What are community perspectives and experiences around low testosterone? A cross-sectional study in the UK

What are community perspectives and experiences around low testosterone? 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A cross-sectional study in the UK Vivian Liu, David Huang, Aos Alaa, Benedict Hayhoe, Austen El-Osta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5698576/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Prevalence of late-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) differs amongst studies, with estimates between 6-30% depending on diagnostic criteria used. Nonspecific symptoms and lack of symptom awareness often delays appropriate treatment. Methods A 54-item online survey investigated the prevalence of TD symptoms and experiences of men on treatment. The survey was distributed through online media channels, Prolific and academic networks. Symptoms were assessed using the qADAM questionnaire. Associations between age, qADAM scores and participant demographics were assessed using logistic regressions to understand the prevalence and barriers to accessing treatment. Results Of the 973 men, nearly half (49%) indicated high likelihood of TD using qADAM scores, despite only 4% being formally diagnosed. Men over 50 had 1.4-2.0 times higher odds of TD compared to younger men (OR 51-60yrs_vs_ < 40yrs : 1.43, p=0.05; OR 60+years_vs_ < 40yrs :2.03, p=0.001). 30% reported low libido, 7% reported reduced erectile strength, and 26% reported over three symptoms associated with TD. Despite high symptom prevalence, awareness and uptake of treatment remained low. 56% were unfamiliar with symptoms and signs associated with low testosterone. Only 7% of individuals expressed satisfaction with their access to low testosterone resources in the UK. Key barriers to seeking medical advice or treatment included lack of awareness of symptoms (40%), financial costs (34%) and stigma surrounding hormonal health (29%). Conclusions Although nearly half of individuals exhibited a high likelihood of TD, over 95% remained undiagnosed. This highlights significant gaps in symptom awareness and access to treatment options, including the need to improve health literacy around TD to democratise access to care. Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Urology & Nephrology Male hypogonadism low testosterone men’s health patient reported health outcomes qADAM Key Messages What is already known on this topic TD prevalence widely varies, and is more common among older men, particularly those with comorbidities. What this study adds: Our findings reveal a discrepancy between the high percentage of men experiencing low testosterone symptoms (49%) and few men receiving a formal diagnosis (5%), revealing a critical gap in symptom knowledge and access to care. How this study might affect research and policy Radical changes in how we approach men’s health need to be considered, including public health initiatives to raise TD awareness, formalised training for all healthcare professionals and a policy shift from reactive management of conditions towards proactive healthcare. Introduction Male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome characterised by signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone and biochemical evidence of testosterone deficiency. Both primary and secondary hypogonadism have reproductive (loss of libido, oligospermia) and non-reproductive (fatigue, low mood) clinical features, whereas clinical diagnoses are made based on symptoms and morning serum testosterone levels. There is a natural age-related decline in hypothalamic-pituitary function and gonadotrophin secretion that decreases testosterone production, resulting in an increased prevalence of hypogonadism in men over 40 years old [ 1 ]. Age-related physiological changes have seen a recent renewed interest in recent years and modifying declining hormone levels with replacement therapies can improve long-term health outcomes, an example being menopause. However, age-related or late-onset hypogonadism in men is still relatively under diagnosed as a common cause of later life co-morbidity and reduced quality of life. Hypogonadism, also known as testosterone deficiency (TD), is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). There is also a bidirectional link between low testosterone and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes [ 2 – 4 ]. With a plethora of testosterone replacement treatment options and recent TRAVERSE study data demonstrating a relative safety of therapy [ 5 ], age-related testosterone deficiency should be viewed as a modifiable risk factor and demands further investigation. Prevalence of late-onset TD differs amongst studies, with ranges between 6–30% [ 6 , 7 ] depending on the characterisation and definitions used. Differences in diagnostic criteria and treatment thresholds between the Society for Endocrinology compared to the British Society of Sexual Medicine highlights the challenges faced. This research sought to explore such perceptions among community-dwelling adult men residing in the UK, including barriers to seeking medical advice and treatment. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among community-dwelling adult men in the UK to explore the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding symptoms and treatment options for low testosterone. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an electronic survey drawing on comparable research design in women’s health [ 8 ]. The survey used adaptive questioning and comprised a total of 54 questions. It was accessible using a personal computer or smartphone. Consent and data protection The Participant Information Sheet (PIS) included information regarding the study’s aims, the protection of participants’ personal data, their right to withdraw from the study at any time, which data were stored, where and for how long, who the investigator was, the purpose of the study and survey length. Participants were informed that this was a voluntary survey without any monetary incentives but were offered the possibility of accessing findings at a later stage. Data collected was stored on a secure database at Imperial College London, and only the research team could access the eSurvey results. All responses were pseudo-anonymised to ensure confidentiality by assigning each respondent a unique study ID. Only the participants’ demographic data including age in years, gender, ethnicity, residence, education, and employment status were recorded. Participant recruitment The link to the electronic survey was published and made available on the Imperial College Qualtrics platform between 25 April 2024 and 1 August 2024. The survey could be accessed by anyone with a link and took 10 minutes to complete. Survey participants were recruited through affiliates’ mailing lists, such as partnering organisations and community groups, online media channels, such as Meta, X and LinkedIn, and Prolific Academic panel, an online platform where researchers can make their surveys available to participants with specific demographic backgrounds [ 9 ]. In addition, the researchers’ personal and professional networks were also mobilised to disseminate the eSurvey. Electronic survey setup The survey comprised of a structured questionnaire designed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours around low testosterone and available treatments. The survey comprised a total of 54 items distributed over 32 pages (ranging from 1–4 questions on each page). The survey is available to review in Supplementary File 1 . The survey was designed to capture opinions from a diverse cross-section of UK adults. Respondents were able to review their answers before submitting them (through a back button). Usability and technical functioning of the online survey was tested before publishing. All survey items were conditional and required a response. Respondents were prompted to complete outstanding items before leaving the survey page on which the item was contained. Items were not randomised or alternated, and most items included a ‘None of above/ prefer not to say’ option. To prevent participants from completing the survey more than once, Qualtrics® XM places a browser cookie upon response submission, barring repeat attempts. Similarly, Prolific utilises digital fingerprinting and geo-IP traps to enforce single survey completion. Respondents were not excluded from the survey if they completed the items too quickly; the minimum completed survey was timed at approximately 3.1 minutes. Only completed responses were included in the dataset. Clinical assessment of hypogonadism All respondents completed the qADAM questionnaire, a 10-item screening tool used to quantify the likelihood of hypogonadism with a 5-point Likert scale [ 10 ]. A positive TD questionnaire was defined as “yes” when a respondent selected a “terrible” or “poor” rating for libido levels, erection strength, or any 3 of the other 7 symptoms in the qADAM (energy levels, strength and/or endurance, enjoyment of life, happiness levels, work performance, sports ability, amount of height loss, and frequency of falling asleep). Data analysis Medians and interquartile range (IQR) were calculated for continuous patient characteristics, and N (%) was calculated for categorical characteristics, overall and by quintile of qADAM symptom severity. We examined attitudes and behaviours by age group and awareness of TRT using Chi-squared test and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Associations between demographics, symptom severity, and attitudes toward treatment were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ​​All analyses were performed using STATA, version 15 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E Surveys (CHERRIES) was used to guide reporting [ 11 ]; Supplementary file 2. Ethics Approval The Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (ICREC) granted ethical clearance for this study (ICREC#6990009). All experimental protocols were approved by ICREC. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards [ 12 ]. All subjects provided consent by selecting the relevant tick box at the start of the online survey. Patient and public involvement No patients were involved as research participants. The study protocol and online survey was developed in collaboration with Menwell Ltd, which included input from PPI group and lay members. The Survey was reviewed during beta testing to improve usability and wording of questions. Results Demographic profile of respondents 973 out of 1,682 total responses were included in the analysis (completion rate: 57.8%). The median age was 45.0 years (IQR 35.0, 57.0), median BMI was 26.3 (23.9, 29.7), and most self-identified as White race (86%), sexually active (79%), employed (76%), and partnered or married (67%). All respondents confirmed their assigned sex at birth was male, 99% identified with that same gender identity, and the remaining 1% identified as "other" including non-binary or agender. In view of this, we opted for the use of the term "men" in this article but remain aware that low testosterone does not solely concern cisgender men. Participants suffering from the worst symptoms were in the lowest qADAM quintile (Q1) and tended to be older, have a higher BMI, have lower self-reported overall health score, were less likely to be sexually active, were more likely to be current or past smokers, and were more likely to experience depression or anxiety. Q1 individuals were also more likely to be thinking about using TRT treatment in the future, although they were less likely to have access to private healthcare to receive treatment compared to those who were experiencing the least frequency and severity of symptoms. Median self-reporting of overall health score (between 1 = worst and 10 = best, modified from EQ-5D) was 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) and median qADAM score was 29 (IQR 25, 33). Participant characteristics, overall and quintile of qADAM scores, are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Demographic characteristics, overall and by quintile of qADAM score. Quintile 1 (lowest qADAM score) Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 (highest qADAM score) Total p-value N 206 188 200 226 153 973 Age 46.5 (36.0, 58.0) 47.0 (37.0, 58.0) 45.0 (32.0, 58.0) 45.0 (35.0, 54.0) 42.0 (32.0, 53.0) 45.0 (35.0, 57.0) 0.01 Body Mass Index (BMI) 27.5 (24.9, 31.6) 26.3 (23.8, 30.1) 26.2 (24.1, 29.6) 25.7 (23.8, 29.1) 25.3 (23.2, 27.1) 26.3(23.9, 29.7) < 0.001 Self-reported Overall Health 5.0 (4.0, 7.0) 7.0 (6.0, 7.0) 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) 7.0 (7.0, 8.0) 8.0 (7.0, 9.0) 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) < 0.001 Gender . Male 206 (100%) 188 (100%) 200 (100%) 226 (100%) 153 (100%) 973 (100%) Age group 0.192 <=30 24 (12%) 24 (13%) 40 (20%) 34 (15%) 30 (20%) 152 (16%) 31–40 47 (23%) 35 (19%) 42 (21%) 54 (24%) 43 (28%) 221 (23%) 41–50 53 (26%) 49 (26%) 34 (17%) 53 (23%) 34 (22%) 223 (23%) 51–60 43 (21%) 43 (23%) 49 (24%) 46 (20%) 24 (16%) 205 (21%) 60+ 39 (19%) 37 (20%) 35 (18%) 39 (17%) 22 (14%) 172 (18%) Ethnicity < 0.001 Asian, or Asian British 13 (6%) 7 (4%) 12 (6%) 9 (4%) 12 (8%) 53 (5%) Black, Black British, Caribbean 4 (2%) 0 (0%) 3 (2%) 6 (3%) 17 (11%) 30 (3%) Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups 3 (1%) 6 (3%) 6 (3%) 10 (4%) 4 (3%) 29 (3%) Other ethnic groups (please spec 2 (1%) 2 (1%) 3 (2%) 3 (1%) 6 (4%) 16 (2%) Prefer not to say 1 (0%) 2 (1%) 2 (1%) 0 (0%) 1 (1%) 6 (1%) White 183 (89%) 171 (91%) 174 (87%) 198 (88%) 113 (74%) 839 (86%) Education level 0.001 A-levels or equivalent 28 (14%) 21 (11%) 32 (16%) 22 (10%) 22 (14%) 125 (13%) GCSEs or equivalent 13 (6%) 8 (4%) 11 (6%) 14 (6%) 4 (3%) 50 (5%) Other 1 (0%) 3 (2%) 3 (2%) 3 (1%) 1 (1%) 11 (1%) Postgraduate degree (e.g. MA, MS 33 (16%) 31 (16%) 40 (20%) 50 (22%) 50 (33%) 204 (21%) Primary school 3 (1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (0%) Secondary school / high school 26 (13%) 20 (11%) 17 (8%) 13 (6%) 7 (5%) 83 (9%) Undergraduate degree (e.g. BA, B 74 (36%) 79 (42%) 82 (41%) 96 (42%) 64 (42%) 395 (41%) Vocational qualification (e.g. N 28 (14%) 26 (14%) 15 (8%) 27 (12%) 5 (3%) 101 (10%) Employment status 0.002 Employed 142 (69%) 138 (73%) 149 (74%) 181 (80%) 126 (82%) 736 (76%) Prefer not to say 6 (3%) 4 (2%) 3 (2%) 2 (1%) 3 (2%) 18 (2%) Retired 30 (15%) 31 (16%) 31 (16%) 28 (12%) 15 (10%) 135 (14%) Student 1 (0%) 3 (2%) 8 (4%) 6 (3%) 5 (3%) 23 (2%) Unemployed 27 (13%) 12 (6%) 9 (4%) 9 (4%) 4 (3%) 61 (6%) Current healthcare professional 0.665 No 195 (95%) 181 (96%) 194 (97%) 215 (95%) 144 (94%) 929 (95%) Yes 11 (5%) 7 (4%) 6 (3%) 11 (5%) 9 (6%) 44 (5%) Marital status 0.121 Divorced 18 (9%) 8 (4%) 10 (5%) 11 (5%) 8 (5%) 55 (6%) Married 77 (37%) 85 (45%) 80 (40%) 115 (51%) 64 (42%) 421 (43%) Partnered / in a domestic relationship 46 (22%) 48 (26%) 43 (22%) 52 (23%) 43 (28%) 232 (24%) Single 62 (30%) 47 (25%) 63 (32%) 46 (20%) 36 (24%) 254 (26%) Widowed 3 (1%) 0 (0%) 4 (2%) 2 (1%) 2 (1%) 11 (1%) Smoking status 0.018 No, never smoker 104 (50%) 96 (51%) 105 (52%) 132 (58%) 99 (65%) 536 (55%) Yes, current smoker 30 (15%) 20 (11%) 13 (6%) 19 (8%) 14 (9%) 96 (10%) No, past smoker 72 (35%) 72 (38%) 82 (41%) 75 (33%) 40 (26%) 341 (35%) Sexually active < 0.001 No 70 (34%) 51 (27%) 42 (21%) 27 (12%) 11 (7%) 201 (21%) Yes 136 (66%) 137 (73%) 158 (79%) 199 (88%) 142 (93%) 772 (79%) Mental condition < 0.001 No 183 (89%) 166 (88%) 189 (94%) 219 (97%) 149 (97%) 906 (93%) Yes 23 (11%) 22 (12%) 11 (6%) 7 (3%) 4 (3%) 67 (7%) Depression < 0.001 No 65 (32%) 90 (48%) 124 (62%) 163 (72%) 124 (81%) 566 (58%) Yes 141 (68%) 98 (52%) 76 (38%) 63 (28%) 29 (19%) 407 (42%) Anxiety < 0.001 No 71 (34%) 91 (48%) 121 (60%) 142 (63%) 117 (76%) 542 (56%) Yes 135 (66%) 97 (52%) 79 (40%) 84 (37%) 36 (24%) 431 (44%) Eating disorder 0.983 No 200 (97%) 183 (97%) 193 (96%) 220 (97%) 149 (97%) 945 (97%) Yes 6 (3%) 5 (3%) 7 (4%) 6 (3%) 4 (3%) 28 (3%) Diabetes 0.201 No 193 (94%) 176 (94%) 193 (96%) 219 (97%) 149 (97%) 930 (96%) Yes 13 (6%) 12 (6%) 7 (4%) 7 (3%) 4 (3%) 43 (4%) Cardiovascular disease 0.897 No 200 (97%) 181 (96%) 195 (98%) 219 (97%) 150 (98%) 945 (97%) Yes 6 (3%) 7 (4%) 5 (2%) 7 (3%) 3 (2%) 28 (3%) Stroke 0.297 No 203 (99%) 186 (99%) 200 (100%) 225 (100%) 150 (98%) 964 (99%) Yes 3 (1%) 2 (1%) 0 (0%) 1 (0%) 3 (2%) 9 (1%) Hypertension 0.499 No 157 (76%) 147 (78%) 161 (80%) 181 (80%) 128 (84%) 774 (80%) Yes 49 (24%) 41 (22%) 39 (20%) 45 (20%) 25 (16%) 199 (20%) Cholesterolaemia 0.018 No 169 (82%) 144 (77%) 170 (85%) 198 (88%) 134 (88%) 815 (84%) Yes 37 (18%) 44 (23%) 30 (15%) 28 (12%) 19 (12%) 158 (16%) Experience with TRT < 0.001 Never used TRT 156 (76%) 140 (74%) 171 (86%) 195 (86%) 145 (95%) 807 (83%) Never used, but thinking of using TRT 50 (24%) 48 (26%) 29 (14%) 31 (14%) 8 (5%) 166 (17%) Heard of TRT 0.315 No 105 (51%) 99 (53%) 112 (56%) 129 (57%) 72 (47%) 517 (53%) Yes 101 (49%) 89 (47%) 88 (44%) 97 (43%) 81 (53%) 456 (47%) Access to NHS 0.254 No 47 (23%) 42 (22%) 50 (25%) 49 (22%) 36 (24%) 224 (23%) Yes 31 (15%) 26 (14%) 18 (9%) 27 (12%) 30 (20%) 132 (14%) Unsure 128 (62%) 120 (64%) 132 (66%) 150 (66%) 87 (57%) 617 (63%) Access to private healthcare 0.015 No 142 (69%) 123 (65%) 130 (65%) 136 (60%) 89 (58%) 620 (64%) Yes 12 (6%) 21 (11%) 16 (8%) 23 (10%) 28 (18%) 100 (10%) Unsure 52 (25%) 44 (23%) 54 (27%) 67 (30%) 36 (24%) 253 (26%) Formally diagnosed with low testosterone 0.003 No 188 (91%) 174 (93%) 194 (97%) 220 (97%) 150 (98%) 926 (95%) Yes 18 (9%) 14 (7%) 6 (3%) 6 (3%) 3 (2%) 47 (5%) Willingness to pay for TRT via private healthcare 0.127 No 133 (65%) 139 (74%) 146 (73%) 155 (69%) 115 (75%) 688 (71%) Yes 73 (35%) 49 (26%) 54 (27%) 71 (31%) 38 (25%) 285 (29%) *Lower qADAM score = higher frequency of symptoms experienced **p-value refers to chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables Symptoms experienced by respondents Each low testosterone symptom and component of the qADAM score, overall and by age group, are shown in Table 2 . Nearly half (49%) of respondents indicated a high likelihood of TD symptoms, with the highest individual symptoms reported to be sports ability (35%), low libido (31%), energy levels (30%), and reduced erectile strength (27%). Older men were also more likely to report higher frequency in nearly all symptoms in comparison to younger men, including libido levels, energy levels, strength/endurance levels, erection strength, sports ability over the past 4 weeks, and at least 1.5 inches of height lost (p < 0.05). However, only 5% of men overall reported receiving a formal low testosterone diagnosis. Table 2 Summary of individual low testosterone symptoms, overall and stratified by age group. Age Group (years) <=30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61+ Total p-value* N 152 221 223 205 172 973 Overall qADAM score 30.0 26.0 (33.0) 29.0 (25.0, 34.0) 29.0 (25.0, 32.0) 28.0 (25.0, 33.0) 28.0 (25.0, 32.0) 29.0 (25.0, 33.0) 0.076 Low testosterone (via qADAM) No 92 (61%) 126 (57%) 121 (54%) 96 (47%) 63 (37%) 498 (51%) Yes 60 (39%) 95 (43%) 102 (46%) 109 (53%) 109 (63%) 475 (49%) Enjoyment of life 0.199 No 132 (87%) 190 (86%) 193 (87%) 173 (84%) 159 (92%) 847 (87%) Yes 20 (13%) 31 (14%) 30 (13%) 32 (16%) 13 (8%) 126 (13%) Happiness levels 0.073 No 124 (82%) 184 (83%) 187 (84%) 167 (81%) 157 (91%) 819 (84%) Yes 28 (18%) 37 (17%) 36 (16%) 38 (19%) 15 (9%) 154 (16%) Libido < 0.001 No 116 (76%) 166 (75%) 160 (72%) 139 (68%) 92 (53%) 673 (69%) Yes 36 (24%) 55 (25%) 63 (28%) 66 (32%) 80 (47%) 300 (31%) Energy levels 0.007 No 120 (79%) 150 (68%) 139 (62%) 149 (73%) 126 (73%) 684 (70%) Yes 32 (21%) 71 (32%) 84 (38%) 56 (27%) 46 (27%) 289 (30%) Strength/endurance 0.013 No 128 (84%) 175 (79%) 172 (77%) 144 (70%) 123 (72%) 742 (76%) Yes 24 (16%) 46 (21%) 51 (23%) 61 (30%) 49 (28%) 231 (24%) Erection strength < 0.001 No 131 (86%) 184 (83%) 178 (80%) 135 (66%) 81 (47%) 709 (73%) Yes 21 (14%) 37 (17%) 45 (20%) 70 (34%) 91 (53%) 264 (27%) Work performance over the 4 past 4 weeks 0.366 No 124 (82%) 178 (81%) 181 (81%) 162 (79%) 127 (74%) 772 (79%) Yes 28 (18%) 43 (19%) 42 (19%) 43 (21%) 45 (26%) 201 (21%) Sports ability over the past 4 weeks 0.004 No 110 (72%) 159 (72%) 142 (64%) 124 (60%) 98 (57%) 633 (65%) Yes 42 (28%) 62 (28%) 81 (36%) 81 (40%) 74 (43%) 340 (35%) Height lost 0.016 No 149 (98%) 210 (95%) 217 (97%) 200 (98%) 158 (92%) 934 (96%) Yes 3 (2%) 11 (5%) 6 (3%) 5 (2%) 14 (8%) 39 (4%) Frequency falling asleep 0.644 No 138 (91%) 193 (87%) 194 (87%) 182 (89%) 147 (85%) 854 (88%) Yes 14 (9%) 28 (13%) 29 (13%) 23 (11%) 25 (15%) 119 (12%) *p-value refers to chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables Univariable and multivariable associations of age groups with likelihood of having testosterone deficiency Table 3 shows associations with age and likelihood of TD diagnosis. Univariable logistic regressions suggested that older men were 1.6–2.4 times more likely to have TD compared to younger men (OR 51 − 60 years vs ≤ 40 years :1.6, p = 0.007; OR 60 + years vs ≤ 40 years :2.4, p < 0.001). Multivariable regressions adjusting for ethnicity, education level, marital status and employment status confirmed these findings, where men older than 50 years were 1.54–2.04 were more likely to have TD compared to men aged 40 or younger (OR 51 − 60 years vs ≤ 40 years :1.54, p = 0.05; OR 60 + years vs ≤ 30 years :2.04, p = 0.001). Table 3 Associations between age group and likelihood of having TD* Univariable Multivariable** Age group (years) OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value <=40 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref) 41–50 1.186 0.84, 1.66 0.318 1.25 0.88, 1.78 0.209 51–60 1.60 1.13, 2.25 0.007 1.54 1.07, 2.20 0.019 61+ 2.43 1.68, 3.53 < 0.0001 2.04 1.34, 3.08 0.001 *As assessed by an individual rating “terrible” or “poor” for libido OR erection strength OR any 3 other questions (energy levels, strength/endurance, enjoyment of life, happiness levels, work performance over the past 4 weeks, frequency falling asleep, sports ability over the past 4 weeks, and height lost). **Adjusted for ethnicity, marital status, employment status, and education Awareness of TD symptoms and treatment options Despite the high prevalence of reported TD symptoms, over half (55%) of respondents were unaware of signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone, with 47% unaware of available treatment options like TRT ( Supplementary File 3 ). Individuals aged 40 or older were significantly 0.51 times less likely to have heard of TRT compared to those aged 40 or younger (OR 40 + years vs ≤ 40 years : 0.51, p < 0.001; data not shown). Barriers to seeking medical advice or treatment The most reported barriers to individuals seeking medical advice or treatment for symptoms related to low testosterone were being unaware of symptoms (39%), financial costs (35%), stigma around hormonal health (29%), and lack of time (26%). Only 7% of individuals noted satisfaction with their access to available low testosterone resources in the UK. While only 29% of individuals indicated willingness to pay for TRT via private healthcare, most individuals were interested in trying TRT if it were free of charge (91%). When considering treatment, the principal factors related to how TRT would impact personal relationships were intimacy and communication (48%) and the importance of maintaining a natural hormone balance without external interventions like TRT (42%). Societal perceptions of masculinity and the acceptance of TRT were less important (21% and 15%, respectively), although younger men were significantly more likely to place higher importance on these factors when considering TRT (p < 0.05). When asked about potential side effects that would prevent individuals from trying TRT, key identified factors were risk of CVD (69%), blood thickening (67%), hair loss (52%) and gynecomastia (50%). Younger individuals expressed more concerns about the impact of TRT on potential sexual and topical side effects (noncancerous prostate growth, limiting sperm production, shrunken testes, acne and hair loss; p < 0.05), whereas older adults were significantly more apprehensive about serious health risks (noncancerous prostate growth, blood thickening which could increase the risk of blood clots, and hypercholesterolemia; p < 0.05). Perceptions of low testosterone treatments among social circles Concerns raised by social circles included fear of unknown health risks, perceived impact on masculinity, lack of trust in medical interventions and financial considerations, which were more prevalent among younger individuals (p < 0.05). Sources of low testosterone advice Most respondents relied on online sources (82%) to learn more about low testosterone, particularly Google (80%), followed by consultations with a healthcare professional (69%; 65% of which specifically sought contact with their GP). The vast majority (86%) did not seek conversations around hormonal health among their social circles. Younger individuals were more likely to use online forums and social media (particularly Google, YouTube and general online websites) as their trusted source of information around hormonal health and treatment options including TRT (p < 0.01). Key expectations during discussions with healthcare providers around TRT treatment included clear communication about potential risk and benefits (84%), in-depth discussion about the potential causes of low testosterone (69%), duration of treatment (64%), guidance on lifestyle modification (62%), discussion of alternative treatment options (55%) and cost considerations (51%). The primary drivers for individuals to start exploring TRT were access to more detailed information on potential benefits (75%), insights into long-term effects and safety (67%) and success stories and testimonials from TRT users (42%). Discussion Summary of key findings We analysed data collected from 973 British adult men aged 18–86 years without TRT experience. Our findings suggest that nearly half of individuals exhibited a high likelihood of testosterone deficiency, whereas over 95% not did not have a formal TD diagnosis, highlighting significant lack of symptom awareness and access to care, reflecting an unmet need in men’s health. Although older men had higher likelihood of TD, we found that they were also more likely to be unaware of the signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone compared with men under 40. The most prevalent symptoms reported included low libido, reduced erection strength and reduced sports ability, whereas men experiencing the most TD symptoms also had higher BMI, poorer overall health and reduced health seeking behaviours. Comparison with existing literature Our research findings align with existing literature regarding public experiences and sentiment towards low testosterone symptoms and treatment. The British Society of Sexual Medicine (BSSM) reported that TD prevalence widely varies, and is more common among older men, particularly those with obesity, type 2 diabetes and other comorbidities, in addition to general poor health status or greater reliance on medication [ 4 ]. The European Male Aging Study and the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study observed reductions in testosterone production and testicular function by 1–2% per year after men approached their fifth decade. Several barriers were identified to initiating TRT, including a lack of awareness of signs and symptoms and stigma around hormonal health interventions. Other qualitative studies have reported similar findings, identifying major obstacles as lack of awareness and knowledge of TD symptoms, access or awareness of appropriate services, shame and embarrassment during discussions between men and GPs, and perceiving sexual dysfunction as part of normal ageing or of trivial significance [ 15 , 16 ]. There may also be a lack of unified messaging in addressing the symptomatic challenges associated with TD; a collaborative and patient-centred approach should be developed to optimise patient outcomes [ 17 ]. Online resources were identified as leading sources of advice on TD and TRT. Telemedicine, asynchronous consultations and online resources have the potential to play a critical role in addressing social stigma surrounding TD, facilitating timely care, and enhancing health literacy [ 18 , 19 ]. By normalising discussions around men’s health and improving patient education around clinical signs and health implications of TD, these tools can empower patients to better communicate their needs to caregivers and healthcare providers. This increase in engagement may help correct misconceptions, reduce stigma and foster greater social acceptance. Ultimately, enhanced awareness and acceptance are likely to improve access to care and lower healthcare costs by reducing unnecessary outpatient visits [ 20 ]. Implications for policy, practice and research Many men may be unaware that their symptoms are treatable or are deterred from seeking support due to additional barriers such as personal discomfort, societal stigmas, lack of information or financial constraints. This lack of action contributes to undiagnosed and untreated hypogonadism, which not only impact individual health but also resulting in significant direct and indirect costs through increased burden of comorbidities, increased NHS healthcare costs, and reduced overall quality of life [ 18 ]. Addressing these challenges would have widespread implications on society and the economy. However, such changes demand a multi-faceted approach: improving education among health professionals, particularly general practitioners, is crucial; this could involve integrating TD training into medical education curricula (as is with HRT) and into professional development programmes, ensuring the GPs are more equipped to identify and discuss TD symptoms during routine appointments. In addition, integrating testosterone screening into these check-ups, particularly for men over 50 (who are at higher risk), may significantly improve early detection and intervention. Public health initiatives aimed at raising awareness of low testosterone, its symptoms, and accessibility of available treatments are also needed. In addition to providing general information around TD, these initiatives should also be specifically targeted toward challenging existing stereotypes and encouraging men to feel more comfortable in proactively seeking help. Leveraging online resources and telemedicine platforms can further bridge the knowledge gap and reduce the stigma associated with seeking medical support, making information and consultations more accessible, particularly for those who may avoid in-person visits due to discomfort or financial restraints. Policy reforms aimed at reducing out-of-pocket costs for patients, such as providing subsidies for TD treatment or including treatments in standard NHS packages, should be explored to ensure men from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds have access to care. Future research is needed to explore the economic implications of untreated TD and to assess the efficacy of educational and support interventions. The research should also examine specific barriers faced by different socioeconomic groups when accessing treatment. These findings would provide evidence to inform policy changes and improve clinical practices, ultimately reducing disparities and alleviating the burden on the NHS. Strengths & limitations To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study to investigate the perceptions, attitudes and behaviours around TD and the associated health and lifestyle factors influencing symptoms and wellbeing among community dwelling men in the UK and includes a large sample size of 973 participants. We acknowledge several limitations. The electronic distribution of the survey may have inadvertently excluded individuals with limited digital access. Additionally, the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes the determination of causality between variables, and our reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias as participants’ responses may be influenced by social desirability or lack of understanding around hormonal health. Finally, although our sample is diverse, the demographic profile of study participants largely consisted of White and university-educated men, which may not be representative of the wider UK population. Conclusions This study highlights the lack of knowledge around TD symptoms and treatments, resulting in delayed access to healthcare and resultant suffering associated with poorer quality of life. Radical changes in how we approach men’s health need to be considered at a clinical, population health and policy level to enact system-wide change. Given the increasing focus on age-related hormonal changes in last five years, as seen in menopause, a similar emphasis is needed towards men’s health. This starts with acknowledging the knowledge gap in research, ring-fenced funding for men’s hormonal health in science and the NHS (for example, dedicated primary care men’s health hubs, formalised training for all healthcare professionals); and a policy shift away from reactive management of conditions towards proactive healthcare that enable healthy ageing. Declarations Funding This research received no funding. Austen El-Osta and Benedict Hayhoe are supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Northwest London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS or the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank staff at Menwell Ltd for their support in survey beta testing and development. Author Contributors All authors provided substantial contributions to the conception (AEO, VL, DH, AA, BH and AEO), design (AEO, DH, VL, BH), acquisition (VL, DH, AA) and interpretation (VL, DH, AA, BH, AEO) of study data and approved the final version of the paper. AEO took the lead in planning the study with support from co-authors. VL carried out the data analysis with support from DH. AEO is the guarantor. References Harman SM et al (2001) Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):724–731 Wittert G, Grossmann M (2022) Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and testosterone in ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 23(6):1233–1242 Grossmann M (2011) Low testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes: significance and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(8):2341–2353 Hackett G et al (2023) The British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on Male Adult Testosterone Deficiency, with Statements for Practice. World J Mens Health 41(3):508–537 Lincoff AM et al (2023) Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med 389(2):107–117 Allan CA, McLachlan RI (2004) Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60(6):653–670 Araujo AB et al (2007) Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(11):4241–4247 Huang DR et al (2023) Experience and severity of menopause symptoms and effects on health-seeking behaviours: a cross-sectional online survey of community dwelling adults in the United Kingdom. BMC Womens Health 23(1):373 Prolific Available from: https://www.prolific.com Mohamed O et al (2010) The quantitative ADAM questionnaire: a new tool in quantifying the severity of hypogonadism. Int J Impot Res 22(1):20–24 Eysenbach G (2004) Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3):e34–e34 World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, (2013) 310(20): p. 2191–2194 Wu FC et al (2008) Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(7):2737–2745 Feldman HA et al (2002) Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(2):589–598 David J, Charles A (2024) Barriers to diagnosis and accessing effective treatment and support for testosterone deficiency. J Men's Health 1:10 Gott M, Hinchliff S (2003) Barriers to seeking treatment for sexual problems in primary care: a qualitative study with older people. Fam Pract 20(6):690–695 Sizar O, Leslie SW, Schwartz J Male Hypogonadism. Anawade PA, Sharma D, Gahane S (2024) A Comprehensive Review on Exploring the Impact of Telemedicine on Healthcare Accessibility. Cureus 16(3):e55996 Fitzpatrick PJ (2023) Improving health literacy using the power of digital communications to achieve better health outcomes for patients and practitioners. Front Digit Health 5:1264780 Troesch VL, Juhr D, Pearlman A (2021) Barriers to receiving testosterone replacement therapy in the community during COVID-19 pandemic. Transl Androl Urol 10(8):3312–3316 Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: VL and DH are employees at Menwell Ltd. Supplementary Files CDAsupp1surveyexport.docx Supplemental Table 1: Export of eSurvey questions BMJCDAsupp2cherrieschecklist.docx Supplemental Table 2: CHERRIES Checklist to guide reporting BMJCDAsupp3summarytable.docx Supplemental table 3: Perceptions and experiences around low testosterone and treatment options among community dwelling adults, overall and by age group Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5698576","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":393656616,"identity":"2f559ca2-d3d7-4f22-a713-3af7a6c80a97","order_by":0,"name":"Vivian Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIie3NvQrCMBDA8RMhXQpZUwSfoZ0VfZULhbpoEQriICII7VJ8lr6BgUCnUFfBRRcnB8dOYqtODv3YRPIfj/vdAeh0v1lHIAwRgACcXwOsNwXx3gQbEwDZgtjHmRCX8ODTXsrPuJRAjaldQ3wUPDwF1s6TNioJVnyrJlas7JLwRBkh46EsjtR8+ZCM75UR5fwhYVxHqBGXRPDEJCnwTfGFNSGYuQFTxGWYTkymrvNKQrqmc8kXI5/GxLnfV4M+jdykkny3NVutl61bC51Op/v/npLOTDELcavcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9013-4022","institution":"Menwell Ltd, Unit L, Taper Building, 175 Long Lane, London, SE1 4GT","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vivian","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":393656617,"identity":"33fc4562-b659-4c68-8bbe-360b620c301d","order_by":1,"name":"David Huang","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8104-6825","institution":"Menwell Ltd, Unit L, Taper Building, 175 Long Lane, London, SE1 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UK","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benedict","middleName":"","lastName":"Hayhoe","suffix":""},{"id":393656763,"identity":"6cf2ed81-6208-48fe-afed-6d8dc36b1ba3","order_by":4,"name":"Austen El-Osta","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8772-4938","institution":"Self-Care Academic Research Unit (SCARU), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 90 Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, UK","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Austen","middleName":"","lastName":"El-Osta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-23 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09:42:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1437383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5698576/v1/3ddaac75-e1d0-4984-b170-c88c63a58287.pdf"},{"id":72255133,"identity":"7b4641c8-64a7-4bdc-b4a0-8d51103784e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-24 09:26:42","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":42149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Table 1: Export of eSurvey questions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"CDAsupp1surveyexport.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5698576/v1/9c97eeff24908ed094f429b9.docx"},{"id":72255136,"identity":"d9071bed-0e1f-44a7-9cac-50d2ac3f19e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-24 09:26:42","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20597,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Table 2: CHERRIES Checklist to guide reporting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BMJCDAsupp2cherrieschecklist.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5698576/v1/f197feb81608c330b4ad8e6a.docx"},{"id":72255134,"identity":"038a2bb9-3df8-4699-be22-31a808d36901","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-24 09:26:42","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":50055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental table 3: Perceptions and experiences around low testosterone and treatment options among community dwelling adults, overall and by age group\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BMJCDAsupp3summarytable.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5698576/v1/422c07ffbbf2bc63822bd81a.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: VL and DH are employees at Menwell Ltd.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are community perspectives and experiences around low testosterone? \u003c/strong\u003eA cross-sectional study in the UK\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Key Messages","content":"\u003ch3\u003eWhat is already known on this topic\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTD prevalence widely varies, and is more common among older men, particularly those with comorbidities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat this study adds:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings reveal a discrepancy between the high percentage of men experiencing low testosterone symptoms (49%) and few men receiving a formal diagnosis (5%), revealing a critical gap in symptom knowledge and access to care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHow this study might affect research and policy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRadical changes in how we approach men\u0026rsquo;s health need to be considered, including public health initiatives to raise TD awareness, formalised training for all healthcare professionals and a policy shift from reactive management of conditions towards proactive healthcare.\u0026emsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMale hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome characterised by signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone and biochemical evidence of testosterone deficiency. Both primary and secondary hypogonadism have reproductive (loss of libido, oligospermia) and non-reproductive (fatigue, low mood) clinical features, whereas clinical diagnoses are made based on symptoms and morning serum testosterone levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a natural age-related decline in hypothalamic-pituitary function and gonadotrophin secretion that decreases testosterone production, resulting in an increased prevalence of hypogonadism in men over 40 years old [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Age-related physiological changes have seen a recent renewed interest in recent years and modifying declining hormone levels with replacement therapies can improve long-term health outcomes, an example being menopause. However, age-related or late-onset hypogonadism in men is still relatively under diagnosed as a common cause of later life co-morbidity and reduced quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypogonadism, also known as testosterone deficiency (TD), is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). There is also a bidirectional link between low testosterone and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. With a plethora of testosterone replacement treatment options and recent TRAVERSE study data demonstrating a relative safety of therapy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], age-related testosterone deficiency should be viewed as a modifiable risk factor and demands further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of late-onset TD differs amongst studies, with ranges between 6–30% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] depending on the characterisation and definitions used. Differences in diagnostic criteria and treatment thresholds between the Society for Endocrinology compared to the British Society of Sexual Medicine highlights the challenges faced. This research sought to explore such perceptions among community-dwelling adult men residing in the UK, including barriers to seeking medical advice and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional study among community-dwelling adult men in the UK to explore the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding symptoms and treatment options for low testosterone. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an electronic survey drawing on comparable research design in women’s health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The survey used adaptive questioning and comprised a total of 54 questions. It was accessible using a personal computer or smartphone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConsent and data protection\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Participant Information Sheet (PIS) included information regarding the study’s aims, the protection of participants’ personal data, their right to withdraw from the study at any time, which data were stored, where and for how long, who the investigator was, the purpose of the study and survey length. Participants were informed that this was a voluntary survey without any monetary incentives but were offered the possibility of accessing findings at a later stage. Data collected was stored on a secure database at Imperial College London, and only the research team could access the eSurvey results. All responses were pseudo-anonymised to ensure confidentiality by assigning each respondent a unique study ID. Only the participants’ demographic data including age in years, gender, ethnicity, residence, education, and employment status were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParticipant recruitment\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe link to the electronic survey was published and made available on the Imperial College Qualtrics platform between 25 April 2024 and 1 August 2024. The survey could be accessed by anyone with a link and took 10 minutes to complete. Survey participants were recruited through affiliates’ mailing lists, such as partnering organisations and community groups, online media channels, such as Meta, X and LinkedIn, and Prolific Academic panel, an online platform where researchers can make their surveys available to participants with specific demographic backgrounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the researchers’ personal and professional networks were also mobilised to disseminate the eSurvey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eElectronic survey setup\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey comprised of a structured questionnaire designed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours around low testosterone and available treatments. The survey comprised a total of 54 items distributed over 32 pages (ranging from 1–4 questions on each page). The survey is available to review in \u003cb\u003eSupplementary File 1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey was designed to capture opinions from a diverse cross-section of UK adults. Respondents were able to review their answers before submitting them (through a back button). Usability and technical functioning of the online survey was tested before publishing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll survey items were conditional and required a response. Respondents were prompted to complete outstanding items before leaving the survey page on which the item was contained. Items were not randomised or alternated, and most items included a ‘None of above/ prefer not to say’ option. To prevent participants from completing the survey more than once, Qualtrics® XM places a browser cookie upon response submission, barring repeat attempts. Similarly, Prolific utilises digital fingerprinting and geo-IP traps to enforce single survey completion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents were not excluded from the survey if they completed the items too quickly; the minimum completed survey was timed at approximately 3.1 minutes. Only completed responses were included in the dataset.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eClinical assessment of hypogonadism\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll respondents completed the qADAM questionnaire, a 10-item screening tool used to quantify the likelihood of hypogonadism with a 5-point Likert scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. A positive TD questionnaire was defined as “yes” when a respondent selected a “terrible” or “poor” rating for libido levels, erection strength, or any 3 of the other 7 symptoms in the qADAM (energy levels, strength and/or endurance, enjoyment of life, happiness levels, work performance, sports ability, amount of height loss, and frequency of falling asleep).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedians and interquartile range (IQR) were calculated for continuous patient characteristics, and N (%) was calculated for categorical characteristics, overall and by quintile of qADAM symptom severity. We examined attitudes and behaviours by age group and awareness of TRT using Chi-squared test and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Associations between demographics, symptom severity, and attitudes toward treatment were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. A p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e​​All analyses were performed using STATA, version 15 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E Surveys (CHERRIES) was used to guide reporting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]; \u003cb\u003eSupplementary file 2.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (ICREC) granted ethical clearance for this study (ICREC#6990009). All experimental protocols were approved by ICREC. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. All subjects provided consent by selecting the relevant tick box at the start of the online survey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePatient and public involvement\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo patients were involved as research participants. The study protocol and online survey was developed in collaboration with Menwell Ltd, which included input from PPI group and lay members. The Survey was reviewed during beta testing to improve usability and wording of questions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDemographic profile of respondents\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e973 out of 1,682 total responses were included in the analysis (completion rate: 57.8%). The median age was 45.0 years (IQR 35.0, 57.0), median BMI was 26.3 (23.9, 29.7), and most self-identified as White race (86%), sexually active (79%), employed (76%), and partnered or married (67%). All respondents confirmed their assigned sex at birth was male, 99% identified with that same gender identity, and the remaining 1% identified as \"other\" including non-binary or agender. In view of this, we opted for the use of the term \"men\" in this article but remain aware that low testosterone does not solely concern cisgender men.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants suffering from the worst symptoms were in the lowest qADAM quintile (Q1) and tended to be older, have a higher BMI, have lower self-reported overall health score, were less likely to be sexually active, were more likely to be current or past smokers, and were more likely to experience depression or anxiety. Q1 individuals were also more likely to be thinking about using TRT treatment in the future, although they were less likely to have access to private healthcare to receive treatment compared to those who were experiencing the least frequency and severity of symptoms. Median self-reporting of overall health score (between 1 = worst and 10 = best, modified from EQ-5D) was 7.0 (6.0, 8.0) and median qADAM score was 29 (IQR 25, 33). Participant characteristics, overall and quintile of qADAM scores, are shown in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics, overall and by quintile of qADAM score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuintile 1 (lowest qADAM score)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuintile 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuintile 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuintile 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuintile 5 (highest qADAM score)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(36.0, 58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(37.0, 58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(32.0, 58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(35.0, 54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(32.0, 53.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(35.0, 57.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Mass Index (BMI)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(24.9, 31.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(23.8, 30.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(24.1, 29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(23.8, 29.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(23.2, 27.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3(23.9, 29.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-reported Overall Health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (4.0, 7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (6.0, 7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (6.0, 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (7.0, 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 (7.0, 9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (6.0, 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31–40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41–50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51–60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsian, or Asian British\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlack, Black British, Caribbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed or Multiple ethnic groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther ethnic groups (please spec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrefer not to say\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (89%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (91%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e839 (86%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-levels or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCSEs or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate degree (e.g. MA, MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school / high school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree (e.g. BA, B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (41%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395 (41%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocational qualification (e.g. N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e736 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrefer not to say\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent healthcare professional\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (94%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e929 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (37%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (45%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e421 (43%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartnered / in a domestic relationship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, never smoker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e536 (55%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes, current smoker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, past smoker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (41%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341 (35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSexually active\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e772 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMental condition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (89%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189 (94%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e906 (93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDepression\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (81%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e566 (58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnxiety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e542 (56%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (37%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e431 (44%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEating disorder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (94%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (94%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e930 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiovascular disease\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStroke\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203 (99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186 (99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e964 (99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e774 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCholesterolaemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169 (82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170 (85%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e815 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience with TRT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever used TRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (86%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195 (86%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e807 (83%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever used, but thinking of using TRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeard of TRT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112 (56%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e517 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (49%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (44%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (43%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e456 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccess to NHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (64%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87 (57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e617 (63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccess to private healthcare\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e620 (64%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFormally diagnosed with low testosterone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (91%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e926 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWillingness to pay for TRT via private healthcare\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155 (69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e688 (71%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285 (29%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Lower qADAM score = higher frequency of symptoms experienced\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e**p-value refers to chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSymptoms experienced by respondents\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach low testosterone symptom and component of the qADAM score, overall and by age group, are shown in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/b\u003e. Nearly half (49%) of respondents indicated a high likelihood of TD symptoms, with the highest individual symptoms reported to be sports ability (35%), low libido (31%), energy levels (30%), and reduced erectile strength (27%). Older men were also more likely to report higher frequency in nearly all symptoms in comparison to younger men, including libido levels, energy levels, strength/endurance levels, erection strength, sports ability over the past 4 weeks, and at least 1.5 inches of height lost (p \u0026lt; 0.05). However, only 5% of men overall reported receiving a formal low testosterone diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of individual low testosterone symptoms, overall and stratified by age group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Group (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;=30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31–40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41–50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51–60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall qADAM score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0, 34.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0, 32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0, 33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0, 32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(25.0, 33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow testosterone (via qADAM)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (61%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (54%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (37%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (39%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (43%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (46%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e475 (49%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnjoyment of life\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190 (86%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (92%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e847 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHappiness levels\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184 (83%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (81%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (91%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e819 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLibido\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e673 (69%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300 (31%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnergy levels\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrength/endurance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (77%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e742 (76%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231 (24%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eErection strength\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (86%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184 (83%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e709 (73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (14%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (53%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork performance over the 4 past 4 weeks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (81%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (81%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e772 (79%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (21%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSports ability over the past 4 weeks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (64%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e633 (65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (36%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (43%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340 (35%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeight lost\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217 (97%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (98%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (92%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e934 (96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency falling asleep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138 (91%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (87%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182 (89%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (85%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854 (88%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (13%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e*p-value refers to chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eUnivariable and multivariable associations of age groups with likelihood of having testosterone deficiency\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e shows associations with age and likelihood of TD diagnosis. Univariable logistic regressions suggested that older men were 1.6–2.4 times more likely to have TD compared to younger men (OR\u003csub\u003e51 − 60 years vs \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e40 years\u003c/sub\u003e:1.6, p = 0.007; OR\u003csub\u003e60 + years vs \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e40 years\u003c/sub\u003e:2.4, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Multivariable regressions adjusting for ethnicity, education level, marital status and employment status confirmed these findings, where men older than 50 years were 1.54–2.04 were more likely to have TD compared to men aged 40 or younger (OR\u003csub\u003e51 − 60 years vs \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e40 years\u003c/sub\u003e:1.54, p = 0.05; OR\u003csub\u003e60 + years vs \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e30 years\u003c/sub\u003e:2.04, p = 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between age group and likelihood of having TD*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;=40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (Ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (Ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41–50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84, 1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88, 1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51–60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13, 2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07, 2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68, 3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34, 3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e*As assessed by an individual rating “terrible” or “poor” for libido OR erection strength OR any 3 other questions (energy levels, strength/endurance, enjoyment of life, happiness levels, work performance over the past 4 weeks, frequency falling asleep, sports ability over the past 4 weeks, and height lost).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e**Adjusted for ethnicity, marital status, employment status, and education\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAwareness of TD symptoms and treatment options\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the high prevalence of reported TD symptoms, over half (55%) of respondents were unaware of signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone, with 47% unaware of available treatment options like TRT (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary File 3\u003c/b\u003e). Individuals aged 40 or older were significantly 0.51 times less likely to have heard of TRT compared to those aged 40 or younger (OR\u003csub\u003e40 + years vs \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e40 years\u003c/sub\u003e: 0.51, p \u0026lt; 0.001; data not shown).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBarriers to seeking medical advice or treatment\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most reported barriers to individuals seeking medical advice or treatment for symptoms related to low testosterone were being unaware of symptoms (39%), financial costs (35%), stigma around hormonal health (29%), and lack of time (26%). Only 7% of individuals noted satisfaction with their access to available low testosterone resources in the UK. While only 29% of individuals indicated willingness to pay for TRT via private healthcare, most individuals were interested in trying TRT if it were free of charge (91%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen considering treatment, the principal factors related to how TRT would impact personal relationships were intimacy and communication (48%) and the importance of maintaining a natural hormone balance without external interventions like TRT (42%). Societal perceptions of masculinity and the acceptance of TRT were less important (21% and 15%, respectively), although younger men were significantly more likely to place higher importance on these factors when considering TRT (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about potential side effects that would prevent individuals from trying TRT, key identified factors were risk of CVD (69%), blood thickening (67%), hair loss (52%) and gynecomastia (50%). Younger individuals expressed more concerns about the impact of TRT on potential sexual and topical side effects (noncancerous prostate growth, limiting sperm production, shrunken testes, acne and hair loss; p \u0026lt; 0.05), whereas older adults were significantly more apprehensive about serious health risks (noncancerous prostate growth, blood thickening which could increase the risk of blood clots, and hypercholesterolemia; p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePerceptions of low testosterone treatments among social circles\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcerns raised by social circles included fear of unknown health risks, perceived impact on masculinity, lack of trust in medical interventions and financial considerations, which were more prevalent among younger individuals (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSources of low testosterone advice\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost respondents relied on online sources (82%) to learn more about low testosterone, particularly Google (80%), followed by consultations with a healthcare professional (69%; 65% of which specifically sought contact with their GP). The vast majority (86%) did not seek conversations around hormonal health among their social circles. Younger individuals were more likely to use online forums and social media (particularly Google, YouTube and general online websites) as their trusted source of information around hormonal health and treatment options including TRT (p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey expectations during discussions with healthcare providers around TRT treatment included clear communication about potential risk and benefits (84%), in-depth discussion about the potential causes of low testosterone (69%), duration of treatment (64%), guidance on lifestyle modification (62%), discussion of alternative treatment options (55%) and cost considerations (51%). The primary drivers for individuals to start exploring TRT were access to more detailed information on potential benefits (75%), insights into long-term effects and safety (67%) and success stories and testimonials from TRT users (42%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSummary of key findings\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe analysed data collected from 973 British adult men aged 18–86 years without TRT experience. Our findings suggest that nearly half of individuals exhibited a high likelihood of testosterone deficiency, whereas over 95% not did not have a formal TD diagnosis, highlighting significant lack of symptom awareness and access to care, reflecting an unmet need in men’s health. Although older men had higher likelihood of TD, we found that they were also more likely to be unaware of the signs and symptoms associated with low testosterone compared with men under 40. The most prevalent symptoms reported included low libido, reduced erection strength and reduced sports ability, whereas men experiencing the most TD symptoms also had higher BMI, poorer overall health and reduced health seeking behaviours.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison with existing literature\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur research findings align with existing literature regarding public experiences and sentiment towards low testosterone symptoms and treatment. The British Society of Sexual Medicine (BSSM) reported that TD prevalence widely varies, and is more common among older men, particularly those with obesity, type 2 diabetes and other comorbidities, in addition to general poor health status or greater reliance on medication [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The European Male Aging Study and the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study observed reductions in testosterone production and testicular function by 1–2% per year after men approached their fifth decade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral barriers were identified to initiating TRT, including a lack of awareness of signs and symptoms and stigma around hormonal health interventions. Other qualitative studies have reported similar findings, identifying major obstacles as lack of awareness and knowledge of TD symptoms, access or awareness of appropriate services, shame and embarrassment during discussions between men and GPs, and perceiving sexual dysfunction as part of normal ageing or of trivial significance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. There may also be a lack of unified messaging in addressing the symptomatic challenges associated with TD; a collaborative and patient-centred approach should be developed to optimise patient outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnline resources were identified as leading sources of advice on TD and TRT. Telemedicine, asynchronous consultations and online resources have the potential to play a critical role in addressing social stigma surrounding TD, facilitating timely care, and enhancing health literacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. By normalising discussions around men’s health and improving patient education around clinical signs and health implications of TD, these tools can empower patients to better communicate their needs to caregivers and healthcare providers. This increase in engagement may help correct misconceptions, reduce stigma and foster greater social acceptance. Ultimately, enhanced awareness and acceptance are likely to improve access to care and lower healthcare costs by reducing unnecessary outpatient visits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eImplications for policy, practice and research\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany men may be unaware that their symptoms are treatable or are deterred from seeking support due to additional barriers such as personal discomfort, societal stigmas, lack of information or financial constraints. This lack of action contributes to undiagnosed and untreated hypogonadism, which not only impact individual health but also resulting in significant direct and indirect costs through increased burden of comorbidities, increased NHS healthcare costs, and reduced overall quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Addressing these challenges would have widespread implications on society and the economy. However, such changes demand a multi-faceted approach: improving education among health professionals, particularly general practitioners, is crucial; this could involve integrating TD training into medical education curricula (as is with HRT) and into professional development programmes, ensuring the GPs are more equipped to identify and discuss TD symptoms during routine appointments. In addition, integrating testosterone screening into these check-ups, particularly for men over 50 (who are at higher risk), may significantly improve early detection and intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic health initiatives aimed at raising awareness of low testosterone, its symptoms, and accessibility of available treatments are also needed. In addition to providing general information around TD, these initiatives should also be specifically targeted toward challenging existing stereotypes and encouraging men to feel more comfortable in proactively seeking help. Leveraging online resources and telemedicine platforms can further bridge the knowledge gap and reduce the stigma associated with seeking medical support, making information and consultations more accessible, particularly for those who may avoid in-person visits due to discomfort or financial restraints. Policy reforms aimed at reducing out-of-pocket costs for patients, such as providing subsidies for TD treatment or including treatments in standard NHS packages, should be explored to ensure men from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds have access to care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research is needed to explore the economic implications of untreated TD and to assess the efficacy of educational and support interventions. The research should also examine specific barriers faced by different socioeconomic groups when accessing treatment. These findings would provide evidence to inform policy changes and improve clinical practices, ultimately reducing disparities and alleviating the burden on the NHS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrengths \u0026amp; limitations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study to investigate the perceptions, attitudes and behaviours around TD and the associated health and lifestyle factors influencing symptoms and wellbeing among community dwelling men in the UK and includes a large sample size of 973 participants. We acknowledge several limitations. The electronic distribution of the survey may have inadvertently excluded individuals with limited digital access. Additionally, the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes the determination of causality between variables, and our reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias as participants’ responses may be influenced by social desirability or lack of understanding around hormonal health. Finally, although our sample is diverse, the demographic profile of study participants largely consisted of White and university-educated men, which may not be representative of the wider UK population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the lack of knowledge around TD symptoms and treatments, resulting in delayed access to healthcare and resultant suffering associated with poorer quality of life. Radical changes in how we approach men’s health need to be considered at a clinical, population health and policy level to enact system-wide change. Given the increasing focus on age-related hormonal changes in last five years, as seen in menopause, a similar emphasis is needed towards men’s health. This starts with acknowledging the knowledge gap in research, ring-fenced funding for men’s hormonal health in science and the NHS (for example, dedicated primary care men’s health hubs, formalised training for all healthcare professionals); and a policy shift away from reactive management of conditions towards proactive healthcare that enable healthy ageing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no funding. Austen El-Osta and Benedict Hayhoe are supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Northwest London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS or the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank staff at Menwell Ltd for their support in survey beta testing and development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors provided substantial contributions to the conception (AEO, VL, DH, AA, BH and AEO), design (AEO, DH, VL, BH), acquisition (VL, DH, AA) and interpretation (VL, DH, AA, BH, AEO) of study data and approved the final version of the paper. AEO took the lead in planning the study with support from co-authors. VL carried out the data analysis with support from DH. AEO is the guarantor.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarman SM et al (2001) Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):724\u0026ndash;731\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWittert G, Grossmann M (2022) Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and testosterone in ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 23(6):1233\u0026ndash;1242\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrossmann M (2011) Low testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes: significance and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(8):2341\u0026ndash;2353\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHackett G et al (2023) The British Society for Sexual Medicine Guidelines on Male Adult Testosterone Deficiency, with Statements for Practice. World J Mens Health 41(3):508\u0026ndash;537\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLincoff AM et al (2023) Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med 389(2):107\u0026ndash;117\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllan CA, McLachlan RI (2004) Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60(6):653\u0026ndash;670\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAraujo AB et al (2007) Prevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(11):4241\u0026ndash;4247\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang DR et al (2023) Experience and severity of menopause symptoms and effects on health-seeking behaviours: a cross-sectional online survey of community dwelling adults in the United Kingdom. BMC Womens Health 23(1):373\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProlific Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.prolific.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.prolific.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohamed O et al (2010) The quantitative ADAM questionnaire: a new tool in quantifying the severity of hypogonadism. Int J Impot Res 22(1):20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEysenbach G (2004) Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3):e34\u0026ndash;e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, (2013) 310(20): p. 2191\u0026ndash;2194\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu FC et al (2008) Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(7):2737\u0026ndash;2745\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeldman HA et al (2002) Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(2):589\u0026ndash;598\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavid J, Charles A (2024) Barriers to diagnosis and accessing effective treatment and support for testosterone deficiency. J Men's Health 1:10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGott M, Hinchliff S (2003) Barriers to seeking treatment for sexual problems in primary care: a qualitative study with older people. Fam Pract 20(6):690\u0026ndash;695\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSizar O, Leslie SW, Schwartz J \u003cem\u003eMale Hypogonadism.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnawade PA, Sharma D, Gahane S (2024) A Comprehensive Review on Exploring the Impact of Telemedicine on Healthcare Accessibility. Cureus 16(3):e55996\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFitzpatrick PJ (2023) Improving health literacy using the power of digital communications to achieve better health outcomes for patients and practitioners. Front Digit Health 5:1264780\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTroesch VL, Juhr D, Pearlman A (2021) Barriers to receiving testosterone replacement therapy in the community during COVID-19 pandemic. Transl Androl Urol 10(8):3312\u0026ndash;3316\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Male hypogonadism, low testosterone, men’s health, patient reported health outcomes, qADAM","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5698576/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5698576/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of late-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) differs amongst studies, with estimates between 6-30% depending on diagnostic criteria used. Nonspecific symptoms and lack of symptom awareness often delays appropriate treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 54-item online survey investigated the prevalence of TD symptoms and experiences of men on treatment. The survey was distributed through online media channels, Prolific and academic networks. Symptoms were assessed using the qADAM questionnaire. Associations between age, qADAM scores and participant demographics were assessed using logistic regressions to understand the prevalence and barriers to accessing treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 973 men, nearly half (49%) indicated high likelihood of TD using qADAM scores, despite only 4% being formally diagnosed. Men over 50 had 1.4-2.0 times higher odds of TD compared to younger men (OR\u003csub\u003e51-60yrs_vs_\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e40yrs\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cdel\u003e:\u003c/del\u003e1.43, p=0.05; OR\u003csub\u003e60+years_vs_\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e40yrs\u003c/sub\u003e:2.03, p=0.001). 30% reported low libido, 7% reported reduced erectile strength, and 26% reported over three symptoms associated with TD. Despite high symptom prevalence, awareness and uptake of treatment remained low. 56% were unfamiliar with symptoms and signs associated with low testosterone. Only 7% of individuals expressed satisfaction with their access to low testosterone resources in the UK. Key barriers to seeking medical advice or treatment included lack of awareness of symptoms (40%), financial costs (34%) and stigma surrounding hormonal health (29%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough nearly half of individuals exhibited a high likelihood of TD, over 95% remained undiagnosed. This highlights significant gaps in symptom awareness and access to treatment options, including the need to improve health literacy around TD to democratise access to care.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"What are community perspectives and experiences around low testosterone? A cross-sectional study in the UK","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-24 09:26:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5698576/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"45218998-d9e9-412f-864d-1605a115c122","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":41958750,"name":"Sexual \u0026 Reproductive Medicine"},{"id":41958751,"name":"Urology \u0026 Nephrology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-24T09:26:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-24 09:26:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5698576","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5698576","identity":"rs-5698576","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}