Hydrothermal Functionalization and Characterization of Bambusa vulgaris Biochar for High-Efficiency Electrostatic Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Wastewater

Hydrothermal Functionalization and Characterization of Bambusa vulgaris Biochar for High-Efficiency Electrostatic Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Wastewater | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hydrothermal Functionalization and Characterization of Bambusa vulgaris Biochar for High-Efficiency Electrostatic Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Wastewater Ehigbochie Joy Ofure, Guijian Liu, Ruijia Liu, Yuan Liu, Balal Yousaf This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302820/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Water pollution by synthetic dyes has become a serious environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and widespread discharge from textile and related industries. Among these dyes, reactive black 5 (RB5) is commonly detected in industrial effluents and poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we investigated the adsorptive removal of RB5 from aqueous solutions using Bambusa vulgaris biochar modified with varying concentrations of ammonia. Bamboo biochar (BB) was prepared via pyrolysis and further functionalized using 20- and 30-mL ammonia treatments to produce B20 and B30, respectively. All prepared adsorbents were comprehensively characterized using SEM, BET, FTIR, TGA, CHN, XRD, and XPS to better understand their physicochemical properties. Adsorption studies systematically examined the effect of contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration. B20 and B30 exhibited consistently greater initial RB5 dye removal efficiencies (B20: 92.5%; B30: 89.8%) and rates compared to BB (75.2%), with optimum performance at acidic pH. Kinetics were best fitted to the Pseudo-First-Order model, but equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, confirming monolayer sorption. The recyclability of BB, B20, and B30 was tested for 8 successive adsorption-desorption cycle. The biochar modified by ammonia presented considerably enhanced recyclability and stability. B20 and B30 retained 67.8% and 66.2% of their initial efficiency, respectively, compared to BB's 48.5%. After-adsorption characterization was done using elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, BET which confirmed RB5 adsorption. This study reveals the immense potential of ammonia-functionalized Bambusa vulgaris biochar, particularly B20, as a highly effective, reusable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the successful treatment of anionic dye-polluted textile wastewater. Bamboo biochar Ammonia functionalization Reactive Black 5 Adsorption Wastewater treatment Dye pollution Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8302820","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":595535012,"identity":"31b18a54-88b7-49a1-9bb1-ce43ae2839e1","order_by":0,"name":"Ehigbochie Joy Ofure","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ehigbochie","middleName":"Joy","lastName":"Ofure","suffix":""},{"id":595535013,"identity":"54eb646a-a0f0-494f-bff3-c8bf59671b90","order_by":1,"name":"Guijian Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCCxAcfDGwYGJiZG2AiBoS0JBvOKEgDamFsgKkmqIVNmOPDYSBNrBZz6QPPmBkMzkfztzM2MPP8+SPPwN68TYKh5g5OLZZ9CWmPCwxu5844DNTC22Zg2MBzrEyC4dgznFoMzjCkG88AamkAa2kwSGCQyDGTYGw4jE9LmjSPwbnc+YfBDgNqkX9DlJYDuRvAWthAtvAQ1AIMZIPk3I1ALQfnthkbtvGkFVskHMOnhQcYlX/scuedP3zwwZs/cvL87Ic33vhQg1sLAwNPApx5AESwgYgEbCrhgP0AXulRMApGwSgYBQwAlg5SfZ7XUAoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guijian","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":595535014,"identity":"016c8bd5-c212-4c9c-8497-701883611af1","order_by":2,"name":"Ruijia Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruijia","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":595535015,"identity":"06e1ea52-6272-47c4-a44d-47536354028b","order_by":3,"name":"Yuan Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":595535016,"identity":"1a489c51-9e1c-4620-90c9-eed6e1d875ff","order_by":4,"name":"Balal Yousaf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Silesian University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Balal","middleName":"","lastName":"Yousaf","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-08 02:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302820/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302820/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107484140,"identity":"7147c4e3-eecb-455f-b34b-b7a9e9d32766","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:30:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1587386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HydrothermalFunctionalizationandCharacterizationofBambusavulgarisBiocharforHighEfficiencyElectrostaticAdsorptiveRemovalofReactiveBlack5DyefromWastewater.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8302820/v1_covered_4259e054-685a-4638-ac7c-a3c74c662fa2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Hydrothermal Functionalization and Characterization of Bambusa vulgaris Biochar for High-Efficiency Electrostatic Adsorptive Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Wastewater","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bamboo biochar, Ammonia functionalization, Reactive Black 5, Adsorption, Wastewater treatment, Dye pollution","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302820/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302820/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWater pollution by synthetic dyes has become a serious environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and widespread discharge from textile and related industries. Among these dyes, reactive black 5 (RB5) is commonly detected in industrial effluents and poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we investigated the adsorptive removal of RB5 from aqueous solutions using \u003cem\u003eBambusa vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e biochar modified with varying concentrations of ammonia. Bamboo biochar (BB) was prepared via pyrolysis and further functionalized using 20- and 30-mL ammonia treatments to produce B20 and B30, respectively. All prepared adsorbents were comprehensively characterized using SEM, BET, FTIR, TGA, CHN, XRD, and XPS to better understand their physicochemical properties. Adsorption studies systematically examined the effect of contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration. B20 and B30 exhibited consistently greater initial RB5 dye removal efficiencies (B20: 92.5%; B30: 89.8%) and rates compared to BB (75.2%), with optimum performance at acidic pH. Kinetics were best fitted to the Pseudo-First-Order model, but equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, confirming monolayer sorption. The recyclability of BB, B20, and B30 was tested for 8 successive adsorption-desorption cycle. The biochar modified by ammonia presented considerably enhanced recyclability and stability. B20 and B30 retained 67.8% and 66.2% of their initial efficiency, respectively, compared to BB's 48.5%. After-adsorption characterization was done using elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, BET which confirmed RB5 adsorption. 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