Psychometric Properties of the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS)

Psychometric Properties of the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Psychometric Properties of the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS) Ferhat Kardaş, İrem Yıldırım This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290356/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The concepts of hope and hopelessness have been widely researched for decades. However, we believe that there is another mood that has been emerging in many people in various forms for a long time and can be conceptualized as hope fatigue. We believe that wars, economic problems, increasing uncertainty worldwide, and especially the COVID-19 process contributed to this mood. This paper aims to develop the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS), to test its psychometric properties and to examine relationships between hope Fatigue, gratitude, self-Compassion and DAS. Methods This study has a descriptive and correlational design. In the first study, 606 individuals participated in the study (EFA = 309, CFA = 297). In the second research, 350 individuals participated in the study. We used the SPPS and AMOS package programs for data analysis. We use exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson correlation analysis and discriminant criterion validity and Cronbach’s alpha methods for analysis. Results We used hopelessness, dispositional hope and life satisfaction scales for convergent and discriminant validity and found that values were statistically significant. The findings indicated that the unidimensional hope fatigue model had an acceptable fit (CFI = .92, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .069). We used the Cronbach’s alpha method for examining reliability values of this scale and found that these values were within acceptable limits (.96). After validating the latent scale structure we developed, we used the scale in another study. We determined that the HOFAS has good values and that hope fatigue has positive correlations with gratitude, self-compassion and negative correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS 21). As a result, the Hope Fatigue Scale, which we developed to measure hope fatigue, revealed a reliable and valid structure consisting of a single dimension and 24 items. Hope hopelessness fatigue hope fatigue Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Hope is one of the significant themes in life (Kant, 1988 ). To understand the concept of hope, different aspects of life must be considered (Dufault & Martocchio, 1985 ; Krafft & Walker, 2018 ; Shade, 2001 ). This multifaceted structure of the concept of hope is influenced by many dimensions, from the subjective world of the individual to interpersonal relationships and from work life to the general course of the world (Zhang et al., 2024 ). To date, many disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy or theology have not been able to agree on what hope is. However, the agreed point regarding hope is this: the feeling of hope is fundamentally linked to positive expectations about the future (Slezackova, 2017 ). Many hope theories have been proposed in the field of psychology (Averill et al., 1990 ; Dufault & Martocchio, 1985 ; Hammer et al., 2009 ; Schrank et al., 2008 ; Scioli et al., 2011 ; Snyder, 1994 ; Stotland, 1969 ). Considering these theories of hope, hope is at its highest level when there is a meaningful goal and the paths to achieving this goal is not too difficult. When we are confident that we can easily achieve our goals, we no longer need hope, and when we think that we never achieve them, we are driven to hopelessness (Carr, 2016 ). This is a point where one's life is in danger. According to Kierkegaard ( 1973 ), despair is the sickness until death. Negative expectations about oneself and one's future are the main characteristics of hopelessness (Abramson et al., 1989 ; Beck et al., 1974 ; Melges & Bowlby, 1969 ; Stotland, 1969 ). Research findings reveal that hopelessness is a significant determinant in the relationship between depression and suicide (Beck et al., 1975 ; Beck et al., 1986; Beck et al., 1993 ; Tong, 2015 ). Therefore, hopelessness is a concept at the primarily related to suicide, depression and many other mental health problems. In this respect, it is one of the most important agendas of the mental health field (Beck et al., 1974 ). Hope and hopelessness are two phenomena that are intertwined with each other, even though they seem to be opposite. However, conceptually speaking, it seems that there is no hopelessness when there is hope and no hope when there is hopelessness. While hope points to desire, effort, self-efficacy, patience, trust, faith, optimism, positive expectations (DeNora, 2021 ; Luo et al., 2022 ), hopelessness indicates reluctance, meaninglessness, pessimism, helplessness, inadequacy, grief, depression and negative expectations (Marchetti et al., 2023 ). These contradictory definitions show that it is theoretically impossible for an individual to experience any emotion other than hope or hopelessness. However, in the field of psychology, conceptually precise categories are argued to be insufficient to explain deviations in human emotion, thought or behavior (Beutler & Malik, 2002 ). This situation makes it necessary to question the way individuals experience hope and hopelessness. The science of psychology uses different assessment methods to diagnose mental problems and to discuss normality and abnormality concepts (Butcher et al., 2013 ). To receive a certain mental health diagnosis, an individual must meet certain criteria to a certain extent (Millon et al., 2021 ). Clinical realities show that the discrepancies that people exhibit in real life are not as finely delineated as the systems in the diagnostic categories (Butcher et al., 2013 ). This approach shows that human qualities are not composed of only two distinct extremes, but also include shades of gray. A similar logic may apply when discussing the concepts of hope and hopelessness. In this sense, hope fatigue can be considered an alternative state of mind to these two opposing states (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). Research has revealed that major life changes have various positive and negative effects on individuals (Bennik et al., 2013 ; Overbeek et al., 2010 ). In addition, major events such as war and pandemics have significant individual and social effects. These effects are known to cause previously unrecognized mental symptoms (e.g., pandemic fatigue) (Wu et al., 2024 ). In this context, one of the concepts that has emerged in recent years is hope fatigue. Hope fatigue has increased globally in recent years, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic (Alderman, 2022 ). Hope fatigue is an important concept that defines the new mood of human beings in a world that is changing due to natural disasters, poverty, income inequality, various political crises around the world, wars, internal conflicts, migration, various personal problems, the influence of the media, changing technology usage habits, loss of meaning in life, etc. The theoretical background of the concept is based on the leading theories of hope and hopelessness in psychology. Hope fatigue encompasses a series of psychological symptoms exhibited by individuals struggling to survive in a changing world. It is a unique concept that is different from other concepts in the psychology literature in terms of symptoms and definitions (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). For all these reasons, we believe it is important to understand, define, measure, and more thoroughly describe this new state of mind affecting individuals globally from a mental health perspective, and to develop treatment approaches for it. In cases of hope fatigue, one's expectations regarding life continue, but over time, as these expectations remain unmet, the individual begins to feel exhausted. At first, an individual experiencing hope fatigue has a hopeful mood and makes an effort to do good things. However, as their hopes go unfulfilled, their efforts fail to bring about a positive outcome, the changes they expect do not occur, the obstacles in their life multiply, and they remain stuck in the same place, symptoms of hope fatigue begin to emerge. Thus, the person's belief in good things begins to weaken, and they lower their expectations. As a result, hope fatigue deepens. Hope fatigue causes mental breakdown in individuals over time, reduces motivation for social life, and causes disappointment in the individual (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). In this respect, there is a risk that hope fatigue could turn into an epidemic. Hope fatigue, broadly defined, refers to a state of mind in which we do not succumb to despair in the face of life's negative developments, but we do not feel entirely hopeful about positive outcomes either. This state manifests itself as a series of feelings, including general apathy, indifference, indifference to various developments, mental fatigue, decreased motivation, social withdrawal, loss of meaning, aimlessness, decreased zest for life, loss of confidence, doubt, anxiety, decreased positive expectations for the future, and general dissatisfaction (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). People experience this feeling without completely losing hope and without being completely overcome by hopelessness. A fundamental problem created by this issue is that people with hope fatigue live with uncertainty, contradiction, dilemma, and indecision for certain period of time. This state of mind, filled with uncertainty, increases the individual's ups and downs. The individual, caught between two sides and unable to fully commit to one, becomes exhausted by this indecision. Hope fatigue is the inability to completely give up on expectations, yet becoming weary of to wait, to hope. Based on this conceptualization, hope fatigue carries the risk of reducing an individual's life energy in different areas of life and increasing their internal conflicts. These conflicts force the individual to deeply question his/her self-efficacy, feelings and thoughts, interpersonal relationships, work and career life, social life and the meaning of life. The process of hope fatigue refers to a period in which an individual is unable to find the energy to take action to overcome the obstacles and difficulties that challenge them in life. It is a pause for the individual on the journey from hope to hopelessness. This state of mind is mainly associated with the transition period between hope and hopelessness. This state of mind creates a negative impact by leading to various negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in individuals. However, when understood correctly, hope fatigue is also a point from which a person can return to hope (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). It is important to recognize the signs of hope fatigue. Because when we recognize these signs and activate individuals' life resources, we can combat hope fatigue, eliminate this problem, and regain hope again and again without succumbing to hopelessness. Otherwise, this problem can become more chronic and lead the individual into hopelessness. When hope fatigue becomes chronic and turns to hopelessness, it can have irreversible consequences for the individual (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). Hopelessness may be relatively stable over time (Beck et al., 1974 ; Steer et al., 1994 ). Research shows that most of people who are initially defined as hopeless continue to experience hopelessness two years later (Haatainen et al., 2003 ). Furthermore, hopelessness may be one of the important predictors of suicide within 5 to 10 years (Beutler & Malik, 2002 ), and it is known that high levels of hopelessness nearly double the likelihood of dying by suicide (Ribeiro et al., 2018 ). Various research findings clearly demonstrate that reducing the intensity and prevalence of hopelessness is critically important. However, due to the complex nature of this concept, there are various unresolved issues regarding interventions for hopelessness (Marchetti et al., 2023 ). Furthermore, individuals experiencing high levels of hopelessness prior to treatment do not respond to treatment, leading to poorer clinical outcomes and an increased likelihood of treatment discontinuation (Kuyken, 2004 ; Westra et al., Whisman et al., 1995 ). In general, early intervention to prevent hopelessness from becoming pathological is easier and more functional than attempting to treat hopelessness. Therefore, identifying hope fatigue as a critical stop before hopelessness sets in, and understanding its nature and course, is extremely important. One of the fundamental goals of science of psychology is not only identifying the symptoms of psychological problems, but also understanding the possible reasons of these issues and developing effective treatment methods. In doing so, new ideas, cases and observations in the field are not ignored; in contrast, they are expected to pave the way for new research in psychology (Butcher et al., 2013 ). Considering that hope fatigue is a new concept, it seems necessary to develop a scale measuring hope fatigue as a first step. The science of psychology can progress only by making evaluations of measurable concepts (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2020 ). The focal point of psychology is the human being, and its field of study covers human emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Therefore, as human beings, we cannot remain indifferent to this issue, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in today's world. In this context, we aims to develop a scale that measures hope fatigue Study 1 Methods Participants The study's research group consists of participants aged 18 and older. In this framework, four different study groups participated in the study: a pilot group, an EFA group, a CFA group and a test‒retest reliability group. EFA was conducted on 309 participants, and CFA was conducted on 297 participants. The average age of the participants was calculated as 30.1 years. We conducted the basic EFA and CFA analysis processes of the study on 606 participants. Among these participants, 60.4% (366) were woman, and 39.6% (240) were men. The participants in the study consisted of individuals of different ages, education levels, socioeconomic statuses and marital statuses. Measures Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) : It measures the hopelessness levels (Beck et al., 1974 ). This scale consists of 20 items with eleven correct and nine incorrect key answers, and the items are answered as yes–no. An increase in the score obtained on the scale indicates an increase in the individual's level of hopelessness. The items measure three dimensions: feelings about the future, expectations about the future and motivational anxiety. We used the adapted form of scale (Seber et al., 1993 ) in this study. In the adapted form, reliability value were calculated as .86. We calculated this value as .90 for this research. Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS) Snyder et al. ( 1991 ) developed this measurement tool for assessing individuals' hope levels. This tool consists of 8 items, 4 of which are filler items. One’s scores for this scale varies between 8 and 64, and high scores means a high level of hope. The 8-point Likert-type scale consists of 2 dimensions. These dimensions were named alternative pathway thinking and agentic thinking. The Turkish form of this scale scale was used (Tarhan & Bacanlı, 2015 ). The reliability value was calculated as .86. We calculated the reliability value as .90 for this research. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) Diener et al. ( 1985 ) developed this measurement tool for assessing individuals' life satisfaction levels. The measurement tool is a five-item Likert-type scale. One’s scores for this scale varies from 5 to 25, and high scores means high life satisfaction. A Turkish adaptation of the scale was used in this study (Dağlı & Baysal, 2016 ). The researchers calculated reliability value as .88 in the adaptation study and we calculated this value as .82 in this study. Procedure At first stage, we obtained permission from Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Ethics Committee with the decision dated 23.05.2024 and numbered 2024/10–30. First, a detailed reading and comprehensive literature review was conducted on the concepts of hope, hopelessness, burnout, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, enthusiasm for life, learned helplessness, and pessimism. Then, the common features and differences in the concept of hope fatigue with these variables were emphasized, and an initial item pool was created within this framework. This item pool was examined by 5 field experts and a pilot form was created by removing, combining and correcting inappropriate items within the framework of their feedback. The scale was designed as a five-point scale with the Likert type. The pilot form was applied to 100 participants over the age of 18. As a result of all the analyses, a 24-item form was created, and the final analyses were carried out on the 24-item form. The test-retest reliability of the 24-item unidimensional structure was assessed in 50 university students at 2-week intervals, and values of the scale met the necessary criteria. Data analysis We carried out data analysis by using the SPPS package program and AMOS package program. Besides descriptive statistics, we used EFA for examining the latent structure, CFA for examining whether the structure revealed had sufficient fit values, correlation analysis for similar scale and discriminant criterion validity, and Cronbach’s alpha methods for reliability values. Result Construct validity analyses and results We used EFA for examining latent structure of items, and CFA for examining the fit values of the model. EFA involves finding factors on the basis of the relationships between variables (Büyüköztürk, 2002 ). Before revealing the factor structure, we examined whether the data were suitable for factor analysis using the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's sphericity test. As a result of the analyses, we calculated the KMO value as 0.96 and found Bartlett's sphericity test results to be significant (p < 0.05). In the literature, it is stated that this value is sufficient to be above .60 (Field, 2005 ). The number of factors under which the latent structure examined in the factor analysis could be handled was examined with a line graph, and the results are shown in Fig. 1 . One of the criteria used to determine the number of factors a scale structure is the line graph. When the Fig. 1 is examined, there is a sharp vertical line for the first factor and then a horizontal distribution. This was considered evidence of the unidimensional structure. Exploratory analysis (Maximum likelihood method) and the promax rotation method were used in the factorization of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reveal the latent structure of the scale, and the results are given in Table 1 . Table 1 EFA results Dimension Variance Explained Total Variance 1 51.379 49.326 2 4.830 3 4.389 4 4.112 5 3.410 6 2.991 7 2.646 8 2.550 9 2.309 10 2.235 11 1.959 12 1.851 13 1.765 14 1.756 15 1.574 16 1.490 17 1.485 18 1.340 19 1.209 20 1.114 21 1.096 22 .947 23 .828 24 .735 As shown in Table 2 , the unidimensional structure of the scale predicted 49.33% of the total variance. In the literature, an explained variance of 50% and above is sufficient (Erkuş, 2012 ). The latent structure that emerged as a result of the exploratory factor analysis of the items is given in Table 2 . Table 2 Results of exploratory factor analysis Item Single Dimension Factor Loadings i13 .845 i9 .800 i8 .780 i15 .780 i11 .773 i24 .761 i3 .760 i19 .760 i4 .746 i23 .727 i20 .725 i2 .704 i1 .703 i17 .681 i5 .680 i18 .667 i16 .667 i14 .640 i21 .629 i22 .626 i7 .599 i6 .583 i12 .574 i10 .539 Extraction Method: Maximum Likelihood. As shown in Table 2 , as a result of the EFA analyses conducted to examine the latent structure of the scale, the items are gathered under a single factor, and all of the factor loadings are above the values specified in the literature. The lower limit for an item to be included under a factor is accepted to be .40 (Büyüköztürk, 2014 ). Accordingly, all factor loadings were above this criterion. The results of common factor loadings and item reliability analyses regarding the latent structure of the scale are given in Table 3 . Table 3 Common variance and item‒total correlation analysis for items Item Extraction Item Total Correlation i1 .494 .691 i2 .495 .676 i3 .578 .740 i4 .556 .730 i5 .462 .670 i6 .340 .567 i7 .359 .595 i8 .609 .758 i9 .641 .777 i10 .291 .534 i11 .597 .743 i12 .330 .572 i13 .715 .827 i14 .410 .632 i15 .608 .764 i16 .445 .658 i17 .464 .671 i18 .445 .667 i19 .578 .733 i20 .526 .704 i21 .396 .613 i22 .392 .625 i23 .529 .706 i24 .578 .746 When Table 3 is examined, the common variance loadings of the items are above .35, and the item total correlations are .6 and above. Common variance loadings above .35 and item-total correlation values above .6 are accepted as acceptable values in the literature. Factor loadings between .30–59 are accepted as moderate magnitudes (Büyüköztürk, 2002 ). Reliability Analysis and Results The reliability value is given in Table 4 . Table 4 The reliability value of the measure Variable Number of Items Cronbach's Alpha Hope Fatigue 24 .96 Accordingly, the total value of 24 items was calculated as .96. This value is accepted as a high level of reliability in the literature. (Field, 2005 , Pallant, 2001 ; Tabachnick & Fidell, 1996 ). We used test‒retest method to examine whether the measurements were consistent over time. We examined the relationship between the measurements by correlation study. After performing a test‒retest analysis on 50 people at two-week intervals, a significant (p < .05) relationship was found between the two values at the .75 level. Accordingly, the hope fatigue scale is a reliable measure and has a high level of internal consistency. Dispositional hope, hopelessness and life satisfaction variables were used for similar scale and discriminant criterion validity of the scale. The correlation analysis results for the relationships between these variables and hope fatigue are given in Table 5 . Table 5 Similar scale and discriminant criterion validity Hope Fatigue Hopelessnes Dispositional Hope Life Satisfaction Hope Fatigue Pearson Correlation 1 .624 ** − .377 ** − .425 ** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 N 319 319 319 319 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Dispositional hope and life satisfaction variables, which are thought to have incompatible characteristics with hope fatigue, were used for discriminant criterion validity. According to the results of the analysis, there is a moderate (r=-.377, p < 0.01) negative relationship between hope fatigue and continuous hope and a moderate (r=-.425, p < 0.01) negative relationship between hope fatigue and life satisfaction. Accordingly, the concept of hope fatigue has opposite characteristics with respect to the aforementioned variables, and when one increases, the other decreases. For the similar scale validity of hope fatigue, the variable hopelessness, which is thought to have similar characteristics to this concept, was used. According to the results of the analysis, there is a moderate positive relationship between hope fatigue and hopelessness (r = .624, p < 0.01). This result reveals that hope fatigue has a positive relationship with the variable of hopelessness, but it does not have the same characteristics as the concept does. Accordingly, the hope fatigue scale measures the intended characteristics. CFA Results Figure 2 shows the model with standardized values. The standardized regression weights are given in Table 6 . Table 6 Standardized regression weights Item Direction Dimension Value i1 <--- Hope Fatigue .621 i2 <--- Hope Fatigue .668 i3 <--- Hope Fatigue .684 i4 <--- Hope Fatigue .623 i5 <--- Hope Fatigue .647 i6 <--- Hope Fatigue .575 i7 <--- Hope Fatigue .559 i8 <--- Hope Fatigue .730 i9 <--- Hope Fatigue .808 i10 <--- Hope Fatigue .640 i11 <--- Hope Fatigue .743 i12 <--- Hope Fatigue .547 I13 <--- Hope Fatigue .765 I14 <--- Hope Fatigue .663 i15 <--- Hope Fatigue .780 i16 <--- Hope Fatigue .696 i17 <--- Hope Fatigue .710 128 <--- Hope Fatigue .655 i19 <--- Hope Fatigue .801 i20 <--- Hope Fatigue .720 i21 <--- Hope Fatigue .696 I22 <--- Hope Fatigue .591 i23 <--- Hope Fatigue .727 i24 <--- Hope Fatigue .746 According to the values given in Table 6 , all of the standardized regression weights for the model were 0.59 and above, and all of these values were significant. The goodness-of-fit criterion values for the model are given in Table 7 . Table 7 Goodness-of-fit values for the model Fit Indexes Acceptable Value Value Found χ 2 /sd 2 ≤ χ 2 /sd ≤ 3 2.40 CFI .90 ≤ CFI ≤ .95 .92 TLI 90 ≤ TLI ≤ .95 .90 IFI .90 ≤ IFI ≤ .95 .92 NFI .90 ≤ NFI ≤ .95 .86 GFI .90 ≤ NFI ≤ .95 .85 RMSEA .05 ≤ RMSEA ≤ .08 .069 (İlhan & Çetin, 2014 ). As shown in Table 7 , according to the results of the CFA analysis, the chi-square/degree of freedom was 2.34, the root mean square error of estimate (RMSEA) value was .067, the comparative fit index (CFI) was .92, the Tucker Lewis index was .90, the incremental fit index (IFI) was .92, the normed fit index (NFI) was .86, and the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .85. The GFI and NFI values indicate poor fit. However, when the values are analyzed as a whole, the structure examined is within acceptable limits. Study 2 Examining the Relationships between Hope Fatigue, Gratitude, Self-Compassion and DAS The concept of hope fatigue can be considered one of the intermediate stages an individual experiences while moving from hope to hopelessness. This state of mind is accompanied by various conditions such as a decline in positive expectations, loss of meaning and purpose, decreased zest for life, and general dissatisfaction (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). In this respect, hope fatigue poses a significant risk for depression, anxiety, and stress. This is because the conceptualization of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) is addressed with components such as hopelessness, devaluation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, situational anxiety, being impatient, and being agitated (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995 ), and hope fatigue constitutes a risk factor for these components. Research findings (Beiter et al., 2015 ) show that depression, anxiety, and stress problems are extremely common among different age groups. These findings point to the importance of protective factors in the impact of hope fatigue on mental health issues. In this study, we examined gratitude and self-compassion as protective factors in the relationship between hope fatigue with DAS. “Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions” (Fredrickson, 2001 ) suggests that positive emotions increase an individual's mental flexibility, enabling them to develop healthy coping strategies. Gratitude is also considered in the literature as a positive emotion with this broadening and building effect (Kardaş & Yalçın, 2021 ; Xiang & Yuan, 2021 ). Similarly, current findings indicate that self-compassion is associated with mental health, life satisfaction, social connectedness, self-care, and is a protective factor against sleep disturbance symptoms, self-criticism, rumination, thought suppression, anxiety, and depression (Kim & Ko, 2018 ; Neff et al., 2007 ). These findings suggest that gratitude and self-compassion may protect individuals from DAS by acting as a buffer against symptoms of hope fatigue. Within this framework, we aims to test the following hypotheses: H1: There is negative relationships between hope fatigue and gratitude H2: There is negative relationships between hope fatigue and self-compassion. H3: There are positive relationships between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, stress. Methods Participants The study group consisted of 350 individuals aged 18 and over, 49.1% (172) of whom were women and 50.9% (178) of whom were men. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 60, with an average age of 33.36. Measures Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS) Kardaş & Yıldırım ( 2025 ) depeloped this tool to measure individuals' levels of hope fatigue. The scale consists of 24 items and has a unidimensional structure. It is a five-point Likert-type scale. High scores indicate high levels of hope fatigue. We used Cronbach's alpha method to examine the internal consistency values of the scale, and calculated the consistency value as .96 in the original study and .95 in this study. Gratitude Scale Kardaş & Yalçın ( 2019 ) developed this measurement tool to assess individuals' levels of gratitude. The scale consists of 25 items, 6 sub-dimensions, and has a 5-point Likert-type structure (1 Strongly disagree, 5 Strongly agree). We calculated the Cronbach's Alpha value as .88 in the original study and .90 in this study. Self-Compassion Scale Neff ( 2003 ) developed this measurement tool assess individuals' levels of self-compassion. We used the adapted version of this scale developed by Akın et al. (2007). The scale consists of 26 items and 6 subscales and has a 5-point Likert-type structure (1; Never, 5; Always). Within the framework of this study, we calculated reliability values as .81 for the self-compassion subscale, .82 for self-judgment, .70 for awareness of sharing, .75 for isolation, .81 for mindfulness, and .78 for excessive identification. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DAS 21) Lovibond & Lovibond ( 1995 ) developed this scale and it aims to measure individuals’ levels of depression, anxiety, and stress developed The Scale. We used the Turkish version of the scale adapted by Sarıçam ( 2018 ) for collecting data. The scale has 21 items, three subscales and has a four-point structure with Likert (0; never, 3; always). We calculated reliability values as .87 for depression, .85 for anxiety, and .81 for stress. In this study, we calculated the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability coefficients of the scale as .88 for depression, .85 for anxiety, and .76 for stress. Procedure We collected research data by using an online form. Prior to data collection, we obtained the necessary permissions from the Ethics Committee of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University. During the data collection process, we provided the written information about the purpose and scope of the research with participants and obtained their consent for voluntary participation in the study. Data Analysis We used descriptive statistics and Pearson's Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis for data analysis. We used SPSS software package in this process. Results Table 1 Relationships between Variables Hope Fatigue Gratitude Self-Compassion DAS_Depression DA_Anxiety DAS_Stress Hope Fatigue 1 − .360 ** − .483 ** .680 ** .471 ** .574 ** Gratitude 1 .455 ** − .442 ** − .314 ** − .349 ** Self-Compassion 1 − .595 ** − .488 ** − .625 ** DAS_Depression 1 .714 ** .818 ** DAS_Anxiety 1 .771 ** DAS_Stress 1 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As shown in Table 1 , we found significant relationships among all variables examined in the study. Consistent with the study's hypotheses, significant negative relationships were found between hope fatigue and gratitude and self-compassion, while significant positive relationships were found between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. Accordingly, r = − .360 (p < .01) was found between hope fatigue and gratitude, r = − .483 (p < .01), between hope fatigue and depression r = .680 (p < .01), between hope fatigue and anxiety r = .471 (p < .01), and between hope fatigue and stress r = .574 (p < .01). This indicates that hope fatigue has moderate to high correlations with all variables. Discussion In this study, the research hypotheses has proposed that gratitude and self-compassion variables would be protective factors against hope fatigue and would have negative relationships with hope fatigue. Similarly, the study developed hypotheses that hope fatigue would have positive relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress. The results confirm the research hypotheses. The hope fatigue has been proposed as a current concept in the literature (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ) and refers to a state of mind between hope and hopelessness. In this study, we determined that hope fatigue has significant negative correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress. The relationship between hope, hopelessness, and depression has been one of the most studied topics in psychology for decades (Abramson et al., 1989 ), and the concept of hopelessness is the most frequently used variable in conceptualizing depression. This also points to the potential relationship between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. This is because the nature of hope fatigue involves various risk factors such as anxiety, doubt, loss of meaning and purpose, reduced positive future expectations, lack of enthusiasm for life, gradual loss of hope, and the feeling of being overwhelmed by important life events (Alderman, 2022 ; Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). This study has revealed that hope fatigue may be a variable associated with mental health problems. Therefore, we believe it is important to identify protective factors against hope fatigue. The Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions (Fredrickson, 2001 ) highlights the potential of positive emotions to build protective resources against challenging life events. In this regard, this study developed the hypothesis that gratitude and self-compassion would play a positive role in the relationship between hope fatigue and depression, and that both variables would have negative relationships with hope fatigue. The findings of this study indicate that gratitude and self-compassion have a significant negative relationship with hope fatigue. On the other hand, gratitude and self-compassion also have negative and significant relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress. This situation reveals that both variables may be protective variables against both hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. Research findings show that there are negative correlations between gratitude and depression and anxiety, indicating that gratitude contributes to well-being on the one hand, while having a protective effect against mental health problems such as depression and anxiety on the other (Emmons & Stern, 2013 ; Petrocchi & Couyoumdjian, 2016 ; Stoeckel et al., 2014 ; Wood et al., 2010 ). However, there are also research findings indicating that the effect of gratitude interventions on depression and anxiety is modest (Cregg & Cheavens, 2021 ; Davis et al., 2016 ). On the other hand, consistent with the findings of this study, research findings show that self-compassion also has a protective function against mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress (de Souza et al., 2020 ; Han & Kim, 2023 ; Raes, 2010 ). In conclusion, gratitude and self-compassion may be protective factors for the relationship between hope fatigue and depression. General Discussion We aimed to develop a tool to measure hope fatigue, a new and unique concept in the field of hope and hopelessness studies. In research process, first, the need for scale development for the concept of hope fatigue was determined, and then the scale items were created with the contributions of experts in the field. The structure of the scale was tested with EFA and CFA; the goodness-of-fit values of the model were evaluated in line with the determined limits. The analyses revealed that the hope fatigue model and the model factors exhibited good and acceptable fits. We calculated the reliability value of by the Cronbach’s alpha method (.96), and found these values within acceptable limits. Within the scope of convergent and discriminant validity, validity analyses we conducted using hopelessness, continuous hope and life satisfaction scales and the results showed that the scale has a good level of validity. The analysis revealed that this scale, which we developed to measure hope fatigue, exhibited a unidimensional structure consisting of 24 items. After all these analyses, we tested the scale's usefulness in another study. With a second study, which we conducted on the general population over the age of 18, we determined that the validity of HOFAS was confirmed in a separate study and that hope fatigue had significant negative correlations with gratitude and self compassion and significant positive relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS 21). Scale development studies are studies that arise in response to a need (Kardaş & Yalçın, 2019 ). This study, which presents the Hope Fatigue Scale, is conducted in response to the observation that a new mood has emerged in people in recent years and the need to define and measure this mood. Hope fatigue is characterized by uncertainty, loss of control, diminished expectations, weakened belief that good things will happen, and the gradual loss of hope, and it is distinct from the concepts of hope and hopelessness (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). The hope fatigue scale items were constructed to reveal concept distinctions. The sharp loss of hope has a physically and psychologically fatal effect (Frankl, 1985 ). Suicide is also a problem most closely associated with hopelessness in the field of mental health. However, hope fatigue does not have a sharp pulling effect. On the other hand, as hope fatigue persists, the individual begins to lower their expectations and eventually reaches a point where they can no longer take action. Thus, the individual loses their former zest for life and comes to believe that their efforts will no longer lead to a meaningful outcome. In this process, he/she is not completely dragged into despair. An individual experiencing hope fatigue is caught between two options and can no longer make a definitive decision. Over time, this situation also wears them down. The person has not completely given up their expectations, but they are also exhausted from the cycle of expectation. Hopelessness is a deep and often destructive emotion characterized by many negative feelings and thoughts (Dilbaz & Seber, 1993 ). It arises from negative perceptions of oneself, feelings of insecurity toward others and pessimism about the future (Melges & Bowlby, 1969 ). The hopeless individual believes that he/she cannot solve his/her problems, has no power to change his/her life and has no control over positive outcomes (Heppner et al., 2004 ). Hopelessness plays an important role in many psychopathologies, such as suicide, depression, sociopathy, schizophrenia and substance abuse (Beck, 1963 ; Beck et al., 1976 ; Drake & Cotton, 1986 ; Melges & Bowlby, 1969 ; Seber et al., 1993 ). In contrast, hope fatigue involves a feeling of emptiness between hopelessness and hope. Although the hopeless individual has not given up, his/her intrinsic motivation has decreased. While hopeless individuals carry negative thoughts with respect to a firm belief, the discourse of hope-fatigued individuals is more flexible and vague. Hope fatigue can turn into hopelessness without intervention. Hope fatigue is different from learned helplessness. In learned helplessness, the individual makes numerous attempts but, as they fail over time, they come to accept that the outcome will not change and learn helplessness. In a sense, they surrender to helplessness (Seligman & Maier, 1967 ). The person is now passivized (Seligman, 1975 ). Hope In hope fatigue, the person is not completely passive. Although he or she is in a state of mind where it is difficult to take action, he or she still has hope for the future. Hope fatigue differs from the concept of burnout. Burnout generally occurs when a person has difficulty in coping with the emotional burdens of work life, whereas in the case of fatigue, the person is not completely passivized. Although he/she is in a state of mind where it is difficult to take action, he/she still hopes for the future. Hope fatigue is also different from burnout. Burnout is a syndrome caused by the inability of coping with emotional burdens of work life (Schaufeli et al., 2009 ). It is frequently observed in individuals who perform professionally with high levels of human interaction (Maslach et al., 2001 ). The individual experiencing burnout feels that he/she cannot devote himself/herself to his/her work, and this situation decreases, especially his/her work success and functionality at work (Maslach & Jackson, 1981 ). Hope fatigue transcends the work-specific nature of burnout and encompasses the individual's constant effort and expectation-induced fractures in all areas of life. While the main factor underlying burnout is being in emotionally demanding situations for long periods of time (Pines et al., 1988), in hope fatigue, there is often a lack of fulfillment of demands. In this study, continuous hope, hopelessness and life satisfaction scales were used to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of the hope fatigue scale. As a result of the analysis, the items of the hope fatigue scale are different from these concepts, and the scale measures the intended features. Therefore, the hope fatigue scale developed within the scope of the study is unique in terms of both name and scale items and defines a new mood. Another unique aspect of the Hope Fatigue Scale is that it is related to all areas of life. For example, the concept of burnout is generally associated with work life (Schaufeli et al., 2009 ), learned helplessness is situation-specific (Maier & Seligman, 1976 ), and hope fatigue is subject to an assessment that covers all areas of life. Hope has an organic structure that encompasses all aspects of life. For this reason, the hope fatigue scale includes items related to 5 life domains created by reviewing the theories of hope and hopelessness. Four of these domains are the general self-efficacy domain, in which the person evaluates his/her own capabilities; the cognition and affect domain, in which the person evaluates his/her feelings and thoughts about life; the meaning and goals domain, in which the purpose, goal and meaning in life are evaluated; and the interpersonal relations domain, in which people other than oneself and their ties with these people are evaluated. The fifth domain is the domain of social evaluation, in which the individual evaluates the society in which he/she lives and the effects of this society on him/her. The area of social evaluation is a distinctive area of hope fatigue in that it reflects the direct and indirect impact of society on the individual and is not directly included in any theory of hope and hopelessness. Hope fatigue is also a social phenomenon (Yıldırım & Kardaş, 2025 ). Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between hope and self-efficacy (Kemer, 2006 ; Robinson & Sinpes, 2009 ; Taytaş & Kardaş, 2022 ), whereas there is a negative relationship between hopelessness and general self-efficacy (Kasapoğlu, 2022 ; Kezer et al., 2016 ; Kıran et al., 2020 ). It is known that meaningful interpersonal relationships instill hope in individuals by eliciting feelings such as approval, support, value and need (Herth, 1991 ), and strong social support networks are negatively associated with depression (Yalçın, 2015 ), which protects individuals against stress (Cohen & Wills, 1985 ). Another study (Ciarrochi et al., 2015 ) revealed that hope is a precursor of positive emotions and that there is a reciprocal negative relationship between negative emotions (e.g., sadness and fear) and hope. In the same study, positive emotions emerged as a result of hopeful thoughts, and hope could affect emotions and thoughts positively or negatively. In addition, it has been reported that there may be strong positive relationships between hope and life goals and social support. It has also been shown that there are positive relationships between joy in life and hope, which are explained by the presence of positive feelings and thoughts toward life (Yıldırım et al., 2024 ). These findings point to positive relationships between hope and cognitive and emotional processes. Studies on the relationship between meaning of life and hope-hopelessness have shown that there is a negative relationship between hopelessness and meaning of life (Ayhan, 2023 ) and that meaning of life is one of the main predictors of hope (Bovero et al., 2021 ). In addition to the findings of these studies, the theories developed in the field of psychology address the dimensions of hope listed above (Averill et al., 1990 ; Dufault & Martocchio, 1985 ; Hammer et al., 2009 ; Schrank et al., 2008 ; Scioli et al., 2011 ; Snyder, 1994 ; Stotland, 1969 ). Accordingly, it is meaningful to construct the items in the hope fatigue scale by considering the dimensions of self-efficacy, interpersonal relationships, cognition and affect, life meaning and purpose, and social evaluation. The values of the scale also support this structural framework. Limitations This study has certain limitations. Firstly, hope fatigue is a new concept in the literature, and it needs to be discussed with respect to its various dimensions. This will provide more support to the theoretical foundations of the scale. Second, the scale was developed in Turkish culture. Its generalizability to other cultures is limited at this stage. In this respect, adaptation studies to different cultures are needed. The differences between hope fatigue and other similar concepts are discussed in this study and the referenced studies. However, more empirical studies are needed to distinguish between hope fatigue and similar concepts. Conclusion and Implications The concept of hope fatigue is proposed as a current variable in the field of mental health within the framework of the concepts of hope and hopelessness. Within the spectrum of hope and hopelessness, we consider hope fatigue to be one of the mental health characteristics that represent the gray areas. In-depth observation reveals that many people have given up hope but have not yet been driven to despair. These individuals, who were initially more hopeful, have since grown weary of holding positive expectations, striving to change things in their lives, or harboring positive expectations for the future. In short, individuals experiencing hope fatigue have grown tired of hoping. Their lives are filled with many issues that are mostly out of their control, and this makes them feel under pressure from time to time. These subjective experiences are directly reflected in individuals' discourses and general life attitudes. In this respect, the concept of hope fatigue has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accordingly, we think that developing a measurement tool that measure hope fatigue variable is important. Therefore, the hope fatigue scale developed in this study makes important contributions to the field of current psychology. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Social and Human Sciences Publication Ethics Committee and this committee approved this research with the decisions dated 23.05.2024 and numbered 2024/10–30, and dated 22.08.2025 and numbered 2025/19. Consent for publication Informed consent was provided to all participants who participated in the study and consent for voluntary participation was obtained. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding Author Contribution All authors contributed equally to all parts of the study in collaboration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. 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J Cogn Psychotherapy: Int Q. 2002;16:227–41. https://doi.org/10.1891/088983902780906355 . Whisman MA, Miller IW, Norman WH, Keitner GI. Hopelessness depression in depressed inpatients: Symptomatology, patient characteristics, and outcome. Cogn Therapy Res. 1995;19(4):377–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02230407 . Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AW. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 . Wu Q, Zhang TM, Wang X, Zhang Y. Pandemic fatigue and depressive symptoms among college students in the COVID-19 context: Indirect effects through sense of control and intolerance of uncertainty. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(21). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01521-2 . Yalçın İ. İyi oluş ve sosyal destek arasındaki ilişkiler: Türkiye'de yapılmış çalışmaların meta analizi [Relationships between well-being and social support: A meta analysis of studies conducted in Turkey]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2015;26(1):21–32. Yıldırım İ, Kardaş F. Hope Fatigue: An Emerging Concept in Mental Health. Curr Approaches Psychiatry. 2025;17(4):788–805. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1608159 . Yıldırım M, Özaslan A, Aksu MH, Aziz IA, Szarpark L, Chirico F, Rizzo A. (2024). Love of life and flourishing in Turkish youth: mediating effects of optimism and hope. BMC Psycology, 12 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02000-4 Zhang W, Balloo K, Hosein A, Medland E. (2024). A scoping review of well-being measures: Conceptualisation and scales for overall well-being. BMC Psychology, 12 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02074-0 Xiang Y, Yuan R. Why do people with high dispositional gratitude tend to experience high life satisfaction? A broaden-and-build theory perspective. J Happiness Stud. 2021;22(6):2485–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00310-z . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8290356","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":574916368,"identity":"867df81b-23ad-47e3-a661-8e3b87841ca3","order_by":0,"name":"Ferhat 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScree plot\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290356/v1/4ae86e89a18f95c3c9c6889c.png"},{"id":100430899,"identity":"40861ad2-6d3c-4cbe-9382-48d722e1980e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 14:53:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCFA results for the Hope Fatigue Scale\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290356/v1/d28e398eb1982774ebcd2187.png"},{"id":100553993,"identity":"8783c500-074f-465d-9f66-0e055dbd5514","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 08:38:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1303274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8290356/v1/ab60d6ed-4f40-4a63-b7ce-3f6fcf4dfad3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Psychometric Properties of the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS)","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHope is one of the significant themes in life (Kant, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). To understand the concept of hope, different aspects of life must be considered (Dufault \u0026amp; Martocchio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Krafft \u0026amp; Walker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Shade, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This multifaceted structure of the concept of hope is influenced by many dimensions, from the subjective world of the individual to interpersonal relationships and from work life to the general course of the world (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). To date, many disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy or theology have not been able to agree on what hope is. However, the agreed point regarding hope is this: the feeling of hope is fundamentally linked to positive expectations about the future (Slezackova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany hope theories have been proposed in the field of psychology (Averill et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Dufault \u0026amp; Martocchio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Hammer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Schrank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Scioli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Snyder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Stotland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). Considering these theories of hope, hope is at its highest level when there is a meaningful goal and the paths to achieving this goal is not too difficult. When we are confident that we can easily achieve our goals, we no longer need hope, and when we think that we never achieve them, we are driven to hopelessness (Carr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This is a point where one's life is in danger. According to Kierkegaard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e), despair is the sickness until death.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative expectations about oneself and one's future are the main characteristics of hopelessness (Abramson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Melges \u0026amp; Bowlby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e; Stotland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). Research findings reveal that hopelessness is a significant determinant in the relationship between depression and suicide (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Beck et al., 1986; Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Tong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, hopelessness is a concept at the primarily related to suicide, depression and many other mental health problems. In this respect, it is one of the most important agendas of the mental health field (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope and hopelessness are two phenomena that are intertwined with each other, even though they seem to be opposite. However, conceptually speaking, it seems that there is no hopelessness when there is hope and no hope when there is hopelessness. While hope points to desire, effort, self-efficacy, patience, trust, faith, optimism, positive expectations (DeNora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Luo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), hopelessness indicates reluctance, meaninglessness, pessimism, helplessness, inadequacy, grief, depression and negative expectations (Marchetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These contradictory definitions show that it is theoretically impossible for an individual to experience any emotion other than hope or hopelessness. However, in the field of psychology, conceptually precise categories are argued to be insufficient to explain deviations in human emotion, thought or behavior (Beutler \u0026amp; Malik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). This situation makes it necessary to question the way individuals experience hope and hopelessness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe science of psychology uses different assessment methods to diagnose mental problems and to discuss normality and abnormality concepts (Butcher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). To receive a certain mental health diagnosis, an individual must meet certain criteria to a certain extent (Millon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Clinical realities show that the discrepancies that people exhibit in real life are not as finely delineated as the systems in the diagnostic categories (Butcher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). This approach shows that human qualities are not composed of only two distinct extremes, but also include shades of gray. A similar logic may apply when discussing the concepts of hope and hopelessness. In this sense, hope fatigue can be considered an alternative state of mind to these two opposing states (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has revealed that major life changes have various positive and negative effects on individuals (Bennik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Overbeek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, major events such as war and pandemics have significant individual and social effects. These effects are known to cause previously unrecognized mental symptoms (e.g., pandemic fatigue) (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, one of the concepts that has emerged in recent years is hope fatigue. Hope fatigue has increased globally in recent years, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic (Alderman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope fatigue is an important concept that defines the new mood of human beings in a world that is changing due to natural disasters, poverty, income inequality, various political crises around the world, wars, internal conflicts, migration, various personal problems, the influence of the media, changing technology usage habits, loss of meaning in life, etc. The theoretical background of the concept is based on the leading theories of hope and hopelessness in psychology. Hope fatigue encompasses a series of psychological symptoms exhibited by individuals struggling to survive in a changing world. It is a unique concept that is different from other concepts in the psychology literature in terms of symptoms and definitions (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). For all these reasons, we believe it is important to understand, define, measure, and more thoroughly describe this new state of mind affecting individuals globally from a mental health perspective, and to develop treatment approaches for it. In cases of hope fatigue, one's expectations regarding life continue, but over time, as these expectations remain unmet, the individual begins to feel exhausted. At first, an individual experiencing hope fatigue has a hopeful mood and makes an effort to do good things. However, as their hopes go unfulfilled, their efforts fail to bring about a positive outcome, the changes they expect do not occur, the obstacles in their life multiply, and they remain stuck in the same place, symptoms of hope fatigue begin to emerge. Thus, the person's belief in good things begins to weaken, and they lower their expectations. As a result, hope fatigue deepens. Hope fatigue causes mental breakdown in individuals over time, reduces motivation for social life, and causes disappointment in the individual (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In this respect, there is a risk that hope fatigue could turn into an epidemic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope fatigue, broadly defined, refers to a state of mind in which we do not succumb to despair in the face of life's negative developments, but we do not feel entirely hopeful about positive outcomes either. This state manifests itself as a series of feelings, including general apathy, indifference, indifference to various developments, mental fatigue, decreased motivation, social withdrawal, loss of meaning, aimlessness, decreased zest for life, loss of confidence, doubt, anxiety, decreased positive expectations for the future, and general dissatisfaction (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). People experience this feeling without completely losing hope and without being completely overcome by hopelessness. A fundamental problem created by this issue is that people with hope fatigue live with uncertainty, contradiction, dilemma, and indecision for certain period of time. This state of mind, filled with uncertainty, increases the individual's ups and downs. The individual, caught between two sides and unable to fully commit to one, becomes exhausted by this indecision. Hope fatigue is the inability to completely give up on expectations, yet becoming weary of to wait, to hope. Based on this conceptualization, hope fatigue carries the risk of reducing an individual's life energy in different areas of life and increasing their internal conflicts. These conflicts force the individual to deeply question his/her self-efficacy, feelings and thoughts, interpersonal relationships, work and career life, social life and the meaning of life. The process of hope fatigue refers to a period in which an individual is unable to find the energy to take action to overcome the obstacles and difficulties that challenge them in life. It is a pause for the individual on the journey from hope to hopelessness. This state of mind is mainly associated with the transition period between hope and hopelessness. This state of mind creates a negative impact by leading to various negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in individuals. However, when understood correctly, hope fatigue is also a point from which a person can return to hope (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). It is important to recognize the signs of hope fatigue. Because when we recognize these signs and activate individuals' life resources, we can combat hope fatigue, eliminate this problem, and regain hope again and again without succumbing to hopelessness. Otherwise, this problem can become more chronic and lead the individual into hopelessness. When hope fatigue becomes chronic and turns to hopelessness, it can have irreversible consequences for the individual (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Hopelessness may be relatively stable over time (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Steer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Research shows that most of people who are initially defined as hopeless continue to experience hopelessness two years later (Haatainen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, hopelessness may be one of the important predictors of suicide within 5 to 10 years (Beutler \u0026amp; Malik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), and it is known that high levels of hopelessness nearly double the likelihood of dying by suicide (Ribeiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Various research findings clearly demonstrate that reducing the intensity and prevalence of hopelessness is critically important. However, due to the complex nature of this concept, there are various unresolved issues regarding interventions for hopelessness (Marchetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, individuals experiencing high levels of hopelessness prior to treatment do not respond to treatment, leading to poorer clinical outcomes and an increased likelihood of treatment discontinuation (Kuyken, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Westra et al., Whisman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). In general, early intervention to prevent hopelessness from becoming pathological is easier and more functional than attempting to treat hopelessness. Therefore, identifying hope fatigue as a critical stop before hopelessness sets in, and understanding its nature and course, is extremely important.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the fundamental goals of science of psychology is not only identifying the symptoms of psychological problems, but also understanding the possible reasons of these issues and developing effective treatment methods. In doing so, new ideas, cases and observations in the field are not ignored; in contrast, they are expected to pave the way for new research in psychology (Butcher et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Considering that hope fatigue is a new concept, it seems necessary to develop a scale measuring hope fatigue as a first step. The science of psychology can progress only by making evaluations of measurable concepts (Cohen \u0026amp; Swerdlik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The focal point of psychology is the human being, and its field of study covers human emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Therefore, as human beings, we cannot remain indifferent to this issue, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in today's world. In this context, we aims to develop a scale that measures hope fatigue\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Study 1","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's research group consists of participants aged 18 and older. In this framework, four different study groups participated in the study: a pilot group, an EFA group, a CFA group and a test‒retest reliability group. EFA was conducted on 309 participants, and CFA was conducted on 297 participants. The average age of the participants was calculated as 30.1 years. We conducted the basic EFA and CFA analysis processes of the study on 606 participants. Among these participants, 60.4% (366) were woman, and 39.6% (240) were men. The participants in the study consisted of individuals of different ages, education levels, socioeconomic statuses and marital statuses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBeck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)\u003c/b\u003e: It measures the hopelessness levels (Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e). This scale consists of 20 items with eleven correct and nine incorrect key answers, and the items are answered as yes\u0026ndash;no. An increase in the score obtained on the scale indicates an increase in the individual's level of hopelessness. The items measure three dimensions: feelings about the future, expectations about the future and motivational anxiety. We used the adapted form of scale (Seber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) in this study. In the adapted form, reliability value were calculated as .86. We calculated this value as .90 for this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDispositional Hope Scale (DHS)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSnyder et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e) developed this measurement tool for assessing individuals' hope levels. This tool consists of 8 items, 4 of which are filler items. One\u0026rsquo;s scores for this scale varies between 8 and 64, and high scores means a high level of hope. The 8-point Likert-type scale consists of 2 dimensions. These dimensions were named alternative pathway thinking and agentic thinking. The Turkish form of this scale scale was used (Tarhan \u0026amp; Bacanlı, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The reliability value was calculated as .86. We calculated the reliability value as .90 for this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSatisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiener et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) developed this measurement tool for assessing individuals' life satisfaction levels. The measurement tool is a five-item Likert-type scale. One\u0026rsquo;s scores for this scale varies from 5 to 25, and high scores means high life satisfaction. A Turkish adaptation of the scale was used in this study (Dağlı \u0026amp; Baysal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The researchers calculated reliability value as .88 in the adaptation study and we calculated this value as .82 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt first stage, we obtained permission from Van Y\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;nc\u0026uuml; Yıl University Ethics Committee with the decision dated 23.05.2024 and numbered 2024/10\u0026ndash;30. First, a detailed reading and comprehensive literature review was conducted on the concepts of hope, hopelessness, burnout, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, enthusiasm for life, learned helplessness, and pessimism. Then, the common features and differences in the concept of hope fatigue with these variables were emphasized, and an initial item pool was created within this framework. This item pool was examined by 5 field experts and a pilot form was created by removing, combining and correcting inappropriate items within the framework of their feedback. The scale was designed as a five-point scale with the Likert type. The pilot form was applied to 100 participants over the age of 18. As a result of all the analyses, a 24-item form was created, and the final analyses were carried out on the 24-item form. The test-retest reliability of the 24-item unidimensional structure was assessed in 50 university students at 2-week intervals, and values of the scale met the necessary criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe carried out data analysis by using the SPPS package program and AMOS package program. Besides descriptive statistics, we used EFA for examining the latent structure, CFA for examining whether the structure revealed had sufficient fit values, correlation analysis for similar scale and discriminant criterion validity, and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha methods for reliability values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResult\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConstruct validity analyses and results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used EFA for examining latent structure of items, and CFA for examining the fit values of the model. EFA involves finding factors on the basis of the relationships between variables (B\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Before revealing the factor structure, we examined whether the data were suitable for factor analysis using the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's sphericity test. As a result of the analyses, we calculated the KMO value as 0.96 and found Bartlett's sphericity test results to be significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the literature, it is stated that this value is sufficient to be above .60 (Field, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The number of factors under which the latent structure examined in the factor analysis could be handled was examined with a line graph, and the results are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the criteria used to determine the number of factors a scale structure is the line graph. When the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is examined, there is a sharp vertical line for the first factor and then a horizontal distribution. This was considered evidence of the unidimensional structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploratory analysis (Maximum likelihood method) and the promax rotation method were used in the factorization of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reveal the latent structure of the scale, and the results are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFA results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance Explained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the unidimensional structure of the scale predicted 49.33% of the total variance. In the literature, an explained variance of 50% and above is sufficient (Erkuş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The latent structure that emerged as a result of the exploratory factor analysis of the items is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of exploratory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle Dimension Factor Loadings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.845\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.760\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.629\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction Method: Maximum Likelihood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, as a result of the EFA analyses conducted to examine the latent structure of the scale, the items are gathered under a single factor, and all of the factor loadings are above the values specified in the literature. The lower limit for an item to be included under a factor is accepted to be .40 (B\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, all factor loadings were above this criterion. The results of common factor loadings and item reliability analyses regarding the latent structure of the scale are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon variance and item‒total correlation analysis for items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem Total Correlation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.658\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e is examined, the common variance loadings of the items are above .35, and the item total correlations are .6 and above. Common variance loadings above .35 and item-total correlation values above .6 are accepted as acceptable values in the literature. Factor loadings between .30\u0026ndash;59 are accepted as moderate magnitudes (B\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReliability Analysis and Results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reliability value is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reliability value of the measure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the total value of 24 items was calculated as .96. This value is accepted as a high level of reliability in the literature. (Field, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, Pallant, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used test‒retest method to examine whether the measurements were consistent over time. We examined the relationship between the measurements by correlation study. After performing a test‒retest analysis on 50 people at two-week intervals, a significant (p \u0026lt; .05) relationship was found between the two values at the .75 level. Accordingly, the hope fatigue scale is a reliable measure and has a high level of internal consistency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispositional hope, hopelessness and life satisfaction variables were used for similar scale and discriminant criterion validity of the scale. The correlation analysis results for the relationships between these variables and hope fatigue are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar scale and discriminant criterion validity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHopelessnes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispositional Hope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.624\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e− .377\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e− .425\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispositional hope and life satisfaction variables, which are thought to have incompatible characteristics with hope fatigue, were used for discriminant criterion validity. According to the results of the analysis, there is a moderate (r=-.377, p \u0026lt; 0.01) negative relationship between hope fatigue and continuous hope and a moderate (r=-.425, p \u0026lt; 0.01) negative relationship between hope fatigue and life satisfaction. Accordingly, the concept of hope fatigue has opposite characteristics with respect to the aforementioned variables, and when one increases, the other decreases. For the similar scale validity of hope fatigue, the variable hopelessness, which is thought to have similar characteristics to this concept, was used. According to the results of the analysis, there is a moderate positive relationship between hope fatigue and hopelessness (r = .624, p \u0026lt; 0.01). This result reveals that hope fatigue has a positive relationship with the variable of hopelessness, but it does not have the same characteristics as the concept does. Accordingly, the hope fatigue scale measures the intended characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCFA Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the model with standardized values. The standardized regression weights are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized regression weights\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ei24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the values given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, all of the standardized regression weights for the model were 0.59 and above, and all of these values were significant. The goodness-of-fit criterion values for the model are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness-of-fit values for the model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFit Indexes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue Found\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 ≤ χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/sd ≤ 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90 ≤ CFI ≤ .95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 ≤ TLI ≤ .95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90 ≤ IFI ≤ .95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90 ≤ NFI ≤ .95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.90 ≤ NFI ≤ .95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05 ≤ RMSEA ≤ .08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(İlhan \u0026amp; Çetin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, according to the results of the CFA analysis, the chi-square/degree of freedom was 2.34, the root mean square error of estimate (RMSEA) value was .067, the comparative fit index (CFI) was .92, the Tucker Lewis index was .90, the incremental fit index (IFI) was .92, the normed fit index (NFI) was .86, and the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was .85. The GFI and NFI values indicate poor fit. However, when the values are analyzed as a whole, the structure examined is within acceptable limits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Study 2","content":"\u003ch2\u003eExamining the Relationships between Hope Fatigue, Gratitude, Self-Compassion and DAS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concept of hope fatigue can be considered one of the intermediate stages an individual experiences while moving from hope to hopelessness. This state of mind is accompanied by various conditions such as a decline in positive expectations, loss of meaning and purpose, decreased zest for life, and general dissatisfaction (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In this respect, hope fatigue poses a significant risk for depression, anxiety, and stress. This is because the conceptualization of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) is addressed with components such as hopelessness, devaluation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, situational anxiety, being impatient, and being agitated (Lovibond \u0026amp; Lovibond, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), and hope fatigue constitutes a risk factor for these components. Research findings (Beiter et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) show that depression, anxiety, and stress problems are extremely common among different age groups. These findings point to the importance of protective factors in the impact of hope fatigue on mental health issues.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we examined gratitude and self-compassion as protective factors in the relationship between hope fatigue with DAS. “Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions” (Fredrickson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that positive emotions increase an individual's mental flexibility, enabling them to develop healthy coping strategies. Gratitude is also considered in the literature as a positive emotion with this broadening and building effect (Kardaş \u0026amp; Yalçın, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Xiang \u0026amp; Yuan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, current findings indicate that self-compassion is associated with mental health, life satisfaction, social connectedness, self-care, and is a protective factor against sleep disturbance symptoms, self-criticism, rumination, thought suppression, anxiety, and depression (Kim \u0026amp; Ko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Neff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These findings suggest that gratitude and self-compassion may protect individuals from DAS by acting as a buffer against symptoms of hope fatigue. Within this framework, we aims to test the following hypotheses:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH1: There is negative relationships between hope fatigue and gratitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH2: There is negative relationships between hope fatigue and self-compassion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH3: There are positive relationships between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study group consisted of 350 individuals aged 18 and over, 49.1% (172) of whom were women and 50.9% (178) of whom were men. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 60, with an average age of 33.36.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKardaş \u0026amp; Yıldırım (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) depeloped this tool to measure individuals' levels of hope fatigue. The scale consists of 24 items and has a unidimensional structure. It is a five-point Likert-type scale. High scores indicate high levels of hope fatigue. We used Cronbach's alpha method to examine the internal consistency values of the scale, and calculated the consistency value as .96 in the original study and .95 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGratitude Scale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKardaş \u0026amp; Yalçın (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) developed this measurement tool to assess individuals' levels of gratitude. The scale consists of 25 items, 6 sub-dimensions, and has a 5-point Likert-type structure (1 Strongly disagree, 5 Strongly agree). We calculated the Cronbach's Alpha value as .88 in the original study and .90 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSelf-Compassion Scale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeff (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) developed this measurement tool assess individuals' levels of self-compassion. We used the adapted version of this scale developed by Akın et al. (2007). The scale consists of 26 items and 6 subscales and has a 5-point Likert-type structure (1; Never, 5; Always). Within the framework of this study, we calculated reliability values as .81 for the self-compassion subscale, .82 for self-judgment, .70 for awareness of sharing, .75 for isolation, .81 for mindfulness, and .78 for excessive identification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDepression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DAS 21)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLovibond \u0026amp; Lovibond (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) developed this scale and it aims to measure individuals’ levels of depression, anxiety, and stress developed The Scale. We used the Turkish version of the scale adapted by Sarıçam (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) for collecting data. The scale has 21 items, three subscales and has a four-point structure with Likert (0; never, 3; always). We calculated reliability values as .87 for depression, .85 for anxiety, and .81 for stress. In this study, we calculated the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability coefficients of the scale as .88 for depression, .85 for anxiety, and .76 for stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe collected research data by using an online form. Prior to data collection, we obtained the necessary permissions from the Ethics Committee of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University. During the data collection process, we provided the written information about the purpose and scope of the research with participants and obtained their consent for voluntary participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe used descriptive statistics and Pearson's Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis for data analysis. We used SPSS software package in this process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResults\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships between Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGratitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Compassion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDAS_Depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDA_Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDAS_Stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHope Fatigue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.360\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.483\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.680\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.471\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.574\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGratitude\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.455\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.442\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.314\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.349\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-Compassion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.595\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.488\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.625\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAS_Depression\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.714\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.818\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAS_Anxiety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.771\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAS_Stress\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, we found significant relationships among all variables examined in the study. Consistent with the study's hypotheses, significant negative relationships were found between hope fatigue and gratitude and self-compassion, while significant positive relationships were found between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. Accordingly, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.360 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) was found between hope fatigue and gratitude, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.483 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), between hope fatigue and depression r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.680 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), between hope fatigue and anxiety r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.471 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), and between hope fatigue and stress r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.574 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). This indicates that hope fatigue has moderate to high correlations with all variables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the research hypotheses has proposed that gratitude and self-compassion variables would be protective factors against hope fatigue and would have negative relationships with hope fatigue. Similarly, the study developed hypotheses that hope fatigue would have positive relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress. The results confirm the research hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hope fatigue has been proposed as a current concept in the literature (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) and refers to a state of mind between hope and hopelessness. In this study, we determined that hope fatigue has significant negative correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress. The relationship between hope, hopelessness, and depression has been one of the most studied topics in psychology for decades (Abramson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), and the concept of hopelessness is the most frequently used variable in conceptualizing depression. This also points to the potential relationship between hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. This is because the nature of hope fatigue involves various risk factors such as anxiety, doubt, loss of meaning and purpose, reduced positive future expectations, lack of enthusiasm for life, gradual loss of hope, and the feeling of being overwhelmed by important life events (Alderman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has revealed that hope fatigue may be a variable associated with mental health problems. Therefore, we believe it is important to identify protective factors against hope fatigue. The Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions (Fredrickson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) highlights the potential of positive emotions to build protective resources against challenging life events. In this regard, this study developed the hypothesis that gratitude and self-compassion would play a positive role in the relationship between hope fatigue and depression, and that both variables would have negative relationships with hope fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicate that gratitude and self-compassion have a significant negative relationship with hope fatigue. On the other hand, gratitude and self-compassion also have negative and significant relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress. This situation reveals that both variables may be protective variables against both hope fatigue and depression, anxiety, and stress. Research findings show that there are negative correlations between gratitude and depression and anxiety, indicating that gratitude contributes to well-being on the one hand, while having a protective effect against mental health problems such as depression and anxiety on the other (Emmons \u0026amp; Stern, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Petrocchi \u0026amp; Couyoumdjian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Stoeckel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Wood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, there are also research findings indicating that the effect of gratitude interventions on depression and anxiety is modest (Cregg \u0026amp; Cheavens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Davis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, consistent with the findings of this study, research findings show that self-compassion also has a protective function against mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress (de Souza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Han \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Raes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In conclusion, gratitude and self-compassion may be protective factors for the relationship between hope fatigue and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneral Discussion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe aimed to develop a tool to measure hope fatigue, a new and unique concept in the field of hope and hopelessness studies. In research process, first, the need for scale development for the concept of hope fatigue was determined, and then the scale items were created with the contributions of experts in the field. The structure of the scale was tested with EFA and CFA; the goodness-of-fit values of the model were evaluated in line with the determined limits. The analyses revealed that the hope fatigue model and the model factors exhibited good and acceptable fits. We calculated the reliability value of by the Cronbach’s alpha method (.96), and found these values within acceptable limits. Within the scope of convergent and discriminant validity, validity analyses we conducted using hopelessness, continuous hope and life satisfaction scales and the results showed that the scale has a good level of validity. The analysis revealed that this scale, which we developed to measure hope fatigue, exhibited a unidimensional structure consisting of 24 items. After all these analyses, we tested the scale's usefulness in another study. With a second study, which we conducted on the general population over the age of 18, we determined that the validity of HOFAS was confirmed in a separate study and that hope fatigue had significant negative correlations with gratitude and self compassion and significant positive relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS 21).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScale development studies are studies that arise in response to a need (Kardaş \u0026amp; Yalçın, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This study, which presents the Hope Fatigue Scale, is conducted in response to the observation that a new mood has emerged in people in recent years and the need to define and measure this mood. Hope fatigue is characterized by uncertainty, loss of control, diminished expectations, weakened belief that good things will happen, and the gradual loss of hope, and it is distinct from the concepts of hope and hopelessness (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The hope fatigue scale items were constructed to reveal concept distinctions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sharp loss of hope has a physically and psychologically fatal effect (Frankl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). Suicide is also a problem most closely associated with hopelessness in the field of mental health. However, hope fatigue does not have a sharp pulling effect. On the other hand, as hope fatigue persists, the individual begins to lower their expectations and eventually reaches a point where they can no longer take action. Thus, the individual loses their former zest for life and comes to believe that their efforts will no longer lead to a meaningful outcome. In this process, he/she is not completely dragged into despair. An individual experiencing hope fatigue is caught between two options and can no longer make a definitive decision. Over time, this situation also wears them down. The person has not completely given up their expectations, but they are also exhausted from the cycle of expectation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHopelessness is a deep and often destructive emotion characterized by many negative feelings and thoughts (Dilbaz \u0026amp; Seber, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). It arises from negative perceptions of oneself, feelings of insecurity toward others and pessimism about the future (Melges \u0026amp; Bowlby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). The hopeless individual believes that he/she cannot solve his/her problems, has no power to change his/her life and has no control over positive outcomes (Heppner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Hopelessness plays an important role in many psychopathologies, such as suicide, depression, sociopathy, schizophrenia and substance abuse (Beck, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Beck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e; Drake \u0026amp; Cotton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Melges \u0026amp; Bowlby, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e; Seber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, hope fatigue involves a feeling of emptiness between hopelessness and hope. Although the hopeless individual has not given up, his/her intrinsic motivation has decreased. While hopeless individuals carry negative thoughts with respect to a firm belief, the discourse of hope-fatigued individuals is more flexible and vague. Hope fatigue can turn into hopelessness without intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHope fatigue is different from learned helplessness. In learned helplessness, the individual makes numerous attempts but, as they fail over time, they come to accept that the outcome will not change and learn helplessness. In a sense, they surrender to helplessness (Seligman \u0026amp; Maier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e). The person is now passivized (Seligman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e). Hope In hope fatigue, the person is not completely passive. Although he or she is in a state of mind where it is difficult to take action, he or she still has hope for the future. Hope fatigue differs from the concept of burnout. Burnout generally occurs when a person has difficulty in coping with the emotional burdens of work life, whereas in the case of fatigue, the person is not completely passivized. Although he/she is in a state of mind where it is difficult to take action, he/she still hopes for the future. Hope fatigue is also different from burnout. Burnout is a syndrome caused by the inability of coping with emotional burdens of work life (Schaufeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). It is frequently observed in individuals who perform professionally with high levels of human interaction (Maslach et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The individual experiencing burnout feels that he/she cannot devote himself/herself to his/her work, and this situation decreases, especially his/her work success and functionality at work (Maslach \u0026amp; Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e). Hope fatigue transcends the work-specific nature of burnout and encompasses the individual's constant effort and expectation-induced fractures in all areas of life. While the main factor underlying burnout is being in emotionally demanding situations for long periods of time (Pines et al., 1988), in hope fatigue, there is often a lack of fulfillment of demands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, continuous hope, hopelessness and life satisfaction scales were used to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of the hope fatigue scale. As a result of the analysis, the items of the hope fatigue scale are different from these concepts, and the scale measures the intended features. Therefore, the hope fatigue scale developed within the scope of the study is unique in terms of both name and scale items and defines a new mood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother unique aspect of the Hope Fatigue Scale is that it is related to all areas of life. For example, the concept of burnout is generally associated with work life (Schaufeli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), learned helplessness is situation-specific (Maier \u0026amp; Seligman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e), and hope fatigue is subject to an assessment that covers all areas of life. Hope has an organic structure that encompasses all aspects of life. For this reason, the hope fatigue scale includes items related to 5 life domains created by reviewing the theories of hope and hopelessness. Four of these domains are the general self-efficacy domain, in which the person evaluates his/her own capabilities; the cognition and affect domain, in which the person evaluates his/her feelings and thoughts about life; the meaning and goals domain, in which the purpose, goal and meaning in life are evaluated; and the interpersonal relations domain, in which people other than oneself and their ties with these people are evaluated. The fifth domain is the domain of social evaluation, in which the individual evaluates the society in which he/she lives and the effects of this society on him/her. The area of social evaluation is a distinctive area of hope fatigue in that it reflects the direct and indirect impact of society on the individual and is not directly included in any theory of hope and hopelessness. Hope fatigue is also a social phenomenon (Yıldırım \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that there is a positive relationship between hope and self-efficacy (Kemer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Robinson \u0026amp; Sinpes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Taytaş \u0026amp; Kardaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), whereas there is a negative relationship between hopelessness and general self-efficacy (Kasapoğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kezer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Kıran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It is known that meaningful interpersonal relationships instill hope in individuals by eliciting feelings such as approval, support, value and need (Herth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), and strong social support networks are negatively associated with depression (Yalçın, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), which protects individuals against stress (Cohen \u0026amp; Wills, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). Another study (Ciarrochi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that hope is a precursor of positive emotions and that there is a reciprocal negative relationship between negative emotions (e.g., sadness and fear) and hope. In the same study, positive emotions emerged as a result of hopeful thoughts, and hope could affect emotions and thoughts positively or negatively. In addition, it has been reported that there may be strong positive relationships between hope and life goals and social support. It has also been shown that there are positive relationships between joy in life and hope, which are explained by the presence of positive feelings and thoughts toward life (Yıldırım et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These findings point to positive relationships between hope and cognitive and emotional processes. Studies on the relationship between meaning of life and hope-hopelessness have shown that there is a negative relationship between hopelessness and meaning of life (Ayhan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and that meaning of life is one of the main predictors of hope (Bovero et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to the findings of these studies, the theories developed in the field of psychology address the dimensions of hope listed above (Averill et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Dufault \u0026amp; Martocchio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Hammer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Schrank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Scioli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Snyder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Stotland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, it is meaningful to construct the items in the hope fatigue scale by considering the dimensions of self-efficacy, interpersonal relationships, cognition and affect, life meaning and purpose, and social evaluation. The values of the scale also support this structural framework.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has certain limitations. Firstly, hope fatigue is a new concept in the literature, and it needs to be discussed with respect to its various dimensions. This will provide more support to the theoretical foundations of the scale. Second, the scale was developed in Turkish culture. Its generalizability to other cultures is limited at this stage. In this respect, adaptation studies to different cultures are needed. The differences between hope fatigue and other similar concepts are discussed in this study and the referenced studies. However, more empirical studies are needed to distinguish between hope fatigue and similar concepts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of hope fatigue is proposed as a current variable in the field of mental health within the framework of the concepts of hope and hopelessness. Within the spectrum of hope and hopelessness, we consider hope fatigue to be one of the mental health characteristics that represent the gray areas. In-depth observation reveals that many people have given up hope but have not yet been driven to despair. These individuals, who were initially more hopeful, have since grown weary of holding positive expectations, striving to change things in their lives, or harboring positive expectations for the future. In short, individuals experiencing hope fatigue have grown tired of hoping. Their lives are filled with many issues that are mostly out of their control, and this makes them feel under pressure from time to time. These subjective experiences are directly reflected in individuals' discourses and general life attitudes. In this respect, the concept of hope fatigue has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accordingly, we think that developing a measurement tool that measure hope fatigue variable is important. Therefore, the hope fatigue scale developed in this study makes important contributions to the field of current psychology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Van Y\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;nc\u0026uuml; Yıl University Social and Human Sciences Publication Ethics Committee and this committee approved this research with the decisions dated 23.05.2024 and numbered 2024/10\u0026ndash;30, and dated 22.08.2025 and numbered 2025/19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformed consent was provided to all participants who participated in the study and consent for voluntary participation was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed equally to all parts of the study in collaboration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(2):358\u0026ndash;72. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkın A, Uysal R, Akın \u0026Uuml;. The validity and reliability of the Turkish form of the emotional contagion scale. 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Why do people with high dispositional gratitude tend to experience high life satisfaction? A broaden-and-build theory perspective. J Happiness Stud. 2021;22(6):2485\u0026ndash;98. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00310-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10902-020-00310-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hope, hopelessness, fatigue, hope fatigue","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290356/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290356/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concepts of hope and hopelessness have been widely researched for decades. However, we believe that there is another mood that has been emerging in many people in various forms for a long time and can be conceptualized as hope fatigue. We believe that wars, economic problems, increasing uncertainty worldwide, and especially the COVID-19 process contributed to this mood. This paper aims to develop the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS), to test its psychometric properties and to examine relationships between hope Fatigue, gratitude, self-Compassion and DAS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has a descriptive and correlational design. In the first study, 606 individuals participated in the study (EFA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;309, CFA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;297). In the second research, 350 individuals participated in the study. We used the SPPS and AMOS package programs for data analysis. We use exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson correlation analysis and discriminant criterion validity and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha methods for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used hopelessness, dispositional hope and life satisfaction scales for convergent and discriminant validity and found that values were statistically significant. The findings indicated that the unidimensional hope fatigue model had an acceptable fit (CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.90, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.069). We used the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha method for examining reliability values of this scale and found that these values were within acceptable limits (.96). After validating the latent scale structure we developed, we used the scale in another study. We determined that the HOFAS has good values and that hope fatigue has positive correlations with gratitude, self-compassion and negative correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS 21). As a result, the Hope Fatigue Scale, which we developed to measure hope fatigue, revealed a reliable and valid structure consisting of a single dimension and 24 items.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Psychometric Properties of the Hope Fatigue Scale (HOFAS)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 14:53:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8290356/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T08:08:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8905966105077569626127315849157032683","date":"2026-01-17T16:03:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T08:53:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T05:10:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T08:06:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-18T09:31:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-12-18T09:14:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e8fbf571-d563-4557-ac1b-b392a32c28bd","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-16T14:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 14:53:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8290356","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8290356","identity":"rs-8290356","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}