Design and Implementation of a Privacy Protection System for Face Recognition Using CKKS Fully Homomorphic Encryption

Design and Implementation of a Privacy Protection System for Face Recognition Using CKKS Fully Homomorphic Encryption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design and Implementation of a Privacy Protection System for Face Recognition Using CKKS Fully Homomorphic Encryption Yudian Wang, Sitong Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Addressing the issues of biometric privacy leakage, threats from quantum computing attacks, and security vulnerabilities in key management inherent in face recognition applications, this paper proposes and implements KyberShield—a privacy protection system for face recognition. The system integrates ArcFace, CKKS fully homomorphic encryption, Kyber post-quantum key encapsulation, and Shamir secret sharing technologies to construct a fully ciphertext-based, end-to-end privacy protection pipeline spanning from facial feature extraction to identity authentication. It enables the computation of cosine distances between 512-dimensional feature vectors within the CKKS ciphertext domain, introduces an innovative decoupled architecture for biometric authentication and key management, and establishes a quantum-secure defense framework underpinned by lattice-based cryptography. Test results demonstrate that the system's entire encryption and authentication workflow takes approximately 0.6 seconds; the failure rate for ArcFace feature extraction is less than 0.1%; and the ciphertext-based authentication accuracy exceeds 98.5%. The system effectively withstands various attacks and resists threats posed by quantum computing, exhibiting high security, strong robustness, and universal scalability, making it well-suited to meet the privacy protection requirements of highly sensitive sectors such as finance and healthcare. Face Recognition Privacy Protection CKKS Encryption Kyber Algorithm Shamir Secret Sharing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 16 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 04 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 17 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 15 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9311705","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":637329789,"identity":"b9c4a716-4531-431e-9ff5-0aa03a062686","order_by":0,"name":"Yudian Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIie3RsUrEMBjA8S8E4hIsbjl8iUChKJXe4Is0BO4W6dKlY6EQF6Grgw9x4AukBOpS6BpwaXeXW8TRVEXuhtYbHfInQwj5kZAA+Hz/sCComiHlN0lwuMqWyOqxlXwoNnJV4u8V+hfh+i66GDqDdvpUAlpHIJTBYd+3DCmTrQE3rxSSbE6gqtwMQm3PIysJg87kFIiMKch8jmDQL1yoGEcWO1IY8QA0uqSgRTlDiLsVEwqj59o4wicSvC8SdwPC0u4W7abJzylkkTDWYp66R2ZWhldpt82pIeH1E5ezZN3X+/Fj+sq6Ge1exdnZfTXatyKZJcel0/j6H37S/l/l8/l8vuM+AV+qVCph7MtnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yudian","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":637329790,"identity":"579e4cc9-f2d5-4693-8031-e895e3e78bea","order_by":1,"name":"Sitong Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sitong","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-03 10:08:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109068156,"identity":"8b901445-8c60-4e3d-8f90-5a458f17014e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-12 10:04:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":792172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manu.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9311705/v1_covered_7c88810d-494f-44c2-9e6c-a7e29a9a2f08.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design and Implementation of a Privacy Protection System for Face Recognition Using CKKS Fully Homomorphic Encryption","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-internet-of-things","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diot","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Internet of Things](https://www.springer.com/journal/43926)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Internet of Things","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Face Recognition, Privacy Protection, CKKS Encryption, Kyber Algorithm, Shamir Secret Sharing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAddressing the issues of biometric privacy leakage, threats from quantum computing attacks, and security vulnerabilities in key management inherent in face recognition applications, this paper proposes and implements KyberShield\u0026mdash;a privacy protection system for face recognition. The system integrates ArcFace, CKKS fully homomorphic encryption, Kyber post-quantum key encapsulation, and Shamir secret sharing technologies to construct a fully ciphertext-based, end-to-end privacy protection pipeline spanning from facial feature extraction to identity authentication. It enables the computation of cosine distances between 512-dimensional feature vectors within the CKKS ciphertext domain, introduces an innovative decoupled architecture for biometric authentication and key management, and establishes a quantum-secure defense framework underpinned by lattice-based cryptography. Test results demonstrate that the system's entire encryption and authentication workflow takes approximately 0.6 seconds; the failure rate for ArcFace feature extraction is less than 0.1%; and the ciphertext-based authentication accuracy exceeds 98.5%. The system effectively withstands various attacks and resists threats posed by quantum computing, exhibiting high security, strong robustness, and universal scalability, making it well-suited to meet the privacy protection requirements of highly sensitive sectors such as finance and healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design and Implementation of a Privacy Protection System for Face Recognition Using CKKS Fully Homomorphic Encryption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-11 21:52:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311705/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-16T14:53:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"137764119873627553769422629445869705629","date":"2026-05-16T14:34:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164672267633504217830655119901685317862","date":"2026-05-15T08:08:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261171007919746890279409940463220067566","date":"2026-05-15T00:09:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"84461554595402120297737135433666129035","date":"2026-05-09T10:38:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T08:27:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-17T12:18:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-15T14:24:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Internet of Things","date":"2026-04-15T13:34:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-internet-of-things","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diot","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Internet of Things](https://www.springer.com/journal/43926)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Internet of Things","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1164be36-e9ab-4dcf-81ae-39cd5fe73321","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-16T14:53:47+00:00","index":54,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"137764119873627553769422629445869705629","date":"2026-05-16T14:34:41+00:00","index":53,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164672267633504217830655119901685317862","date":"2026-05-15T08:08:10+00:00","index":52,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261171007919746890279409940463220067566","date":"2026-05-15T00:09:51+00:00","index":51,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"84461554595402120297737135433666129035","date":"2026-05-09T10:38:05+00:00","index":35,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"30","date":"2026-05-04T08:27:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T21:52:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-11 21:52:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9311705","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9311705","identity":"rs-9311705","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}