A mixed methods snapshot of the Man Walk program: A community-based response to loneliness and health among older Australian men

A mixed methods snapshot of the Man Walk program: A community-based response to loneliness and health among older Australian men | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A mixed methods snapshot of the Man Walk program: A community-based response to loneliness and health among older Australian men Nicole Snowdon, Kedir Ahmed, Hazel Dalton, M Mamun Huda, Subash Thupa, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8141411/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract 1.1 Background The Man Walk is a national, community-led initiative promoting men’s mental health, physical activity, and social connection through group walks. Since its establishment in 2018, no evidence has described participant characteristics, engagement, or health outcomes. This study aimed to describe participants’ characteristics, health status, factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, and perceived benefits of program. 1.2 Methods A mixed methods design was used, with an online survey conducted in March and July 2025 among Man Walk participants across Australia. Measures included EQ-VAS (self-rated health), PHQ-4 (anxiety and depression), De Jong-Gierveld (loneliness), and AUDIT-C (alcohol risk). Multivariable regression models examined associations between explanatory variables and outcomes. Open-ended responses were analysed using inductive content analysis. 1.3 Results A total of 377 men completed the survey. Most were aged ≥ 55 years (66%), partnered (77%), and residing in major cities (58%) or inner regional areas (30%). More than half (54%) reported moderate to high loneliness, and 17.5% and 14.7% reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Thirty-one percent had participated for ≥ 3 years, and 19% joined ≥ 8 walks/month. Emotional loneliness was associated with anxiety (OR = 4.65; 95% CI: 1.93, 12.0), while social loneliness was associated with depression (OR = 5.70; 95% CI: 2.03, 18.8). Longer participation (≥ 3 years) predicted lower odds of depression (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.95). Frequent walkers (≥ 8 walks/month) had lower odds of risky drinking (OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.95). The absence of chronic conditions was associated with higher self-rated health, whereas those with emotional loneliness and depression were associated with poorer self-rated health. Content analysis revealed that participants identified the program’s benefits primarily as socialisation (73.2%), followed by mental health support (26.8%) and physical health improvement (26.5%). 1.4 Conclusions The Man Walk engages men at elevated risk of loneliness and mental distress, providing a low-cost, accessible platform for exercise, connection, and mutual support. Sustained participation appears protective against depressive symptoms and health risks. Community-led, male-focused walking initiatives represent promising, scalable strategies to enhance men’s mental health and social wellbeing. Men’s health Loneliness Social connection Mental health Physical activity Community-based intervention Man Walk Australia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Loneliness, the feeling that one’s social connections are fewer or less satisfying than desired, is increasingly recognised as a significant public health concern (1). Loneliness may be experienced as emotional loneliness, or the absence of intimate companionship, or social loneliness, reflecting limited broader social integration (2). Population-level studies indicate that roughly 25-33% of adults experience loneliness (3), with peaks during adolescence and late adulthood (4). Older adults are particularly vulnerable to loneliness due to retirement, bereavement, reduced mobility, and chronic illness (5). The health implications of loneliness are profound. Loneliness has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke (6), metabolic syndrome (7), lung disease (8) and cardiometabolic disease (9). Additionally, loneliness has been linked to increased prevalence of mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety (10). One study suggests that loneliness may be a casual factor in the development of some mental health concerns (11). While women often report higher emotional loneliness (12), men may under-report due to social norms that valorise stoicism and self-reliance (13, 14). Critically, loneliness is a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour, especially among men (15). According to the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, feelings of social disconnection significantly contribute to suicidal ideation (16), and men are disproportionately affected. Globally, men die by suicide at significantly higher rates than women. International data from 2021 show that the suicide rate among men was approximately 12.3 per 100,000, compared to 5.6 per 100,000 for women (17). This gender disparity is particularly marked in high-income countries, where men are over three times more likely to die by suicide than women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3.2 to 1 (17). Previous research has indicated that older men have the highest risk of suicide completion, with those with multiple health morbidities at the highest risk (18). As men age, they can face health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative conditions, that further limit social engagement and increase their risk of experiencing loneliness (19). Further, health problems increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders (20). Compounding these issues are entrenched gender norms that discourage help-seeking and emotional disclosure (21). Evidence shows that loneliness may inhibit or delay seeking formal help for mental health concerns in older men (22, 23), highlighting the need for informal support (24). In response to these challenges, local, community-based programs have emerged as promising interventions. Research consistently demonstrates the benefits of community-based and group exercise for mental health and social connectedness, and modest-to-meaningful benefits for physical health (25). For example, participants in parkrun - a free weekly running event - report increased life satisfaction, reduced stress, and enhanced wellbeing, particularly among those who were previously inactive or living with mental health conditions (26, 27). Participation also fosters community inclusion and social ties, with volunteering amplifying these benefits (28). Similarly, walking groups offer low-pressure settings that ease social anxiety and enhance social connection, physical health, mood, and wellbeing (29, 30). Walking is particularly appealing to older men due to its accessibility and familiarity (31). Gender specific community-based walking initiatives aim to create “third places”, non-clinical, non-stigmatising environments where people can connect informally, and provide support for mental wellbeing (32). An Australian initiative, The Man Walk, has gained popularity for promoting mental health and well-being among men through regular physical activity and social interaction. Participants in The Man Walk meet at set locations and times for group walks. These sessions are open to any male, in central locations and free, encouraging men of all ages and backgrounds to join. The Man Walk operates at over 80 locations nationwide, with more than 135,000 registered participants. Walks are held in major cities, regional, and remote areas, and are promoted through social media and local organisers. To participate, men simply turn up at a scheduled walk, and no registration is required. Organisers, known as “Manbassadors,” are present to welcome and support new members. Further information can be found on the Man Walk website: https://themanwalk.com.au/. Despite the potential benefits, there is limited information on The Man Walk cohort or any indications of the initiative’s impact. Research is needed to identify the impact of this community-led program. This study aimed to: (1) describe the characteristics, mental health, and general health of Man Walk participants; (2) examine factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, and (3) explore participants’ perceived benefits of the program. Methods 3.1 Ethical approval This project received ethical approval from Charles Sturt University Human Research Ethics Committee (H24388). 3.2 Study design and settings This study employed a cross-sectional survey conducted twice in March and July 2025 to assess characteristics, engagement, and health and wellbeing outcomes of men participating in the Man Walk program. The surveys were administered online via Qualtrics, with each round open for two weeks. To encourage participation, respondents were entered into a prize draw to win one of 20 items, including an Apple iPad, Man Walk merchandise, or retail store gift vouchers. 3.3 Participants To be eligible for the study, individuals had to be current or former participants of the Man Walk, aged 18 years or older, and willing to complete a survey about their health and involvement in the program. The only exclusion criterion was being under 18 years of age. Recruitment was conducted through social media posts shared by the Man Walk founder, Mark Burns, which included a link to the online survey. “Manbassadors” promoted the survey in person at Man Walk locations, inviting attendees to complete it on their mobile phones via QR code before or after their walk. While self-selection may have favoured participants with stronger opinions or positive experiences, efforts were made to include both active and former participants to reduce bias and enhance representativeness. 3.4 Outcome variables The following validated health and wellbeing measures were used to collect data on main outcome variables. 3.4.1 Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) (4-items) The Patient Health Questionnaire–4 (PHQ-4) is brief screening measure designed to detect symptoms of anxiety (2 items) and depression (2 items). Each item is rated on a four-point scale from 0 (“not at all”) to 3 (“nearly every day”) (33). A combined score of ≥3 on the first two items indicates anxiety symptoms, while a combined score of ≥3 on the last two indicates depression symptoms. The total score across all four items categorises overall psychological distress as normal, mild, moderate, or severe (33). 3.4.2 De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (6 items) The De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale assesses overall loneliness, as well as its two dimensions: emotional and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness is the absence of a close, intimate relationship, while social loneliness refers to a lack of a broader social network (34). Respondents answer using a 3-point scale, 0 = yes, 1 = more or less, or 2 = no, to indicate agreement. Positively worded items are reverse-coded, and item scores are summed to produce a total loneliness score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores reflecting greater loneliness (34). 3.4.3 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) (3-items) The AUDIT-C identifies hazardous alcohol consumption (35). It consists of three questions that assess 1) frequency of drinking, 2) quantity of alcohol consumed, and 3) frequency of heavy drinking episodes. Each question is scored from 0 to 4, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 12. Individuals who report no alcohol use in the past year typically score 0, indicating no current risk. Those with low-level use, scoring 1 to 3 for men and 1 to 2 for women, are generally considered to be drinking within safer limits. A score of 4 for men or 3 to 4 for women suggests mild alcohol misuse. Scores between 5 and 8 reflect moderate alcohol misuse, a range where individuals often exceed recommended drinking limits and may begin to experience negative health effects. Finally, scores from 9 to 12 indicate severe misuse, typically associated with significantly elevated alcohol intake (36). 3.4.4 Self-rated health scores - EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) This single-item measure asks participants to rate their overall health on using a vertical visual scale ranging from 0 to 100. A score of 100 represents the best health imaginable, while 0 represents the worst health imaginable. Participants mark the point on the scale that best reflects their perception of their health “today” (37). 3.4.5 Short open-ended survey questions Participants were asked two open-ended questions: 1) “Why did you join the Man Walk?” and 2) “Do you have anything else to add?” 3.5 Explanatory variables The survey collected data on participants’ demographics, self-reported height, weight, diagnosed chronic conditions, their length of involvement in the Man Walk (grouped as ‘12 months or less’, ‘1-3 years’, or ‘3 years or more’), and attendance frequency (grouped as ‘less than 8 walk/month’ or ‘8+ walk/month’). Body mass index (BMI) was derived from self-reported height and weight and classified using WHO categories as underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), or obese (≥30.0). Demographic factors included age (grouped as ‘less than 45 years’, ‘45–54 years’, ‘55–64 years’ or ‘65+ years’), educational status (grouped as ‘did not complete year 12’, ‘year 12 or equivalent’, ‘certificates or diploma’ or ‘tertiary education’), employment status (grouped as ‘employed’, ‘retired’, or ‘not working’), marital status (grouped as ‘currently partnered’, or ‘not partnered’), income (grouped as ‘less than $45,000’, ‘$45,001 – $135,000’, or ‘$135,001 and over’), and country of birth (grouped as ‘Australia’ or ‘not Australia’). Remoteness was grouped as ‘major cities’, ‘inner regional’, or ‘outer regional/remote’, based on the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Socioeconomic disadvantage was calculated at the Statistical Area 2 (SA2) and categorised into quintiles from most disadvantaged (Q1) to most advantaged (Q5). 3.6 Data analysis 3.6.1 Quantitative analysis All analyses were conducted using the R statistical software (version 4.5.1). Participant postcodes were used to link our survey data to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) and the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Remoteness Areas classification to derive socioeconomic and remoteness indicators. Descriptive statistics were then applied to characterise participants by sociodemographic and health-related factors, including age, educational attainment, employment status, marital status, country of birth, weekly income, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, duration of program participation, BMI category, and presence of chronic disease. Health and wellbeing outcomes were measured using validated instruments: PHQ-4 for anxiety and depression, De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale for social isolation and loneliness, AUDIT-C for alcohol use, and the EQ-5D-3L Visual Analogue Scale for self-rated health. Scores were calculated in line with their respective guidelines and categorised to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and at-risk drinking. To examine factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, multivariable regression analyses were performed. Multivariable binary logistic regression was applied to dichotomous outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and risky drinking, while multivariable linear regression was used for continuous outcomes, including self-rated health. Results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), providing estimates of both the strength and direction of associations. 3.6.2 Qualitative analysis A content analysis was conducted on short, open-ended survey responses. Following an initial review of all responses by two members of the research team (NS and JA), it was determined that participant comments clustered around three broad themes: 1) reasons for joining the Man Walk, 2) benefits of participation, and 3) recommendations for program improvement. Descriptive categories were then inductively developed through repeated, collaborative readings of the data by NS and JA, allowing patterns to emerge organically. These categories were subsequently reviewed and refined in consultation with other members of the research team, and a codebook (supplementary material 1) was constructed to ensure consistent application. Where participants completed both survey questions, their responses, including specific phrases and complete sentences, were grouped together so that each individual represented a single unit of analysis. Coding was conducted using a dichotomous (presence/absence) approach, with a unique participant count applied, meaning each participant could contribute only one count per category, regardless of how many times that category appeared in their response. Because the categories were non-mutually exclusive, each participant’s response could be assigned to multiple categories to capture co-occurring categories. Response data was exported into Microsoft Excel. Two coders (NS and JA) reviewed a random sample of 37 participant responses, which represented 9.8% of the total number of participant responses. Responses were compared and intercoder reliability was calculated using Cohen's Kappa. Cohen’s Kappa values showed substantial agreement between the two raters across most categories, particularly for “Provide support” (κ=0.72) and “Socialise” (κ=0.71), with all statistically significant (p<0.001). Agreement was perfect for “Irrelevant” (κ=1.00), while “Suggestions” showed no variability, resulting in κ=0.00 (see supplementary material 2 for more information). Following the coding process, a frequency analysis was conducted to quantify the prevalence of each descriptive category across the dataset. This involved calculating the number and proportion of participants whose responses reflected each category. Results 4.1 Quantitative results 4.1.1 Sample description This analysis included 377 Man Walk participants across 121 postcodes. As shown in Table 1, most respondents resided in major cities (57.6%) or inner regional areas (29.8%). Participation was highest in New South Wales (35.9%), Queensland (22.3%), and Victoria (16.6%), accounting for more than three-quarters of the sample (see Figure 1). Two-thirds of participants were aged 55 years or older, and most were partnered (76.6%), born in Australia (76.0%), and employed or retired (56.0% and 39.2%, respectively). Over 70% had completed vocational or tertiary education, and just over half reported annual household incomes between AUD $45,001 and $135,000. Nearly half were overweight (47.5%) and 39.9% were obese, and 58.7% reported at least one chronic condition. One-third had been involved in the program for ≤ 12 months, with similar proportions participating for 1–3 years and > 3 years. Most participants attended fewer than eight walks per month (81.0%). Socioeconomic status was broadly distributed across IRSAD quintiles, with representation across all levels of advantage (Table 1). Figure 1. Survey respondents (%) by state Table 1 . Distribution of participants by sociodemographic characteristics Characteristic N = 377 n (%) Age Group Less than 45 years 41 (11.6%) 45–54 years 80 (22.7%) 55–64 years 108 (30.6%) 65+ years 124 (35.1%) Educational Status Did not complete year 12 57 (16.2%) Year 12 or equivalent 42 (11.9%) Certificates or diploma 147 (41.8%) Tertiary education 106 (30.1%) Employment Status Employed 200 (56.0%) Retired 140 (39.2%) Not working 17 (4.8%) Marital Status Currently partnered 271 (76.6%) Not partnered 83 (23.4%) Country of Birth Australia 272 (76.0%) Not Australia 86 (24.0%) Income Status Less than $45,000 78 (26.4%) $45,001 – $135,000 152 (51.4%) $135,001 and over 66 (22.3%) Duration of Participation 12 months or less 141 (38.1%) 1-3 years 115 (31.1%) 3 years or more 114 (30.8%) Body Mass Index (BMI) Category Normal 41 (12.6%) Overweight 155 (47.5%) Obese 130 (39.9%) Mans Walk Participation Type A Man Walk participant 286 (75.9%) A Manbassador 56 (14.9%) Others 26 (6.9%) Prefer not to say 9 (2.4%) Number of walks Less than 8 walk/month 265 (81.0%) 8+ walk/month 62 (19.0%) Chronic Disease Status No condition 143 (41.3%) One condition 129 (37.3%) Two or more conditions 74 (21.4%) Remoteness Major cities 215 (57.6%) Inner regional 111 (29.8%) Outer regional and remote 47 (12.6%) IRSAD ^ Q1 (Most disadvantaged) 51 (13.7%) Q2 47 (12.6%) Q3 93 (24.9%) Q4 104 (27.9%) Q5 (Most advantaged) 78 (20.9%) ^ IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage 4.1.2 Descriptives for all outcomes Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4): Among the 377 participants, 17.5% reported anxiety symptoms and 14.7% reported depression symptoms. Overall psychological distress was most commonly in the no distress range (58.1%), with 29.5% mild, 8.5% moderate, and 4.0% severe (Table 2). De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale: As shown in Figure 2, emotional loneliness was reported by 36.6% of participants, while social loneliness was even more common, affecting 52.2%. More than half of the participants (54.2%) were classified as generally lonely (Table 2). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C): Alcohol use varied across the group: 13.4% reported no use and were at no risk of harm, 41.9% had low-level use (low risk), 14.8% occasional use (mild risk), 26.0% frequent use (moderate risk), and 3.9% reported significantly elevated intake, indicating high risk of alcohol-related harm (Table 2). Self-rated health scores - EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS): Self-rated health scores ranged from 2 to 100, with a median of 78 and a mean of 74.9, indicating generally high perceived health. Figure 2. Prevalence of emotional, social and general loneliness (%) Table 2 . Descriptives for all outcomes Characteristic N = 377 n (%) Anxiety symptoms (PHQ-4) No 297 (82.5%) Yes 63 (17.5%) Depression symptoms (PHQ-4) No 307 (85.3%) Yes 53 (14.7%) Overall psychological distress (PHQ-4) No distress 205 (58.1%) Mild 104 (29.5%) Moderate 30 (8.5%) Severe 14 (4.0%) Emotional loneliness ( De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale) Not emotionally lonely 227 (63.4%) Emotionally Lonely 131 (36.6%) Social loneliness ( De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale) Not socially lonely 171 (47.8%) Socially Lonely 187 (52.2%) General loneliness ( De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale) Not lonely 164 (45.8%) Lonely 194 (54.2%) At risk drinking (AUDIT-C) No 209 (58.4%) Yes 149 (41.6%) Risk of alcohol-related harm (AUDIT-C) No risk (no consumption) 48 (13.4%) Low risk 150 (41.9%) Mild risk 53 (14.8%) Moderate risk 93 (26.0%) High risk 14 (3.9%) 4.1.3 Factors associated with anxiety and depression Table 3 presents the logistic regression model for anxiety and depression. Participants aged 65 years and older were significantly less likely to have anxiety symptoms compared with those under 45 years (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02–0.66). Similarly, being born outside Australia (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05–0.75) was associated with lower odds of anxiety symptoms. In contrast, emotional loneliness was associated with higher odds of anxiety symptoms (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.93–12.0) [Table 3]. For depression, participants with tertiary education had significantly lower odds of depression symptoms compared with those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02–0.95). Longer Man Walk participation was protective, with individuals involved for three or more years showing reduced odds of depression symptoms (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.09–0.95). Social loneliness was strongly associated with depression symptoms, with socially lonely participants having nearly six times higher odds than those not lonely (OR = 5.70, 95% CI: 2.03–18.8). In terms of socioeconomic status, participants in the second IRSAD quintile (Q2) were less likely to report depression symptoms than those in the most disadvantaged group (Q1) (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.02–0.89). Finally, having chronic disease significantly increased depression symptoms: participants with one condition had more than five times higher odds (OR = 5.29, 95% CI: 1.66–18.9) and those with two or more conditions had over five and a half times higher odds of depression symptoms (OR = 5.55, 95% CI: 1.52–22.4) compared with those with no chronic condition [Table 3]. Table 3 . Factors associated with anxiety and depression Characteristic Anxiety symptoms Depression symptoms OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Age Group Less than 45 years Ref Ref Ref Ref 45–54 years 0.31 0.09, 1.09 1.56 0.40, 6.50 55–64 years 0.54 0.15, 1.87 0.88 0.22, 3.56 65+ years 0.11 0.02, 0.66 0.23 0.03, 2.04 Educational Status Did not complete year 12 Ref Ref Ref Ref Year 12 or equivalent 2.52 0.55, 12.6 4.39 0.87, 24.2 Certificates or diploma 2.86 0.86, 11.7 1.20 0.32, 5.34 Tertiary education 0.84 0.18, 4.20 0.15 0.02, 0.95 Employment Status Employed Ref Ref Ref Ref Retired 0.79 0.21, 2.81 0.28 0.05, 1.33 Not working 0.43 0.06, 2.57 2.25 0.29, 15.1 Country of Birth Australia Ref Ref Ref Ref Not Australia 0.22 0.05, 0.75 0.35 0.08, 1.13 Duration of Participation 12 months or less Ref Ref Ref Ref 1-3 years 0.75 0.28, 1.95 0.33 0.10, 0.99 3 years or more 0.53 0.18, 1.45 0.30 0.09, 0.95 Number of Walks past month Less than 8 walk/month Ref Ref Ref Ref 8+ walk/month 0.34 0.06, 1.28 0.34 0.04, 1.64 Social Loneliness Not socially lonely Ref Ref Ref Ref Socially Lonely 1.35 0.53, 3.43 5.70 2.03, 18.8 Remoteness Major cities Ref Ref Ref Ref Inner regional 1.54 0.59, 4.02 2.18 0.74, 6.49 Outer regional and remote 0.82 0.25, 2.49 1.77 0.52, 5.87 IRSAD Q1 (most disadvantaged) Ref Ref Ref Ref Q2 0.82 0.17, 3.89 0.16 0.02, 0.89 Q3 1.10 0.30, 4.23 0.25 0.06, 1.04 Q4 1.38 0.40, 5.13 0.62 0.16, 2.42 Q5 (most advantaged) 0.63 0.13, 2.84 0.33 0.06, 1.60 Emotional Loneliness Not emotionally lonely Ref Ref — — Emotionally Lonely 4.65 1.93, 12.0 — — Chronic Disease No condition Ref Ref Ref Ref One condition 2.00 0.76, 5.44 5.29 1.66, 18.9 Two or more conditions 1.81 0.59, 5.66 5.55 1.52, 22.4 At Risk Drinking No Ref Ref Ref Ref Yes 0.83 0.36, 1.88 0.93 0.36, 2.40 Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage 4.1.4 Factors associated with emotional and social loneliness Table 4 presents factors associated with emotional and social loneliness. Adults aged 45–54 years had significantly higher odds of emotional loneliness compared with those under 45 (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.09–9.75). Marital status was also important, with those not partnered more than twice as likely to experience emotional loneliness compared to those partnered (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.06–4.32). Anxiety symptoms showed the strongest association, with over six times more likely to report emotional loneliness (OR = 6.37, 95% CI: 2.83–15.3). Conversely, tertiary education was strongly protective, with participants holding a university degree significantly less likely to report emotional loneliness than those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07–0.45) [Table 4]. For social loneliness, living in inner regional areas was associated with significantly lower odds of social loneliness compared to major cities (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28–0.95). Participants who reported at-risk drinking also had reduced odds of social loneliness (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32–0.93). In contrast, depression symptoms were strongly associated with higher odds of social loneliness (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.56–14.1) [Table 4]. Table 4 . Factors associated with emotional and social loneliness Emotional loneliness Social loneliness Characteristic OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Age Group Less than 45 years Ref Ref Ref Ref 45–54 years 3.17 1.09, 9.75 1.03 0.38, 2.77 55–64 years 1.10 0.38, 3.25 0.59 0.22, 1.54 65+ years 0.84 0.23, 3.16 0.60 0.18, 1.93 Educational Status Did not complete year 12 Ref Ref Ref Ref Year 12 or equivalent 0.92 0.33, 2.57 0.87 0.33, 2.30 Certificates or diploma 0.58 0.26, 1.27 1.57 0.76, 3.28 Tertiary education 0.18 0.07, 0.45 1.23 0.56, 2.73 Employment Status Employed Ref Ref Ref Ref Retired 0.70 0.28, 1.77 1.67 0.74, 3.83 Not working 2.63 0.64, 11.4 0.46 0.11, 1.79 Duration of Participation 12 months or less Ref Ref Ref Ref 1-3 years 1.07 0.53, 2.16 1.64 0.88, 3.09 3 years or more 0.74 0.35, 1.56 0.77 0.40, 1.45 Number of Walks past month Less than 8 walk/month Ref Ref Ref Ref 8+ walk/month 1.16 0.53, 2.50 0.66 0.33, 1.32 Remoteness Major cities Ref Ref Ref Ref Inner regional 0.74 0.37, 1.46 0.52 0.28, 0.95 Outer regional and remote 1.41 0.59, 3.37 1.34 0.58, 3.16 IRSAD Q1 (most disadvantaged) Ref Ref Ref Ref Q2 0.76 0.26, 2.22 2.00 0.74, 5.51 Q3 0.46 0.17, 1.21 2.06 0.87, 5.00 Q4 0.59 0.22, 1.53 1.32 0.56, 3.16 Q5 (most advantaged) 0.54 0.20, 1.50 1.53 0.61, 3.84 Marital Status Currently partnered Ref Ref Ref Ref Not partnered 2.14 1.06, 4.32 1.08 0.56, 2.07 Chronic Disease No condition Ref Ref Ref Ref One condition 0.89 0.45, 1.75 0.82 0.46, 1.48 Two or more conditions 1.68 0.76, 3.69 1.31 0.65, 2.66 At Risk Drinking No Ref Ref Ref Ref Yes 0.90 0.49, 1.65 0.55 0.32, 0.93 Anxiety symptoms No Ref Ref Ref Ref Yes 6.37 2.83, 15.3 1.20 0.49, 2.96 Depression symptoms No — — Ref Ref Yes — — 4.46 1.56, 14.1 Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage 4.1.5 Factors associated with general loneliness Table 5 presents the logistic regression analysis of factors associated with general loneliness. Adults aged 55–64 years had significantly lower odds of general loneliness compared with those under 45 (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10–0.81, p = 0.020). Participants with certificates or diplomas were more likely to report general loneliness than those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.01–4.58, p = 0.049). Living in inner regional areas was protective, with lower odds compared to major cities (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23–0.82, p = 0.011). At-risk drinking was also associated with reduced odds of general loneliness (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33–0.99, p = 0.047). The strongest association was observed for anxiety symptoms, with nearly six times more likely to experience general loneliness (OR = 5.71, 95% CI: 2.35–15.7, p < 0.001). Table 5 . Factors associated with general loneliness Characteristic OR 95% CI Age Group Less than 45 years Ref Ref 45–54 years 1.01 0.35, 2.84 55–64 years 0.29 0.10, 0.81 65+ years 0.34 0.10, 1.15 Educational Status Did not complete year 12 Ref Ref Year 12 or equivalent 1.92 0.71, 5.33 Certificates or diploma 2.13 1.01, 4.58 Tertiary education 0.91 0.40, 2.08 Duration of Participation 12 months or less Ref Ref 1-3 years 1.48 0.78, 2.85 3 years or more 0.75 0.38, 1.46 Employment status Employed Ref Ref Retired 2.24 0.97, 5.32 Not working 2.22 0.52, 10.5 Number of Walks past month Less than 8 walk/month Ref Ref 8+ walk/month 0.57 0.28, 1.14 Remoteness Major cities Ref Ref Inner regional 0.44 0.23, 0.82 Outer regional and remote 1.19 0.51, 2.86 IRSAD Q1 (most disadvantaged) Ref Ref Q2 1.03 0.37, 2.88 Q3 1.14 0.46, 2.85 Q4 0.73 0.30, 1.78 Q5 (most advantaged) 0.76 0.29, 1.94 Chronic Disease No condition Ref Ref One condition 0.92 0.50, 1.69 Two or more conditions 1.18 0.58, 2.42 At Risk Drinking No Ref Ref Yes 0.57 0.33, 0.99 Anxiety symptoms No Ref Ref Yes 5.71 2.35, 15.7 Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage. 4.1.6 Factors associated with at risk drinking Table 6 shows the logistic regression analysis for factors associated with at risk drinking. At-risk drinking was significantly associated with age, number of walks, remoteness, socio-economic status, and social loneliness. Older adults were less likely to be at risk, particularly those aged 65+ (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07–0.95, p = 0.043). Walking 8 or more times per month reduced the odds of at-risk drinking by half (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.20–0.95, p = 0.042). Participants living in outer regional/remote areas also had lower odds of at-risk drinking (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16–0.98, p = 0.049). In contrast, those in more advantaged IRSAD quintiles (Q2–Q5) had significantly higher odds of at-risk drinking (ORs ranging from 3.39 to 7.75, all p < 0.05). Social loneliness was associated with reduced odds of risky drinking (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29–0.98, p = 0.044). Table 6 . Factors associated with at risk drinking Characteristic OR 95% CI Age Group Less than 45 years Ref Ref 45–54 years 0.78 0.28, 2.15 55–64 years 0.49 0.17, 1.33 65+ years 0.27 0.07, 0.95 Educational Status Did not complete year 12 Ref Ref Year 12 or equivalent 0.47 0.15, 1.35 Certificates or diploma 0.64 0.29, 1.40 Tertiary education 0.82 0.35, 1.94 Country of Birth Australia Ref Ref Not Australia 1.19 0.62, 2.27 Duration of Participation 12 months or less Ref Ref 1-3 years 1.73 0.89, 3.40 3 years or more 1.28 0.64, 2.58 Number of walks past month Less than 8 walk/month Ref Ref 8+ walk/month 0.45 0.20, 0.95 Employment Status Employed Ref Ref Retired 1.49 0.61, 3.68 Not working 1.01 0.24, 3.96 BMI Category Normal Ref Ref Overweight 1.62 0.63, 4.37 Obese 1.55 0.57, 4.38 Remoteness Major cities Ref Ref Inner regional 0.72 0.37, 1.38 Outer regional and remote 0.41 0.16, 0.98 IRSAD Q1 (most disadvantaged) Ref Ref Q2 7.75 2.49, 26.8 Q3 3.39 1.20, 10.7 Q4 4.18 1.53, 12.7 Q5 (most advantaged) 4.25 1.48, 13.5 Social Loneliness Not socially lonely Ref Ref Socially Lonely 0.54 0.29, 0.98 Emotional Loneliness Not emotionally lonely Ref Ref Emotionally Lonely 1.10 0.54, 2.22 Chronic Disease No condition Ref Ref One condition 0.68 0.36, 1.29 Two or more conditions 1.06 0.50, 2.23 Depression symptoms No Ref Ref Yes 1.18 0.38, 3.62 Anxiety symptoms No Ref Ref Yes 0.65 0.24, 1.68 Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage 4.1.7 Linear regression model for self-rated health Table 7 shows the linear regression analysis of self-rated health scores. Older adults (65+ years) reported significantly higher self-rated health compared to those under 45 (β = 11.0, 95% CI: 3.9–19.0, p = 0.003). In contrast, depressive symptoms (β = -11.0, 95% CI: -17.0 to -4.2, p = 0.001), emotional loneliness (β = -7.9, 95% CI: -12.0 to -3.8, p < 0.001), and having two or more chronic conditions (β = -4.9, 95% CI: -9.3 to -0.44, p = 0.031) were significantly associated with poorer self-rated health. No other factors were statistically significant, although those living in outer regional/remote areas had borderline higher scores (β = 5.0, 95% CI: -0.09–10.0, p = 0.054), while participants in the second IRSAD quintile tended to report lower scores (β = -5.8, 95% CI: -12.0–0.41, p = 0.067). Table 7. Linear regression model for self-rated health Characteristic Beta 95% CI Age Group Less than 45 years Ref Ref 45–54 years 3.4 -2.7, 9.5 55–64 years 3.9 -2.1, 9.9 65+ years 11 3.9, 19 Educational Status Did not complete year 12 Ref Ref Year 12 or equivalent 2.4 -3.8, 8.6 Certificates or diploma -1.7 -6.4, 3.0 Tertiary education -1.4 -6.6, 3.7 Country of Birth Australia Ref Ref Not Australia 1.5 -2.3, 5.3 Duration of Participation 12 months or less Ref Ref 1-3 years 1.5 -2.4, 5.4 3 years or more 1.6 -2.5, 5.6 Number of walks past month Less than 8 walk/month Ref Ref 8+ walk/month 1.6 -2.8, 5.9 Employment Status Employed Ref Ref Retired -3.8 -8.9, 1.4 Not working 0.03 -8.0, 8.1 Remoteness Major cities Ref Ref Inner regional -1.7 -5.5, 2.2 Outer regional and remote 5.0 -0.09, 10 IRSAD Q1 (most disadvantaged) Ref Ref Q2 -5.8 -12, 0.41 Q3 -1.1 -6.5, 4.4 Q4 -2.9 -8.3, 2.5 Q5 (most advantaged) -2.0 -7.8, 3.7 Anxiety Symptoms No Ref Ref Yes -1.2 -6.8, 4.3 Depression Symptoms No Ref Ref Yes -11 -17, -4.2 Social Loneliness Not socially lonely Ref Ref Socially Lonely 0.33 -3.2, 3.8 Emotional Loneliness Not emotionally lonely Ref Ref Emotionally Lonely -7.9 -12, -3.8 Chronic Disease No condition Ref Ref One condition -1.4 -5.1, 2.3 Two or more conditions -4.9 -9.3, -0.44 At Risky drinking No Ref Ref Yes 0.68 -2.7, 4.0 Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage 4.2 Qualitative results Data were missing from 38 participants, resulting in 339 participant responses included in the analysis. These responses were coded into six categories, as shown in Table 8. Table 8: Frequency of coding ++ Category n (%) Socialisation 248 (73.2%) Mental health 91 (26.8%) Physical health 90 (26.5%) Provide support 34 (10.0%) Suggestions 12 (3.5%) Irrelevant 35 (10.3%) ++Percentages are based on the total number of participants, not the total number of codes, meaning the sum of percentages across categories may exceed 100%. 4.2.1 Categories 4.2.1.1 Socialisation Respondents joined the Man Walk primarily to connect with others and reported benefits such as reduced social isolation, stronger social bonds, a sense of belonging, increased community engagement, and opportunities to share interests through conversations with other men. This was the most frequently coded category in the data, with 73.2% of respondents including a statement about socialisation (n = 248). “Mateship and exercise. Was something I needed to do at that time in my life. Now it’s just something I want to do.” “Great group of men, good community feel and have made a number of friends and mates…” “Has been a great opportunity to meet a wide variety of people and enjoy both the walk and the connections.” 4.2.1.2 Mental health Another key benefit participants gained from the Man Walk was support in managing their mental health challenges. The initiative provided emotional support and helped individuals navigate difficult life events. This was the second most frequently coded category, with 26.8% of respondents (n = 91) making a statement related to mental health. “Needed to talk to people in similar mental and emotional situations.” “I had to stop working when covid hit. I was getting depressed. The Man Walk gave me purpose. I am mentally stronger, I have a great bunch of friends in the Man walk group.” “Saved me from deep depression, anxiety and more. So happy to be part of an extremely welcoming group.” 4.2.1.3 Physical health Respondents noted that they joined the Man Walk to engage in regular physical exercise, with some also participating as part of injury rehabilitation. A total of 26.5% of respondents (n = 90) described the Man Walk as beneficial to their physical health in their open-ended responses. “For fitness.” “Routine exercise for me and the dog.” “Original for injury recovery.” 4.2.1.4 To provide support Participants also highlighted the Man Walk as an opportunity to support others. This included giving back to the community, being available to listen, addressing men’s health issues through grassroots efforts, and offering emotional or practical support. Ten percent of respondents (n = 34) referenced providing support to others in their responses. “… I get satisfaction from listening and possibly offering advice to others in need.” “To help other men in my community connect with a support network.” 4.2.1.5 Suggestions for program improvement At total of 3.5% (n = 12) respondents provided suggestions or ideas for improving the Man Walk program. This included recommendations for activities, structure, resources, outreach, or support services. “Great idea, support group is weekly but friendly. message group available for outside walk time contact would be handy, as fully reliant on social media Facebook for notification of walk locations.” “Guidance to participants on how to promote and guide conversations, especially when talking through difficult conversations perhaps should be considered. Advice on where to point someone when professional advice required”. “Great initiative. I understand the complexities however, I think it would be good to have more events for the local MW group. Maybe events with guest speakers and a lunch or morning tea. I think the local library can provide a venue at low cost or free of charge. The other option may be the local tavern which seems quiet of a morning and sells coffee etc.” 4.2.2 Co-occurrent coding of categories Table 9 presents a heat map of concurrent coding across five thematic categories. A total of 214 participants provided comments that were coded to more than one category, indicating substantial overlap in perceived benefits. Table 9. Heat map of concurrent coding of categories Socialisation Mental health Physical health Provide support Suggestions Socialisation 248 62 29.0% 66 30.8% 14 6.5% 8 3.7% Mental health 62 29.0% 91 39 18.2% 12 5.6% 4 1.9% Physical health 66 30.8% 39 18.2% 90 5 2.3% 3 1.4% Provide support 14 6.5% 12 5.6% 5 2.3% 34 1 0.5% Suggestions 8 3.7% 4 1.9% 3 1.4% 1 0.5% 12 The most frequent co-occurrence was between physical health and socialisation, mentioned by 30.8% (n = 66) of multi-coded participants: “To get out in the fresh air and exercise and make connections with some local blokes, it makes the start to my weekend so much better” The second most common combination was socialisation and mental health, noted by 29.0% (n = 62) of participants: “I was looking for some connection after a suicide attempt, and seeking support from men in particular who would be able to relate to my challenges.” The third most frequent pairing was physical health and mental health, cited by 18.2% (n = 39): “The Manwalk is a fantastic concept. Great for health, both mentally and physically.” Other notable overlaps included socialisation and providing support (6.5%, n = 14): “I’m a private person but I thoroughly enjoy my bi weekly walks and chats.. developing friendships and trust.. I get satisfaction from listening and possibly offering advice to others in need.” Less frequent but still meaningful combinations included mental health and providing support (5.6%, n = 12): “[I joined because of] my mental health… It is very rewarding to feel like you are helping other men and to be helped by other men through conversation.” Among the 214 multi-coded responses, 12.6% (n = 27) were coded to three categories: socialisation, mental health, and physical health. Smaller proportions were coded to: · Socialisation, mental health, and providing support: 2.3% (n = 5) · Socialisation, physical health, and providing support: 1.4% (n = 3) · Mental health, physical health, and providing support: 1.9% (n = 4) Discussion This mixed methods evaluation provides the first comprehensive profile of participants in The Man Walk and explores its potential contributions to men’s mental health, social connection, and wellbeing. The findings demonstrate that this community-based initiative attracts a predominantly older cohort of men who are at elevated risk of loneliness, with more than half of participants reporting moderate to high levels of loneliness. Despite this, the majority perceived clear benefits to their mental, physical, and social wellbeing. The combined quantitative and qualitative evidence suggests that The Man Walk offers a valuable informal setting through which men can build social connections, improve mental health, and engage in regular physical activity, an important contribution to addressing the broader public health challenge of male loneliness and disengagement. The most striking finding was the centrality of social connection. Over three-quarters of participants strongly agreed that The Man Walk helped them connect with others, and 73% mentioned socialisation as a key motivation or benefit. However, more than half of participants met criteria for loneliness, and 36% reported emotional loneliness. This prevalence is higher than recent national estimates from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, which found that approximately 27% of Australian adults report loneliness (38). The elevated rates observed here likely reflect both the self-selecting nature of the sample and the program’s appeal to men seeking social contact and belonging. The high co-occurrence of loneliness with anxiety and depression aligns with prior studies linking loneliness to poor mental health (12, 15, 16). Consistent with previous work on gendered patterns of help-seeking (13, 21, 22), the Man Walk appears to provide a “third place” (32) where men can access social and emotional support in a non-clinical, stigma-free environment. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among Man Walk participants was comparable to, or slightly higher than, national averages. Specifically, 17.5% of participants reported symptoms consistent with anxiety, compared to national rates of 11.3% for men aged 55–64 and 6.3% for those aged 65–74 (39). Similarly, 14.7% of participants reported symptoms of depression, whereas national prevalence rates for affective disorders are 8.3% for men aged 55–64 and 3.6% for men aged 65–74 (39). Regression analyses showed that emotional loneliness was strongly associated with anxiety, while social loneliness was linked to depression. Conversely, longer participation (≥3 years) was protective against depression, suggesting sustained engagement may improve mental health. This finding reinforces the evidence that consistent involvement in social and physical activity programs can foster resilience and emotional wellbeing (25-27, 40). The qualitative data provide additional context: participants described The Man Walk as a source of companionship, purpose, and informal peer support during challenging periods, echoing evidence that male-oriented walking programs can reduce isolation and provide meaningful opportunities for mutual support (32). Most respondents perceived benefits for their physical health, with 70% strongly agreeing that The Man Walk improved it. These perceptions align with the established evidence that group walking interventions enhance cardiovascular health, mobility, and overall quality of life (29, 30). Participants’ self-rated health scores were relatively high, though chronic conditions and emotional loneliness were independently associated with lower self-rated health. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity (87%) underscores the relevance of accessible, low-barrier forms of activity such as walking. The finding that more frequent participation (≥8 walks per month) was linked to lower odds of risky drinking further supports the potential of regular engagement in pro-social physical activity to moderate health risk behaviours. However, the observed association between social loneliness and lower alcohol risk may indicate that some social drinkers experience reduced loneliness through alcohol-related socialisation, a dynamic that warrants further exploration. The typical Man Walk participant was older, partnered, employed or retired, and from middle-income households. While this suggests the initiative effectively engages a demographic often underrepresented in formal mental health services, it also highlights potential gaps. Few younger men participated, and those experiencing greater socioeconomic disadvantage were underrepresented. Inner regional participants reported lower social and general loneliness than those in major cities, indicating that the program may hold particular value for regional communities where opportunities for informal connection are limited (2, 5, 32). Educational attainment was also protective against both depression and emotional loneliness, consistent with broader social gradient effects on health and wellbeing (1, 38). The Man Walk exemplifies how community-led, gender-specific initiatives can contribute to men’s health promotion. Its emphasis on informal conversation and shared activity aligns with known preferences for practical, low-pressure, and peer-based engagement models among men (13, 14, 31). Given that loneliness is now recognised as a major public health concern (1, 5), such programs offer scalable, low-cost strategies for fostering social connection and preventing downstream mental and physical health consequences. The data suggest that sustained involvement is key, highlighting the importance of program continuity, leadership support, and local resources to maintain engagement. Integration with primary care or local health promotion networks could further enhance reach and sustainability while preserving the grassroots principles that underpins participant trust. 5.1 Limitations This study provides the first national snapshot of The Man Walk and combines quantitative and qualitative data to yield an understanding of participants’ experiences. The large sample and broad geographic distribution enhance the generalisability of findings across urban and regional contexts. However, limitations include the cross-sectional design, self-reported data, and potential self-selection bias toward more engaged participants. Causality cannot be inferred, and the absence of a comparison group limits conclusions about health outcomes relative to non-participants. Future research should adopt longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs to assess causal effects on loneliness, mental health, and physical wellbeing, and to explore mechanisms underpinning sustained participation. Qualitative exploration of underrepresented groups (e.g. younger men, those experiencing more social disadvantage) would also strengthen understanding of inclusivity and reach. Conclusion This study provides the first examination of The Man Walk , demonstrating its potential to enhance men’s social connectedness, mental wellbeing, and physical health through a simple, accessible community-based model. Despite high levels of loneliness among participants, most perceived strong psychosocial and health benefits, with longer engagement linked to lower depression risk. These findings highlight the value of grassroots, male-oriented walking programs as a pragmatic response to the growing public health challenge of loneliness and mental distress in men. Sustained investment in, and collaboration with, community-led initiatives like The Man Walk may offer an effective, low-cost complement to formal health services, particularly in regional and rural settings where men face barriers to help-seeking and social engagement. Declarations Competing interests: Mark Burns is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of The Man Walk. He contributed to this study by supporting participant recruitment through the distribution of the survey via The Man Walk’s social media channels. He was not involved in data analysis, interpretation, or drafting of the results. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Charles Sturt University Human Research Ethics Committee (H24388). All participants were provided with detailed information about the study, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time without consequence. Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Availability of data and materials : The data supporting this study are not publicly available because participants did not consent to data sharing beyond the research team. This restriction was outlined in the approved ethics protocol to protect confidentiality. Requests for access to de-identified data may be considered on a case-by-case basis, subject to institutional ethics approval. Funding: No external funding was received for this research project. Author contributions: The methodology was devised by NS and JA in consultation with KA, HD, MMH, ST and MB. MB supported participant recruitment. Quantitative data analysis was conducted by KA in consultation with MMH. Qualitative data analysis was conducted by NS in collaboration with JA. The manuscript was drafted by NS. All authors provided feedback on the draft manuscript and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank all participants, and the Man Walk organisation for their support and collaboration in this research. References Holt-Lunstad J (2022) Social connection as a public health issue: The evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the social in social determinants of health. Annu Rev Public Health 43(1):193–213 De Jong Gierveld J, Van Tilburg T (2010) The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. Eur J Ageing 7:121–130 Lim MH, Manera KE, Owen KB, Phongsavan P, Smith BJ (2023) The prevalence of chronic and episodic loneliness and social isolation from a longitudinal survey. 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Qual Life Res 20:1727–1736 Inga Laß FB, Kyle Peyton and Roger Wilkins (2025) The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey: Selected Findings from Waves 1 to 23. The University of Melbourne: Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research; Statistics ABo (2022) National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing Grunseit A, Richards J, Merom D (2018) Running on a high: parkrun and personal well-being. BMC Public Health 18:1–11 Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: Mark Burns is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of The Man Walk. He contributed to this study by supporting participant recruitment through the distribution of the survey via The Man Walk’s social media channels. He was not involved in data analysis, interpretation, or drafting of the results. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial1quantanalysiscodebook.docx Supplementarymaterial2cohenskappa.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8141411","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546700465,"identity":"83bf79df-cfbc-4d70-8eb5-1d686ed44695","order_by":0,"name":"Nicole 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of emotional, social and general loneliness (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8141411/v1/098d0a8cf3f4eaf9e66f5599.jpg"},{"id":97248332,"identity":"f1615794-3860-4a57-98e6-6049c6098a2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 12:53:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2448595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8141411/v1/720d1010-c874-429a-a420-3451a9dac1f2.pdf"},{"id":96968675,"identity":"a7ee29ac-2a7c-4b28-a50b-daa002f1f13d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-28 07:02:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial1quantanalysiscodebook.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8141411/v1/abd773ba505b00db8b8394c3.docx"},{"id":97138100,"identity":"2cbd6fd6-0b75-4c67-9ec5-eca3574f9928","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 09:58:29","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18686,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial2cohenskappa.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8141411/v1/093bc3a3df707d0ecb4aedf2.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: Mark Burns is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of The Man Walk. He contributed to this study by supporting participant recruitment through the distribution of the survey via The Man Walk’s social media channels. He was not involved in data analysis, interpretation, or drafting of the results. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA mixed methods snapshot of the Man Walk program: A community-based response to loneliness and health among older Australian men\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLoneliness, the feeling that one’s social connections are fewer or less satisfying than desired, is increasingly recognised as a significant public health concern (1). Loneliness may be experienced as emotional loneliness, or the absence of intimate companionship, or social loneliness, reflecting limited broader social integration (2). Population-level studies indicate that roughly 25-33% of adults experience loneliness (3), with peaks during adolescence and late adulthood (4). Older adults are particularly vulnerable to loneliness due to retirement, bereavement, reduced mobility, and chronic illness (5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe health implications of loneliness are profound. Loneliness has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke (6), metabolic syndrome (7), lung disease (8) and cardiometabolic disease (9). Additionally, loneliness has been linked to increased prevalence of mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety (10). One study suggests that loneliness may be a casual factor in the development of some mental health concerns (11).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile women often report higher emotional loneliness (12), men may under-report due to social norms that valorise stoicism and self-reliance (13, 14). Critically, loneliness is a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour, especially among men (15). According to the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, feelings of social disconnection significantly contribute to suicidal ideation (16), and men are disproportionately affected. Globally, men die by suicide at significantly higher rates than women. International data from 2021 show that the suicide rate among men was approximately 12.3 per 100,000, compared to 5.6 per 100,000 for women (17). This gender disparity is particularly marked in high-income countries, where men are over three times more likely to die by suicide than women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3.2 to 1 (17). Previous research has indicated that older men have the highest risk of suicide completion, with those with multiple health morbidities at the highest risk (18).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs men age, they can face health problems including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic pain, and neurodegenerative conditions, that further limit social engagement and increase their risk of experiencing loneliness (19). Further, health problems increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders (20). Compounding these issues are entrenched gender norms that discourage help-seeking and emotional disclosure (21). Evidence shows that loneliness may inhibit or delay seeking formal help for mental health concerns in older men (22, 23), highlighting the need for informal support (24).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn response to these challenges, local, community-based programs have emerged as promising interventions. Research consistently demonstrates the benefits of community-based and group exercise for mental health and social connectedness, and modest-to-meaningful benefits for physical health (25). For example, participants in parkrun - a free weekly running event - report increased life satisfaction, reduced stress, and enhanced wellbeing, particularly among those who were previously inactive or living with mental health conditions (26, 27). Participation also fosters community inclusion and social ties, with volunteering amplifying these benefits (28).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, walking groups offer low-pressure settings that ease social anxiety and enhance social connection, physical health, mood, and wellbeing (29, 30). Walking is particularly appealing to older men due to its accessibility and familiarity (31). Gender specific community-based walking initiatives aim to create “third places”, non-clinical, non-stigmatising environments where people can connect informally, and provide support for mental wellbeing (32). An Australian initiative, The Man Walk, has gained popularity for promoting mental health and well-being among men through regular physical activity and social interaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants in The Man Walk meet at set locations and times for group walks. These sessions are open to any male, in central locations and free, encouraging men of all ages and backgrounds to join. The Man Walk operates at over 80 locations nationwide, with more than 135,000 registered participants. Walks are held in major cities, regional, and remote areas, and are promoted through social media and local organisers. To participate, men simply turn up at a scheduled walk, and no registration is required. Organisers, known as “Manbassadors,” are present to welcome and support new members. Further information can be found on the Man Walk website: https://themanwalk.com.au/.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the potential benefits, there is limited information on The Man Walk cohort or any indications of the initiative’s impact. Research is needed to identify the impact of this community-led program. This study aimed to: (1) describe the characteristics, mental health, and general health of Man Walk participants; (2) examine factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, and (3) explore participants’ perceived benefits of the program.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Ethical approval\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project received ethical approval from Charles Sturt University\u0026nbsp;Human Research Ethics Committee\u0026nbsp;(H24388).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Study design and settings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional survey conducted twice in March and July 2025 to assess characteristics, engagement, and health and wellbeing outcomes of men participating in the Man Walk program. The surveys were administered online via Qualtrics, with each round open for two weeks. To encourage participation, respondents were entered into a prize draw to win one of 20 items, including an Apple iPad, Man Walk merchandise, or retail store gift vouchers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo be eligible for the study, individuals had to be current or former participants of the Man Walk, aged 18 years or older, and willing to complete a survey about their health and involvement in the program. The only exclusion criterion was being under 18 years of age. Recruitment was conducted through social media posts shared by the Man Walk founder, Mark Burns, which included a link to the online survey.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Manbassadors” promoted the survey in person at Man Walk locations, inviting attendees to complete it on their mobile phones via QR code before or after their walk. While self-selection may have favoured participants with stronger opinions or positive experiences, efforts were made to include both active and former participants to reduce bias and enhance representativeness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Outcome variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following validated health and wellbeing measures were used to collect data on main outcome variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107009\"\u003e3.4.1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) (4-items)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Patient Health Questionnaire–4 (PHQ-4) is brief screening measure designed to detect symptoms of anxiety (2 items) and depression (2 items). Each item is rated on a four-point scale from 0 (“not at all”) to 3 (“nearly every day”) (33). A combined score of ≥3 on the first two items indicates anxiety symptoms, while a combined score of ≥3 on the last two indicates depression symptoms. The total score across all four items categorises overall psychological distress as normal, mild, moderate, or severe (33).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107010\"\u003e3.4.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (6 items)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale assesses overall loneliness, as well as its two dimensions: emotional and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness is the absence of a close, intimate relationship, while social loneliness refers to a lack of a broader social network (34). Respondents answer using a 3-point scale, 0 = yes, 1 = more or less, or 2 = no, to indicate agreement. Positively worded items are reverse-coded, and item scores are summed to produce a total loneliness score ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores reflecting greater loneliness (34).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107011\"\u003e3.4.3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) (3-items)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AUDIT-C identifies hazardous alcohol consumption (35). It consists of three questions that assess 1) frequency of drinking, 2) quantity of alcohol consumed, and 3) frequency of heavy drinking episodes. Each question is scored from 0 to 4, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 12.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals who report no alcohol use in the past year typically score 0, indicating no current risk. Those with low-level use, scoring 1 to 3 for men and 1 to 2 for women, are generally considered to be drinking within safer limits. A score of 4 for men or 3 to 4 for women suggests mild alcohol misuse. Scores between 5 and 8 reflect moderate alcohol misuse, a range where individuals often exceed recommended drinking limits and may begin to experience negative health effects. Finally, scores from 9 to 12 indicate severe misuse, typically associated with significantly elevated alcohol intake (36).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107012\"\u003e3.4.4\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self-rated health scores - EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis single-item measure asks participants to rate their overall health on using a vertical visual scale ranging from 0 to 100. A score of 100 represents the best health imaginable, while 0 represents the worst health imaginable. Participants mark the point on the scale that best reflects their perception of their health “today” (37).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.4.5\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Short open-ended survey questions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were asked two open-ended questions: 1) “Why did you join the Man Walk?” and 2) “Do you have anything else to add?”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Explanatory variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey collected data on participants’ demographics, self-reported height, weight, diagnosed chronic conditions, their length of involvement in the Man Walk (grouped as ‘12 months or less’, ‘1-3 years’, or ‘3 years or more’), and attendance frequency (grouped as ‘less than 8 walk/month’ or ‘8+ walk/month’). Body mass index (BMI) was derived from self-reported height and weight and classified using WHO categories as underweight (\u0026lt;18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), or obese (≥30.0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic factors included age (grouped as ‘less than 45 years’, ‘45–54 years’, ‘55–64 years’ or ‘65+ years’), educational status (grouped as ‘did not complete year 12’, ‘year 12 or equivalent’, ‘certificates or diploma’ or ‘tertiary education’), employment status (grouped as ‘employed’, ‘retired’, or ‘not working’), marital status (grouped as ‘currently partnered’, or ‘not partnered’), income (grouped as ‘less than $45,000’, ‘$45,001 – $135,000’, or ‘$135,001 and over’), and country of birth (grouped as ‘Australia’ or ‘not Australia’).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRemoteness was grouped as ‘major cities’, ‘inner regional’, or ‘outer regional/remote’, based on the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Socioeconomic disadvantage was calculated at the Statistical Area 2 (SA2) and categorised into quintiles from most disadvantaged (Q1) to most advantaged (Q5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.6.1\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Quantitative analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll analyses were conducted using the R statistical software (version 4.5.1). Participant postcodes were used to link our survey data to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) and the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Remoteness Areas classification to derive socioeconomic and remoteness indicators.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were then applied to characterise participants by sociodemographic and health-related factors, including age, educational attainment, employment status, marital status, country of birth, weekly income, socioeconomic disadvantage, remoteness, duration of program participation, BMI category, and presence of chronic disease. Health and wellbeing outcomes were measured using validated instruments: PHQ-4 for anxiety and depression, De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale for social isolation and loneliness, AUDIT-C for alcohol use, and the EQ-5D-3L Visual Analogue Scale for self-rated health. Scores were calculated in line with their respective guidelines and categorised to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and at-risk drinking.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo examine factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, multivariable regression analyses were performed. Multivariable binary logistic regression was applied to dichotomous outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and risky drinking, while multivariable linear regression was used for continuous outcomes, including self-rated health. Results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), providing estimates of both the strength and direction of associations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3.6.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Qualitative analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA \u0026nbsp; content analysis was conducted on short, open-ended survey responses. Following an initial review of all responses by two members of the research team (NS and JA), it was determined that participant comments clustered around three broad themes: 1) reasons for joining the Man Walk, 2) benefits of participation, and 3) recommendations for program improvement. Descriptive categories were then inductively developed through repeated, collaborative readings of the data by NS and JA, allowing patterns to emerge organically. These categories were subsequently reviewed and refined in consultation with other members of the research team, and a codebook (supplementary material 1) was constructed to ensure consistent application. Where participants completed both survey questions, their responses, including specific phrases and complete sentences, were grouped together so that each individual represented a single unit of analysis. Coding was conducted using a dichotomous (presence/absence) approach, with a unique participant count applied, meaning each participant could contribute only one count per category, regardless of how many times that category appeared in their response. Because the categories were non-mutually exclusive, each participant’s response could be assigned to multiple categories to capture co-occurring categories. Response data was exported into Microsoft Excel. Two coders (NS and JA) reviewed a random sample of 37 participant responses, which represented 9.8% of the total number of participant responses. Responses were compared and intercoder reliability was calculated using Cohen's Kappa. Cohen’s Kappa values showed substantial agreement between the two raters across most categories, particularly for “Provide support” (κ=0.72) and “Socialise” (κ=0.71), with all statistically significant (p\u0026lt;0.001). Agreement was perfect for “Irrelevant” (κ=1.00), while “Suggestions” showed no variability, resulting in κ=0.00 (see supplementary material 2 for more information). Following the coding process, a frequency analysis was conducted to quantify the prevalence of each descriptive category across the dataset. This involved calculating the number and proportion of participants whose responses reflected each category.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Quantitative results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Sample description\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis analysis included 377 Man Walk participants across 121 postcodes. As shown in Table 1, most respondents resided in major cities (57.6%) or inner regional areas (29.8%). Participation was highest in New South Wales (35.9%), Queensland (22.3%), and Victoria (16.6%), accounting for more than three-quarters of the sample (see Figure 1). Two-thirds of participants were aged 55 years or older, and most were partnered (76.6%), born in Australia (76.0%), and employed or retired (56.0% and 39.2%, respectively). Over 70% had completed vocational or tertiary education, and just over half reported annual household incomes between AUD $45,001 and $135,000. Nearly half were overweight (47.5%) and 39.9% were obese, and 58.7% reported at least one chronic condition. One-third had been involved in the program for \u0026le; 12 months, with similar proportions participating for 1\u0026ndash;3 years and \u0026gt; 3 years. Most participants attended fewer than eight walks per month (81.0%). Socioeconomic status was broadly distributed across IRSAD quintiles, with representation across all levels of advantage (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1. Survey respondents (%) by state\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Distribution of participants by sociodemographic characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN = 377 n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (11.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (30.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (35.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (41.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (56.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (39.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Currently partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (76.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry of Birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272 (76.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (24.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than $45,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (26.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; $45,001 \u0026ndash; $135,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (51.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; $135,001 and over\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (22.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (38.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (31.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index (BMI) Category\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Normal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Overweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Obese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (39.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMans Walk Participation Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A Man Walk participant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286 (75.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; A Manbassador\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Prefer not to say\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of walks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265 (81.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (41.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (37.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215 (57.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (29.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003csup\u003e^\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (Most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (24.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (27.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (Most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e^ IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Descriptives for all outcomes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAmong the 377 participants, 17.5% reported anxiety symptoms and 14.7% reported depression symptoms. Overall psychological distress was most commonly in the no distress range (58.1%), with 29.5% mild, 8.5% moderate, and 4.0% severe (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDe Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale:\u003c/em\u003e As shown in Figure 2, emotional loneliness was reported by 36.6% of participants, while social loneliness was even more common, affecting 52.2%. More than half of the participants (54.2%) were classified as generally lonely (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAlcohol use varied across the group: 13.4% reported no use and were at no risk of harm, 41.9% had low-level use (low risk), 14.8% occasional use (mild risk), 26.0% frequent use (moderate risk), and 3.9% reported significantly elevated intake, indicating high risk of alcohol-related harm (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelf-rated health scores - EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS):\u003c/em\u003e Self-rated health scores ranged from 2 to 100, with a median of 78 and a mean of 74.9, indicating generally high perceived health.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 2. Prevalence of emotional, social and general loneliness (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc209431936\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Descriptives for all outcomes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN = 377 n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety symptoms \u003cem\u003e(PHQ-4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297 (82.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression symptoms \u003cem\u003e(PHQ-4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307 (85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall psychological distress \u003cem\u003e(PHQ-4)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No distress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (58.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (29.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional loneliness (\u003cem\u003eDe Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not emotionally lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227 (63.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Emotionally Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial loneliness (\u003cem\u003eDe Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not socially lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171 (47.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Socially Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (52.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral loneliness (\u003cem\u003eDe Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (54.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt risk drinking \u003cem\u003e(AUDIT-C)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (58.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (41.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk of alcohol-related harm \u003cem\u003e(AUDIT-C)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No risk (no consumption)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (13.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Low risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 (41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mild risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (26.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107026\"\u003e4.1.3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Factors associated with anxiety and depression\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;presents the logistic regression model for anxiety and depression. Participants aged 65 years and older were significantly less likely to have anxiety symptoms compared with those under 45 years (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02\u0026ndash;0.66). Similarly, being born outside Australia (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05\u0026ndash;0.75) was associated with lower odds of anxiety symptoms. In contrast, emotional loneliness was associated with higher odds of anxiety symptoms (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.93\u0026ndash;12.0) [Table 3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor depression, participants with tertiary education had significantly lower odds of depression symptoms compared with those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02\u0026ndash;0.95). Longer Man Walk participation was protective, with individuals involved for three or more years showing reduced odds of depression symptoms (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.09\u0026ndash;0.95). Social loneliness was strongly associated with depression symptoms, with socially lonely participants having nearly six times higher odds than those not lonely (OR = 5.70, 95% CI: 2.03\u0026ndash;18.8). In terms of socioeconomic status, participants in the second IRSAD quintile (Q2) were less likely to report depression symptoms than those in the most disadvantaged group (Q1) (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.02\u0026ndash;0.89). Finally, having chronic disease significantly increased depression symptoms: participants with one condition had more than five times higher odds (OR = 5.29, 95% CI: 1.66\u0026ndash;18.9) and those with two or more conditions had over five and a half times higher odds of depression symptoms (OR = 5.55, 95% CI: 1.52\u0026ndash;22.4) compared with those with no chronic condition [Table 3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc209431938\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Factors associated with anxiety and depression\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"91%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression symptoms\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09, 1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40, 6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15, 1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22, 3.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02, 0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03, 2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55, 12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87, 24.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86, 11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32, 5.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18, 4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02, 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21, 2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05, 1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06, 2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29, 15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry of Birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05, 0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08, 1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28, 1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10, 0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18, 1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09, 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Walks past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06, 1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04, 1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not socially lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Socially Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53, 3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03, 18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59, 4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74, 6.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25, 2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52, 5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17, 3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02, 0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30, 4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06, 1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40, 5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16, 2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13, 2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06, 1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not emotionally lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Emotionally Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93, 12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76, 5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66, 18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59, 5.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52, 22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt Risk Drinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36, 1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36, 2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107028\"\u003e4.1.4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Factors associated with emotional and social loneliness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 presents factors associated with emotional and social loneliness. Adults aged 45\u0026ndash;54 years had significantly higher odds of emotional loneliness compared with those under 45 (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;9.75). Marital status was also important, with those not partnered more than twice as likely to experience emotional loneliness compared to those partnered (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.06\u0026ndash;4.32). Anxiety symptoms showed the strongest association, with over six times more likely to report emotional loneliness (OR = 6.37, 95% CI: 2.83\u0026ndash;15.3). Conversely, tertiary education was strongly protective, with participants holding a university degree significantly less likely to report emotional loneliness than those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07\u0026ndash;0.45) [Table 4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor social loneliness, living in inner regional areas was associated with significantly lower odds of social loneliness compared to major cities (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28\u0026ndash;0.95). Participants who reported at-risk drinking also had reduced odds of social loneliness (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32\u0026ndash;0.93). In contrast, depression symptoms were strongly associated with higher odds of social loneliness (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.56\u0026ndash;14.1) [Table 4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Factors associated with emotional and social loneliness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"87%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional loneliness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial loneliness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09, 9.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38, 2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38, 3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22, 1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23, 3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18, 1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33, 2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33, 2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26, 1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76, 3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07, 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56, 2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28, 1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74, 3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64, 11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11, 1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53, 2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88, 3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35, 1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40, 1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Walks past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53, 2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33, 1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28, 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59, 3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58, 3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26, 2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74, 5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17, 1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87, 5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22, 1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56, 3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20, 1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61, 3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Currently partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06, 4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56, 2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45, 1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46, 1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76, 3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65, 2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt Risk Drinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49, 1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32, 0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83, 15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49, 2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56, 14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107030\"\u003e4.1.5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Factors associated with general loneliness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 presents the logistic regression analysis of factors associated with general loneliness. Adults aged 55\u0026ndash;64 years had significantly lower odds of general loneliness compared with those under 45 (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10\u0026ndash;0.81, p = 0.020). Participants with certificates or diplomas were more likely to report general loneliness than those who did not complete year 12 (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.01\u0026ndash;4.58, p = 0.049). Living in inner regional areas was protective, with lower odds compared to major cities (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23\u0026ndash;0.82, p = 0.011). At-risk drinking was also associated with reduced odds of general loneliness (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33\u0026ndash;0.99, p = 0.047). The strongest association was observed for anxiety symptoms, with nearly six times more likely to experience general loneliness (OR = 5.71, 95% CI: 2.35\u0026ndash;15.7, p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. Factors associated with general loneliness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"83%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35, 2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10, 0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10, 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71, 5.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01, 4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40, 2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78, 2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38, 1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97, 5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52, 10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Walks past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28, 1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23, 0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51, 2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46, 2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30, 1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29, 1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50, 1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58, 2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt Risk Drinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33, 0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35, 15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107031\"\u003e4.1.6 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Factors associated with at risk drinking\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 shows the logistic regression analysis for factors associated with at risk drinking. At-risk drinking was significantly associated with age, number of walks, remoteness, socio-economic status, and social loneliness. Older adults were less likely to be at risk, particularly those aged 65+ (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07\u0026ndash;0.95, p = 0.043). Walking 8 or more times per month reduced the odds of at-risk drinking by half (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.20\u0026ndash;0.95, p = 0.042). Participants living in outer regional/remote areas also had lower odds of at-risk drinking (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16\u0026ndash;0.98, p = 0.049). In contrast, those in more advantaged IRSAD quintiles (Q2\u0026ndash;Q5) had significantly higher odds of at-risk drinking (ORs ranging from 3.39 to 7.75, all p \u0026lt; 0.05). Social loneliness was associated with reduced odds of risky drinking (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29\u0026ndash;0.98, p = 0.044).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e. Factors associated with at risk drinking\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"83%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28, 2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17, 1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07, 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15, 1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29, 1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35, 1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry of Birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62, 2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89, 3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64, 2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of walks past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20, 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61, 3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24, 3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI Category\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Normal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Overweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63, 4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Obese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57, 4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16, 0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49, 26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20, 10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53, 12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48, 13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not socially lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Socially Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29, 0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not emotionally lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Emotionally Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54, 2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36, 1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50, 2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38, 3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24, 1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107032\"\u003e4.1.7 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Linear regression model for self-rated health\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 shows the linear regression analysis of self-rated health scores. Older adults (65+ years) reported significantly higher self-rated health compared to those under 45 (\u0026beta; = 11.0, 95% CI: 3.9\u0026ndash;19.0, p = 0.003). In contrast, depressive symptoms (\u0026beta; = -11.0, 95% CI: -17.0 to -4.2, p = 0.001), emotional loneliness (\u0026beta; = -7.9, 95% CI: -12.0 to -3.8, p \u0026lt; 0.001), and having two or more chronic conditions (\u0026beta; = -4.9, 95% CI: -9.3 to -0.44, p = 0.031) were significantly associated with poorer self-rated health. No other factors were statistically significant, although those living in outer regional/remote areas had borderline higher scores (\u0026beta; = 5.0, 95% CI: -0.09\u0026ndash;10.0, p = 0.054), while participants in the second IRSAD quintile tended to report lower scores (\u0026beta; = -5.8, 95% CI: -12.0\u0026ndash;0.41, p = 0.067).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e7.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Linear regression model for self-rated health\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"83%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% CI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 45 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 45\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.7, 9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.1, 9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 65+ years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9, 19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Did not complete year 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Year 12 or equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8, 8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Certificates or diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4, 3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6, 3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry of Birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not Australia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.3, 5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Participation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1-3 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.4, 5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3 years or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.5, 5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of walks past month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Less than 8 walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 8+ walk/month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8, 5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.9, 1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not working\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0, 8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemoteness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Major cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Inner regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5, 2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Outer regional and remote\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09, 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRSAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q1 (most disadvantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12, 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.5, 4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.3, 2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Q5 (most advantaged)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8, 3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8, 4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17, -4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not socially lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Socially Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.2, 3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmotional Loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Not emotionally lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Emotionally Lonely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12, -3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; One condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1, 2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Two or more conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.3, -0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt Risky drinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.7, 4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Qualitative results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were missing from 38 participants, resulting in 339 participant responses included in the analysis. These responses were coded into six categories, as shown in Table 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8: \u0026nbsp;Frequency of coding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e++\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocialisation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248 (73.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (26.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvide support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuggestions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIrrelevant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc209107034\"\u003e++Percentages are based on the total number of participants, not the total number of codes, meaning the sum of percentages across categories may exceed 100%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.2.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Categories\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e4.2.1.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Socialisation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondents joined the Man Walk primarily to connect with others and reported benefits such as reduced social isolation, stronger social bonds, a sense of belonging, increased community engagement, and opportunities to share interests through conversations with other men. This was the most frequently coded category in the data, with 73.2% of respondents including a statement about socialisation (n = 248).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Mateship and exercise. Was something I needed to do at that time in my life. Now it\u0026rsquo;s just something I want to do.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Great group of men, good community feel and have made a number of friends and mates\u0026hellip;\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Has been a great opportunity to meet a wide variety of people and enjoy both the walk and the connections.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e4.2.1.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mental health\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother key benefit participants gained from the Man Walk was support in managing their mental health challenges. The initiative provided emotional support and helped individuals navigate difficult life events. This was the second most frequently coded category, with 26.8% of respondents (n = 91) making a statement related to mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Needed to talk to people in similar mental and emotional situations.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I had to stop working when covid hit. I was getting depressed. The Man Walk gave me purpose. I am mentally stronger, I have a great bunch of friends in the Man walk group.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Saved me from deep depression, anxiety and more. So happy to be part of an extremely welcoming group.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e4.2.1.3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Physical health\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondents noted that they joined the Man Walk to engage in regular physical exercise, with some also participating as part of injury rehabilitation. A total of 26.5% of respondents (n = 90) described the Man Walk as beneficial to their physical health in their open-ended responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;For fitness.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Routine exercise for me and the dog.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Original for injury recovery.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e4.2.1.4 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;To provide support\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants also highlighted the Man Walk as an opportunity to support others. This included giving back to the community, being available to listen, addressing men\u0026rsquo;s health issues through grassroots efforts, and offering emotional or practical support. Ten percent of respondents (n = 34) referenced providing support to others in their responses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u0026hellip; I get satisfaction from listening and possibly offering advice to others in need.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;To help other men in my community connect with a support network.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e4.2.1.5 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Suggestions for program improvement\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt total of 3.5% (n = 12) respondents provided suggestions or ideas for improving the Man Walk program. This included recommendations for activities, structure, resources, outreach, or support services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Great idea, support group is weekly but friendly. message group available for outside walk time contact would be handy, as fully reliant on social media Facebook for notification of walk locations.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Guidance to participants on how to promote and guide conversations, especially when talking through difficult conversations perhaps should be considered. Advice on where to point someone when professional advice required\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Great initiative. I understand the complexities however, I think it would be good to have more events for the local MW group. Maybe events with guest speakers and a lunch or morning tea. I think the local library can provide a venue at low cost or free of charge. The other option may be the local tavern which seems quiet of a morning and sells coffee etc.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"_Toc209107035\"\u003e4.2.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Co-occurrent coding of categories\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9 presents a heat map of concurrent coding across five thematic categories. A total of 214 participants provided comments that were coded to more than one category, indicating substantial overlap in perceived benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9. Heat map of concurrent coding of categories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:5.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eSocialisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:5.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eMental health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:5.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003ePhysical health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:5.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eProvide support\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:99.2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:5.65pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:5.65pt;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eSuggestions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eSocialisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#404040;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e248\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#344B77;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e29.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#253C68;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e30.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D7E0F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e6.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#EAEEF8;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e3.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eMental health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#344B77;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e29.0%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#404040;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#869DC8;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e18.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DDE5F3;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e5.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F6F8FC;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003ePhysical health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#253C68;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e30.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#869DC8;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e18.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#404040;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F3F6FB;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e2.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F9FBFD;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eProvide support\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#D7E0F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e6.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DDE5F3;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e5.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F3F6FB;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e2.3%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#404040;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:white;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e0.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:29.5%;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003eSuggestions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#EAEEF8;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e3.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F6F8FC;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F9FBFD;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.1%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:white;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003e0.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:14.12%;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#404040;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:19.25pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0cm;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:white;'\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most frequent co-occurrence was between physical health and socialisation, mentioned by 30.8% (n = 66) of multi-coded participants:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;To get out in the fresh air and exercise and make connections with some local blokes, it makes the start to my weekend so much better\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second most common combination was socialisation and mental health, noted by 29.0% (n = 62) of participants:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I was looking for some connection after a suicide attempt, and seeking support from men in particular who would be able to relate to my challenges.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third most frequent pairing was physical health and mental health, cited by 18.2% (n = 39):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The Manwalk is a fantastic concept. Great for health, both mentally and physically.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther notable overlaps included socialisation and providing support (6.5%, n = 14):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I\u0026rsquo;m a private person but I thoroughly enjoy my bi weekly walks and chats.. developing friendships and trust.. I get satisfaction from listening and possibly offering advice to others in need.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLess frequent but still meaningful combinations included mental health and providing support (5.6%, n = 12):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;[I joined because of]\u0026nbsp;my mental health\u0026hellip; It is very rewarding to feel like you are helping other men and to be helped by other men through conversation.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 214 multi-coded responses, 12.6% (n = 27) were coded to three categories: socialisation, mental health, and physical health. Smaller proportions were coded to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Socialisation, mental health, and providing support: 2.3% (n = 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Socialisation, physical health, and providing support: 1.4% (n = 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Mental health, physical health, and providing support: 1.9% (n = 4)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis mixed methods evaluation provides the first comprehensive profile of participants in The Man Walk and explores its potential contributions to men’s mental health, social connection, and wellbeing. The findings demonstrate that this community-based initiative attracts a predominantly older cohort of men who are at elevated risk of loneliness, with more than half of participants reporting moderate to high levels of loneliness. Despite this, the majority perceived clear benefits to their mental, physical, and social wellbeing. The combined quantitative and qualitative evidence suggests that The Man Walk offers a valuable informal setting through which men can build social connections, improve mental health, and engage in regular physical activity, an important contribution to addressing the broader public health challenge of male loneliness and disengagement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most striking finding was the centrality of social connection. Over three-quarters of participants strongly agreed that The Man Walk helped them connect with others, and 73% mentioned socialisation as a key motivation or benefit. However, more than half of participants met criteria for loneliness, and 36% reported emotional loneliness. This prevalence is higher than recent national estimates from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, which found that approximately 27% of Australian adults report loneliness (38). The elevated rates observed here likely reflect both the self-selecting nature of the sample and the program’s appeal to men seeking social contact and belonging. The high co-occurrence of loneliness with anxiety and depression aligns with prior studies linking loneliness to poor mental health (12, 15, 16). Consistent with previous work on gendered patterns of help-seeking (13, 21, 22), the Man Walk appears to provide a “third place” (32) where men can access social and emotional support in a non-clinical, stigma-free environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among Man Walk participants was comparable to, or slightly higher than, national averages. Specifically, 17.5% of participants reported symptoms consistent with anxiety, compared to national rates of 11.3% for men aged 55–64 and 6.3% for those aged 65–74 (39). Similarly, 14.7% of participants reported symptoms of depression, whereas national prevalence rates for affective disorders are 8.3% for men aged 55–64 and 3.6% for men aged 65–74 (39). Regression analyses showed that emotional loneliness was strongly associated with anxiety, while social loneliness was linked to depression. Conversely, longer participation (≥3 years) was protective against depression, suggesting sustained engagement may improve mental health. This finding reinforces the evidence that consistent involvement in social and physical activity programs can foster resilience and emotional wellbeing (25-27, 40). The qualitative data provide additional context: participants described The Man Walk as a source of companionship, purpose, and informal peer support during challenging periods, echoing evidence that male-oriented walking programs can reduce isolation and provide meaningful opportunities for mutual support (32).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost respondents perceived benefits for their physical health, with 70% strongly agreeing that The Man Walk improved it. These perceptions align with the established evidence that group walking interventions enhance cardiovascular health, mobility, and overall quality of life (29, 30). Participants’ self-rated health scores were relatively high, though chronic conditions and emotional loneliness were independently associated with lower self-rated health. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity (87%) underscores the relevance of accessible, low-barrier forms of activity such as walking. The finding that more frequent participation (≥8 walks per month) was linked to lower odds of risky drinking further supports the potential of regular engagement in pro-social physical activity to moderate health risk behaviours. However, the observed association between social loneliness and lower alcohol risk may indicate that some social drinkers experience reduced loneliness through alcohol-related socialisation, a dynamic that warrants further exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe typical Man Walk participant was older, partnered, employed or retired, and from middle-income households. While this suggests the initiative effectively engages a demographic often underrepresented in formal mental health services, it also highlights potential gaps. Few younger men participated, and those experiencing greater socioeconomic disadvantage were underrepresented. Inner regional participants reported lower social and general loneliness than those in major cities, indicating that the program may hold particular value for regional communities where opportunities for informal connection are limited (2, 5, 32). Educational attainment was also protective against both depression and emotional loneliness, consistent with broader social gradient effects on health and wellbeing (1, 38).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Man Walk exemplifies how community-led, gender-specific initiatives can contribute to men’s health promotion. Its emphasis on informal conversation and shared activity aligns with known preferences for practical, low-pressure, and peer-based engagement models among men (13, 14, 31). Given that loneliness is now recognised as a major public health concern (1, 5), such programs offer scalable, low-cost strategies for fostering social connection and preventing downstream mental and physical health consequences. The data suggest that sustained involvement is key, highlighting the importance of program continuity, leadership support, and local resources to maintain engagement. Integration with primary care or local health promotion networks could further enhance reach and sustainability while preserving the grassroots principles that underpins participant trust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study provides the first national snapshot of The Man Walk and combines quantitative and qualitative data to yield an understanding of participants’ experiences. The large sample and broad geographic distribution enhance the generalisability of findings across urban and regional contexts. However, limitations include the cross-sectional design, self-reported data, and potential self-selection bias toward more engaged participants. Causality cannot be inferred, and the absence of a comparison group limits conclusions about health outcomes relative to non-participants. Future research should adopt longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs to assess causal effects on loneliness, mental health, and physical wellbeing, and to explore mechanisms underpinning sustained participation. Qualitative exploration of underrepresented groups (e.g. younger men, those experiencing more social disadvantage) would also strengthen understanding of inclusivity and reach.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides the first examination of \u003cem\u003eThe Man Walk\u003c/em\u003e, demonstrating its potential to enhance men\u0026rsquo;s social connectedness, mental wellbeing, and physical health through a simple, accessible community-based model. Despite high levels of loneliness among participants, most perceived strong psychosocial and health benefits, with longer engagement linked to lower depression risk. These findings highlight the value of grassroots, male-oriented walking programs as a pragmatic response to the growing public health challenge of loneliness and mental distress in men. Sustained investment in, and collaboration with, community-led initiatives like \u003cem\u003eThe Man Walk\u003c/em\u003e may offer an effective, low-cost complement to formal health services, particularly in regional and rural settings where men face barriers to help-seeking and social engagement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e Mark Burns is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of The Man Walk. He contributed to this study by supporting participant recruitment through the distribution of the survey via The Man Walk’s social media channels. He was not involved in data analysis, interpretation, or drafting of the results. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e This study was approved by the Charles Sturt University\u0026nbsp;Human Research Ethics Committee\u0026nbsp;(H24388). All participants were provided with detailed information about the study, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time without consequence.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e: The data supporting this study are not publicly available because participants did not consent to data sharing beyond the research team. This restriction was outlined in the approved ethics protocol to protect confidentiality. Requests for access to de-identified data may be considered on a case-by-case basis, subject to institutional ethics approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo external funding was received for this research project.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e The methodology was devised by NS and JA in consultation with KA, HD, MMH, ST and MB. MB supported participant recruitment. Quantitative data analysis was conducted by KA in consultation with MMH. Qualitative data analysis was conducted by NS in collaboration with JA. The manuscript was drafted by NS. All authors provided feedback on the draft manuscript and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank all participants, and the Man Walk organisation for their support and collaboration in this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolt-Lunstad J (2022) Social connection as a public health issue: The evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the social in social determinants of health. 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The University of Melbourne: Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStatistics ABo (2022) National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrunseit A, Richards J, Merom D (2018) Running on a high: parkrun and personal well-being. BMC Public Health 18:1\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Charles Sturt University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Men’s health, Loneliness, Social connection, Mental health, Physical activity, Community-based intervention, Man Walk, Australia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8141411/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8141411/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Background\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Man Walk is a national, community-led initiative promoting men\u0026rsquo;s mental health, physical activity, and social connection through group walks. Since its establishment in 2018, no evidence has described participant characteristics, engagement, or health outcomes. This study aimed to describe participants\u0026rsquo; characteristics, health status, factors associated with health and wellbeing outcomes, and perceived benefits of program.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA mixed methods design was used, with an online survey conducted in March and July 2025 among Man Walk participants across Australia. Measures included EQ-VAS (self-rated health), PHQ-4 (anxiety and depression), De Jong-Gierveld (loneliness), and AUDIT-C (alcohol risk). Multivariable regression models examined associations between explanatory variables and outcomes. Open-ended responses were analysed using inductive content analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 377 men completed the survey. Most were aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;55 years (66%), partnered (77%), and residing in major cities (58%) or inner regional areas (30%). More than half (54%) reported moderate to high loneliness, and 17.5% and 14.7% reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Thirty-one percent had participated for \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3 years, and 19% joined\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8 walks/month. Emotional loneliness was associated with anxiety (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.65; 95% CI: 1.93, 12.0), while social loneliness was associated with depression (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.70; 95% CI: 2.03, 18.8). Longer participation (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3 years) predicted lower odds of depression (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.95). Frequent walkers (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8 walks/month) had lower odds of risky drinking (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.95). The absence of chronic conditions was associated with higher self-rated health, whereas those with emotional loneliness and depression were associated with poorer self-rated health. Content analysis revealed that participants identified the program\u0026rsquo;s benefits primarily as socialisation (73.2%), followed by mental health support (26.8%) and physical health improvement (26.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.4 Conclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Man Walk engages men at elevated risk of loneliness and mental distress, providing a low-cost, accessible platform for exercise, connection, and mutual support. Sustained participation appears protective against depressive symptoms and health risks. Community-led, male-focused walking initiatives represent promising, scalable strategies to enhance men\u0026rsquo;s mental health and social wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A mixed methods snapshot of the Man Walk program: A community-based response to loneliness and health among older Australian men","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-28 07:01:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8141411/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5399112b-cdc2-4927-856a-60cc8142fcb3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-28T07:01:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-28 07:01:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8141411","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8141411","identity":"rs-8141411","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}