Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia

Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia Gezahegne Mamo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background A serious zoonotic illness, brucellosis has an effect on public health and the economy, especially in poor countries. At the Akaki Abattoir in central Ethiopia, this study looked into the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels as well as the risk factors that are linked to it. Method From December 2017 to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Akaki Abattoir to ascertain the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Census sampling method was employed for higher degree of accuracy in the data. All camels presented in lairage on each visiting day were sampled. During sample collection, all necessary risk factors related to camel brucellosis (age, sex, and body condition) were properly taken. Results The study revealed that out of the total 210 samples tested for RBPT, 6 (2.8%) were found to be positive, of these, 5 (2.4%, at 95% CI: 0.05–0.51) were found to be seropositive for brucellosis after further CFT testing. Based on both RBPT and CFT, there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis between the sexes (χ2 = 7.99, p < 0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in females compared to male camels. Whereas the association between brucella antibody positivity within age and Body condition score categories were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) Conclusions Overall, the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in the camel slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir was low within the parameters of the current investigation. However, as the study is characterized by limited sample size, the current finding should be considered as indicative on the presence of brucellosis among the camel population. Therefore, future studies having increased focus on female camels, ought to be conducted under coordinated nationwide epidemiological surveillance. camel brucellosis Complement Fixation Test (CFT) Ethiopia seroprevalence risk factors Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) Figures Figure 1 BACKGROUND The camel (Camelus dromedarius, one-humped camel) is an essential socioeconomic element of the pastoral and agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. (Gwida et al. , 2011). Ethiopia has an estimated 2.3 million camels, which puts it third in the world behind Sudan and Somalia. (Tezera et al ., 2010). Camels in these regions are mainly kept for milk and meat production (SOS-Sahel-Ethiopia, 2007; Ali et al ., 2004). In the pastoral herd, camels do not perform well, despite their enormous potential for productivity. These locations' camels may be susceptible to brucellosis and other cross-transmitted diseases due to a number of risk factors. (Abebe et al. , 2017). Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial zoonotic disease that is significant for worldwide public health. It is sometimes referred to as Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Contagious Abortion, or Bang's Disease. (Pal et al ., 2016). It is brought on by members of the Brucella genus. These are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular, non-motile, aerobic coccobacilli. Brucella's capacity to proliferate and endure in host cells is intimately related to its ability to cause chronic disease and elude innate and adaptive immunity. (Fichi, 2003). Ten species of Brucella are currently known, including the more well-known six classical species: Brucella suis (pigs, reindeer, and hares, biovars 1–5), Brucella ovis (sheep), Brucella canis (dogs), Brucella neotomae (desert wood rats), and B. abortus (cattle, biovars 1–6, and 9). Recent discoveries of Brucella microti (voles) , Brucella inopinata (reservoir unknown) , and Brucella ceti and pinnipedialis (dolphins/porpoises and seals, respectively) have added new species to the genus. (Godfroid et al ., 2011). Brucella ovis, Brucella melitensis , and Brucella abortus can all cause the disease in dromedary camels (Seifert, 1996). However, Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus are the sources of brucellosis , which frequently affects them. (Abbas and Agab, 2002; Gwida et al ., 2011) especially when they are pastured together with infected sheep, goats and cattle. The pastoral management system's enormous herd size, sharing of watering spots with ruminants, and poor hygiene procedures encourage the spread of camel brucellosis, especially during pregnancy or childbirth, by an infected female. (Abbas and Agab, 2002). Due to poor herd fertility, a long calving interval, a late first calving age, and relatively low milk output, brucellosis can typically result in a significant loss of productivity in camels. (Radostits, et al ., 2007: Wernery and Kaaden, 2002). The illness hinders the free movement of animals and creates a barrier to the import and export of animals, which limits the cattle trade. (Zinsstag et al ., 2011). Furthermore, it should be mentioned that human brucellosis poses a serious risk to public health because it causes undulant fever, an acute febrile illness that can develop into a more chronic form and cause major complications that affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and central nervous systems. (OIE, 2009). The regions of Sidamo, Harar, and Tigray in Ethiopia reported the first cases of camel brucellosis, with a seroprevalence of 4.4%. (Domenech, 1977). Since then, research on the prevalence of brucellosis has been carried out in a few locations around the nation. According to Seroprevalence studies conducted in different camel rearing areas of the country, overall prevalence rates of 4.2% (Teshome et al. , 2003), 5.3% (Hadush and Pal. , 2013), 4.1% (Gizaw et al. , 2017), 3.1% (Admasu and Kaynata, 2017), 2.43% (Tilahun et al. , 2013), and 4.5% (Abebe et al. , 2017) were reported. There is a greater knowledge vacuum regarding the disease's prevalence, nevertheless, given the possible damage it poses and the strategic value of camels to Ethiopia's pastoralist society. In addition to being restricted to specific regions, Ethiopia's current research is also extremely dispersed and constrained. Furthermore, the Ethiopian scientific community continues to overlook camels as one of the domestic livestock. (Yesihak and Bekele 2003). Hence, the current study intends to ascertain the apparent prevalence of camel brucellosis and evaluate potential risk variables linked to camel brucellosis seropositivity in camel populations brought from Ethiopia's Borena and Kereyu area of Oromia Region and Minijar area of Amhara Region of Ethiopia. RESULTS In the current study, out of 210 samples tested for RBPT, 6 (2.8%) were positive reactors. Five (2.4%) of them were found to be seropositive for brucellosis after further CFT testing. The result of Rose Bengal Plate test and Compliment fixation Test on those sera that had positive reaction to both tests was used as true positive and thus indicated 2.4% overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in the tested camels. Based on both RBPT and CFT, the predicted seroprevalence of putative risk variables showed a significant difference in the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis between the sexes (χ2 = 7.99, p < 0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in females (6.2%) as compared to male animals (0.7%) as indicated in Table 1 . On the other hand the association between the presence of brucella antibody and the corresponding risk factors (age, p = 0.093, BCS p = 0.325) were noticed to be statistically insignificant, but this study result shows that the prevalence in different age group is 2.1% in adult and 2.9% in older animals. Higher seroprevalence was recorded in camels with poor body condition (4.2%) than under the category of good body condition score (1.9%) as indicated in Table 2 . Table 1 Association of different risk factors with brucella seropositive camels Risk factor No of tested Animals No of positive Animals (%) χ2 Value P-value Sex Female 64 4(6.2%) 5.93 0.015* Male 146 1(0.7%) Age Adult 141 3 (2.1%) 0.12 0.731 Old 69 2 (2.9%) BCS Poor 48 2 (4.2%) 0.85 0.356 Good 162 3 (1.9%) χ2 = chi square *= There exist statically significant difference Table 2 Multivariable Logestic reggression analysis of brucellosis with potential risk factors Risk factor No of tested Animals No of positive Animals (%) Crude OR 95% CI Adjusted OR 95% CI Sex Female 64 4(6.2%) 1 Male 146 1(0.7%) 0.12 (0.01–0.94) 0.11 (0.01–0.92) Age Adult 141 3 (2.1%) 1 Old 69 2 (2.9%) 1.37(0.22–8.41) 1.17(0.17–7.81) BCS Poor 48 2 (4.2%) 1 Good 162 3 (1.9%) 0.43(0.07–2.67) 0.42(0.06–2.79) χ2 = chi square DISCUSSION Compared to other livestock animals in the same regions, camels are relatively resilient and less prone to numerous diseases. (Dirie and Abdurhaman, 2003). However, they may be more likely to experience severe health issues as a result of the extremely hard and stressful circumstances regarding temperature, water availability, and nutrition. (Agab et al. , 1996). Many infectious diseases that plague camels might pose a risk to their handlers because camel herders have a deep cultural bond with their animals, which is demonstrated through intricate practices. (Tefera and Abebe, 2013). Considered one of the most important human health problems in the world, brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease that affects both humans and domestic animals, including camels. (Radositis et al. , 2007). Compared to extensive management systems, camel brucellosis is more common in intensive camel production systems, where many animals are housed in close quarters on a farm (Abbas and Agab, 2002). Typically, camels from the Borena, Kereyu, and Minijar regions are brought to Akaki Abattior for slaughter. In these regions, camels are raised for traction, milk and meat production, transportation, and a number of other socioeconomic uses (Tefera and Abebe, 2013). 210 camels that were clinically normal at the time of sampling were sampled for the current study; however, due to the owners' unavailability, it was not possible to review the camels' prior clinical symptoms of brucellosis. According to the current investigation, the overall seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was 2.4%. This finding is in agreement with the results recorded by Tilahun et al. , (2013) in Jigjiga and babile district with a prevalence of 2.43%, Teshome et al. (2003) in Somali with a prevalence of 2.8%, Zeru et al. , (2016) in Afar, with a prevalence of 2.09%, Megersa et al (2005) in Borena with a prevalence of 1.8%, Mohammed et al. , (2011) in Dire Dawa with a prevalence of 1.6%. However, the current study finding was in disagreement with earlier report in same study area Abebe, et al ., (2017) with a prevalence of 4.2%. also this study result disagree with Hadush and Pal. (2013) who report that the prevalence in Afar is 4.1%, In various areas of the Afar region, Zewolda and Wereta (2012) and Sisay and Mekonnen (2012) recorded prevalences of 5.7% and 7.6%, respectively. It is also in disagreement with prevalence of 23.8% reported by Musa et al ., (2008) in Darfur, Western Sudan, a prevalence of 2.0 to 15.4% reported by Wanjohi et al ., (2012) in Kenya, 19.4% reported by Dawood, (2008) in Jordan, 30.5% reported by Ahmed et al., ( 2007) in Sudan, 7.61% reported by Hassanain and Ahmed, (2012) in Egypt. Topography and management systems may be the cause of these elevated prevalence rates. However, the current study's observation is greater than the 0.9% that Gumi et al. , (2013) recorded in the Oromia region's Borena. The size of the herd, sample size, management techniques, the existence or lack of infectious foci, such as herds infected with Brucella, which could spread the disease to contact herds, and the unpredictable environmental conditions of pastoral and agro-pastoral areas, which can lead to stress and disease recurrence, can all affect the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. (Abebe, et al ., 2017; Gizaw, et al. , 2017). Use of tests with low diagnostic sensitivity also contributes for the variability of the results. The sensitivity and specificity of the serological assays are significantly impacted by the existence of false positive serological cross reactions brought on by other gram negative bacteria. RBPT is regarded as a satisfactory screening test (OIE, 2000; Quinn et al ., 2002). The use of CFT as a confirmatory test in serial testing was justified by its high specificity. (OIE, 2000). Consequently, the effectiveness of brucellosis detection is increased by using a serial testing approach that first screened all samples using RBPT and then applies CFT to positive reactors, as used in the current test. (Teshome et al ., 2003). In the current investigation, females had a comparatively greater seroprevalence of brucellosis (6.1%) compared to males (0.7%). Sex-related differences are statistically significant (p < 0.05), which is consistent with the findings of Megersa (2004), Abebe et al. , (2017), Junaidu et al. , (2006), and Maiti and Mohan (2013). Erythritol, which promotes the growth of B. abortus , may be the cause of the higher prevalence of brucellosis in female camels. Through their milk and uterine discharge, female animals are also crucial in spreading the disease. Additionally, lactation, pregnancy, and other reproductive stressors are linked to the relaxation of immunity in female camels, which raises the prevalence in females. (Gyles and Prescott, 2004). The prevalence of brucellosis among different age groups found to be 2.1% in adult and 2.9% in older animals. The slight variation in the seroprevalence may be caused by the small number of older camels slaughtered at the abattoir. Although, the result indicates that, the older ones have higher brucella antibody concentretion than the younger ones, this agrees with the fact that In essence, brucellosis affects sexually mature animals, and as sexual maturity develops, so does vulnerability since erythritol and sex hormones have an impact on the disease's pathophysiology. Despite the possibility of a few latent illnesses, young animals often have higher infection resistance and clear infections more easily. (Walker, 1999). Immunity to a variety of infectious diseases is greatly influenced by nutrition. It is anticipated that animals who are underfed will have weakened immunity, which will show up as poor physical condition. (Faye and Bengoumi, 2006; Radostits et al ., 2007). Thus, camels with a low body condition score (4.2%) had higher seropositivity than camels with a high body condition score (1.9%). Swai et al. (2011) found similar results in Tanzania.Limitation The camels brought for slaughter to the abattoir were owned by local merchants which are not available, so it makes it very difficult to distinguish the origin of the animals furthermore animals slaughtered at the abattoir were apparently healthy animals so non infected animals might dominate the study population, in this case animals representing the real population with different prevalence might be missed from the study population Therefore, further studies need to be done at the origin level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area The Akaki Abattoir served as the study's site. This is situated on Addis Ababa's southern outskirts. It is located in Ethiopia's central highlands and has coordinates of 8°52'7"N 38°47'5"E. With a noticeable rainfall peak in July and August and a rainfall minimum throughout the boreal winter (December to February), the city has a mild climate. Summertime sees the lowest average monthly temperatures, which range from 10 to 20 degrees Celsius. (CLUVA, 2013). Camels from the Ethiopian regions of Borena, Kereyu, and Minijar were brought to the Akaki Abattoir to be slaughtered. About 600 km south of Addis Ababa, in the Oromia National Regional State, sits Borena, the primary source of study animals. The Borena zone has a semiarid climate. (NMSA, 2003). Kereyu is roughly 250 kilometres east of Addis Ababa in the Oromia National Regional State. Kereyu has a dry climate in general. Minijar is roughly 130 kilometres east of Addis Ababa in the North Shoa administrative Zone of Amhara National Regional State. Minijar experiences dry weather most of the time. (National Meteorology Service Agency (NMSA) (1999). Study population The camels that were slaughtered at the Akaki Abattoir were privately owned. They were driven there from their home regions and held in the lairage for a period of one to seven days. The study was conducted during this period. Seven camels were slaughtered on average each day and 2,500 annually in the abattoir. In all, 210 camels (male and female) were used in this investigation. The study animals were categorized in to two age groups; adult (5–15 years old) and old age group (15 > years old). Based on their body condition score they were categorized as camels having good body condition and those having poor body condition. Study design From December 2017 to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Akaki Abattoir to ascertain the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Census sampling method was employed for higher degree of accuracy in the data. All camels presented in lairage on each visiting day were sampled. During sample collection, all necessary risk factors related to camel brucellosis (age, sex, and body condition) were properly taken. 2.4. Sample size determination The formula provided for census sampling methods was used to calculate the study animals' sample size (Thrusfield, 2005). Using 4.5% as the anticipated prevalence (Abebe et al. , 2017). Where, n = required sample size; p = expected prevalence (p = 4.5% =0.045); d = 5% = 0.05, 1.96 (CI = 95%). Thus, the desired sample size for p = 0.045 was n = 66. But for precision purpose the sample size was raised to 210. Sample collection and processing A sample collection form was created beforehand to record the essential risk indicators for camel brucellosis, including age, sex, and physical condition score. Using simple vaccutainer test tubes, an approximate 8 ml blood sample was extracted from jugular vein punctures in animals that were adequately secured and kept in an ice box. There were no anaesthetics used at the time of the sample collection. Rather, camels are typically slaughtered by first rendering them immobile, usually by severing the rear leg's Achilles tendon, and then leading them to the abattoir floor so that their throats can be cut. The blood samples were shipped in a leak-proof container with ice packs to the Microbiology Laboratory at Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine. They were then centrifuged for five minutes at 1000 rpm. After that, the sera were transferred into 5-milliliter cynovial tubes and kept in a refrigerator at -20°C until they were processed further. Serological tests The specificity of the serological tests used for the diagnosis is crucial for the control, eradication, and surveillance of brucellosis; in these situations, the highest specificity tests are needed, or the use of at least two tests administered serially is typically advised for maximal specificity. (Raul et al. , 2005). Cross-reacting bacteria like Salmonella serotypes, Yersinia entrocolitica , and Escherichia coli have the ability to influence serological results when tests with limited specificity are employed. (Garin-Bastuji et al ., 1999). There is currently no established methodology or titer for diagnosing brucellosis in camels. The test protocol described for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis should be used for camels, according to OIE (2000). A combination of Rose Bengal Plate Test and Compliment Fixation Test is generally accepted and most widely used serial test schemeFor an animal to be deemed infected in these serial testing techniques, it must respond positively to both tastes. (Raul et al. , 2005). Both testes were done in the National Veterinary Institute. All sera samples were submitted to the institute and were initially screened by RBPT. Sera and antigen were processed according to Alton et al.'s (1975) suggested protocol after being allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes before to the test. Each circle on the plate received around 30 µl of test serum, and an equivalent volume of RBPT antigen ( B. abortus suspension) was added next to the serum. A wooden applicator was used to completely mix the antigen and test serum, and the mixture was rocked for three to four minutes. Lastly checked for obvious agglutination CFT was used to confirm positive sera with RBPT utilising the Standard Brucella abortus antigen. The methods described by Alton et al. (1975) and OIE (2000) were followed for the proper CFT test and reagent preparation. A serum was deemed CFT positive if it fixed 50% of the complement at a dilution of 1:5 or higher. Data Analysis The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program was used to store the row data derived from the serological testing. Software called STATA Version 16.0 was used to calculate descriptive statistics. To determine whether there was a statistically significant correlation between the risk factors and the serological results, Pearson's chi square test was employed. The logistic regression method was used to interpret the degree of relationship between the various putative risk factors and prevalence. A result was deemed statically significant if its 95% CI and P-value were less than 0.05. If the computed p < 0.05 and the 95% CI for OR does not contain one of its values, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAU Addis Ababa University ATPSN African Technology Policy Studies Network BCS Body Condition Score CDC Center for Disease Control and prevention CFT Compliment Fixation Test CI Confidence Interval CVMA College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture OIE Office of International Des Epizootics OR Odds Ratio RBPL Rose Bengal Plate Test Rpm Revolution per minute CONCLUSION One of the most common zoonoses in the world, brucellosis is a highly contagious and economically significant bacterial illness of animals. According to the current study, there is a low overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels in the population under investigation. The main risk factor for the disease's development was determined to be sex, but age and body condition score did not significantly correlate with Brucella seropositivity. Despite the low seroprevalence of camel brucellosis, seropositive animals could become future infection foci, endanger public health, and reduce camel productivity and market value. Information about the disease's epidemiology in the nation is lacking, despite the fact that brucellosis is common in camel populations. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The majority of the camels slaughtered at the Akaki abattoir in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, come from pastoral regions such as Kereyu, Borena, and Borana. In particular, the Akaki abattoir slaughters camels and other animals, such as sheep and goats, and provides meat to customers. These camels are owned by pastoralists from the aforementioned areas that take their animals to the slaughter and leave them there. As such they were unavailable at the time of the study. However, the management of the abattoir gave their informed oral consent before any data was collected. This technique was carried out in compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving both human and animal participants involved in the management or operation of the abattoir, and it was approved by the Animal Research Ethical Review Committee, Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, reference number VM/ERC/09/57/17/2025. Consent for publication: Not Applicable Competing interests: I would like to explicitly state there are no any competing interests with respect to the submitted work. Funding: No Funding Author Contribution FT conducted all aspects of the study, including the formulation of the research question, study design, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing. He was responsible for all elements of the research process and prepared the manuscript for submission. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dr. Andualem Aklilu for his moral support, encouragement and devoting his time for correction of this paper Data Availability Due to resource constraints, the datasets created and/or examined during the current work are not publically accessible; however, they can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Abbas, B. and Agab, H. (2002): A review of camel brucellosis. Preventive veterinary Medicine Journals. 55: 47-56. Abebe, G., Yalelet, W., Mamo, G. and Shahid, N. ( 2017): Sero-prevalence and associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia. Journal of Animal Research. 7: 617-622. Admasu, P. and Kaynata, G. (2017): Seroprevalence of Camel Brucellosis in Yabello District of Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medical Research . 4: 1115. Agab, H., Abbas, B., Ahmed, H. and Mamoun, I. 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Canadian Veterinary Journal 46: 913-916 Seifert, S. H. (1996): Tropical Animal Health, 2nd Ed. Dordrecht: Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 358-362. Sisay, W. and Mekonnen, H. (2012): Seroprevalence of brucella infection in camel and its public health significance in selected districts of afar region, Ethiopia . Journal of Environmental Occupational Science. 1: 91-98. SOS-Sahel Ethiopia. (2007): Pastoralism in Ethiopia: Its total economic values and development challenges. Project Evaluation Report: Oxfam Canada, December 2007, Addis Ababa, pp: 1-33. Swai, E.S., Moshy, W., Mbise, E., Lutatina, J. and Bwanga, S. (2011): Disease and health conditions affecting camel production in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities of northern Tanzania. Research. Opinions in Animal Veterinary Sciences. 1 : 83- 88. Tefera, M. and Abebe, G. (2013): Camel in Ethiopia. Haramaya University: Ethiopian Veterinary association. Teshome, H., Molla, B. and Tibbo, M. (2003): A serosurveillance study of camel brucellosis in three camel rearing regions of Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 35 :381-389. Tezera, G., Nura, D., Hirsi, A. and Mohammed, S.A. (2010). Camel keepers in Ethiopia at a glance, Pastoralist forum Ethiopia, Endogenous livestock development FAO international technical conference on animal genetic resources, 1-7 August 2007, Interlaken, Switzerland. pp. 1-9. Thrusfield, M. (2005) Veterinary Epidemiology. (2nd edn), Blackwell Science Ltd, UK. Tilahun, B., Bekana, M., Belihu, K. and Zewdu, E. (2013): Camel brucellosis and management practices in Jijiga and Babile districts, Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health . 5: 81-86. UNOCHA,(2024). Open AFRICA.Etiopiashapefiles http://www.ethionsdi.gov.et/geoserver/wfs?format_options=charset%3AUTF 8&typename=geonode%3Aeth_adm2&outputFormat=SHAPE ZIP&version=1.0.0&service=WFS&request=GetFeature Walker, R. (1999): Brucella. Veterinary Microbiology. London: Blackwell Science Inc., pp. 196-203. Wanjohi, M., Gitao, C. and Bebora, L. (2012): The prevalence of Brucella spp in camel milk marketed from north eastern province. Research. Opinions in Animal Veterinary Sciences. 2 : 425-434. Wernery, U. and Kaaden, O. (2002): Infectious diseases of Camelids. Blackwell Science Inc. London, pp. 99-116. Yesihak, Y. and Bekele, T. (2003): Growth pattern of one humped camel (camelusdromedarius) . Proceeding of the11th Annual Conference of the Ethiopiann Society of animal Production held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp.157-165. Zeru, F., Gebrezgabher, W., Dessalegn, K., Tilahun, S., Guben, Y., Mohammed, H. and Hadush A. (2016): Prevalence and Risk Factor of Brucellosis in Dromedaries in Selected Pastoral Districts of Afar, Northeastern Ethiopia . Journal of Natural Science Research. 6: 2224-3186. Zewolda, S. and Wereta, M. (2012): Seroprevalence of Brucella infection in camel and its public health significance in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Occupational Science. 1 : 91-98. Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Solera, J., Blasco, J.M. and Moriyon, I. (2011): Brucellosis. IN: Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgesson PR, Brown DG. Handbook of zoonosis. Oxford and New York. Oxford university press. Pp. 54-62. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files ANNEXES.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6847323","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":482489081,"identity":"e66b6369-ce99-4bbc-a977-62a8057d34c2","order_by":0,"name":"Gezahegne Mamo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9mYGhsMMDAkybOwMjA+AAjx8hLTwHGYGa+FhY2ZgNgAJsBHUcgCoFKQFSLJJgEQIa2HnP3i4oCaNh4+Zx6zya46dDBsD88NHN/BpYQY6bMaxHKDDeMxuy25LBjqMzdg4B48We5AWHrYKiBbJbcxALTxs0vi0gG3h+QfRUiy5rZ5ILbxtEIcxftx2mCgtBod5+9KAWtiKpRm3HQcx8PuFh//g488835Ll5NubN378ua3anp+9+eFjfFpQADMPmCRWOQgw/iBF9SgYBaNgFIwYAADRPTWZfCyevAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gezahegne","middleName":"","lastName":"Mamo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-08 12:08:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86304949,"identity":"a1514bac-650b-483c-9032-1ce998d58340","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 07:03:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":498360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSource: Prepared Based on Data by (UNOCHA, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6847323/v1/e972d440fe09480e8001ade3.png"},{"id":103289537,"identity":"47b61813-0a81-4dd3-8c94-cdf3cecb8aac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-24 05:56:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1198024,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6847323/v1/e02425fa-2e30-4f8f-a038-41efe14a3f9e.pdf"},{"id":86304641,"identity":"5cb2b48b-c749-4eba-95ef-114211294ddc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 06:55:46","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":374724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ANNEXES.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6847323/v1/e7bbe6805546491426fc92ea.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe camel (Camelus dromedarius, one-humped camel) is an essential socioeconomic element of the pastoral and agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. (Gwida \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2011). Ethiopia has an estimated 2.3\u0026nbsp;million camels, which puts it third in the world behind Sudan and Somalia. (Tezera \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2010). Camels in these regions are mainly kept for milk and meat production (SOS-Sahel-Ethiopia, 2007; Ali \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004). In the pastoral herd, camels do not perform well, despite their enormous potential for productivity. These locations' camels may be susceptible to brucellosis and other cross-transmitted diseases due to a number of risk factors. (Abebe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial zoonotic disease that is significant for worldwide public health. It is sometimes referred to as Undulant Fever, Malta Fever, Contagious Abortion, or Bang's Disease. (Pal \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). It is brought on by members of the \u003cem\u003eBrucella\u003c/em\u003e genus. These are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular, non-motile, aerobic coccobacilli. \u003cem\u003eBrucella's\u003c/em\u003e capacity to proliferate and endure in host cells is intimately related to its ability to cause chronic disease and elude innate and adaptive immunity. (Fichi, 2003). Ten species of \u003cem\u003eBrucella\u003c/em\u003e are currently known, including the more well-known six classical species: \u003cem\u003eBrucella suis\u003c/em\u003e (pigs, reindeer, and hares, biovars 1\u0026ndash;5), \u003cem\u003eBrucella ovis\u003c/em\u003e (sheep), \u003cem\u003eBrucella canis\u003c/em\u003e (dogs), \u003cem\u003eBrucella neotomae\u003c/em\u003e (desert wood rats), and \u003cem\u003eB. abortus\u003c/em\u003e (cattle, biovars 1\u0026ndash;6, and 9). Recent discoveries of \u003cem\u003eBrucella microti (voles)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBrucella inopinata (reservoir unknown)\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eBrucella ceti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epinnipedialis\u003c/em\u003e (dolphins/porpoises and seals, respectively) have added new species to the genus. (Godfroid \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011). \u003cem\u003eBrucella ovis, Brucella melitensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eBrucella abortus\u003c/em\u003e can all cause the disease in dromedary camels (Seifert, 1996). However, \u003cem\u003eBrucella melitensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrucella abortus\u003c/em\u003e are the sources of \u003cem\u003ebrucellosis\u003c/em\u003e, which frequently affects them. (Abbas and Agab, 2002; Gwida \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011) especially when they are pastured together with infected sheep, goats and cattle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe pastoral management system's enormous herd size, sharing of watering spots with ruminants, and poor hygiene procedures encourage the spread of camel brucellosis, especially during pregnancy or childbirth, by an infected female. (Abbas and Agab, 2002). Due to poor herd fertility, a long calving interval, a late first calving age, and relatively low milk output, \u003cem\u003ebrucellosis\u003c/em\u003e can typically result in a significant loss of productivity in camels. (Radostits, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007: Wernery and Kaaden, 2002). The illness hinders the free movement of animals and creates a barrier to the import and export of animals, which limits the cattle trade. (Zinsstag \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011). Furthermore, it should be mentioned that human brucellosis poses a serious risk to public health because it causes undulant fever, an acute febrile illness that can develop into a more chronic form and cause major complications that affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and central nervous systems. (OIE, 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe regions of Sidamo, Harar, and Tigray in Ethiopia reported the first cases of camel brucellosis, with a seroprevalence of 4.4%. (Domenech, 1977). Since then, research on the prevalence of brucellosis has been carried out in a few locations around the nation. According to Seroprevalence studies conducted in different camel rearing areas of the country, overall prevalence rates of 4.2% (Teshome \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2003), 5.3% (Hadush \u003cem\u003eand Pal.\u003c/em\u003e, 2013), 4.1% (Gizaw \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017), 3.1% (Admasu and Kaynata, 2017), 2.43% (Tilahun \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2013), and 4.5% (Abebe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017) were reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a greater knowledge vacuum regarding the disease's prevalence, nevertheless, given the possible damage it poses and the strategic value of camels to Ethiopia's pastoralist society. In addition to being restricted to specific regions, Ethiopia's current research is also extremely dispersed and constrained. Furthermore, the Ethiopian scientific community continues to overlook camels as one of the domestic livestock. (Yesihak and Bekele 2003).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHence, the current study intends to ascertain the apparent prevalence of camel brucellosis and evaluate potential risk variables linked to camel brucellosis seropositivity in camel populations brought from Ethiopia's Borena and Kereyu area of Oromia Region and Minijar area of Amhara Region of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, out of 210 samples tested for RBPT, 6 (2.8%) were positive reactors. Five (2.4%) of them were found to be seropositive for brucellosis after further CFT testing. The result of Rose Bengal Plate test and Compliment fixation Test on those sera that had positive reaction to both tests was used as true positive and thus indicated 2.4% overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in the tested camels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on both RBPT and CFT, the predicted seroprevalence of putative risk variables showed a significant difference in the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis between the sexes (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.99, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in females (6.2%) as compared to male animals (0.7%) as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand the association between the presence of \u003cem\u003ebrucella\u003c/em\u003e antibody and the corresponding risk factors (age, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.093, BCS p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.325) were noticed to be statistically insignificant, but this study result shows that the prevalence in different age group is 2.1% in adult and 2.9% in older animals. Higher seroprevalence was recorded in camels with poor body condition (4.2%) than under the category of good body condition score (1.9%) as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation of different risk factors with brucella seropositive camels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo of tested\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo of positive\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimals (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ2 Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex Female\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Adult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOld\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBCS Poor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi square *= There exist statically significant difference\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable Logestic reggression analysis of brucellosis with potential risk factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo of tested\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo of positive\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimals (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude OR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex Female\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Adult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOld\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37(0.22\u0026ndash;8.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17(0.17\u0026ndash;7.81)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBCS Poor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43(0.07\u0026ndash;2.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42(0.06\u0026ndash;2.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eχ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompared to other livestock animals in the same regions, camels are relatively resilient and less prone to numerous diseases. (Dirie and Abdurhaman, 2003). However, they may be more likely to experience severe health issues as a result of the extremely hard and stressful circumstances regarding temperature, water availability, and nutrition. (Agab \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1996). Many infectious diseases that plague camels might pose a risk to their handlers because camel herders have a deep cultural bond with their animals, which is demonstrated through intricate practices. (Tefera and Abebe, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidered one of the most important human health problems in the world, brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease that affects both humans and domestic animals, including camels. (Radositis \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2007). Compared to extensive management systems, camel brucellosis is more common in intensive camel production systems, where many animals are housed in close quarters on a farm (Abbas and Agab, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypically, camels from the Borena, Kereyu, and Minijar regions are brought to Akaki Abattior for slaughter. In these regions, camels are raised for traction, milk and meat production, transportation, and a number of other socioeconomic uses (Tefera and Abebe, 2013). 210 camels that were clinically normal at the time of sampling were sampled for the current study; however, due to the owners' unavailability, it was not possible to review the camels' prior clinical symptoms of brucellosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the current investigation, the overall seroprevalence of camel brucellosis was 2.4%. This finding is in agreement with the results recorded by Tilahun \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2013) in Jigjiga and babile district with a prevalence of 2.43%, Teshome \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2003) in Somali with a prevalence of 2.8%, Zeru \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2016) in Afar, with a prevalence of 2.09%, Megersa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2005) in Borena with a prevalence of 1.8%, Mohammed \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2011) in Dire Dawa with a prevalence of 1.6%. However, the current study finding was in disagreement with earlier report in same study area Abebe, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2017) with a prevalence of 4.2%. also this study result disagree with Hadush and Pal. (2013) who report that the prevalence in Afar is 4.1%, In various areas of the Afar region, Zewolda and Wereta (2012) and Sisay and Mekonnen (2012) recorded prevalences of 5.7% and 7.6%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is also in disagreement with prevalence of 23.8% reported by Musa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2008) in Darfur, Western Sudan, a prevalence of 2.0 to 15.4% reported by Wanjohi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2012) in Kenya, 19.4% reported by Dawood, (2008) in Jordan, 30.5% reported by Ahmed \u003cem\u003eet al., (\u003c/em\u003e2007) in Sudan, 7.61% reported by Hassanain and Ahmed, (2012) in Egypt. Topography and management systems may be the cause of these elevated prevalence rates. However, the current study's observation is greater than the 0.9% that Gumi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2013) recorded in the Oromia region's Borena.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe size of the herd, sample size, management techniques, the existence or lack of infectious foci, such as herds infected with Brucella, which could spread the disease to contact herds, and the unpredictable environmental conditions of pastoral and agro-pastoral areas, which can lead to stress and disease recurrence, can all affect the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. (Abebe, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017; Gizaw, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017). Use of tests with low diagnostic sensitivity also contributes for the variability of the results. The sensitivity and specificity of the serological assays are significantly impacted by the existence of false positive serological cross reactions brought on by other gram negative bacteria. RBPT is regarded as a satisfactory screening test (OIE, 2000; Quinn \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2002). The use of CFT as a confirmatory test in serial testing was justified by its high specificity. (OIE, 2000). Consequently, the effectiveness of brucellosis detection is increased by using a serial testing approach that first screened all samples using RBPT and then applies CFT to positive reactors, as used in the current test. (Teshome \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2003).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current investigation, females had a comparatively greater seroprevalence of brucellosis (6.1%) compared to males (0.7%). Sex-related differences are statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), which is consistent with the findings of Megersa (2004), Abebe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2017), Junaidu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2006), and Maiti and Mohan (2013). Erythritol, which promotes the growth of \u003cem\u003eB. abortus\u003c/em\u003e, may be the cause of the higher prevalence of brucellosis in female camels. Through their milk and uterine discharge, female animals are also crucial in spreading the disease. Additionally, lactation, pregnancy, and other reproductive stressors are linked to the relaxation of immunity in female camels, which raises the prevalence in females. (Gyles and Prescott, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of brucellosis among different age groups found to be 2.1% in adult and 2.9% in older animals. The slight variation in the seroprevalence may be caused by the small number of older camels slaughtered at the abattoir. Although, the result indicates that, the older ones have higher brucella antibody concentretion than the younger ones, this agrees with the fact that In essence, brucellosis affects sexually mature animals, and as sexual maturity develops, so does vulnerability since erythritol and sex hormones have an impact on the disease's pathophysiology. Despite the possibility of a few latent illnesses, young animals often have higher infection resistance and clear infections more easily. (Walker, 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImmunity to a variety of infectious diseases is greatly influenced by nutrition. It is anticipated that animals who are underfed will have weakened immunity, which will show up as poor physical condition. (Faye and Bengoumi, 2006; Radostits \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007). Thus, camels with a low body condition score (4.2%) had higher seropositivity than camels with a high body condition score (1.9%). Swai \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2011) found similar results in Tanzania.Limitation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The camels brought for slaughter to the abattoir were owned by local merchants which are not available, so it makes it very difficult to distinguish the origin of the animals furthermore animals slaughtered at the abattoir were apparently healthy animals so non infected animals might dominate the study population, in this case animals representing the real population with different prevalence might be missed from the study population Therefore, further studies need to be done at the origin level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Akaki Abattoir served as the study's site. This is situated on Addis Ababa's southern outskirts. It is located in Ethiopia's central highlands and has coordinates of 8\u0026deg;52'7\"N 38\u0026deg;47'5\"E. With a noticeable rainfall peak in July and August and a rainfall minimum throughout the boreal winter (December to February), the city has a mild climate. Summertime sees the lowest average monthly temperatures, which range from 10 to 20 degrees Celsius. (CLUVA, 2013). Camels from the Ethiopian regions of Borena, Kereyu, and Minijar were brought to the Akaki Abattoir to be slaughtered. About 600 km south of Addis Ababa, in the Oromia National Regional State, sits Borena, the primary source of study animals. The Borena zone has a semiarid climate. (NMSA, 2003). Kereyu is roughly 250 kilometres east of Addis Ababa in the Oromia National Regional State. Kereyu has a dry climate in general. Minijar is roughly 130 kilometres east of Addis Ababa in the North Shoa administrative Zone of Amhara National Regional State. Minijar experiences dry weather most of the time. (National Meteorology Service Agency (NMSA) (1999).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe camels that were slaughtered at the Akaki Abattoir were privately owned. They were driven there from their home regions and held in the lairage for a period of one to seven days. The study was conducted during this period. Seven camels were slaughtered on average each day and 2,500 annually in the abattoir. In all, 210 camels (male and female) were used in this investigation. The study animals were categorized in to two age groups; adult (5\u0026ndash;15 years old) and old age group (15\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;years old). Based on their body condition score they were categorized as camels having good body condition and those having poor body condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom December 2017 to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Akaki Abattoir to ascertain the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Census sampling method was employed for higher degree of accuracy in the data. All camels presented in lairage on each visiting day were sampled. During sample collection, all necessary risk factors related to camel brucellosis (age, sex, and body condition) were properly taken.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Sample size determination\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe formula provided for census sampling methods was used to calculate the study animals' sample size (Thrusfield, 2005). Using 4.5% as the anticipated prevalence (Abebe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"243\" height=\"89\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;required sample size;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;expected prevalence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.5% =0.045);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5% = 0.05, 1.96 (CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95%). Thus, the desired sample size for p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045 was n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66. But for precision purpose the sample size was raised to 210.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample collection and processing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sample collection form was created beforehand to record the essential risk indicators for camel brucellosis, including age, sex, and physical condition score. Using simple vaccutainer test tubes, an approximate 8 ml blood sample was extracted from jugular vein punctures in animals that were adequately secured and kept in an ice box. There were no anaesthetics used at the time of the sample collection. Rather, camels are typically slaughtered by first rendering them immobile, usually by severing the rear leg's Achilles tendon, and then leading them to the abattoir floor so that their throats can be cut. The blood samples were shipped in a leak-proof container with ice packs to the Microbiology Laboratory at Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine. They were then centrifuged for five minutes at 1000 rpm. After that, the sera were transferred into 5-milliliter cynovial tubes and kept in a refrigerator at -20\u0026deg;C until they were processed further.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSerological tests\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specificity of the serological tests used for the diagnosis is crucial for the control, eradication, and surveillance of brucellosis; in these situations, the highest specificity tests are needed, or the use of at least two tests administered serially is typically advised for maximal specificity. (Raul \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2005). Cross-reacting bacteria like \u003cem\u003eSalmonella serotypes, Yersinia entrocolitica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e have the ability to influence serological results when tests with limited specificity are employed. (Garin-Bastuji \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1999). There is currently no established methodology or titer for diagnosing brucellosis in camels. The test protocol described for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis should be used for camels, according to OIE (2000). A combination of Rose Bengal Plate Test and Compliment Fixation Test is generally accepted and most widely used serial test schemeFor an animal to be deemed infected in these serial testing techniques, it must respond positively to both tastes. (Raul \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth testes were done in the National Veterinary Institute. All sera samples were submitted to the institute and were initially screened by RBPT. Sera and antigen were processed according to Alton et al.'s (1975) suggested protocol after being allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes before to the test. Each circle on the plate received around 30 \u0026micro;l of test serum, and an equivalent volume of RBPT antigen (\u003cem\u003eB. abortus\u003c/em\u003e suspension) was added next to the serum. A wooden applicator was used to completely mix the antigen and test serum, and the mixture was rocked for three to four minutes. Lastly checked for obvious agglutination\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCFT was used to confirm positive sera with RBPT utilising the Standard \u003cem\u003eBrucella abortus\u003c/em\u003e antigen. The methods described by Alton \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (1975) and OIE (2000) were followed for the proper CFT test and reagent preparation. A serum was deemed CFT positive if it fixed 50% of the complement at a dilution of 1:5 or higher.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program was used to store the row data derived from the serological testing. Software called STATA Version 16.0 was used to calculate descriptive statistics. To determine whether there was a statistically significant correlation between the risk factors and the serological results, Pearson's chi square test was employed. The logistic regression method was used to interpret the degree of relationship between the various putative risk factors and prevalence. A result was deemed statically significant if its 95% CI and P-value were less than 0.05. If the computed p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and the 95% CI for OR does not contain one of its values, there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eAAU Addis Ababa University\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eATPSN African Technology Policy Studies Network\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBCS Body Condition Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCDC Center for Disease Control and prevention\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCFT Compliment Fixation Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCVMA College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOIE Office of International Des Epizootics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBPL Rose Bengal Plate Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRpm Revolution per minute\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most common zoonoses in the world, brucellosis is a highly contagious and economically significant bacterial illness of animals. According to the current study, there is a low overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels in the population under investigation. The main risk factor for the disease's development was determined to be sex, but age and body condition score did not significantly correlate with \u003cem\u003eBrucella\u003c/em\u003e seropositivity. Despite the low seroprevalence of camel brucellosis, seropositive animals could become future infection foci, endanger public health, and reduce camel productivity and market value. Information about the disease's epidemiology in the nation is lacking, despite the fact that brucellosis is common in camel populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the camels slaughtered at the Akaki abattoir in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, come from pastoral regions such as Kereyu, Borena, and Borana. In particular, the Akaki abattoir slaughters camels and other animals, such as sheep and goats, and provides meat to customers. These camels are owned by pastoralists from the aforementioned areas that take their animals to the slaughter and leave them there. As such they were unavailable at the time of the study. However, the management of the abattoir gave their informed oral consent before any data was collected. This technique was carried out in compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving both human and animal participants involved in the management or operation of the abattoir, and it was approved by the Animal Research Ethical Review Committee, Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, reference number VM/ERC/09/57/17/2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI would like to explicitly state there are no any competing interests with respect to the submitted work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo Funding\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFT conducted all aspects of the study, including the formulation of the research question, study design, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing. He was responsible for all elements of the research process and prepared the manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI would like to thank Dr. Andualem Aklilu for his moral support, encouragement and devoting his time for correction of this paper\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to resource constraints, the datasets created and/or examined during the current work are not publically accessible; however, they can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbas, B. and Agab, H. 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Pp. 54-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"camel brucellosis, Complement Fixation Test (CFT), Ethiopia, seroprevalence, risk factors, Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA serious zoonotic illness, brucellosis has an effect on public health and the economy, especially in poor countries. At the Akaki Abattoir in central Ethiopia, this study looked into the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels as well as the risk factors that are linked to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom December 2017 to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Akaki Abattoir to ascertain the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis. Census sampling method was employed for higher degree of accuracy in the data. All camels presented in lairage on each visiting day were sampled. During sample collection, all necessary risk factors related to camel brucellosis (age, sex, and body condition) were properly taken.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that out of the total 210 samples tested for RBPT, 6 (2.8%) were found to be positive, of these, 5 (2.4%, at 95% CI: 0.05\u0026ndash;0.51) were found to be seropositive for brucellosis after further CFT testing. Based on both RBPT and CFT, there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis between the sexes (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.99, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in females compared to male camels. Whereas the association between brucella antibody positivity within age and Body condition score categories were not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in the camel slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir was low within the parameters of the current investigation. However, as the study is characterized by limited sample size, the current finding should be considered as indicative on the presence of brucellosis among the camel population. Therefore, future studies having increased focus on female camels, ought to be conducted under coordinated nationwide epidemiological surveillance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel Slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-09 06:55:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6847323/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f6ae223-a1ce-4b79-89e4-a7015e1146d3","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-24T05:54:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-09 06:55:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6847323","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6847323","identity":"rs-6847323","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}