Effect of lubricated CO2 on grinding of AISI 4140 steel

Effect of lubricated CO2 on grinding of AISI 4140 steel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of lubricated CO2 on grinding of AISI 4140 steel Deepa Kareepadath Santhosh, Philipp Hoier, Franci Pušavec, Peter Krajnik This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper explores the potential of using lubricated liquid carbon dioxide (LCO 2 ) in grinding processes. Cooling and lubrication are critical in grinding, with conventional flood cooling effectively reducing temperatures and improving surface integrity. However, conventional fluids often contain petroleum-based substances, posing a challenge to fossil-free production. A novel approach involves the use of premixed LCO 2 and oil via single-channel minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), which has shown promise in machining with geometrically defined cutting edges but is under-researched in grinding.To fill this gap, we conducted an experimental study on the grindability of AISI 4140 steel, evaluating different cooling/lubrication methods and their effects on surface roughness, residual stresses, microhardness, grinding forces and specific energy. The results indicate that LCO 2 + MQL can achieve surface roughness and microhardness comparable to conventional flood cooling, especially for less aggressive finish grinding. However, higher tensile stresses in rough grinding suggest that cooling may be inadequate. Optimisation of nozzle design, orientation and flow rate can improve cooling efficiency and reduce residual tensile stresses. This study shows that LCO 2 + MQL is a viable, sustainable alternative to conventional flood cooling, capable of maintaining the required surface integrity in grinding operations. Grinding Sustainability Steel Cryogenic Cooling Lubrication Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4484471","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":311072142,"identity":"8c58ec01-2c9a-4522-ab30-94159574bd04","order_by":0,"name":"Deepa Kareepadath Santhosh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0052-7354","institution":"University of Ljubljana Faculty of Mechanical Engineering: Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za strojnistvo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deepa","middleName":"Kareepadath","lastName":"Santhosh","suffix":""},{"id":311072143,"identity":"2ef80aa8-00f1-4728-b985-c30496214eb7","order_by":1,"name":"Philipp Hoier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chalmers University of Technology: Chalmers tekniska hogskola AB","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Philipp","middleName":"","lastName":"Hoier","suffix":""},{"id":311072144,"identity":"0e6ac493-8cb3-403d-91a8-35b06e1aace3","order_by":2,"name":"Franci Pušavec","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ljubljana Faculty of Mechanical Engineering: Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za strojnistvo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Franci","middleName":"","lastName":"Pušavec","suffix":""},{"id":311072145,"identity":"a4b85046-8104-468b-ac95-9a9eba603223","order_by":3,"name":"Peter Krajnik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chalmers University of Technology: Chalmers tekniska hogskola AB","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Krajnik","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-27 10:57:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60818010,"identity":"847f3687-35a6-4d03-814d-ea639799a680","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-22 12:24:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":575763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptfile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4484471/v1_covered_d06a0447-237e-491f-a214-fae18d1bcb3c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effect of lubricated CO2 on grinding of AISI 4140 steel","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Grinding, Sustainability, Steel, Cryogenic, Cooling, Lubrication","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper explores the potential of using lubricated liquid carbon dioxide (LCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in grinding processes. Cooling and lubrication are critical in grinding, with conventional flood cooling effectively reducing temperatures and improving surface integrity. However, conventional fluids often contain petroleum-based substances, posing a challenge to fossil-free production. A novel approach involves the use of premixed LCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and oil via single-channel minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), which has shown promise in machining with geometrically defined cutting edges but is under-researched in grinding.To fill this gap, we conducted an experimental study on the grindability of AISI 4140 steel, evaluating different cooling/lubrication methods and their effects on surface roughness, residual stresses, microhardness, grinding forces and specific energy. The results indicate that LCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MQL can achieve surface roughness and microhardness comparable to conventional flood cooling, especially for less aggressive finish grinding. However, higher tensile stresses in rough grinding suggest that cooling may be inadequate. Optimisation of nozzle design, orientation and flow rate can improve cooling efficiency and reduce residual tensile stresses. This study shows that LCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;MQL is a viable, sustainable alternative to conventional flood cooling, capable of maintaining the required surface integrity in grinding operations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of lubricated CO2 on grinding of AISI 4140 steel","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-19 04:10:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4484471/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7e874562-d179-4f1a-9940-f09eb848e579","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-22T12:16:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-19 04:10:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4484471","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4484471","identity":"rs-4484471","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}