Artificial Neural Networks-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems Modelling of Heavy Metal Adsorption from Steel Mill Wastewater Using Periwinkle Shell Hydroxyapatite

Artificial Neural Networks-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems Modelling of Heavy Metal Adsorption from Steel Mill Wastewater Using Periwinkle Shell Hydroxyapatite | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Artificial Neural Networks-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems Modelling of Heavy Metal Adsorption from Steel Mill Wastewater Using Periwinkle Shell Hydroxyapatite Omotayo Sarafadeen Amuda, Rasheed Olaitan Adetoro, Olarike Favour Oyediran, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031724/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the removal of lead ions (Pb²⁺) and cadmium ions (Cd²⁺) from steel rolling mill wastewater using hydroxyapatite synthesized from periwinkle shells (PSHAP) as a new adsorbent. Characterization of PSHAP through SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD confirmed its porous structure, elemental makeup, and crystalline features suitable for heavy metal adsorption. Batch experiments assessed the effects of pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, metal ion concentration, and temperature. Results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 94.6% for Pb²⁺ and 94.9% for Cd²⁺ under optimal conditions. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R² >0.99), indicating monolayer adsorption, and pseudo-second-order kinetics, implying chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the process is spontaneous and exothermic. RSM and ANFIS were employed for modelling and optimization. ANFIS models exhibited high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9965 for Pb²⁺, 0.9366 for Cd²⁺) with Gaussian and linear membership functions. The study confirms PSHAP's potential as an effective, sustainable adsorbent for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater Hydroxyapatite (HAP) Periwinkle Shell Adsorbent Heavy Metal Removal Steel Rolling Mill Wastewater Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 22 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7031724","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":489244724,"identity":"b841cf50-de8e-43c5-8b5f-21ba78f86771","order_by":0,"name":"Omotayo Sarafadeen Amuda","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACNgY5PgjrABAnEKfFmI2BgbGBJC2JbURr4ec//HQzT5ldehv7GfMHH2ruMPCz5xgwF/zCrUVyRprZbZ5zybltPDmGjTOOPWOQ7HljwDyzD7cWgxsMZrd525hz2xhyDJt5Gw4DRYC28Pbg0XL++Deglvp0Nv43hs1/gVrsCWo5kAOy5XACmwTQFkaQLRJALTw/8Pklp+zmnHPHDdsknhXO7Dl2mEfizLOCw7wNuLXw8x/fduNNWbU8P3/yhg8/ag7L8bcnb3zM8we3FgzAAyIOMLaRoAUKSLFlFIyCUTAKhjsAAPWZUu8oZ8QiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2715-6526","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omotayo","middleName":"Sarafadeen","lastName":"Amuda","suffix":""},{"id":489244725,"identity":"77b3ab06-f933-40a0-a549-5c9d78986bfb","order_by":1,"name":"Rasheed Olaitan Adetoro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Osun State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rasheed","middleName":"Olaitan","lastName":"Adetoro","suffix":""},{"id":489244726,"identity":"82f7d8cc-5a45-4ea2-9279-c15d00a0f1a1","order_by":2,"name":"Olarike Favour Oyediran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olarike","middleName":"Favour","lastName":"Oyediran","suffix":""},{"id":489244727,"identity":"a0ce3ad2-2b19-4288-aaca-67538e18a137","order_by":3,"name":"Damilola Tosin Ojo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Damilola","middleName":"Tosin","lastName":"Ojo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-02 17:34:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031724/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031724/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87487655,"identity":"83074ff4-0571-47d7-8b13-955349450d20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-24 11:17:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1258896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AmudaetalforESPR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7031724/v1_covered_f8059818-e1bf-4dc2-b0b6-2c86a648b620.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Artificial Neural Networks-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems Modelling of Heavy Metal Adsorption from Steel Mill Wastewater Using Periwinkle Shell Hydroxyapatite","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Periwinkle Shell Adsorbent, Heavy Metal Removal, Steel Rolling Mill Wastewater, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031724/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7031724/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the removal of lead ions (Pb\u0026sup2;⁺) and cadmium ions (Cd\u0026sup2;⁺) from steel rolling mill wastewater using hydroxyapatite synthesized from periwinkle shells (PSHAP) as a new adsorbent. 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