength performance were evaluated using a HUMAC NORM isokinetic dynamometer (CSMI, USA) whilst the participants were seated in the upright position with the hips flexed at an angle of 90\u0026deg;. During the test, the hips and thighs of participants were stabilized through pelvic and thigh straps. Each participant performed dynamometer trials over a series of 10 submaximal repetitions (about 50% maximum voluntary contraction), both during flexion and extension at 180\u0026deg;/s. Following the warm-up session, each participant performed 5 maximal bilateral knee extension repetitions in an isokinetic test protocol at an angular velocity of 60\u0026deg;/s to determine isokinetic peak moment strength. The participants were asked to perform as quickly as possible and at a maximal effort. They were also told to grasp the handles at the sides of the chair throughout the warm-up and the test. Gravitational corrections were made before all test sessions to avoid the effect of limb weight on moment production. The participants underwent the same protocol for both legs during all isokinetic testing sessions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe evaluation of isokinetic hip muscle performance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the third visit to the laboratory, participants laid supine on the dynamometer chair with the chair back completely flattened to measure hip flexion/extension peak moment strength at an angular velocity of 60\u0026deg;/s. The tested hip was at 0\u0026deg; of flexion, with 90\u0026deg; of knee flexion, and secured into a brace. The tested thigh was strapped to the dynamometer pad at the femur level. The non-tested thigh stabilized to the dynamometer chair at 0\u0026deg; of hip flexion. The pelvis and trunk were strapped to the dynamometer chair to prevent undesirable movements throughout the test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe evaluation of isokinetic ankle muscle performance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the following test session, the participants performed isokinetic ankle muscle strength measurements at an angular velocity of 60\u0026deg;/s in the supine position for the assessment of ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion peak moments. Additional straps were used to stabilize the participant during ankle testing. Ankle ROM was determined as the participant's maximum plantar and dorsiflexion. After the standard joint-specific warm-up and 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 maximal concentric plantar flexion repetitions at 60\u0026deg;/s. At the end of each repetition, participants were told to relax, and the ankle was returned to the starting position. After 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 subsequent concentric dorsiflexion repetitions at 60\u0026deg;/s using the same design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe evaluation of isokinetic trunk muscle performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the final session, isokinetic trunk muscle strength was measured. All participants performed trunk flexion and extension with the trunk modular component adapter. The dynamometer and the testing frame were stabilized and secured using straps at the feet, distal quadriceps, and pelvic area distal to the anterior superior iliac spine for each participant during the test for effective testing. Each participant was told to move superiorly or inferiorly via adjustable footplates to optimize their alignment of the clinical anatomical axis with the input axis shaft of the dynamometer. Throughout the testing, the participants were instructed to place their hands across the chest and grasp the anterior trunk bar. The range of motion during the testing was set from 0 deg extension to 90 deg flexion for all participants. Upon completion of a standard joint-specific warm-up and 2 minutes of rest, each participant performed 5 maximal concentric trunk flexion reps at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/s. They were instructed to relax and move back to the starting position after each repetition. After completion of trunk flexion measures, each participant performed 5 reciprocal concentric maximal trunk extension reps at 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/s. For all participants, trunk flexion testing was performed first, followed by trunk extension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCountermovement jump test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter completing the warm-up procedures, athletes performed three countermovement jumps (CMJs), with a 15\u0026ndash;30 second rest interval between each jump to ensure sufficient recovery and minimize fatigue effects. The highest jump height was recorded for further analysis. Data was gathered using Hawkin Dynamics unidimensional dual force platforms (Hawkin Dynamics, Westbrook, ME, USA) at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The force plates were calibrated and zeroed before data collection. Athletes were instructed to step onto the force plate, stand still with their hands on their hips for 2\u0026ndash;3 seconds, and then jump as quickly and as high as possible while maintaining their hand placement throughout the movement. Data collection was triggered by a visual and auditory signal from a tripod-mounted tablet in front of the athlete. Verbal encouragement was provided during each jump to ensure maximal effort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants performed the CMJ after a standardized warm-up, which included 5 minutes of light aerobic exercise followed by dynamic stretching (e.g., leg swings, high knees). Following the warm-up, participants were instructed to stand upright on the force plate with their hands placed on their hips to avoid arm swing interference. The participants were asked to bend their knees to approximately 90\u0026deg; to initiate the countermovement, followed by an explosive upward jump with maximal effort. They were instructed to land softly on the force plate with both feet simultaneously. The leg that was used to propel the body during CMJ and DJ tasks was determined as dominant leg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDrop jump test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe DJ test was performed using a standard height-adjustable platform (box height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30 cm). Before testing, participants performed a standardized warm-up routine, including 5 minutes of light aerobic exercise and dynamic stretching to increase flexibility and reduce injury risk. The DJ test was conducted in the following manner: participants stood atop the box, with their feet shoulder-width apart. Upon the signal, participants were instructed to step off the box, fall to the ground, and immediately perform a maximal vertical jump upon landing. The jump was considered valid if the participant could maintain proper landing mechanics (knees slightly bent, feet flat on the floor) without any additional step or stumble after landing. Each participant completed three trials with at least 60 seconds of rest between trials to minimize fatigue effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEquipment setup, calibration, and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore any data collection, the Hawkins Dynamics force plate was calibrated according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions to ensure accurate measurements and data consistency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The force plate was placed on a stable, flat surface, and the connection to the data acquisition system was checked for functionality. Calibration involved setting up the sampling frequency (between 1000 to 2000 Hz) to ensure high temporal resolution of force signals during dynamic movements. The peak and average values for each force variable were identified during specific phases of the jumps, including the braking, landing, and propulsive phases. The sway measurements were calculated based on the center of pressure movements during the stance phase of each task. Averages across all trials were computed for each participant for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data collection process for this study involved the use of a Hawkins Dynamics force plate to measure various biomechanical parameters during two specific athletic movements: the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and the Drop Jump (DJ). The forces involved in these movements were captured to assess multiple aspects of physical performance, including braking forces, propulsive forces, and sway characteristics. The measured variables include peak braking force, average braking force, peak propulsive force, average propulsive force, peak force at landing, average force at landing, mediolateral (ML) sway length, anteroposterior (AP) sway length, sway length, ML sway range, AP sway range, sway range, average ML sway velocity, average AP sway velocity, sway velocity, average braking force, peak braking force, braking impulse, average braking power, peak braking power, and average landing force.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were instructed to perform both the CMJ and DJ in a controlled environment with proper warm-up and standardization of instructions. The order of the tasks was randomized to minimize any order effects on performance. For the CMJ, participants were asked to begin in a standing position and perform a countermovement before jumping vertically as high as possible. The DJ task involved participants stepping off a box and immediately jumping vertically upon landing. During both tasks, participants were asked to focus on maximal effort with instructions to land with minimal impact. A series of three successful trials for each task were collected, with a brief rest period between trials to minimize fatigue. The force plate was embedded into the ground to measure vertical and horizontal forces during each trial [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The force data was recorded and analyzed for the variables presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList and definitions of force\u0026ndash;time metrics examined in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Braking Force:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum negative force experienced during the braking phase of the jump, typically during landing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Braking Force:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean force exerted during the braking phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Propulsive Force:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum positive force exerted during the propulsive phase of the jump [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Propulsive Force:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean force exerted during the propulsive phase of the jump [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Force at Landing:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum force recorded immediately after contact with the ground [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Force at Landing:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean force during the landing phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediolateral (ML) Sway Length:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance covered by the participant\u0026rsquo;s center of mass in the mediolateral direction during the task [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnteroposterior (AP) Sway Length:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance covered by the participant\u0026rsquo;s center of mass in the anteroposterior direction during the task [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSway Length:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total distance covered both ML and AP directions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eML Sway Range:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe range of motion in the mediolateral direction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP Sway Range:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe range of motion in the anteroposterior direction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSway Range:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total range of sway in both directions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage ML Sway Velocity:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean velocity of sway in the mediolateral direction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage AP Sway Velocity:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean velocity of sway in the anteroposterior direction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSway Velocity:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall velocity of the center of mass during sway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraking Impulse:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integral of the braking force over time, reflecting the impulse delivered during landing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraking Power:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate at which energy is absorbed during the braking phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanding Force:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total vertical force experienced during landing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInsert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shapiro-Wilk test and Q-Q plots confirmed that the normality assumption was not violated. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to identify statistically significant differences in the muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant limbs and the metrics during CMJ and DJ tests, with Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d used to measure effect sizes (small: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.2, medium: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.5, large: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.8).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s d = (M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ndash; M\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026frasl; SD\u003csub\u003epooled\u003c/sub\u003e where; SD\u003csub\u003epooled\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026radic;((SD\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SD\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026frasl; 2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interactions among muscle strength components and the components of CMJ and DJ during landing tasks were tested using a Pearson product moment correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Graphs were created with GraphPad Prism 6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of paired comparisons showed that knee extension (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.40), knee flexion (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.49), hip extension (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.03), hip flexion (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.69), plantarflexion (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.73), and dorsiflexion (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.23) of right (dominant) limb was significantly greater than the left (non-dominant) limb during isokinetic screenings (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of dominant and non-dominant muscle strength profiles of lower extremity muscles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI of the Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnee extension (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnee flexion (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHip extension (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHip flexion (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlantarflexion (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorsiflexion (Nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNotes: Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. ES: effect size. Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d was used to measure effect sizes (small: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.2, medium: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.5, large: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.8).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInsert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were no statistically significant differences in peak braking force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.559, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.10), average braking force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.059, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.27), peak propulsive force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.722, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.05), average propulsive force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.878, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.02), peak force at landing (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.066, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.40), average force at landing (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0552, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.40) between dominant and non-dominant limb during CMJ test. Similarly, average propulsive force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.237, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.17), between dominant and non-dominant limb during DJ test was not significantly different. However, peak braking force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 2.05), average braking force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 4.41), peak propulsive force (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.08), peak force at landing (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.35), average force at landing (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.30) of non-dominant limb were significantly greater than dominant limb during DJ test, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired comparisons showed that ML sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.44), AP sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 3.99), sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 4.42), ML sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.96), AP sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.58), sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.49), average ML sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.67), average AP sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.63), and sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.76) was significantly greater in non-dominant limb compared to dominant limb during CMJ tasks. Similarly, ML sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 3.59), AP sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 2.78), sway length (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 3.65), ML sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.80), AP sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 0.79), sway range (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.02), average ML sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 1.43), average AP sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 2.17), and sway velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d: 2.25) of non-dominant limb were significantly greater compared to dominant limb during DJ tasks (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of force-time metrics of dominant and non-dominant limbs during CMJ and DJ landing and braking phases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Error Mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI of the Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Peak braking force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e674.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;111.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.66910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.98723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.94723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Average braking force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e525.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.74208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.11854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.60599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Peak propulsive force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e712.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e716.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.43746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-21.18965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.14965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.722\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Average propulsive force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e597.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;77.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e599.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.02994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-19.14596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.25561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Peak force at landing (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1779.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;480.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1605.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;387.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.47832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.37807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.09807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Average force at landing (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e437.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;106.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e456.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;125.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.65016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46.24902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.39640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- ML sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38.98456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.26157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- AP sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-33.89567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.08441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-63.72676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46.25283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- ML sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.34506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.93268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.50834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- AP sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.81662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.80752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Average ML sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.93360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Average AP sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.82465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.22583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.01323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ- Sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.72304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.66779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.03574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Peak braking force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;138.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1553.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;345.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.03155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-685.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-391.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-22.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Average braking force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e956.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1345.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;78.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-438.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-340.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Peak propulsive force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1431.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1537.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.92906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-200.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Average propulsive force (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1136.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;237.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1167.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;233.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-21.87564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.11564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Peak force at landing (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3707.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;967.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3952.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;187.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.48790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-630.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Average force at landing (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3521.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;705.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3754.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;860.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.15798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-670.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- ML sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.18575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.27315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- AP sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.04386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.09367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Sway length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.95334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.85658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- ML sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.77719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.80055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- AP sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.87081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.69769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.10316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Sway range (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.72562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.26212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.26692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Average ML sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.85739\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.14411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.60497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Average AP sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.27477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.18873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDJ- Sway velocity (cm/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16.25167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.49726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNotes: Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. CMJ: counter movement jump, DJ: drop jump, AP: anteroposterior, ML: mediolateral. ES: effect size. Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d was used to measure effect sizes (small: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.2, medium: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.5, large: d\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.8).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInsert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Pearson product moment correlation analysis revealed negative significant interactions among muscle strength components and the components of CMJ and DJ during landing tasks. The results showed that knee extension muscle strength was inversely correlated with average landing force during CMJ (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.433, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031). Muscle strength of knee extensors was also negatively correlated with peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.534, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), breaking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.481, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015), average braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.422, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036), and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.460, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021) during DJ landing phases. The results showed that knee flexion muscle strength was negatively correlated with average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.462, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020), braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.515, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), average braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.408, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043), and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.421, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036) during CMJ testing. Knee flexor muscle strength was also negatively correlated with average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.443, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027), braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.623, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), average braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.536, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), peak braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.488, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.519, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008) during landing phases of DJ tasks, respectively. Hip extensor muscle strength was also negatively correlated with braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.413, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040) during CMJ while similar interactions were also found with braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.548, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), peak braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043) and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.503, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010) during DJ test. Similarly, hip flexion muscle strength was inversely correlated with braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.454, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023), average braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042), and peak braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.431, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032) during CMJ as well as with peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.416, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), breaking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.536, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006) and peak braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.404, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044) during DJ test. Trunk extensor muscle strength was found significantly associated with average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.466, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019), peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.496, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012), braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.445, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026), peak braking power (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.432, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031) and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.413, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040) during CMJ while it was also negatively significantly correlated with average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.417, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.474, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017 ) and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042) during DJ test session. Trunk flexion muscle strength was also negatively correlated with average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.412, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041) and peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.476, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018) during CMJ as well as with average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.457, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028), average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.537, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.543, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006) during DJ test session. The results also showed negative significant correlations between plantarflexion muscle strength and average braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.446, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029) during CMJ. Similarly, muscle strength of plantar flexors was also negatively correlated with peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.445, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026), braking impulse (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.505, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012) and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.501, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013) during DJ test. Dorsiflexion muscle strength was found negatively correlated with average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.411, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041) during CMJ while it was also inversely correlated with average breaking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.430, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032), peak braking force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.534, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006) and average landing force (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.465, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) during landing phases of DJ test (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interactions between muscle strength components and time-force metrics during CMJ and DJ landing and braking phases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Braking force- CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Braking force- CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraking Impulse-CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Braking Power-CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Braking Power- CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Landing Force- CMJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Braking force- DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Braking force- DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBraking Impulse-DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Braking Power-DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Braking Power- DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvg. Landing Force- DJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.433*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.534**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.481*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.422*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.460*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.462*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.515**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.408*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.421*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.443*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.623**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.536**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.488*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.519**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.413*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.548**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.503*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.454*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.431*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.416*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.536**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.404*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.466*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.496*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.445*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.432*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.413*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.417*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.474*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.401*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.412*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.476*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.457*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.537*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.543*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.446*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.445*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.505*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.501*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.411*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.430*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.534**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.465*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eNote: CMJ: counter movement jump, DJ: drop jump, KE: knee extension, KF: knee flexion, HE: hip extension, HF: hip flexion, TE: trunk extension, TF: trunk flexion, PF: plantarflexion, DF: dorsiflexion. **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInsert\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed: (1) to compare the strength discrepancies in knee and hip extension and flexion, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (2) to compare the metrics of propulsion, braking, and landing phases during CMJ and DJ tests as well as the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) sway components between dominant and non-dominant limbs; (3) to examine the interactions among the muscle strengths of knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles and the components of the landing, braking, and sway patterns during CMJ and DJ tasks to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players. While existing literature has predominantly focused on individual muscle groups or generalized sports populations, this study uniquely examines the interactions among multiple muscle groups, knee, hip, ankle, and trunk, during landing tasks, thus addressing a gap in our understanding of how these muscle strengths specifically influence landing performance and injury risk in female basketball athletes. The results indicated significant differences in muscle strength between the right (dominant) and left (non-dominant) limbs, particularly in knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups, which had implications for landing mechanics and stability during these dynamic movements as well as substantial differences in postural sway patterns during the CMJ and DJ tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMuscle strength differences between limbs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with previous research on unilateral strength discrepancies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], our results indicated statistically significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in muscle strength during isokinetic testing. Our findings showed that the dominant limb consistently exhibited significantly greater strength across several muscle groups, specifically, knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip flexion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion all showed significant asymmetry (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with the dominant limb generally exhibiting stronger performance. The magnitude of these differences varied, with Cohen's d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.23, indicating small to moderate effect sizes for most variables. The difference in muscle strength between the two limbs could have an important impact on movement patterns, especially in sports that require rapid direction changes, like basketball. The findings are consistent with previous research that demonstrated significant strength asymmetries between limbs in athletes, particularly in lower body muscle groups, such as the quadriceps and hamstrings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. These asymmetries can affect an athlete\u0026rsquo;s movement efficiency, increasing the risk of injury if the weaker limb compensates for the stronger one during high-demand tasks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the non-dominant limb demonstrated increased postural sway values during both CMJ and DJ tasks, highlighting an imbalance in strength between the two limbs. The differences in sway could be indicative of compensatory strategies or increased neuromuscular demand on the non-dominant leg, potentially leading to a higher risk of injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], which suggested that the non-dominant limb may compensate for the greater load placed on the dominant limb during sporting activities, particularly in asymmetrical sports like basketball. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in key landing force parameters (e.g., peak braking and peak propulsive forces) between the dominant and non-dominant limbs during CMJ tasks, suggesting that despite the strength discrepancies, both limbs function similarly in the context of the CMJ. However, during DJ tasks, the non-dominant limb demonstrated significantly higher peak braking and landing forces, which aligns with prior findings suggesting that non-dominant limbs may be involved in more forceful eccentric actions to decelerate and stabilize the body after the drop [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMuscle strength and braking and landing mechanics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis revealed significant negative relationships between various muscle strength components and braking and landing forces during both CMJ and DJ tasks. Specifically, greater strength in knee extensors, knee flexors, hip extensors, and other key muscle groups was associated with reduced braking forces and landing forces. This suggests that stronger muscles contribute to more efficient force attenuation during landing and braking, potentially reducing the risk of injury. The ability of strong muscles to dissipate forces effectively during landing is crucial for minimizing the risk of knee, ankle, and hip injuries, especially in high-impact sports like basketball [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. These differences suggest that the dominant limb plays a more substantial role in producing force during dynamic movements like landing and braking. The higher strength in the dominant limb might be attributed to the habitual load bearing during various athletic activities, which often emphasize the use of the dominant leg for propulsion, stability, and balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. This asymmetry in muscle strength has been well-documented in athletes, where the dominant leg typically shows superior strength due to repetitive use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, knee extension strength negatively correlated with peak braking force and average landing force, indicating that stronger knee extensors may aid in controlling the deceleration forces at landing. Similarly, the strength of hip flexors and extensors showed inverse correlations with braking forces, suggesting their essential role in stabilizing the body during the landing phase and reducing excessive forces transmitted to the lower extremities. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening these muscle groups to enhance landing performance and minimize the impact on the joints [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inverse relationships observed between muscle strength and landing forces, especially in knee, hip, ankle, and trunk muscles, suggest that stronger muscles in these groups may contribute to more controlled and efficient landing mechanics. This is supported by previous work that indicated greater muscle strength, particularly in the knee extensors and flexors, and is associated with reduced ground reaction forces during landing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The negative correlations between knee extension and average landing force (r = -0.433) and knee flexion strength with peak braking force (r = -0.534) further emphasize the importance of these muscles in controlling the landing impact. Stronger knee flexors may also contribute to greater shock absorption during the landing phase, reducing the risk of injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the hip extensors and flexors, which play a critical role in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling trunk motion during dynamic movements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], were found to have significant negative correlations with braking force and braking impulse during both CMJ and DJ. This reinforces the idea that strong hip muscles help manage the eccentric forces encountered during landing, providing greater stability and reducing the likelihood of injury, particularly in female athletes who have been shown to be more susceptible to ACL injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, trunk extensors and flexors were negatively correlated with braking forces during both CMJ and DJ tasks. These findings suggest that the trunk musculature plays a critical role in stabilizing the upper body and transferring forces during dynamic landings. Trunk muscle strength may help mitigate excessive postural sway and improve landing control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The inverse relationship between trunk flexion strength and average landing force also indicates the potential importance of these muscles in controlling the body's descent and ensuring smooth landings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnkle strength, both in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, also demonstrated significant negative correlations with landing forces, which suggests that ankle musculature is critical in modulating the forces during landing and propulsion phases. Previous studies have shown that strong ankle muscles help with deceleration and improve overall stability during high-impact activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Our findings that plantarflexion strength was negatively correlated with average braking force during both CMJ and DJ, and dorsiflexion strength with average landing force during CMJ, highlight the significant role of ankle strength in managing the forces involved in landing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen analyzing the braking and landing forces during the CMJ and DJ tests, the study found no significant differences in force parameters between limbs during the CMJ test. This suggests that for the CMJ, both limbs are able to absorb forces similarly, despite strength differences. However, during the DJ test, significant differences were observed, particularly in the non-dominant limb, which exhibited greater peak braking force, average braking force, and peak landing force (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). These results suggest that the non-dominant limb may play a more significant role in force absorption and deceleration during landing from a drop, which may be due to its relative strength advantage in some of the muscle groups. These findings are in line with previous research that noted that asymmetries in muscle strength can influence how forces are distributed during landing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMuscle strength and postural sway and control during landing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant differences in postural sway during both CMJ and DJ tasks between the dominant and non-dominant limbs suggest that the asymmetry in muscle strength between the limbs may also affect postural control. The increased sway observed in the non-dominant limb could reflect an impaired ability to stabilize and maintain equilibrium, particularly during dynamic tasks like landing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. This imbalance in postural control could lead to compensatory movement patterns and potentially increase the risk of lower extremity injuries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed significant differences in the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) sway metrics, with the non-dominant limb exhibiting greater sway in both CMJ and DJ tasks (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Increased sway could reflect poorer stability during the landing phases, which might elevate the risk of injuries like ankle sprains or knee ligament injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, our results showed that the non-dominant limb demonstrated greater sway length, range, and velocity across both sway directions. This suggests that the non-dominant limb might exhibit a higher level of instability during landing and braking, which could affect the athlete\u0026rsquo;s ability to control balance post-landing. These findings are consistent with previous studies, which have indicated that asymmetries in muscle strength can affect postural control and stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The negative correlations observed between muscle strength and braking and landing components imply that greater strength in certain muscle groups, particularly those involved in hip, knee, and ankle stabilization, can enhance stability during dynamic landings (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, significant differences in muscle strength were observed between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in women basketball players, which influenced braking and landing forces, as well as postural sway during dynamic tasks like the CMJ and DJ. The present study emphasizes the importance of muscle strength, particularly in the knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups, in facilitating proper landing mechanics, reducing postural sway, and potentially lowering injury risk during high-impact sports such as basketball. The significant differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs underscore the need for targeted strength training interventions, especially for the non-dominant limb, to improve performance and prevent injury. These findings highlight the importance of addressing muscle strength asymmetries in training programs for female basketball players and suggest areas for future research to further explore the relationships between muscle strength, movement mechanics, and injury prevention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture research should further investigate the long-term effects of strength training programs on landing mechanics and injury prevention in female athletes, particularly focusing on the impact of asymmetries in muscle strength and the interactions between different muscle groups during dynamic sports movements. Strengthening both limbs, with particular attention to the non-dominant side, may improve performance and stability, leading to reduced injury risks and enhanced athletic performance. Future research should focus on developing specific strength training programs tailored to address these asymmetries and further explore the role of muscle strength in injury prevention. Given the significant correlations between muscle strength and braking/landing forces, as well as postural control, this study highlights the importance of strength training for female basketball players. Developing both the dominant and non-dominant limbs, particularly the knee extensors, knee flexors, hip extensors, and ankle muscles, should be a priority in injury prevention strategies. Programs that focus on enhancing strength asymmetry, improving bilateral muscle coordination, and enhancing postural control could mitigate the risk of injuries that arise during landing and deceleration phases, which are crucial in basketball. Enhancing strength in these muscle groups is important for managing ML and AP sway, as they may improve overall control and reduce the likelihood of joint destabilization. Injury prevention strategies for female basketball players should therefore focus on improving both muscular strength and landing biomechanics to better handle forces encountered during dynamic movements so that the interventions targeting these aspects can lead to a reduction in injury rates. Strengthening the non-dominant limb could be particularly beneficial, as the current study showed increased sway and a greater reliance on compensatory strategies in the non-dominant limb. Additionally, improving overall muscle balance and strength may enhance performance, improve movement efficiency, and reduce the risk of overuse injuries that often result from compensatory loading patterns. Targeting specific muscle groups, particularly those associated with knee, hip, ankle, and trunk strength, can be beneficial for enhancing landing control and minimizing the impact forces during high intensity landing tasks. Training protocols aimed at improving muscle strength in the non-dominant limb, especially in knee and hip extensors, could help reduce imbalances and improve overall performance and injury prevention. Furthermore, exercises focusing on improving trunk stability and ankle proprioception could be incorporated into training regimens to enhance postural control during dynamic movements like jumping and landing. The observed negative correlations between strength and sway components suggest that incorporating balance and stability training into the strength training regimen could further enhance performance and reduce injury risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights into the impact of muscle strength asymmetry on landing mechanics, there are several limitations to consider. The sample size, though sufficient for detecting significant differences, may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future studies with larger and more diverse populations, including male athletes and different sport disciplines, could help validate these results. Additionally, assessing muscle activation patterns using electromyography (EMG) during landing tasks would provide a more detailed understanding of how muscle coordination influences landing mechanics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure of funding:\u003c/strong\u003e None\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e No conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: All participants were informed about the purpose, content, and potential risks and benefits of the study, and signed an informed consent.\u0026nbsp;Participants under the age of 16 were allowed to participate in the current research provided their parent/ guardian had signed a written consent form. Prior to the study, parents or legally authorized guardians have read, or had been read, the entire consent form, including the risks and benefits of the research. Each parent or legally authorized guardian was informed that they were able to withdraw their child at any time. Parents or legally authorized guardians of the participants who signed consent forms were also provided a copy of the forms. The participants whose parents or legal guardians signed the consent forms also signed a written informed consent and gave assent form before participating in the study approved by the Mersin University Institutional Review Board (Protocol number: 2024-059, Date of approval: 10/24/2024) by the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e N.E.A. = main investigator, study design, and preparation of the manuscript; N.E.A., G.U., = study design, and preparation of the manuscript; G.U. = statistical analyses; G.U., N.E.A. = collected the data; N.E.A., G.A.T., E.G., Y.G.G. =contributed to the writing of the manuscript; N.E.A., G.U. = revised the manuscript., supervisor, proofreading. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors would like to the participants involved in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcKay MJ, Mattacola CG. Lower extremity strength and landing mechanics in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):654-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFord KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Measurement of landing biomechanics: A comparison of three techniques. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(12):1185-93.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeaulieu LE, et al. The effects of jump-landing technique and strength on the risk of ACL injury in female athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(4):505-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKellis E, Katis A. Biomechanical analysis of drop jumping in male and female athletes. 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J Sports Sci. 2007;25(4):525-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Counter movement jump, drop jump, postural sway, force, power, impulse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjury prevention is a critical concern for female basketball players, particularly in preventing lower limb injuries associated with improper landing mechanics. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle strength (knee, hip, ankle, and trunk) and landing kinematics during Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jump (DJ) tasks in female basketball players. Specifically, the objectives were to (1) compare strength discrepancies between dominant and non-dominant limbs, (2) compare landing metrics during CMJ and DJ tasks, and (3) examine the interactions between muscle strength and landing, braking and sway components to understand the specific role of these muscle groups in optimizing landing mechanics for female basketball players.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 25 professional female basketball players (age: 16.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74 years; height: 177.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.44 cm; body weight: 66.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.86 kg) participating in the study. Isokinetic muscle strength tests were conducted to assess knee, hip, ankle, and trunk strength. CMJ and DJ tests were performed on a force plate to evaluate landing mechanics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant strength differences were found between dominant and non-dominant limbs, with the dominant limb demonstrating greater strength in knee, hip, and ankle muscle groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Landing metrics revealed that non-dominant limbs exhibited higher peak braking forces, average braking forces, and sway measures during both CMJ and DJ tasks (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Correlation analysis revealed negative significant relationships between muscle strength and landing/braking forces during both CMJ and DJ landing tasks (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings highlight the significant role of lower limb and trunk muscle strength in optimizing landing mechanics and reducing injury risks in female basketball players. Specific muscle strength imbalances between limbs were associated with altered landing kinematics, suggesting that strength training interventions targeting both limbs could enhance performance and mitigate injury risks.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Strength asymmetries and their impact on landing dynamics during counter movement jump and drop jump tests in professional female basketball players","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-26 08:16:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6132880/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-21T09:55:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T12:44:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"318263090486130197207909673796159938686","date":"2025-07-28T13:56:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-25T11:14:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15096323634616942898404263897337379061","date":"2025-07-21T10:34:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"245226078139623950171323164877257195889","date":"2025-05-30T19:21:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-04T20:46:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"560804553167388552920776862901192615","date":"2025-03-21T23:06:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25758570048426501291568739514283617798","date":"2025-03-21T10:49:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T23:05:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T23:02:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T06:33:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-18T13:38:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-03-18T13:36:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6ff808bb-3188-49d4-a4da-46bee4144bdb","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T15:58:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6132880","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01352-7","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-29 15:56:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-26 08:16:27","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01352-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01352-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6132880","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6132880","identity":"rs-6132880","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}