Investigating the eco-friendly extracts of Salvia pratensis L. for sustainable agricultural applications

Investigating the eco-friendly extracts of Salvia pratensis L. for sustainable agricultural applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigating the eco-friendly extracts of Salvia pratensis L. for sustainable agricultural applications Daniela Grulova, Beata Baranová, Adriana Eliašová, Christelle Brun, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Salvia pratensis L. extracts boast a rich history in the food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. This study focuses on analyzing the chemical composition of S. pratensis, with emphasis on their phenolic, flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid content. Additionally, the research aims to assess the phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of S. pratensis extracts prepared using a 60 °C water bath and a Soxhlet extractor with different solvents: water, 10%, 30% and 70% alcoholic solutions. The highest dry mass was obtained for the water extract prepared in a water bath at 60 °C. The extraction method significantly impacted the quantity of phenols in the extracts. The extract prepared with 30% alcohol exhibited a notably higher concentration, with 148.4 mg/g DM (dry mass) of total phenols, compared to the aqueous extract which contained only 91.1 mg/g DM. The most evident DPPH• activity was noted in the 30% alcohol extract (DPPH• IC50 = 15.6 µg/mL DM), while the lowest activity was in the water extract (DPPH• IC50 = 37.1 µg/mL DM). The Soxhlet extract prepared with 10% ethanol demonstrated the highest efficacy in phytotoxic activity. In summary, S. pratensis appears to be a promising natural reservoir of secondary metabolites, suggesting potential herbicidal effects. Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology/Agri ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology/Biodiversity Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Secondary metabolism water extract alcohol extract phytotoxicity DPPH• rosmarinic acid Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The Salvia genus, with about 900 different species all around the world, belongs to the very important plant family of Lamiaceae [ 1 , 2 ]. The morphology of Salvia pratensis (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage) presents an erect herb which forms rosettes. It is a perennial herb with a wide distribution through the Europe, mainly in central Europe. Sage prefers warm temperature and dry environment [ 3 , 4 ]. but the species is able to adapt for different conditions, changing its characteristics. However, the Flora Europaea does not accept infraspecific taxa [ 5 , 6 ]. Salvia pratensis is categorized as the Temperate Element of the European flora ([ 7 ]. Salvia as an ornamental species used to appear in a garden [ 4 ]. The species occur on dry, calcareous grasslands [ 8 ]. Based on the preferable conditions of its ecological niche, it is possible to find S. pratensis along the roadsides, not managed meadows or in pastures [ 5 , 9 ]. Although it is not considered as alpine species, it was found in 1,920 m altitude [ 3 ]. Salvia pratensis is one of the most favorite herbs for grazing animals. Different animal species as sheep, deer or cattle are feeding by its aerial parts to the recovery of the grass and support to grow new shoots [ 10 , 11 ]. Terpenoids and polyphenols are specific phytochemicals produced by Salvia species as the main secondary metabolites [ 12 ]. The essential oils of “sister” taxa S. officinalis is very popular in traditional medicines [ 4 ]. There was provided research with essential oil hydrodistillated from different samples of S. pratensis for identification of the main components which could be used as potential substitute instead of S. officinalis in several treatments [ 13 ]. In another study, the quantity of essential oil extracted from S. pratensis was found to be very low, approximately 0.073% in air-dried inflorescences. In this essential oil 42 components were identified: the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons represented major chemical group (50%). The dominant compound was identified as thymol (30%) following by caryophyllene (25–28%) and p-cymene (9%) [ 14 ]. The S. officinalis extract was found to contain flavonoids, specifically luteolin, quercetin, hispidulin, and apigenin [ 15 – 17 ]. Additionally, phenolic acids such as salvianolic, rosmarinic, sagerinic, caffeic acids, and sagecoumarin were identified in this extract [ 17 ]. In contrast to S. officinalis , S. pratensis remains relatively underexplored in scientific inquiry. However, recent investigations into the biological potential of essential oils derived from S. pratensis have shown promising results. Particularly, noteworthy is the greater antimicrobial efficacy exhibited by the essential oil of S. pratensis compared to that of S. officinalis [ 1 , 18 ]. Commercial herbicides, with a long-standing tradition, are cost-effective chemicals commonly used for weed management in agricultural systems. Their primary objective is the eradication of unwanted plant species. The effectiveness of herbicides is influenced by various factors including plant species, environmental conditions, weather patterns, and the specific type of herbicide employed [ 19 – 21 ]. Sustainable agriculture practices encompass a range of approaches adopted by farmers. Advances in biotechnology have facilitated the development of climate-resilient plant varieties, high-quality seeds, and other reproductive plant parts, leading to reduced reliance on synthetic pesticides and promoting greater sustainability. Recent attention has been directed towards eco-herbicides, natural products derived from plant secondary metabolites, reflecting a growing interest in environmentally friendly weed control methods [ 22 , 23 ]. Exploring the chemical composition of lesser-known plants offers a valuable opportunity to discover novel components with herbicidal properties. Within the Lamiaceae family, certain plant species are distinguished by their potent essential oils (EOs) that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. These activities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, and notably, herbicidal properties [ 24 – 28 ]. Extracts from Lamiaceae family species contribute to almost 50% of bioherbicidal activity [ 25 ]. Water and alcohol extracts from these plants also contain secondary metabolites, with polyphenols and flavonoids being the predominant groups [ 29 ]. Various classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids play a crucial role in bioherbicidal activity [ 25 ]. Phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, among others, are biologically active substances [ 29 ], making them a focus of research for new commercial bioherbicides. Our research revealed that S. pratensis possesses a relatively low amount of essential oil. Consequently, alternative extracts were employed for conducting biological assays to evaluate potential phytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, pioneering analyses utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were conducted on S. pratensis extracts for the first time to compare and correlate them with observed biological activities. Results Dry mass Various extraction methods applied to Salvia pratensis L. yielded varying amounts of dry mass. The highest dry mass (10.1 mg/mL) was registered in sample W60. Approximately half of this amount (4.9 mg/mL) was obtained in the two samples S3 and S4, which were which underwent extraction using an alcohol solution with Soxhlet extraction. Sample S1 produced a dry mass of 4.1 mg/mL; the lowest amount was obtained in sample S2 (3.6 mg/mL). The extracts mutually differed significantly in dry mass content (Table 1 ). Table 1 Content dry mass in different type of extracts from Salvia pratensis Content of dry biomass in mg/mL W 60 S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 Pure extract 10.1 4.4 4.0 5.6 2.7 *W60 = represents water bath extract at 60°C; S1-S4 = represents Soxhlet water and alcohol extracts Phytochemical parameters of extracts All extracts were tested for their content of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) compounds. The results are shown in Table 2 . The levels of rosmarinic acid, the predominant phenolic component in all extracts, were determined through HPLC analysis (Fig. 1 ), as also detailed in Table 2 . The choice of extraction method significantly impacted the concentration of phenolic compounds in the extracts. The extracts obtained using the Soxhlet apparatus, particularly those utilizing a higher ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent (30% and 70%), exhibited elevated levels of TPC, TFC, and rosmarinic acid. Additionally, the W60 extract displayed a notable phenolic compound content, likely influenced by the ratio of plant material weight to extract volume rather than the extraction method (water extraction at 60°C for one hour in a water bath). When considering the different dry masses of the extracts, extract S3 demonstrated higher total phenol, total flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid levels compared to extract W60. Table 2 Content (mean ± standard deviation) of phenols, flavonoids, and rosmarinic acid in Salvia pratensis extracts. Extract Total phenols a Total flavonoids a Rosmarinic acid b GAE µg/mL GAE mg/g DM QE µg/mL QE mg/g DM µg/mL mg/g DM W60 919.7 ± 19.9 91.1 ± 1.9 178.2 ± 1.5 15.3 ± 0.1 160.7 ± 1.6 15.9 ± 0.2 S1 361.1 ± 5.4 88.1 ± 1.3 55.2 ± 0.5 13.5 ± 0.1 72.5 ± 1.1 17.7 ± 0.3 S2 387.3 ± 7.3 107.6 ± 2.0 53.7 ± 0.5 14.9 ± 0.1 58.6 ± 0.7 16.3 ± 0.2 S3 727.0 ± 12.7 148.4 ± 2.6 136.7 ± 0.8 27.9 ± 0.2 188.1 ± 1.2 43.2 ± 0.3 S4 420.9 ± 8.7 95.7 ± 1.9 71.8 ± 0.5 16.3 ± 0.1 136.0 ± 1.6 31.2 ± 0.4 a result of spectrophotometric determination, b result of HPLC-DAD determination GAE – gallic acid equivalents, QE – quercetin equivalents DPPH • radical scavenging activity In the free DPPH • radical scavenging assay, extract S3 demonstrated the highest effectiveness, with its IC 50 value closely resembling that of the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid. Conversely, extract W60 exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity against DPPH• radicals (Table 3 ). The phenolic constituents present in the extracts likely contribute to their DPPH• radical scavenging ability. Among all the extracts analyzed, extract S3 stood out for its elevated levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, and rosmarinic acid in dry matter. Rosmarinic acid, in particular, emerged as a potent antioxidant, displaying superior DPPH• scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid. Table 3 DPPH• radical scavenging activity (mean ± standard deviation) of Salvia pratensis extracts and reference standard compounds, ascorbic acid and rosmarinic acid. Extract DPPH• IC 50 [µg/mL DM] W60 37.1 ± 0.2 S1 26.9 ± 0.6 S2 27.6 ± 0.5 S3 15.6 ± 0.4 S4 23.8 ± 0.2 Ascorbic acid 5.5 ± 0.0 Rosmarinic acid 1.6 ± 0.0 Phytotoxic activity Among all the Salvia extracts tested, the 10% alcoholic extract (S2) demonstrated the highest efficacy, as no germination was observed in any of the four model organisms after the application of the highest doses − 50 ml and 100 ml, corresponding to 2.2 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml, respectively (Table 4 ). Complete inhibition of germination was observed in R. sativum and S. alba also by the application of lower dose of 25 ml corresponding to 1.1 mg/ml of dry mass. At the dose of 10 ml (0.6 mg/ml dry mass), the germination of R. sativum and S. alba was significantly lower in comparison to the control group too. R. sativum exhibited the highest sensitivity among the model organisms, displaying markedly reduced germination rates with all concentrations of the 10% salvia alcoholic extract. In contrast, the germination of H. vulgare and T. aestivum remained unaffected by the Salvia extract prepared with 30% alcohol (S3), except for a slight impact on H. vulgare at a dose of 100 ml (5.6 mg/ml dry mass). Both R. sativum and S. alba showed significantly lower germination in comparison to the control group when exposed to extract doses with a dry matter content exceeding 0.7 mg/ml, a trend also observed with the 70% alcoholic extract (S4). This extract affected the germination of H. vulgare and T. aestivum in comparison to the control only at the highest, 100 ml dose (2.7 mg/ml). W60 (extracted in water at 60°C) did not show any antigerminative effect on either H. vulgare seeds or T. aestivum seeds compared to the control; only the 100 ml dose (corresponding to 10.1 mg/ml of dry mass content) significantly reduced germination in the seeds of S. alba and R. sativum . The same dose significantly affected root growth across all model organisms except for H. vulgare . The soxhlet water extract (S1) displayed effectiveness solely on R. sativus : the dose of 100 ml corresponding to 4.4 mg/ml dry mass content caused significantly lower % of germinated seeds in comparison to control (Table 5 ). Concerning root growth, the 10% alcoholic extract (S2) was the most effective of all the Salvia extracts used. Generally, water-based extracts (W60 and S1) exhibited lower phytotoxic effects compared to alcohol-based extracts (S2, S3, S4), with the water extract obtained at 60°C (W60) showing greater efficacy than that obtained at 100°C (S1) on H. vulgare and T. aestivum seeds A similar pattern was observed in S. alba and R. sativum : S2 Soxhlet water extract was significantly more effective than the 60°C (W60) one (Table 5 ). Table 4 Seed germination (%) of model plants after exposure to different doses of Salvia pratensis L. extracts prepared in different ways Extract dose Control 1 uL 1 mL 10mL 25 mL 50 mL 100 ml Extract type W60 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 1.4 mg/ml 2.6 mg/ml 5.0 mg/ml 10.1 mg/ml R. sativus L. 90.0 ± 10.0 86.7 ± 11.5 83.3 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 70.0 ± 10.0 60.0 ± 10.0* 23.3 ± 32.1* S. alba L. 86.7 ± 15.0 83.3 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 76.7 ± 5.8 73.3 ± 15.3 23.3 ± 15.3** T. aestivum L. 93.3 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 83.3 ± 15.3 90.0 ± 0 76.7 ± 15.3 H. vulgare L. 93.3 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 83.3 ± 11.5 86.7 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 90.0 ± 10.0 83.3 ± 5.8 Extract type S1 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.2 mg/ml 0.4mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml 1.2 mg/ml 2.2 mg/ml 4.4 mg/ml R. sativus L. 3.3 ± 5.8 73.3 ± 5.8 53.3 ± 25.2 56.7 ± 20.8 56.7 ± 15.3 46.7 ± 30.6 43.3 ± 11.5* S. alba L. 76.7 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 11.5 86.7 ± 5.8 90.0 ± 10.0 76.7 ± 15.3 70.0 ± 0 T. aestivum L. 90.0 ± 0 83.3 ± 15 86.7 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 15.3 86.7 ± 5.8 90.0 ± 0 H. vulgare L. 86.7 ± 44.5 100.0 ± 0 100.0 ± 0 100.0 ± 0 90.0 ± 0 100.0 ± 0 96.7 ± 5.8 Extract type S2 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.4 mg/ml 0.6 mg/ml 1.1 mg/ml 2.2 mg/ml 4.0 mg/ml R. sativus L. 80.0 ± 17.3 73.3 ± 15.3* 36.7 ± 5.8** 6.7 ± 5.8*** 0*** 0*** 0*** S. alba L. 100.0 ± 0 86.7 ± 5.8* 96.7 ± 5.8 43.3 ± 20.8** 0*** 0*** 0*** T. aestivum L. 80.0 ± 20.0 76.7 ± 20.8 80.0 ± 10.0 66.7 ± 20.8 20.0 ± 20.0* 0** 0** H. vulgare L. 100.0 ± 0 96.7 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 50.0 ± 0*** 0*** 0*** Extract type S3 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.2 mg/ml 0.7 mg/ml 1.7 mg/ml 2.9 mg/ml 5.6 mg/ml R. sativus L. 80.0 ± 10.0 73.3 ± 11.5 73.3 ± 15.3 16.7 ± 20.8** 13.3 ± 5.8*** 6.7 ± 11.5*** 0*** S. alba L. 93.3 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 80.0 ± 10.0 23.3 ± 11.5*** 6.8 ± 5.8*** 3.3 ± 5.8*** 6.8 ± 5.8*** T. aestivum L. 83.3 ± 15.0 83.3 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 5.8 90.0 ± 10.0 90.0 ± 0 50.0 ± 20.0 26.7 ± 46.2 H. vulgare L. 93.3 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 5.8 100.0 ± 0 53.3 ± 40.4 26.7 ± 46.2 6.7 ± 11.5*** Extract type S4 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.7 mg/ml 1.4 mg/ml 2.7 mg/ml R. sativus L. 100.0 ± 0 100.0 ± 0 96.7 ± 5.8 96.7 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 11.5** 80.0 ± 10.0* 86.7 ± 5.8* S. alba L. 93.3 ± 11.5 80.0 ± 26.5 86.7 ± 15.3 86.7 ± 11.5 50.0 ± 10.0** 3.33 ± 5.80*** 3.33 ± 5.8*** T. aestivum L. 93.3 ± 5.8 93.3 ± 11.5 96.7 ± 5.8 66.7 ± 20.8 83.3 ± 5.8 73.3 ± 44.5* 46.7 ± 15.3** H. vulgare L. 83.3 ± 5.8 86.7 ± 44.5 90.0 ± 10.0 96.7 ± 5.8* 90.0 ± 10.0 73.3 ± 20.8 33.3 ± 11.5*** Notes: The results were expressed as means ± SD of percentage (%) of germinated seeds based on the Student T-test, indicating significant differences comparing to control (p < 0.05*; p < 0.01** p < 0.001***). Table 5 Roots length (cm) after exposure to different doses of Salvia pratensis L. extracts prepared in different ways Extract dose Control 1 uL 1 mL 10mL 25 mL 50 mL 100 ml Extract type W60 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 1.4 mg/ml 2.6 mg/ml 5.0 mg/ml 10.1 mg/ml R. sativus L. 3.40 ± 0.40 4.50 ± 0.57* 3.74 ± 0.93 3.49 ± 1.17 4.09 ± 0.26 2.44 ± 0.88 1.17 ± 0.24** S. alba L. 5.03 ± 0.95 5.24 ± 0.68 4.96 ± 0.27 3.55 ± 1.18 2.79 ± 0.67* 2.37 ± 0.16** 1.18 ± 0.19** T. aestivum L. 6.81 ± 1.47 5.91 ± 0.44 6.16 ± 0.46 6.04 ± 1.17 4.91 ± 0.92 3.77 ± 0.21* 1.49 ± 0.32** H. vulgare L. 3.78 ± 1.09 2.86 ± 0.12 3.24 ± 1.21 3.08 ± 0.29 2.11 ± 0.36 3.36 ± 1.47 2.45 ± 0.32 Extract type S1 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.2 mg/ml 0.4mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml 1.2 mg/ml 2.2 mg/ml 4.4 mg/ml R. sativus L. 3.40 ± 0.38 2.19 ± 0.70 2.61 ± 1.26 1.11 ± 0.32*** 2.22 ± 0.53* 1.09 ± 0.43** 0.64 ± 0.20*** S. alba L. 4.51 ± 0.85 3.44 ± 0.92 4.55 ± 0.25 3.81 ± 1.35 3.43 ± 1.24 1.19 ± 0.27** 0.68 ± 0.08** T. aestivum L. 4.4 ± 0.63 3.38 ± 0.09 3.94 ± 0.72 2.92 ± 0.73 4.04 ± 0.90 2.78 ± 0.35* 1.60 ± 0.59** H. vulgare L. 3.32 ± 0.26 4.11 ± 1.24 2.58 ± 0.91 4.35 ± 1.23 3.66 ± 0.21 2.72 ± 0.70 2.77 ± 0.23* Extract type S2 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.4 mg/ml 0.6 mg/ml 1.1 mg/ml 2.2 mg/ml 4.0 mg/ml R. sativus L. 2.79 ± 0.58 2.24 ± 0.36 0.94 ± 0.20 1.60 ± 0.85 x x x S. alba L. 3.54 ± 1.36 5.00 ± 1.43 3.47 ± 0.81 0.96 ± 0.10* x x x T. aestivum L. 4.15 ± 0.29 3.47 ± 0.63 3.14 ± 0.48* 0.81 ± 0.37*** 0.52 ± 0.52*** x x H. vulgare L. 3.55 ± 1.04 3.30 ± 0.15 3.39 ± 0.16 2.09 ± 0.49 1.13 ± 0.11 x x Extract type S3 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.2 mg/ml 0.7 mg/ml 1.7 mg/ml 2.9 mg/ml 5.6 mg/ml R. sativus L. 5.52 ± 0.29 3.52 ± 0.80* 4.88 ± 0.36 2.35 ± 0.92** 0.43 ± 0.11*** 2.25 ± 0*** x S. alba L. 5.81 ± 1.39 5.88 ± 1.46 6.81 ± 1.35 1.84 ± 1.43* 0.75 ± 0.35* 3.60 ± 0* 0.75 ± 0.35* T. aestivum L. 5.74 ± 1.07 6.61 ± 0.53 7.27 ± 2.14 3.00 ± 0.90* 1.28 ± 0.36** 0.46 ± 0.03*** 0.48 ± 0.83** H. vulgare L. 4.81 ± 1.46 4.66 ± 1.89 5.60 ± 1.39 3.90 ± 0.28 2.16 ± 1.54 0.40 ± 0.70** 0.50 ± 0.86** Extract type S4 Dry matter 0 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml 0.3 mg/ml 0.7 mg/ml 1.4 mg/ml 2.7 mg/ml R. sativus L. 8.48 ± 0.64 11.58 ± 1.14* 11.77 ± 0.70** 4.40 ± 1.04** 2.47 ± 0.82*** 0.95 ± 0.53*** 0.57 ± 0.18*** S. alba L. 4.39 ± 0.84 3.68 ± 1.54 5.18 ± 0.41 2.07 ± 0.47* 0.83 ± 0.18** 0.30 ± 0** 0.20 ± 0** T. aestivum L. 4.83 ± 0.94 3.96 ± 1.36 5.02 ± 0.19 3.83 ± 0.48 2.70 ± 0.55* 1.69 ± 0.24** 0.37 ± 0.19*** H. vulgare L. 4.63 ± 1.66 3.02 ± 0.62 3.58 ± 0.63 2.77 ± 0.09 2.08 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 1.31 0.61 ± 0.29* Notes: The results were expressed as means ± SD of roots length (cm) of model plants based on the Student T-test indicating significant differences comparing to control (p < 0.05*; p < 0.01** p < 0.001***). PCA and HCA analysis The different effect of water vs . alcoholic extracts was also confirmed by PCA and HCA analyses. Thirteen original variables were compared using PCA, which were then condensed into two principal components, collectively representing 84.1% of the total variability. PC1 accounts for the primary component, explaining 53.9% of the total variability, while PC2 represents the secondary component and explains 30.1% of the total variability (Table 6 ). Table 6 Loadings of the significant variables on two first principal components from data analysis. Variables PC1 PC2 Total phenols GAE mg/mL -0.1746 0.4468 Total flavonoids QE mg/mL -0.1943 0.4282 Rosmarinic acid mg/mL -0.0463 0.4055 DPPH• IC 50 mg/mL DM -0.2586 0.0574 Dry biomass mg/mL -0.2636 0.3210 Hordeum vulgare % inhibition of germination 0.3480 0.1885 Hordeum vulgare % inhibition of root length 0.3478 0.1781 Triticum aestivum % inhibition of germination 0.3461 0.1420 Triticum aestivum % inhibition of root length 0.3284 0.2145 Sinapis alba % inhibition of germination 0.2610 0.3231 Sinapis alba % inhibition of root length 0.3437 -0.1747 Raphanus sativus % inhibition of germination 0.0920 0.2749 Raphanus sativus % inhibition of root length 0.3591 -0.0483 Eigenvalue 7.1 3.91 Total variance (%) 53.9 30.1 PC1 (53.95%) was represented mainly by almost all variables related to phytotoxic activity in the positive scores, with a minor contribution from DPPH• IC50 and dry biomass in the negative scores. On the other hand, PC2 (30.10%) was primarily characterized by positive scores across most variables, except for Sinapis alba % inhibition of root length and Raphanus sativus % inhibition of root length, positioned in the lower right quadrant on the negative side of PC2. The scores of the extracts exhibited a strong correlation, with samples S2, S3, and S4 clustered on the positive side of PC1, indicating higher inhibition percentages of germination and root length in R. sativus and S. alba . Conversely, the similarity between S1 and W60 was evident as these two extracts displayed the highest scores on the negative side of PC1 (Fig. 2 ). In the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) (Fig. 3 ), the Euclidean distance between groups revealed the division of extracts into two distinct clusters with varying levels of similarity. The first cluster, with a similarity measure of 3.75, consisted of extracts W60 and S1, characterized by their lesser impact on seed germination and root length. Discussion The antioxidant activity of extracts (water/methanol solution) and bioactive compounds determination in S. pratensis were previously investigated [ 29 ]. The content of polyphenols was about 400 mg GAE/100 g FW, and the DPPH value was about 10 µmol TE/g FW, values that align closely with those reported in this study. In the water-bath extracts of relative species Salvia tesquicola Klokov & Pobed and Salvia verticillata L., phenol levels ranged from 35.66 to 43.9 mg/g DM [ 30 ]. In presented study, phenols amount varied depending on the type of extract. In water extracts, the amount of phenols was lower (W60 = 91.1 ± 1.9 GAE mg/g DM; S1 = 88.1 ± 1.3 GAE mg/g DM) than in alcohol extracts (S2-S4 from 95.7 ± 1.9 GAE mg/g DM to 148.4 ± 2.6 GAE mg/g DM). The values of DPPH IC 50 in this study varied from 15.6 ± 0.4 µg/mL DM (in S3) to 37.1 ± 0.2 µg/mL DM (in W60). Similar studies were conducted on other species of Salvia , such as Salvia officinalis . The study reported that the species was rich in polyphenols, which showed evident antioxidant capacity [ 16 ]. The antioxidant capacity determined in salvia extracts grown in different localities, as well as the variability of total phenolic contents and their composition, were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Total phenols varied from 5502.0 to 7787.5 mg RA/100g DM, while DPPH values remained relatively consistent, ranging from 170.5 to 175.5 µmol TE/100g. The main polyphenols in S. officinalis leaves were identified as rosmarinic acid (2460–3844 mg/100g) and lutolin-3-glucuronide (634–840 mg/100g) [ 16 ]. In another study, the primary compounds identified were 12-methoxy carnosic acid (21 918.3 µg/g) along with rosmarinic acid (17 678.7 µg/g) in the methanol extract of sage ( Salvia officinalis ) determined by UHPLC coupled with QTOF-MS [ 17 ]. In our study, rosmarinic acid was also a dominant compound. The values varied between 15.9 ± 0.2 mg/g DM in W60 to 43.2 ± 0.3 mg/g DM in S3 extract. These findings suggest that the extraction method significantly impacts the composition of the extract. Also, biological properties were linked to extraction techniques: the antioxidant as well as antifungal properties were positively related to the phenolic composition of S. officinalis , as previously reported [ 15 ]. The phenolic compounds were identified in plant water extracts. Different studies noted their phytotoxic effect against model species [ 31 , 32 ]. Recently, corroborated the potential utilization of aqueous herbal extracts, predominantly sourced from S. officinalis leaves, as natural herbicides against weeds [ 33 ]. Previously was evaluated the potential phytotoxicity of several extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. (Savi), also belonging to the Lamiaceae family [ 34 ]. The same authors explained that the different classes of molecules, for example also phenolic compounds, could be involved in plant-plant allelopathy, allowing us to hypothesize their possible use as promising herbicides. The following phenolic compounds (ellagic, two ρ-coumaric derivatives, hyperoxide, chlorogenic, quercitrin, rutin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside) along with five low weight organic acids (succinic, fumaric, citric, shikimic and malic acids) were identified in the water extract of E. globulus by HPLC analyses and were used for herbicidal activity [23. The bioassay involved using one monocot species ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) and one dicot species ( Lactuca sativa L.) as model plants to assess the herbicidal activity of the water extract from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Secondary metabolites produced by E. globulus can be naturally released from leaf to the soil and based on allelopathy influence the germination and development of other species [ 23 ]. Plant-plant interactions are driven by the production and release of secondary metabolites, which can exert positive impacts on each other [ 35 ]. These secondary metabolites can inhibit the growth and development of neighboring plants when released from the mother plants [ 36 ]. The variations in the allelopathic mechanisms among different plant species are based on their phytotoxic compounds [ 37 , 38 ]. The modern analytical chromatographic techniques have been highly improved to provide chemical identification of phenolic compounds in the last years [ 39 ]. A study involving 81 medicinal plant species from Pakistan across 39 families revealed that 66 extracts exhibited growth inhibitory effects on model plants, while 15 extracts stimulated lettuce growth [ 40 ]. A separate study conducted in Iran assessed the herbicidal effects of extracts from 68 medicinal plants. Remarkably, extracts from 57 of these plants exhibited herbicidal impacts on model plants, while extracts from 11 plants notably stimulated the growth of lettuce seedlings [ 41 ]. In a study conducted in Bangladesh, water extracts from 55 medicinal plants were tested on Raphanus sativus at four different concentrations. Six plant species showed complete inhibition (100%) of R. sativus growth at a concentration 1:5 (w/v), and other 15 species showed 95% of inhibition at the same concentration [ 42 ]. Many studies, investigating the impact of plant extract activity on different weeds, reported diverse levels of effectiveness. Within this study, monocots plant species were more resistant than dicots plant species [ 43 – 45 ]. Moreover, it was often reported that a variety of crops were affected in lower intensity than weeds [ 44 ]. The dosage of potential herbicides applied to crops plays a crucial role in their impact. Until now, provided studies did not bring the clear explanation of the different sensitivity between the crops. To date, existing studies have failed to offer a clear explanation for the varying sensitivities observed among different crops. The current research endeavors to address this gap by elucidating the mechanisms of action associated with various phytochemicals. This pursuit and subsequent elucidation are imperative for advancing our understanding and shaping future knowledge in this field [ 25 ]. Conclusions Innovative tools designed to foster sustainability and resilience in agrosystems usher in novel approaches for the efficient utilization of natural resources. These tools not only enable the development of plant varieties that exhibit heightened resistance to climate change, pests, and diseases but also necessitate reduced pesticide and fertilizer usage while simultaneously enhancing yields. Such advancements significantly contribute to curtailing the reliance on chemical pesticides and reducing the European Union's dependence on imported agricultural products. Our study delved into exploring the potential of the less investigated species S. pratensis as compared to its more renowned counterpart, S. officinalis . Various eco-friendly extracts, formulated using water and alcohol as bases, were meticulously compared. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis encompassing composition, antioxidant activity, and potential herbicidal efficacy was conducted. The herbicidal potential of these extracts was initially assessed across four model plant species, comprising two dicots and two monocots. Although the precise mechanism of action underlying this activity remains elusive, it is evident that certain extracts demonstrate a phytotoxic effect at specific concentrations and on particular plant species. Despite being overshadowed by its relative S. officinalis , S. pratensis emerges as a promising yet understudied botanical species. It harbors a wealth of phytochemicals warranting exploration for various biological activities. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), conducted for the first time on S. pratensis extracts, further supports the findings obtained from the biological assays. Experimental section Plant Materials The fresh aboveground parts of Salvia pratensis L. were collected in the period of flowering from a meadow along the Torysa river in Prešov, Eastern Slovakia (48° 59' 22.6855183" N, 21° 13' 56.8595123" E) in August 2019. The freshly collected plant material was laid out on filter paper in the laboratory and stored at room temperature until it was dry. Once dried, the plant material was ground into a powder using an electric mill. This prepared sample was utilized for the preparation of various extracts and subsequent analysis. Plant material was stored at the herbarium collection at the Department of Ecology, University of Presov under the number: Eko_2019/8_SalviaPratensis. Plant species was identified by Dr. Daniela Grulova. Deposited material is available for public by the request. The experiment was complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Extracts preparation One extract (W60) was prepared using a water bath. Twenty grams of plant powder were mixed with 200 mL of distilled a water in the Erlenmeyer bank (EB). EB was placed in water bath maintained at 60°C, and the cooler was placed on the bank top to avoid water evaporation. The extraction lasted 1 hour. When the extract was cooled, it was filtrated by using a Büchner funnel connected to a vacuum pump (V-700, Vacuum Pump, Büchi). The filtration was repeated two times. After filtration, the extracts were also centrifuged for 30 minutes at 6000 rpm. The water extract was placed into freezer until analysis. Four different extracts (S1 – S4) were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus. A paper cartouche was filled with 10 grams of plant powder. The following solutions were used as extraction agents: distilled water (S1), a 10% ethanol solution in water (S2) (v/v), a 30% ethanol solution in water (S3) (v/v), and a 70% ethanol solution in water (S4) (v/v). Three hundred mL of each solution was used for seven 7 cycles of plant extraction. After that, each extract was filtrating in the same way described above, then centrifugated. The extracts prepared with different alcohol solution were then placed in vacuum evaporator to evaporate rest of alcohol, not to impact biological assays. Dry mass evaluation One mL of each extract was put into a glass Petri dish and placed into the oven at 105°C until the constant weight to determine dry mass, after water evaporation. Each determination was repeated four times. Biological assay to evaluate phytotoxic effect of extracts Model plants Four model plant seeds were used for the evaluation of phytotoxic activity: two monocot species, Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) and Triticum aestivum L. (winter wheat), as well as two dicot plant species Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish). The seeds were obtained from the Breeding Research Center in east Slovakia (Malý Šariš). Phytotoxic activity The experimental design was established according to the method used by [ 46 ], with some modifications. The factors that were taken into consideration in the experiment were: (i) model plants: [dicots: radish, white mustard, and monocots: winter wheat and barley]; (ii) different extracts; and (iii) different extract concentrations. Prepared extracts were mixed with distilled water and diluted to prepare the different concentrations (Table 7 ). Distilled water was used as control. The seeds that were used in the bioassay were first treated by surface sterilization with 95% EtOH for 15 seconds and then triplicate rinsed with distilled water. Ten seeds were placed into each Petri dish (90 mm diameter), which contains 5 layers of Whatman filter paper. Seven milliliters of extracts of different concentration were added into each Petri dish. Each variation was triplicated. The Petri dishes were then placed in the phyto chamber (Sanyo, MLR-351H) with specific conditions (20 ± 1°C, 16 hours light, 8 hours dark). The germination evaluation and the radicle length (cm) were measured after 5 days. The influence of extracts was declared inhibitory (I) or stimulatory (S) in comparison to control. Table 7 Preparation of the extract solution for the evaluation of phytotoxic activity Amount of extract Amount of distilled water (mL) Content of dry biomass in mg/mL W 60 S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 1µL 99.99 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 1 mL 99.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 10 mL 90 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 25 mL 75 2.6 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.7 50 mL 50 5.0 2.2 2.2 2.9 1.4 Pure extract 0 10.1 4.4 4.0 5.6 2.7 *W60 = represents water bath extract at 60°C; S1-S4 = represents Soxhlet water and alcohol extracts Determination of total phenolic content The phenolic components were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method [ 47 ], with some modifications. The 0.1 mL of appropriately diluted extract, 0.2 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2 mL of double distilled water (DDW), and 1 mL of Na 2 CO 3 water solution (20%, w/v) were well-mixed, and the resulting reaction mixture was kept for 90 minutes in the dark at room temperature. The measurement was provided at a wavelength absorbance of 765 nm, on a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer using a blank by DDW. In addition, the calibration curve of gallic acid (Merck) was measured. The calculation was based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per mL of extract. The measurement was repeated four times for each extract. Extracts were prepared freshly on the day of measurement. Determination of total flavonoid content Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminum chloride (AlCl 2 ) colorimetric method [ 48 ], with slight modifications. Briefly, 0.2 mL of appropriately diluted extract, 1.8 mL of DDW, 0.1 mL of AlCl 2 water solution (10%, w/v), 0.1 mL of 1M CH 3 COOK, and 2.8 mL of DDW were kept in the resulting reaction mixture for 30 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance of the mixture, at a wavelength of 415 nm, was measured on a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer using a corresponding blank in which AlCl 2 solution was replaced by DDW. The calibration curve of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared. The calculation was made as quercetin equivalents (QE) per mL of extract. The measurement was repeated four times for each extract. Extracts were prepared freshly on the day of measurement. HPLC-DAD analysis of rosmarinic acid The extracts were firstly filtrated through a syringe filter (Whatman, Puradisc 130, nylon membrane, 45 µm) and then analyzed by gradient reversed phase HPLC on Dionex UltiMate 3000 Quarternary Analytical System with diode array detector and Dionex Acclaim 120 C18 column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm), maintained at 25°C. Mobile phase A (HPLC gradient grade water with 0.1% formic acid, v/v) and mobile phase B (HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, v/v) were used at a 1.0 mL/min according to the gradient program: 0 min, 5% B; 0–50 min, 5–30% B; 50–53 min, 30–100% B; 53–58 min, 100% B; 58–60 min, 100–5% B; 60–65 min, 5% B. The peak of rosmarinic acid was identified based by comparison on the retention time and UV-VIS spectra of the corresponding standard compound (Sigma-Aldrich). The peak area values obtained at a wavelength of 320 nm were used for quantitative evaluation. The content of rosmarinic acid was calculated by means of a five-point calibration line (30–500 µg/mL, R2 > 0.999). DPPH • (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay The DPPH• assay was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the extracts [ 49 ]. The details can also be found in our previous publication [ 50 ]. Ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a reference antioxidant. Rosmarinic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), the major phenolic compound found in the extracts, was also assayed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value was calculated (g DW/mL). The assay was repeated four times. All solutions were used on the day of preparation. Statistical analysis General differences in the germination percentages and roots length i) between control and experiments, ii) between experiments mutually and iii) between different type of extracts were statistically processed by using Student´s T-Test and the significance was determined in three different levels (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001). Student´s T-Test was provided in Excel, for all other statistical analyses were used software PAST, Version 4.03 [ 51 ]. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were provided by using Matlab software and were used to understand the similarity between different extracts of Salvia pratensis in relation to the following original variables: total phenols (GAE mg/mL), total flavonoids (QE mg/mL), rosmarinic acid (mg/mL), DPPH IC 50 (mg/mL DM), dry biomass mg/mL, % inhibition of germination of Hordeum vulgare , % inhibition of root length of Hordeum vulgare , % inhibition of germination of Triticum aestivum , % inhibition of root length of Triticum aestivum , % inhibition of germination of Sinapis alba , % inhibition of root length of Sinapis alba , % inhibition of germination of Raphanus sativus , % inhibition of root length of Raphanus sativus . The results of the MTS-assay analysis express the mean value with addition of standard deviation (SD) of two independent experiments. GraphPad Prism 9.0.0 software was used to determine significant differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple test. The level of significance was determined in three different levels: significant (*) in p-value ≤ 0.05, very significant (**) in p-value ≤ 0.01, extremely significant in p-value ≤ 0.001 (***) and not significant (ns). Declarations Compliance with Ethical Standards Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals: present research was not provided on animals neither human. Informed consent: N/A Funding: This research was funded by VEGA, grant numbers 1/0087/20; 2/0018/20, 1/0069/22 and KEGA grant number 011PU-4/2024 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement: Data acquired by the current research are available on the request by the corresponding author. Author Contributions: “Conceptualization, D.G., B.B., J.P., H.E. and V.D.F.; methodology, A.E., L.D.M., L.C.; formal analysis, D.G., B.B., A.E., Ch.B., L.D.M., L.C., Ľ.N., J.F., M.K.; data curation, B.B, A.E. and L.D.M.; writing—original draft preparation, D.G., L.D.M., L.C.; writing—review and editing, D.G., L.D.M. and H.E.; supervision, J.P. and, V.D.F.; project administration, D.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.” References Veličković DT, Randjelović NV, Ristić MS, Šmelcerović AA, Veličković AS. Chemical composition and antimicrobial action of the ethanol extracts of Salvia pratensis L., Salvia glutinosa L. and Salvia aethiopis L. J Serb Chem Soc. 2002. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC0210639V. Šulniūtė V, Baranauskienė R, Ragažinskienė O, Venskutonis PR. Comparison of composition of volatile compounds in ten Salvia species isolated by different methods. Flavour Fragr J. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3389. Hultén E, Fries M. 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Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Martino","suffix":""},{"id":311424850,"identity":"30b69627-fe30-4da1-8eeb-e77dae8924b6","order_by":5,"name":"Lucia Caputo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Salerno","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucia","middleName":"","lastName":"Caputo","suffix":""},{"id":311424851,"identity":"15b62bdc-50e6-49a8-8887-4decb57e3dd4","order_by":6,"name":"Janka Poračová","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Prešov","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Janka","middleName":"","lastName":"Poračová","suffix":""},{"id":311424852,"identity":"62ef235b-cb58-42df-b0b5-55ea18eb43d1","order_by":7,"name":"Ľuboš Nastišin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Prešov","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ľuboš","middleName":"","lastName":"Nastišin","suffix":""},{"id":311424854,"identity":"624e111d-32b6-486f-bb52-8ca59fb1bd13","order_by":8,"name":"Jozef Fejér","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Prešov","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jozef","middleName":"","lastName":"Fejér","suffix":""},{"id":311424856,"identity":"613160aa-bd2f-4356-a34a-c95ab9938b09","order_by":9,"name":"Hazem Elshafie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Basilicata","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hazem","middleName":"","lastName":"Elshafie","suffix":""},{"id":311424858,"identity":"eced0eff-c451-4ec3-b257-3e43b89b5d96","order_by":10,"name":"Vincenzo De Feo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Salerno","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vincenzo","middleName":"","lastName":"De Feo","suffix":""},{"id":311424860,"identity":"3dceee35-710c-49c2-ad2b-e8bccbde138f","order_by":11,"name":"Mária Končná","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Prešov","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mária","middleName":"","lastName":"Končná","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-17 14:33:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-85045-0","type":"published","date":"2025-01-03T15:56:55+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58178067,"identity":"86c02866-ff41-4b99-98b4-5572aeec5c4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 05:27:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHPLC-DAD chromatogram of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003eflowering shoot extract.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4437363/v1/becf44dc33450ee4589c26f8.png"},{"id":58178520,"identity":"28a7b02d-1a95-4d1c-934a-a5f273553e85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 05:35:41","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiplot (loading and scores plots), with 95% confidence ellipse, obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) of five extracts of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e based on the thirteen different variables in the two-dimensional space. The vectors shown are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4437363/v1/efb10f5d839c7a3f4108c584.png"},{"id":58178070,"identity":"deb26d85-bdd4-451b-9632-f87e27040b7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 05:27:41","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDendrogram obtained by HCA based on the Euclidian distances between 5 different\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4437363/v1/0892801ff178583aeef9991f.png"},{"id":73093953,"identity":"bf2dd0c6-ce51-4470-a61e-197a33d12b19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-06 16:22:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1285750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4437363/v1/49a0905a-cc60-49c3-aafe-66a19235dc5f.pdf"},{"id":58178068,"identity":"d450b0a2-b461-47c2-8a83-66270dea373f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 05:27:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":197636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical abstract\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4437363/v1/12a4c561576c8f5744a9f278.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigating the eco-friendly extracts of Salvia pratensis L. for sustainable agricultural applications","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e genus, with about 900 different species all around the world, belongs to the very important plant family of Lamiaceae [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The morphology of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage) presents an erect herb which forms rosettes. It is a perennial herb with a wide distribution through the Europe, mainly in central Europe. Sage prefers warm temperature and dry environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. but the species is able to adapt for different conditions, changing its characteristics. However, the Flora Europaea does not accept infraspecific taxa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e is categorized as the Temperate Element of the European flora ([\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Salvia as an ornamental species used to appear in a garden [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The species occur on dry, calcareous grasslands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on the preferable conditions of its ecological niche, it is possible to find \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e along the roadsides, not managed meadows or in pastures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Although it is not considered as alpine species, it was found in 1,920 m altitude [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e is one of the most favorite herbs for grazing animals. Different animal species as sheep, deer or cattle are feeding by its aerial parts to the recovery of the grass and support to grow new shoots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Terpenoids and polyphenols are specific phytochemicals produced by \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e species as the main secondary metabolites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The essential oils of \u0026ldquo;sister\u0026rdquo; taxa \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e is very popular in traditional medicines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. There was provided research with essential oil hydrodistillated from different samples of \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e for identification of the main components which could be used as potential substitute instead of \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e in several treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study, the quantity of essential oil extracted from \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e was found to be very low, approximately 0.073% in air-dried inflorescences. In this essential oil 42 components were identified: the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons represented major chemical group (50%). The dominant compound was identified as thymol (30%) following by caryophyllene (25\u0026ndash;28%) and p-cymene (9%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e extract was found to contain flavonoids, specifically luteolin, quercetin, hispidulin, and apigenin [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, phenolic acids such as salvianolic, rosmarinic, sagerinic, caffeic acids, and sagecoumarin were identified in this extract [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast to \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e remains relatively underexplored in scientific inquiry. However, recent investigations into the biological potential of essential oils derived from \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e have shown promising results. Particularly, noteworthy is the greater antimicrobial efficacy exhibited by the essential oil of \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e compared to that of \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Commercial herbicides, with a long-standing tradition, are cost-effective chemicals commonly used for weed management in agricultural systems. Their primary objective is the eradication of unwanted plant species. The effectiveness of herbicides is influenced by various factors including plant species, environmental conditions, weather patterns, and the specific type of herbicide employed [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Sustainable agriculture practices encompass a range of approaches adopted by farmers. Advances in biotechnology have facilitated the development of climate-resilient plant varieties, high-quality seeds, and other reproductive plant parts, leading to reduced reliance on synthetic pesticides and promoting greater sustainability. Recent attention has been directed towards eco-herbicides, natural products derived from plant secondary metabolites, reflecting a growing interest in environmentally friendly weed control methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Exploring the chemical composition of lesser-known plants offers a valuable opportunity to discover novel components with herbicidal properties. Within the Lamiaceae family, certain plant species are distinguished by their potent essential oils (EOs) that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. These activities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, and notably, herbicidal properties [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Extracts from Lamiaceae family species contribute to almost 50% of bioherbicidal activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Water and alcohol extracts from these plants also contain secondary metabolites, with polyphenols and flavonoids being the predominant groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Various classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids play a crucial role in bioherbicidal activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, among others, are biologically active substances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], making them a focus of research for new commercial bioherbicides. Our research revealed that \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e possesses a relatively low amount of essential oil. Consequently, alternative extracts were employed for conducting biological assays to evaluate potential phytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, pioneering analyses utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were conducted on \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e extracts for the first time to compare and correlate them with observed biological activities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDry mass\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious extraction methods applied to \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e L. yielded varying amounts of dry mass. The highest dry mass (10.1 mg/mL) was registered in sample W60. Approximately half of this amount (4.9 mg/mL) was obtained in the two samples S3 and S4, which were which underwent extraction using an alcohol solution with Soxhlet extraction. Sample S1 produced a dry mass of 4.1 mg/mL; the lowest amount was obtained in sample S2 (3.6 mg/mL). The extracts mutually differed significantly in dry mass content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent dry mass in different type of extracts from \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent of dry biomass in mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW 60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*W60\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;represents water bath extract at 60\u0026deg;C; S1-S4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;represents Soxhlet water and alcohol extracts\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhytochemical parameters of extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll extracts were tested for their content of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) compounds. The results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The levels of rosmarinic acid, the predominant phenolic component in all extracts, were determined through HPLC analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), as also detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The choice of extraction method significantly impacted the concentration of phenolic compounds in the extracts. The extracts obtained using the Soxhlet apparatus, particularly those utilizing a higher ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent (30% and 70%), exhibited elevated levels of TPC, TFC, and rosmarinic acid. Additionally, the W60 extract displayed a notable phenolic compound content, likely influenced by the ratio of plant material weight to extract volume rather than the extraction method (water extraction at 60\u0026deg;C for one hour in a water bath). When considering the different dry masses of the extracts, extract S3 demonstrated higher total phenol, total flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid levels compared to extract W60.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation) of phenols, flavonoids, and rosmarinic acid in \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phenols\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoids\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGAE \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGAE mg/g DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQE \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQE mg/g DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/g DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e919.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e727.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e420.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e result of spectrophotometric determination, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e result of HPLC-DAD determination GAE \u0026ndash; gallic acid equivalents,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eQE \u0026ndash; quercetin equivalents\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDPPH\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026bull;\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eradical scavenging activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the free DPPH\u003cem\u003e\u0026bull;\u003c/em\u003e radical scavenging assay, extract S3 demonstrated the highest effectiveness, with its IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value closely resembling that of the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid. Conversely, extract W60 exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity against DPPH\u0026bull; radicals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The phenolic constituents present in the extracts likely contribute to their DPPH\u0026bull; radical scavenging ability. Among all the extracts analyzed, extract S3 stood out for its elevated levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, and rosmarinic acid in dry matter. Rosmarinic acid, in particular, emerged as a potent antioxidant, displaying superior DPPH\u0026bull; scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u0026bull; radical scavenging activity (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation) of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e extracts and reference standard compounds, ascorbic acid and rosmarinic acid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u0026bull; IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u0026micro;g/mL DM]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhytotoxic activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong all the \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e extracts tested, the 10% alcoholic extract (S2) demonstrated the highest efficacy, as no germination was observed in any of the four model organisms after the application of the highest doses \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50 ml and 100 ml, corresponding to 2.2 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Complete inhibition of germination was observed in \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e also by the application of lower dose of 25 ml corresponding to 1.1 mg/ml of dry mass. At the dose of 10 ml (0.6 mg/ml dry mass), the germination of \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e was significantly lower in comparison to the control group too. \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the highest sensitivity among the model organisms, displaying markedly reduced germination rates with all concentrations of the 10% salvia alcoholic extract. In contrast, the germination of \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e remained unaffected by the \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e extract prepared with 30% alcohol (S3), except for a slight impact on \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e at a dose of 100 ml (5.6 mg/ml dry mass).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e showed significantly lower germination in comparison to the control group when exposed to extract doses with a dry matter content exceeding 0.7 mg/ml, a trend also observed with the 70% alcoholic extract (S4). This extract affected the germination of \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e in comparison to the control only at the highest, 100 ml dose (2.7 mg/ml). W60 (extracted in water at 60\u0026deg;C) did not show any antigerminative effect on either \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e seeds or \u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e seeds compared to the control; only the 100 ml dose (corresponding to 10.1 mg/ml of dry mass content) significantly reduced germination in the seeds of \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e. The same dose significantly affected root growth across all model organisms except for \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e. The soxhlet water extract (S1) displayed effectiveness solely on \u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e: the dose of 100 ml corresponding to 4.4 mg/ml dry mass content caused significantly lower % of germinated seeds in comparison to control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Concerning root growth, the 10% alcoholic extract (S2) was the most effective of all the \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e extracts used. Generally, water-based extracts (W60 and S1) exhibited lower phytotoxic effects compared to alcohol-based extracts (S2, S3, S4), with the water extract obtained at 60\u0026deg;C (W60) showing greater efficacy than that obtained at 100\u0026deg;C (S1) on \u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e seeds A similar pattern was observed in \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eR. sativum\u003c/em\u003e: S2 Soxhlet water extract was significantly more effective than the 60\u0026deg;C (W60) one (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeed germination (%) of model plants after exposure to different doses of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e L. extracts prepared in different ways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 uL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.80***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNotes: The results were expressed as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of percentage (%) of germinated seeds based on the Student T-test, indicating significant differences comparing to control (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05*; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots length (cm) after exposure to different doses of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e L. extracts prepared in different ways\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 uL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtract type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry matter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNotes: The results were expressed as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of roots length (cm) of model plants based on the Student T-test indicating significant differences comparing to control (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05*; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001***).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePCA and HCA analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different effect of water \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. alcoholic extracts was also confirmed by PCA and HCA analyses. Thirteen original variables were compared using PCA, which were then condensed into two principal components, collectively representing 84.1% of the total variability. PC1 accounts for the primary component, explaining 53.9% of the total variability, while PC2 represents the secondary component and explains 30.1% of the total variability (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoadings of the significant variables on two first principal components from data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phenols GAE mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoids QE mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u0026bull; IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e mg/mL DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.2586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry biomass mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.2636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of germination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of germination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of germination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of germination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEigenvalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal variance (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC1 (53.95%) was represented mainly by almost all variables related to phytotoxic activity in the positive scores, with a minor contribution from DPPH\u0026bull; IC50 and dry biomass in the negative scores. On the other hand, PC2 (30.10%) was primarily characterized by positive scores across most variables, except for \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length and \u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e % inhibition of root length, positioned in the lower right quadrant on the negative side of PC2. The scores of the extracts exhibited a strong correlation, with samples S2, S3, and S4 clustered on the positive side of PC1, indicating higher inhibition percentages of germination and root length in \u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e. Conversely, the similarity between S1 and W60 was evident as these two extracts displayed the highest scores on the negative side of PC1 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), the Euclidean distance between groups revealed the division of extracts into two distinct clusters with varying levels of similarity. The first cluster, with a similarity measure of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3.73, comprised extracts S2, S3, and S4, distinguished by their pronounced effects on seed germination and root length. The second cluster, with a similarity level\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3.75, consisted of extracts W60 and S1, characterized by their lesser impact on seed germination and root length.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of extracts (water/methanol solution) and bioactive compounds determination in \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e were previously investigated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The content of polyphenols was about 400 mg GAE/100 g FW, and the DPPH value was about 10 \u0026micro;mol TE/g FW, values that align closely with those reported in this study. In the water-bath extracts of relative species \u003cem\u003eSalvia tesquicola\u003c/em\u003e Klokov \u0026amp; Pobed and \u003cem\u003eSalvia verticillata\u003c/em\u003e L., phenol levels ranged from 35.66 to 43.9 mg/g DM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. In presented study, phenols amount varied depending on the type of extract. In water extracts, the amount of phenols was lower (W60\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;91.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 GAE mg/g DM; S1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 GAE mg/g DM) than in alcohol extracts (S2-S4 from 95.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 GAE mg/g DM to 148.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6 GAE mg/g DM). The values of DPPH IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e in this study varied from 15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4 \u0026micro;g/mL DM (in S3) to 37.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 \u0026micro;g/mL DM (in W60). Similar studies were conducted on other species of \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e, such as \u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study reported that the species was rich in polyphenols, which showed evident antioxidant capacity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The antioxidant capacity determined in salvia extracts grown in different localities, as well as the variability of total phenolic contents and their composition, were significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Total phenols varied from 5502.0 to 7787.5 mg RA/100g DM, while DPPH values remained relatively consistent, ranging from 170.5 to 175.5 \u0026micro;mol TE/100g. The main polyphenols in \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e leaves were identified as rosmarinic acid (2460\u0026ndash;3844 mg/100g) and lutolin-3-glucuronide (634\u0026ndash;840 mg/100g) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn another study, the primary compounds identified were 12-methoxy carnosic acid (21 918.3 \u0026micro;g/g) along with rosmarinic acid (17 678.7 \u0026micro;g/g) in the methanol extract of sage (\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e) determined by UHPLC coupled with QTOF-MS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, rosmarinic acid was also a dominant compound. The values varied between 15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 mg/g DM in W60 to 43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 mg/g DM in S3 extract. These findings suggest that the extraction method significantly impacts the composition of the extract. Also, biological properties were linked to extraction techniques: the antioxidant as well as antifungal properties were positively related to the phenolic composition of \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, as previously reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The phenolic compounds were identified in plant water extracts. Different studies noted their phytotoxic effect against model species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently, corroborated the potential utilization of aqueous herbal extracts, predominantly sourced from \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e leaves, as natural herbicides against weeds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Previously was evaluated the potential phytotoxicity of several extracts of \u003cem\u003eCalamintha nepeta\u003c/em\u003e L. (Savi), also belonging to the \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e family [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The same authors explained that the different classes of molecules, for example also phenolic compounds, could be involved in plant-plant allelopathy, allowing us to hypothesize their possible use as promising herbicides. The following phenolic compounds (ellagic, two ρ-coumaric derivatives, hyperoxide, chlorogenic, quercitrin, rutin and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside) along with five low weight organic acids (succinic, fumaric, citric, shikimic and malic acids) were identified in the water extract of \u003cem\u003eE. globulus\u003c/em\u003e by HPLC analyses and were used for herbicidal activity [23. The bioassay involved using one monocot species (\u003cem\u003eAgrostis stolonifera\u003c/em\u003e L.) and one dicot species (\u003cem\u003eLactuca sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) as model plants to assess the herbicidal activity of the water extract from \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e Labill. Secondary metabolites produced by \u003cem\u003eE. globulus\u003c/em\u003e can be naturally released from leaf to the soil and based on allelopathy influence the germination and development of other species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant-plant interactions are driven by the production and release of secondary metabolites, which can exert positive impacts on each other [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. These secondary metabolites can inhibit the growth and development of neighboring plants when released from the mother plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The variations in the allelopathic mechanisms among different plant species are based on their phytotoxic compounds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The modern analytical chromatographic techniques have been highly improved to provide chemical identification of phenolic compounds in the last years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. A study involving 81 medicinal plant species from Pakistan across 39 families revealed that 66 extracts exhibited growth inhibitory effects on model plants, while 15 extracts stimulated lettuce growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. A separate study conducted in Iran assessed the herbicidal effects of extracts from 68 medicinal plants. Remarkably, extracts from 57 of these plants exhibited herbicidal impacts on model plants, while extracts from 11 plants notably stimulated the growth of lettuce seedlings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted in Bangladesh, water extracts from 55 medicinal plants were tested on \u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e at four different concentrations. Six plant species showed complete inhibition (100%) of \u003cem\u003eR. sativus\u003c/em\u003e growth at a concentration 1:5 (w/v), and other 15 species showed 95% of inhibition at the same concentration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Many studies, investigating the impact of plant extract activity on different weeds, reported diverse levels of effectiveness. Within this study, monocots plant species were more resistant than dicots plant species [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, it was often reported that a variety of crops were affected in lower intensity than weeds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. The dosage of potential herbicides applied to crops plays a crucial role in their impact. Until now, provided studies did not bring the clear explanation of the different sensitivity between the crops. To date, existing studies have failed to offer a clear explanation for the varying sensitivities observed among different crops. The current research endeavors to address this gap by elucidating the mechanisms of action associated with various phytochemicals. This pursuit and subsequent elucidation are imperative for advancing our understanding and shaping future knowledge in this field [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovative tools designed to foster sustainability and resilience in agrosystems usher in novel approaches for the efficient utilization of natural resources. These tools not only enable the development of plant varieties that exhibit heightened resistance to climate change, pests, and diseases but also necessitate reduced pesticide and fertilizer usage while simultaneously enhancing yields. Such advancements significantly contribute to curtailing the reliance on chemical pesticides and reducing the European Union's dependence on imported agricultural products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study delved into exploring the potential of the less investigated species \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e as compared to its more renowned counterpart, \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e. Various eco-friendly extracts, formulated using water and alcohol as bases, were meticulously compared. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis encompassing composition, antioxidant activity, and potential herbicidal efficacy was conducted. The herbicidal potential of these extracts was initially assessed across four model plant species, comprising two dicots and two monocots. Although the precise mechanism of action underlying this activity remains elusive, it is evident that certain extracts demonstrate a phytotoxic effect at specific concentrations and on particular plant species. Despite being overshadowed by its relative \u003cem\u003eS. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. pratensis\u003c/em\u003e emerges as a promising yet understudied botanical species. It harbors a wealth of phytochemicals warranting exploration for various biological activities. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), conducted for the first time on S. pratensis extracts, further supports the findings obtained from the biological assays.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Experimental section","content":"\u003ch2\u003ePlant Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fresh aboveground parts of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e L. were collected in the period of flowering from a meadow along the Torysa river in Prešov, Eastern Slovakia (48° 59' 22.6855183\" N, 21° 13' 56.8595123\" E) in August 2019. The freshly collected plant material was laid out on filter paper in the laboratory and stored at room temperature until it was dry. Once dried, the plant material was ground into a powder using an electric mill. This prepared sample was utilized for the preparation of various extracts and subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant material was stored at the herbarium collection at the Department of Ecology, University of Presov under the number: Eko_2019/8_SalviaPratensis. Plant species was identified by Dr. Daniela Grulova. Deposited material is available for public by the request. The experiment was complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExtracts preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne extract (W60) was prepared using a water bath. Twenty grams of plant powder were mixed with 200 mL of distilled a water in the Erlenmeyer bank (EB). EB was placed in water bath maintained at 60°C, and the cooler was placed on the bank top to avoid water evaporation. The extraction lasted 1 hour. When the extract was cooled, it was filtrated by using a Büchner funnel connected to a vacuum pump (V-700, Vacuum Pump, Büchi). The filtration was repeated two times. After filtration, the extracts were also centrifuged for 30 minutes at 6000 rpm. The water extract was placed into freezer until analysis. Four different extracts (S1 – S4) were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus. A paper cartouche was filled with 10 grams of plant powder. The following solutions were used as extraction agents: distilled water (S1), a 10% ethanol solution in water (S2) (v/v), a 30% ethanol solution in water (S3) (v/v), and a 70% ethanol solution in water (S4) (v/v). Three hundred mL of each solution was used for seven 7 cycles of plant extraction. After that, each extract was filtrating in the same way described above, then centrifugated. The extracts prepared with different alcohol solution were then placed in vacuum evaporator to evaporate rest of alcohol, not to impact biological assays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDry mass evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne mL of each extract was put into a glass Petri dish and placed into the oven at 105°C until the constant weight to determine dry mass, after water evaporation. Each determination was repeated four times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological assay to evaluate phytotoxic effect of extracts\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eModel plants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour model plant seeds were used for the evaluation of phytotoxic activity: two monocot species, \u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L. (barley) and \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L. (winter wheat), as well as two dicot plant species \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e L. (white mustard) and \u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e L. (radish). The seeds were obtained from the Breeding Research Center in east Slovakia (Malý Šariš).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePhytotoxic activity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental design was established according to the method used by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], with some modifications. The factors that were taken into consideration in the experiment were: (i) model plants: [dicots: radish, white mustard, and monocots: winter wheat and barley]; (ii) different extracts; and (iii) different extract concentrations. Prepared extracts were mixed with distilled water and diluted to prepare the different concentrations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Distilled water was used as control. The seeds that were used in the bioassay were first treated by surface sterilization with 95% EtOH for 15 seconds and then triplicate rinsed with distilled water. Ten seeds were placed into each Petri dish (90 mm diameter), which contains 5 layers of Whatman filter paper. Seven milliliters of extracts of different concentration were added into each Petri dish. Each variation was triplicated. The Petri dishes were then placed in the phyto chamber (Sanyo, MLR-351H) with specific conditions (20 ± 1°C, 16 hours light, 8 hours dark). The germination evaluation and the radicle length (cm) were measured after 5 days. The influence of extracts was declared inhibitory (I) or stimulatory (S) in comparison to control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation of the extract solution for the evaluation of phytotoxic activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount of extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount of distilled water (mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent of dry biomass in mg/mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW 60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1µL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePure extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*W60 = represents water bath extract at 60°C; S1-S4 = represents Soxhlet water and alcohol extracts\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of total phenolic content\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phenolic components were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], with some modifications. The 0.1 mL of appropriately diluted extract, 0.2 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 2 mL of double distilled water (DDW), and 1 mL of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e water solution (20%, w/v) were well-mixed, and the resulting reaction mixture was kept for 90 minutes in the dark at room temperature. The measurement was provided at a wavelength absorbance of 765 nm, on a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer using a blank by DDW. In addition, the calibration curve of gallic acid (Merck) was measured. The calculation was based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per mL of extract. The measurement was repeated four times for each extract. Extracts were prepared freshly on the day of measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of total flavonoid content\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoid content was determined by aluminum chloride (AlCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) colorimetric method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], with slight modifications. Briefly, 0.2 mL of appropriately diluted extract, 1.8 mL of DDW, 0.1 mL of AlCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e water solution (10%, w/v), 0.1 mL of 1M CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCOOK, and 2.8 mL of DDW were kept in the resulting reaction mixture for 30 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance of the mixture, at a wavelength of 415 nm, was measured on a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer using a corresponding blank in which AlCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e solution was replaced by DDW. The calibration curve of quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared. The calculation was made as quercetin equivalents (QE) per mL of extract. The measurement was repeated four times for each extract. Extracts were prepared freshly on the day of measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHPLC-DAD analysis of rosmarinic acid\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe extracts were firstly filtrated through a syringe filter (Whatman, Puradisc 130, nylon membrane, 45 µm) and then analyzed by gradient reversed phase HPLC on Dionex UltiMate 3000 Quarternary Analytical System with diode array detector and Dionex Acclaim 120 C18 column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm), maintained at 25°C. Mobile phase A (HPLC gradient grade water with 0.1% formic acid, v/v) and mobile phase B (HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, v/v) were used at a 1.0 mL/min according to the gradient program: 0 min, 5% B; 0–50 min, 5–30% B; 50–53 min, 30–100% B; 53–58 min, 100% B; 58–60 min, 100–5% B; 60–65 min, 5% B. The peak of rosmarinic acid was identified based by comparison on the retention time and UV-VIS spectra of the corresponding standard compound (Sigma-Aldrich). The peak area values obtained at a wavelength of 320 nm were used for quantitative evaluation. The content of rosmarinic acid was calculated by means of a five-point calibration line (30–500 µg/mL, R2 \u0026gt; 0.999).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDPPH\u003c/b\u003e• \u003cb\u003e(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe DPPH• assay was used to determine the free radical scavenging ability of the extracts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. The details can also be found in our previous publication [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a reference antioxidant. Rosmarinic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), the major phenolic compound found in the extracts, was also assayed. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) value was calculated (g DW/mL). The assay was repeated four times. All solutions were used on the day of preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral differences in the germination percentages and roots length i) between control and experiments, ii) between experiments mutually and iii) between different type of extracts were statistically processed by using Student´s T-Test and the significance was determined in three different levels (p \u0026lt; 0.05; p \u0026lt; 0.01; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Student´s T-Test was provided in Excel, for all other statistical analyses were used software PAST, Version 4.03 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were provided by using Matlab software and were used to understand the similarity between different extracts of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e in relation to the following original variables: total phenols (GAE mg/mL), total flavonoids (QE mg/mL), rosmarinic acid (mg/mL), DPPH IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/mL DM), dry biomass mg/mL, % inhibition of germination of \u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of root length of \u003cem\u003eHordeum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of germination of \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of root length of \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of germination of \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of root length of \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of germination of \u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e, % inhibition of root length of \u003cem\u003eRaphanus sativus\u003c/em\u003e. The results of the MTS-assay analysis express the mean value with addition of standard deviation (SD) of two independent experiments. GraphPad Prism 9.0.0 software was used to determine significant differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple test. The level of significance was determined in three different levels: significant (*) in p-value ≤ 0.05, very significant (**) in p-value ≤ 0.01, extremely significant in p-value ≤ 0.001 (***) and not significant (ns).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch involving Human Participants and/or Animals: present research was not provided on animals neither human.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent: N/A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This research was funded by VEGA, grant numbers 1/0087/20; 2/0018/20, 1/0069/22 and KEGA grant number\u0026nbsp;011PU-4/2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData acquired by the current research are available on the request by the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e “Conceptualization, D.G., B.B., J.P., H.E. and V.D.F.; methodology, A.E., L.D.M., L.C.; formal analysis, D.G., B.B., A.E., Ch.B., L.D.M., L.C., Ľ.N., J.F., M.K.; data curation, B.B, A.E. and L.D.M.; writing—original draft preparation, D.G., L.D.M., L.C.; writing—review and editing, D.G., L.D.M. and H.E.; supervision, J.P. and, V.D.F.; project administration, D.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVeličković DT, Randjelović NV, Ristić MS, \u0026Scaron;melcerović AA, Veličković AS. Chemical composition and antimicrobial action of the ethanol extracts of \u003cem\u003eSalvia pratensis\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eSalvia glutinosa\u003c/em\u003e L. and \u003cem\u003eSalvia aethiopis\u003c/em\u003e L. J Serb Chem Soc. 2002. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC0210639V.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Scaron;ulniūtė V, Baranauskienė R, Ragažinskienė O, Venskutonis PR. Comparison of composition of volatile compounds in ten \u003cem\u003eSalvia\u003c/em\u003e species isolated by different methods. Flavour Fragr J. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3389.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHult\u0026eacute;n E, Fries M. Atlas of north European vascular plants, North of the Tropic of Cancer. 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Palaeontologia Electronica 4: 9. 2001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"water extract, alcohol extract, phytotoxicity, DPPH•, rosmarinic acid","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Salvia pratensis L. extracts boast a rich history in the food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. This study focuses on analyzing the chemical composition of S. pratensis, with emphasis on their phenolic, flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid content. Additionally, the research aims to assess the phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of S. pratensis extracts prepared using a 60 °C water bath and a Soxhlet extractor with different solvents: water, 10%, 30% and 70% alcoholic solutions. The highest dry mass was obtained for the water extract prepared in a water bath at 60 °C. The extraction method significantly impacted the quantity of phenols in the extracts. The extract prepared with 30% alcohol exhibited a notably higher concentration, with 148.4 mg/g DM (dry mass) of total phenols, compared to the aqueous extract which contained only 91.1 mg/g DM. The most evident DPPH• activity was noted in the 30% alcohol extract (DPPH• IC50 = 15.6 µg/mL DM), while the lowest activity was in the water extract (DPPH• IC50 = 37.1 µg/mL DM). The Soxhlet extract prepared with 10% ethanol demonstrated the highest efficacy in phytotoxic activity. In summary, S. pratensis appears to be a promising natural reservoir of secondary metabolites, suggesting potential herbicidal effects.","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the eco-friendly extracts of Salvia pratensis L. for sustainable agricultural applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-12 05:27:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4437363/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-30T05:04:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-25T06:42:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-11T00:26:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"108651432650986480102712585877612337105","date":"2024-09-09T13:46:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"135412689746354297391153640591526178189","date":"2024-08-23T07:44:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-05T03:25:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182221811099171711106623492397480931204","date":"2024-06-05T03:24:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"309535313128155427186807743298512177487","date":"2024-06-04T13:21:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-04T13:11:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-04T13:11:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-30T15:59:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-29T10:04:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-05-17T14:32:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"73f11d92-0add-45ea-b1d8-8ccaf9b14e91","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":32916030,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology/Agri ecology"},{"id":32916031,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology/Biodiversity"},{"id":32916032,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Secondary metabolism"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-06T16:20:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4437363","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-85045-0","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-03 15:56:55","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 3rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-12 05:27:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-85045-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-85045-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4437363","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4437363","identity":"rs-4437363","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}