Analysis of the Influence of Evolving Faults on Detection and Location Using Travelling-Wave Methods through Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing to SEL-T401L IED

Analysis of the Influence of Evolving Faults on Detection and Location Using Travelling-Wave Methods through Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing to SEL-T401L IED | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of the Influence of Evolving Faults on Detection and Location Using Travelling-Wave Methods through Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing to SEL-T401L IED Milton Ernesto Barrios Aguilar, Daniel Motter, Paulo Thiago de Godoy, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979294/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Traveling-wave-based (TW-based) protection devices for fault detection and location on transmission lines are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern power systems due to their superior accuracy and fast operating performance. This study investigates modern fault detection and location techniques based on TWs using a commercial Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). The research focuses on a specific type of contingency, namely evolving faults. During single-phase faults with a \((0^{\circ})\) fault inception angle, the amplitude of the generated TWs can be minimal or even imperceptible, hindering their detection and the accurate localization of the fault point by TW-based methods. However, if the fault evolves into a three-phase short circuit, the TW protection algorithm may successfully detect and locate the fault. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze this specific fault condition and evaluate how TW-based protection methods respond. To conduct the study, two SEL-T401L IEDs were connected to opposite ends of a transmission line in the Paraguayan interconnected power system of 50Hz, modeled on the RTDS simulation platform. A total of 154 tests were performed, varying both the fault location and the fault evolution time. The results show that the SEL-T401L may fail to detect or locate faults using traveling-wave-based principles when the fault evolution time exceeds 35% of the power-frequency cycle (i.e., 7 ms). However, when a three-phase short circuit occurs within the first 35% of the cycle, the relay performs fast and accurate fault detection and location, with localization errors on the order of only a few meters. Real Time Digital Simulator TW87 Differential Protection Ultra-High-Speed Line Relay Computational Modeling Double-ended e single-ended traveling-wave-based method Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 26 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8979294","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":602072023,"identity":"483ab623-d178-4732-8960-26a0f8efb95d","order_by":0,"name":"Milton Ernesto Barrios Aguilar","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Itaipu Parquetec","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Milton","middleName":"Ernesto Barrios","lastName":"Aguilar","suffix":""},{"id":602072024,"identity":"79baeb16-bf2e-455b-b088-d28260d9b31b","order_by":1,"name":"Daniel Motter","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of West Paraná","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"Motter","suffix":""},{"id":602072025,"identity":"a93675c7-7791-4e10-98de-2e9d00986482","order_by":2,"name":"Paulo Thiago de Godoy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Itaipu Parquetec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paulo","middleName":"Thiago","lastName":"de Godoy","suffix":""},{"id":602072026,"identity":"850b62a8-037c-4da7-9fff-212a8f887f23","order_by":3,"name":"Tales Gottlieb Jahn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Itaipu Parquetec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tales","middleName":"Gottlieb","lastName":"Jahn","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-26 15:08:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979294/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979294/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104209566,"identity":"d83b4fb7-b0b7-4ed6-a3b4-329684498609","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-09 07:31:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2200122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TWEvolvingJCAES.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8979294/v1_covered_66afd796-5c7a-4db3-8b32-b1914144eb1f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of the Influence of Evolving Faults on Detection and Location Using Travelling-Wave Methods through Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing to SEL-T401L IED","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-control-automation-and-electrical-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jcae","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems](https://link.springer.com/journal/40313)","snPcode":"40313","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40313/3","title":"Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Real Time Digital Simulator, TW87 Differential Protection, Ultra-High-Speed Line Relay, Computational Modeling, Double-ended e single-ended traveling-wave-based method","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979294/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8979294/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTraveling-wave-based (TW-based) protection devices for fault detection and location on transmission lines are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern power systems due to their superior accuracy and fast operating performance. 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