Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of brief intervention for smoking cessation in Primary Healthcare Facilities Based on the Unannounced Standardized Patient Approach

Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of brief intervention for smoking cessation in Primary Healthcare Facilities Based on the Unannounced Standardized Patient Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of brief intervention for smoking cessation in Primary Healthcare Facilities Based on the Unannounced Standardized Patient Approach Jiao Yang, Yeqing Zhan, Meng Wang, Siyuan Liu, Jiahuan Wan, Xinlei Yang, and 10 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001906/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background Brief intervention for smoking cessation (BISC) is an evidence-based intervention measure. Evaluating the current status of physicians' implementation of BISC is a prerequisite for improving their execution. This study aims to objectively and accurately evaluate the implementation of BISC by physicians in primary healthcare facilities. Methods This study used unannounced standardized patient (USP) to survey 1,226 primary care facilities across seven provinces in China, selected through multistage stratified cluster sampling, from March 2021 to December 2022. Based on the per capita economic burden of smoking-related diseases, incidence rates, population attributable fraction, per capita treatment costs, and the number of smokers that could be reduced at different implementation rates of BISC, estimated the benefit of BISC. Results Even with a BISC implementation rate of only 20%, the number of smokers could still be reduced by 6.29 million, and the direct economic burden of diseases could be decreased by 195.3 billion dollars. The implementation rate of BISC by physicians was only 3.6%. Physicians in Gansu province, as well as female patients overall, were significantly less likely to implement interventions. Conclusion The implementation rate of BISC in Chinese primary healthcare facilities was low, and physicians demonstrated differential treatment toward patients. Brief intervention for smoking cessation Unannounced standardized patients Primary healthcare facility Primary physicians Tobacco control Figures Figure 1 Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Supplementalmaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7001906","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":480078065,"identity":"a1dd6eb7-25aa-47ce-8b27-2a3c591f31c4","order_by":0,"name":"Jiao Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital medical university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":549147144,"identity":"a82fbdba-353b-498f-bfbb-7a0913540f60","order_by":1,"name":"Yeqing Zhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southern Medical 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Standardized Patient Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Acacia Lab for Implementation Science and Center for World Health Organization Studies, School of Health Management, Southern Medical University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Brief intervention for smoking cessation, Unannounced standardized patients, Primary healthcare facility, Primary physicians, Tobacco control","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001906/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001906/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrief intervention for smoking cessation (BISC) is an evidence-based intervention measure. Evaluating the current status of physicians' implementation of BISC is a prerequisite for improving their execution. This study aims to objectively and accurately evaluate the implementation of BISC by physicians in primary healthcare facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used unannounced standardized patient (USP) to survey 1,226 primary care facilities across seven provinces in China, selected through multistage stratified cluster sampling, from March 2021 to December 2022. Based on the per capita economic burden of smoking-related diseases, incidence rates, population attributable fraction, per capita treatment costs, and the number of smokers that could be reduced at different implementation rates of BISC, estimated the benefit of BISC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven with a BISC implementation rate of only 20%, the number of smokers could still be reduced by 6.29\u0026nbsp;million, and the direct economic burden of diseases could be decreased by 195.3\u0026nbsp;billion dollars. The implementation rate of BISC by physicians was only 3.6%. Physicians in Gansu province, as well as female patients overall, were significantly less likely to implement interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe implementation rate of BISC in Chinese primary healthcare facilities was low, and physicians demonstrated differential treatment toward patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of brief intervention for smoking cessation in Primary Healthcare Facilities Based on the Unannounced Standardized Patient Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-11-24 18:43:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001906/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-03 09:28:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7001906/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b9754adc-1db3-460b-aa08-e3d1b0843484","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-03T09:28:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 18:43:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-7001906","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7001906","identity":"rs-7001906","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}