Effectiveness of a Program for Raising Cybersecurity Awareness and Protecting Children from Digital Threats for Early Childhood Teachers

Effectiveness of a Program for Raising Cybersecurity Awareness and Protecting Children from Digital Threats for Early Childhood Teachers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effectiveness of a Program for Raising Cybersecurity Awareness and Protecting Children from Digital Threats for Early Childhood Teachers Zaiton Ismail This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study aims to design a training program to raise the awareness of early childhood female teachers regarding cybersecurity. and what they can offer to promote safe practices in their educational environments and support families in protecting their children from digital threats. The study was based on a mixed-method approach. The interview form was administered to a sample of six female teachers, while the achievement test was administered to a sample of 60 early childhood teachers in West Dammam Schools for the year 2024–2025. The study presented a training program based on practical applications, enhancing the knowledge of cybersecurity practices among early childhood teachers. The results of the teachers’ responses showed that they did not have full awareness of cybersecurity practices and had not received any training on the subject, as cybersecurity topics are not included in the school curriculum. The program also proved effective in educating teachers on ap-propriate cybersecurity practices by providing a behavioral and practical dimension in training awareness among female teachers, enabling them to fulfill their roles in sup-porting parents and enlightening them about their role in cybersecurity to protect them and their children from harm that may befall them in the digital environment. cybersecurity awareness digital threats early childhood teachers 1. Introduction Technology offers many benefits. It facilitates access to information through the internet, enables rapid communication and the exchange of ideas across long distances, and generally makes life easier through various programs and applications. However, it also negatively affects institutions and individuals through the emergence of new types of risks and threats. Because individuals’ private data are exposed to the public eye, digital threats are among the risks facing technology users (Omar, 2024). While such threats endanger all users, children are particularly at risk when technology is misused. Children become vulnerable to blackmail and may be coerced into carrying out blackmailers’ illegal demands. Al Shamsi ( 2019 ) indicated that children are unaware of online risks and lack the knowledge necessary to respond appropriately to those risks. Nevertheless, despite their lack of awareness and knowledge, children may have unlimited access to the internet without any control or supervision. Rahman (2020) stated that the aim of cybersecurity instruction is to educate technology users about the potential risks they face when using online communication tools, such as social media, chat, rooms, email, and instant messaging. He identified these threats as cyberbullying, online fraud, racist abuse, pornography, and gambling, exacerbated by a lack of awareness and self-mechanisms among internet users to protect themselves from falling victim to such dangers. This has prompted governments and institutions to establish specialized cybersecurity bodies and launch campaigns to raise their citizens’ cybersecurity awareness. Nasir (2023) indicated that cybersecurity education is essential for equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to protect data, computers, and networks from cybersecurity risks, and Al Omari et al. (2022) highlighted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s efforts to enhance cybersecurity and confront digital threats by raising awareness of the risks and providing training in how to protect against them. Saudi Arabia also cooperates with other countries to combat cybercrime, exchange information and expertise, and coordinate investigations related to crimes. However, Saudi Arabia’s efforts alone are not sufficient to confront the challenge of cybercrime. Cybersecurity is a societal responsibility, requiring concerted efforts across institutions and individuals to reduce cybercrime and threats and enhance confidence in the use of technology. Nudin (2024) concluded that there must be cooperation between teachers and policymakers to mitigate the risks of threats in educational institutions, manage the challenges of the digital age, and develop proposed strategies to support parents and raise their awareness of digital risks and threats. Early childhood female teachers play an important role in raising children’s awareness and protecting them from any threats they may be exposed to, and they must strive to set a good example for others in keeping up with the latest cybersecurity trends. Furthermore, they play a major role in fostering family partnerships to support parents in protecting and monitoring their children. However, few studies have addressed early childhood educators, and this scarcity highlights the need to design a training program to educate early childhood educators about cybersecurity to protect themselves and support parents in protecting children. from the dangers of digital threats. The current study attempts to answer the following questions: What digital threats do early childhood female teachers need to be aware of? How is the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers to raise awareness of cybersecurity and protect children from digital threats structured? How effective is the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers in raising awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats? 2. Cybersecurity and Digital Threats in Early Childhood In recent years, the increasing use of the internet in both the professional and private spheres has led to an explosion in the rate of cybercrime worldwide, making it increasingly important to develop and provide training programs to raise awareness of cybersecurity (Alruwaili, 2019 ). Several studies have expressed the need for greater awareness of online security in educational settings such as Syarova and Toleva-Stoimenova (2023) confirmed that, despite the current need for information security in the curricula of non-IT specialists, cybersecurity and information security do not occupy an important place in secondary and higher education curricula. Meadows and Sambasivam ( 2023 ) pointed to the importance of a mandatory interactive training program for security awareness in public middle schools and highlighted how this could affect the long-term security behaviors of students in Texas. Coyne ( 2025 ) emphasized the role of schools in educating children about online safety practices, recognizing harmful content, and understanding the effects of excessive screen use; the study also points to the importance of parental and teacher support and a positive school environment. Several other studies have illustrated online dangers, such as Balodis ( 2025 ) pointed to digital threats from malware, which includes malicious programs, viruses, worms, and Trojan horses designed to hack into systems; ransomware attacks that encrypt victims’ data and demand payment for decryption; phishing; social engineering; and denial-of-service attacks. Baouni and Laila (2021) identified four digital threats facing countries and individuals: denial of service attacks, the destruction or modification of information, network espionage, and information destruction. Al Ghanimi (2019) highlighted cyberbullying and electronic grooming, which refers to a person, often an adult, accompanying a child online and building an emotional relationship with him or her with the intention of future sexual assault, sexual exploitation, or trafficking. The aim of grooming may be to gain the child’s trust in order to obtain pieces of their personal data that are often inappropriate, such as inappropriate conversations or videos. Evidently, most previous studies have emphasized the importance of training students in preparatory and secondary schools and higher education in cybersecurity awareness, as a lack of security awareness increases the likelihood of falling victim to digital threats. However, they have not focused the importance of cybersecurity awareness in early childhood, despite the sensitivity of this stage and its importance in supporting safe practices. Previous studies have also overlooked the role of early childhood teachers and what they can offer to promote safe practices in their educational environments and support families in protecting children from digital threats. 3. The Role of Teachers and Parents in Educating About Digital Safety Mechanisms Against Digital Attacks There is a saying in cybersecurity that nothing in technology is 100% secure. There are always ways to hack systems, applications, and websites. Therefore, the proposed training program is based on a review of the theoretical literature on the role of the early childhood female teacher, particularly in the kindergarten and primary school age group, which, according to statistics, is the stage at which children are most vulnerable to risks. In addition, it explores how to mitigate the risks of digital threats and protect children from the open digital world, given the teacher’s broad educational role in assisting and supporting parents in providing sound parenting in today’s digital age. Mohammed (2022) indicated the necessity of presenting an educational vision to Egyptian society to protect children in light of the developments of the digital age through the following: holding awareness sessions for parents on the importance of parental supervision and of engaging with their children about what they watch on the internet, guiding them on how to help make responsible decisions on the internet, monitoring children’s activities on social networks and websites, and including a certain amount of time for communicating with their children about online security practices. Sağlam et al. ( 2023 ) proposed a set of strategies to improve the effectiveness of cybersecurity instruction in education, such as the effective use of games, interactive books, animations, and virtual environments in cybersecurity instruction for practical or real-life simulations. The use of online cybersecurity resources, especially videos, which are freely available to assist schools in cybersecurity instruction, was also suggested. Moreover, classroom-based initiatives can be useful in providing more contextualized, less expensive education that requires fewer technical skills from staff and learners. Furthermore, the use of mentors is effective in encouraging safe online behavior. To address the problem of cyberbullying, educational approaches that seek to foster online moral imagination through stories and narratives should be adopted instead of traditional methods. Watini et al. ( 2024 ) enumerated effective solutions to mitigate the cybersecurity threats prevalent in digital learning environments, including using antivirus software and updating it regularly, using reliable removable media and avoiding playing unsafe media, performing regular backups of important data, using firewalls and updating them regularly, scanning all multimedia with security software before using it, using strong passwords, downloading applications from official app stores, and not opening any suspicious or unsafe messages or websites. Camacho ( 2024 ) highlighted the role of artificial intelligence as an effective tool in strengthening defenses against digital threats, explaining its applications in digital threat detection, vulnerability assessment, incident response, and predictive analysis. Artificial intelligence systems can quickly analyze massive amounts of data to proactively identify anomalous patterns that indicate potential security breaches and protect sensitive information. Additionally, Camacho emphasized the need to integrate artificial intelligence into cybersecurity to effectively mitigate threats in the digital age. Gwenhure and Nam ( 2025 ) focused on the importance of assessing the sustainability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness initiatives through the use of interactive play, with a focus on challenges such as the temporary impact of novelty, conceptual overlap classification, and short evaluation periods. There is a clear lack of studies addressing the role of early childhood educators in protecting children and supporting parents in the area of cybersecurity and protection. Therefore, they need training on (a) solutions to mitigate digital threats and (b) safety and prevention strategies for protection programs and the use of interactive games, books, cartoons, and artificial intelligence. 4. Materials and Methods The present study used a mixed-method (descriptive and qualitative) approach. 4.1 Study Sample Quantitative Sample: The study population consisted of 60 early childhood female teachers who were selected from kindergartens and schools in Dammam in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia using a stratified random method. They were divided equally into two groups: a control group and a treatment group. Table 1 shows the distribution of the control and treatment groups according to academic qualification and number of years of experience. Table 1: Distribution of the Study Sample: Control and Treatment Groups According to Academic Qualification and Number of Years of Experience Variable Treatment Group Control Group N Percentage N Percentage Academic Qualification 1 Diploma (Intermediate Education) 8 26.67% 7 23.33% 2 University Education 22 73.33% 23 76.67% Total 30 100% 30 100% Number of Years of Experience 1 Less than 10 years 8 26.67% 9 30.00% 2 Between 10 and 15 years 16 53.33% 17 56.67% 3 15 years or more 6 20.00% 4 13.33% Total 30 100% 30 % Table 1 shows that most of the study participants in the control and treatment groups had a university education (73.33% and 76.67%, respectively). Furthermore, most participants in the control and treatment groups had between 10 and 15 years of experience (53.33% and 56.67%, respectively). 4.2 Qualitative Sample : The interview sample consisted of six early childhood female teachers. 4.3 Study Instruments 4.3.1 First: A list of dimensions of cybersecurity awareness and strategies for protecting children from digital threats, designed for early childhood female teachers. After the researcher referred to many references and courses on digital threats, three basic dimensions were identified: a cognitive dimension that includes cybersecurity principles, concepts, and symptoms of digital threats; a behavioral dimension adopting safe practices and parental partnership to support the family to protect themselves and their children from digital threats; and a technical dimension practical training and some activation of protection systems on devices to prevent digital threats. The current study identified threats including malware (viruses, worms, and Trojan horses), ransomware, spyware and keylogging, social engineering attacks, phishing, fraud, and cyberbullying. 4.3.2 Second : An achievement test for early childhood female teachers to measure cybersecurity awareness and from digital threats. The following steps were taken to construct the test: Define the three main sections of the test. Formulate the test items according to the relatedness of each item to its dimension. Prepare the test in its initial form and present it to a group of jury members to verify its validity and reliability. Develop the final version of the test. a. Test Face Validity To verify the validity of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection test, the test was submitted to a group of specialized faculty members from Saudi universities. The jury comprised three members, and the agreement rates between the test items ranged between 80% and 100%; these acceptable rates indicate the validity of the test. b. Internal Consistency of the Test After verifying the test face validity, it was administered in the field, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the internal validity of the test. The correlation coefficient between the score of each dimension of the test and the total score was calculated, as shown in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2: Internal Consistency of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Item Correlation to Dimension Correlation to Test Item Correlation to Dimension Correlation to Test Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology 1 0.564** 0.538** 6 0.650** 0.579** 2 0.619** 0.636** 7 0.584** 0.674** 3 0.633** 0.558** 8 0.666** 0.553** 4 0.628** 0.633** 9 0.583** 0.633** 5 0.692** 0.560** 10 0.685** 0.551** Digital Threats 11 0.647** 0.674** 15 0.647** 0.640** 12 0.624** 0.666** 16 0.564** 0.577** 13 0.749** 0.534** 17 0.679** 0.674** 14 0.599** 0.575** 18 0.699** 0.586** Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats 19 0.751** 0.524** 25 0.614** 0.538** 20 0.616** 0.532** 26 0.776** 0.652** 21 0.625** 0.529** 27 0.744** 0.584** 22 0.781** 0.601** 28 0.608** 0.561** 23 0.593** 0.615** 29 0.761** 0.542** 24 0.580** 0.677** **Significant at the 0.01 level. Table 3: Correlation Coefficients Between Dimensions and Total Score of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Number of Items Correlation to the Test Score Dimensions 1 Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology 10 0.643** 2 Digital Threats 8 0.715** 3 Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats 11 0.648** **Significant at the 0.01 level. All correlation coefficient values were significant at the 0.01 significance level, indicating that the test is generally valid and reliable. C: Calculate the discrimination coefficient . The test papers were arranged in ascending or descending order according to the total test score. Two categories were selected based on the test. The answer sheets were divided into two sections, with each section weighing 27%. The difficulty coefficient = 1 − the ease coefficient. Table 4 shows the discrimination, ease, and difficulty coefficient values for the test items. Table 4: Differentiation, Ease, and Difficulty Coefficient for Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Item Ease Coefficient Difficulty Coefficient Discriminative Index Item Ease Coefficient Difficulty Coefficient Discriminative Index 1 0.600 0.400 0.476 16 0.825 0.175 0.428 2 0.775 0.225 0.632 17 0.350 0.650 0.671 3 0.625 0.375 0.625 18 0.425 0.575 0.59 4 0.275 0.725 0.606 19 0.625 0.375 0.455 5 0.750 0.250 0.603 20 0.250 0.750 0.626 6 0.225 0.775 0.545 21 0.550 0.450 0.542 7 0.650 0.350 0.384 22 0.450 0.550 0.609 8 0.300 0.700 0.554 23 0.575 0.425 0.394 9 0.575 0.425 0.574 24 0.650 0.350 0.684 10 0.825 0.175 0.513 25 0.500 0.500 0.395 11 0.250 0.750 0.496 26 0.450 0.550 0.518 12 0.300 0.700 0.647 27 0.375 0.625 0.619 13 0.275 0.725 0.629 28 0.750 0.250 0.416 14 0.225 0.775 0.550 29 0.325 0.675 0.536 15 0.200 0.800 0.555 Table 4 shows that all test items had discrimination, ease, and difficulty coefficients within the acceptable range. d. Test Reliability The Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test was administered to a pilot sample of early childhood female teachers, and the test’s reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha equation, as shown in the Table 5. Table 5: Reliability Coefficients for Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Number of Items Reliability Coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) Dimensions 1 Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology 10 0.783 2 Digital Threats 8 0.859 3 Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats 11 0.822 Test Total Score 29 0.848 The values of the reliability coefficients using Cronbach’s alpha were all greater than 0.7, indicating that the test has acceptable reliability (Cheung et al., 2024). To verify the congruence between the scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test, an independent samples t-test was used. Table 6 shows the results of this test. Table 6: Congruence Between the Treatment and Control Groups in the Pre-Administration of Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Cybersecurity Awareness Test Group Mean Score Sd. df. t-Value Sig. 1 Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology Control 4.19 1.27 58 0.19 Not significant Treatment 4.25 1.15 2 Digital Threats Control 3.27 1.36 58 0.73 Not significant Treatment 2.98 1.68 3 Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats Control 5.36 2.11 58 0.84 Not significant Treatment 4.86 2.40 Test Total Score Control 12.82 5.30 58 0.55 Not significant Treatment 12.09 4.85 Table 6 shows that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test as all the t-values were not statistically significant, which indicates the achievement of congruence between the scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the test. 4.3.3 Third: An interview form to measure cybersecurity awareness for early childhood female teachers. The preparation of the interview form began with the definition of the objective: to measure female teachers’ awareness of cybersecurity and their strategies for protecting children from digital threats. Subsequently, three questions were created: (1) What is your personal understanding of cybersecurity in the kindergarten environment, and how do you think it affects children’s use of digital devices? (2) What digital threats might children be exposed to while using the internet? (3) How do you support parents in protecting their children from digital threats? Participants were purposefully selected from female teachers at public kindergartens in western Dammam, and their consent to participate in the study was obtained. The purpose and importance of the objectivity of responses were explained in order to find solutions that could be generalized and the results of which could be utilized in the field. The study participants were contacted, and interview appointments were arranged for Monday, January 20, 2025. Each interview was scheduled to last for no more than 20 minutes. Finally, the interviews were manually recorded and corrected by reviewing and enumerating all responses, numbering the six responses, and analyzing and coding them. 4.3.4 Fourth: Designing the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers to raise awareness of cybersecurity and protect children from digital threats . 4.3.4.1 Program Design Principles The most prominent modern trends in training programs were used through active learning in education and interactive and technological activities such as Padlet, Slido, presentations, and open discussions, linking the program’s topics to female teachers’ needs by introducing them to cybersecurity and its importance, what digital risks children face, and how to protect oneself from digital threats, focusing on workshops and practical training regarding teacher strategies to support families from digital risks and threats. Also focusing on the female teacher’s role in raising awareness and intervention through practical applications, designing a guide to support parents, and planning appropriate activities to educate children about cybersecurity and protect them from digital risks. 4.3.4.2. Study Implementation The research instruments were pre-administered to a sample of 60 female teachers for the achievement test and six female teachers for the interviews. The study experiment was implemented in School 36 in Dammam, as 30 female teachers (the treatment group) were gathered in the resource room on Monday, February 10th, 2025. It included welcoming the attendees and defining cybersecurity and its importance, digital risks to children, how to protect oneself from digital threats, teacher strategies to support families from digital risks and threats, the teacher’s role in awareness and intervention, and practical applications. The post-administration of the study instruments was carried out on a sample of 60 female teachers for the achievement test and six female teachers for the interviews. IBM SPSS v.20 was used to analyze the current study results, and the following statistical methods were relied upon: arithmetic means and standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient to calculate internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to calculate reliability, the Mann–Whitney test for independent samples, a paired samples t-test, an independent samples t-test, Cohen’s d equation, and the eta square equation ( ) to calculate effect size. 5. Results Interview Results Interviews were conducted with six early childhood female teachers to measure their awareness of cybersecurity and methods for protecting children from digital threats. The interviews took place at School 36 in West Dammam, Eastern Province (pre-administration was on January 20, 2025, and post-administration was on February 13, 2025). The teachers’ responses were manually recorded, commonalities were found among the answers, and after a thorough reading of the data, the coding was developed according to Table 7. Table 7: Coding Qualitative Data on Cybersecurity Awareness Before and After the Training Program for the Interview Sample Question Pre-Codes Post-Codes What is your personal understanding of cybersecurity in the kindergarten environment, and how do you think it affects children’s use of digital devices? Lack of adequate cybersecurity knowledge, lack of awareness, confusion. Frequent Answers: I don’t know/I need to research the topic. Definition of the concept, clear understanding, and awareness of the importance of cybersecurity. Frequent Answers: Clear definition/Important topic/Protecting data from breaches. How do you explain to children what to do when they receive a message from an unknown source on the internet, such as an unclear link or a threatening message? All teachers have not received any cybersecurity training. There are insufficient procedures and incomplete answers . Frequent Answers: Shutdown/Exit the site/Really, we have not received any training on this. Implementing procedures, cognitive confidence, and awareness of the required procedures. Frequent Answers: Talk to children about cybersecurity/Inform parents about it. What digital threats might children be exposed to while using the internet? Lack of awareness of digital threats. Frequent Answers: I don’t know/ I don’t have any information. Understanding concepts, identifying their symptoms, knowing protection procedures. Do you think there is a need to train teachers about the risks of digital threats and how to deal with them ? All teachers need training on the risks of digital threats. Frequent Answer: Yes, we need training . How do you support parents in protecting their children from the risks of digital threats? The curriculum does not include topics on cybersecurity. The teacher’s role in providing appropriate support to parents regarding cybersecurity is absent. The curriculum does not play a role in cybersecurity and protecting children from cyber risks. Frequent Answers Sending videos on the topic/I only share them with curriculum topics. Benefiting from the researcher-designed family guide. Ready to participate and benefit from the researcher-designed family guide to prevent cybersecurity risks. How can cooperation be enhanced between kindergartens and parents to increase children’s awareness of the risks of the internet? Lack of awareness/lack of collaboration . Lack of understanding of collaboration methods. Raising awareness and understanding of digital risks and threats. Parents share a family guide to cybersecurity awareness. Table 7 shows that in post-training there was a significant increase in awareness of cybersecurity, understanding of basic concepts, application of digital protection strategies, and parental involvement and support in protecting and educating children in effective ways. The researcher attributes this to the training program, which was designed in a practical manner and included a set of training strategies that facilitated interaction, open discussions, presentations, and case studies. It also included many activities that contributed to enhancing awareness about cybersecurity and practical applications to protect children from digital threats. Achievement Test Results The results in this section seek to answer the question concerning the effectiveness of the proposed training program for early childhood female educators in developing an awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats. To verify the validity of the answer to this question, an independent samples t-test was used to detect the significance of the differences between the mean scores of the control group teachers and the experimental group teachers in the post-test measurement of awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats, as shown in Table 8, below. Table 8: Significance of the Differences Between the Mean Scores of the Female Teachers in the Control Group (n = 30) and the Treatment Group (n = 30) in the Post-Administration of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Cybersecurity Awareness Test Group Mean Score Sd. df. t-Value Sig. 1 Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology Control 4.38 1.73 58 10.38 0.01 Treatment 8.54 1.35 2 Digital Threats Control 3.51 1.27 58 10.79 0.01 Treatment 6.79 1.07 3 Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats Control 5.84 1.95 58 8.11 0.01 Treatment 9.47 1.48 Test Total Score Control 13.73 4.93 58 9.64 0.01 Treatment 24.80 3.90 Table 8 shows that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores obtained by the control group female teachers and those of the treatment group in the post-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test, in favor of the treatment group. The t-value was 9.64, which was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores obtained by the control group female teachers and the treatment group female teachers in the post-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test on awareness of cybersecurity principles and reliability in dealing with technology, digital threats, and parental partnership to support families and protect themselves and their children from threats, in favor of the treatment group, as the t-values were equal to 10.38, 10.79, and 8.11, respectively, which were statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. Effect Size Calculation The effect size was calculated using the effect size equation eta squared ( ) and Cohen’s d equation. Table 9 shows the effect size values for the training program. Table 9: Effect Size Values of Training Program for Early Childhood Female Teachers to Raise Awareness of Cybersecurity and Protect Children from Digital Threats Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test Effect Size Eta Squared Effect Size Cohen’s d Effect Size Value 1 Awareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology 0.650 2.68 Large 2 Digital Threats 0.668 2.79 Large 3 Parental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats 0.531 2.09 Large Test Total Score 0.616 2.49 Large Table 9 shows that there was a significant effect of the training program for early childhood female teachers on raising cybersecurity awareness and protecting children from digital threats, as the effect size value (eta squared) was 0.616 and the effect size value (d) was 2.49. Regarding awareness of cybersecurity principles and reliability in dealing with technology, digital threats, and parental partnership to support families and protect themselves and their children from digital threats, the eta squared values were 0.650, 0.668, and 0.531, respectively, and the d-values were 2.68, 2.79, and 2.09, respectively. All effect size values were large. 6. Discussion The results of the analysis of the responses of the female teachers who participated in the interviews showed that they did not have full awareness of cybersecurity practices due to a lack of training on cybersecurity practices and procedures in early childhood. These results are consistent with studies by Al-Ruwaili (2019), Rahman (2020), and Al Shabibi et al. (2021), all of which emphasized that the level of awareness among internet users remains low and that one of the vital measures that must be taken is to develop knowledge and awareness through cybersecurity training, using appropriate strategies to enhance cybersecurity in education. The teachers’ responses showed that cybersecurity topics are not included in the curriculum, and this finding is consistent with studies by Syarova and Toleva-Stoimenova (2023) and Meadows and Sambasivam ( 2023 ), which emphasized the need to include cybersecurity topics in the curriculum. However, the present research differs from these studies in that they suggest that the preparatory stage is the optimal time to introduce cybersecurity awareness, whereas the current study highlights cybersecurity awareness in early childhood and the importance of training programs for early childhood educators, as they are more vulnerable to threats due to their reliance on digital media for teaching and communication. They also serve as a line of defense to protect children and educate them and their families about safe internet practices. The program proved effective in educating teachers on appropriate cybersecurity practices by providing a behavioral and practical dimension. The teachers were trained in how to (a) plan activities in accordance with appropriate practices to protect against phishing and identity theft (Digital Heroes Key) and (b) lead a classroom activity on cyberbullying (Together We Stop Cyberbullying). They were also trained in practical applications, such as activating protection systems on phones and computers. This study is consistent with the study by Sağlam et al. ( 2023 ), which emphasized the importance of using a set of strategies to improve the effectiveness of cybersecurity education. The current research presented a booklet to educate parents and their children about cybersecurity practices and protecting children from the dangers of the digital world. It contains an educational collection of stories, activities, and applications tailored to children’s characteristics and introduces them in an appropriate manner to cybersecurity, family safety plans, and the protocol to follow if they encounter. It also includes a video for children on protecting personal data in the digital world, steps to take when using the internet, and many important links about cybersecurity and protecting information from unauthorized access. Declarations Author Contributions: No other authors Funding: This study received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: This study received ethical approval from the Standing Committee on Research Ethics on Living Creatures (NCBE Registration No. HAP_05_D-003) and the Ethics Committee of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University on November 26, 2025. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Informed consent was obtained from participants in the Eastern Province under number 460068275 on January 6, 2025. Conflicts of Interest : No conflict of interest The data presented in the study are available upon request by contacting the author. References Al-Ghanimi, R. (2019). Our children's cybersecurity . Retrieved from https://attaa.sa/library/view/202 Alruwaili, A. (2019). A review of the impact of training on cybersecurity awareness. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 10 (5), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v10i5.6476 Al-Sayed, H., & Mohammed, M. (2023). The risks of electronic games on children and the position of criminal law: A comparative analytical study between Emirati and Iraqi laws. University of Sharjah Journal of Legal Sciences, 20 (1), 521–552. Al Shabibi, A., & Al-Suqri, M. (2021, December). Cybersecurity awareness and its impact on protecting children in cyberspace. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. Al Shamsi, A. A. (2019). Effectiveness of cyber security awareness program for young children: A case study in UAE. International Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 3 (2), 8–29. Balodis, I. (2025). Cybersecurity in the digital age: Threats, challenges, and strategic responses. Baouni, L. (2021). Threats in cyberspace and their implications for digital sovereignty: Electronic piracy as a model. Strategia, 8 (2), 6–22. Ben Omar, Y. (2024). Electronic blackmail of children in Algerian legislation. Journal of Politics and Law, 16 (2), 169–183. Retrieved from https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1476918 Camacho, N. G. (2024). The role of AI in cybersecurity: Addressing threats in the digital age. Journal of Artificial Intelligence General Science (JAIGS), 3 (1), 143–154. Coyne, I. (2025). “We want children to have a childhood”: Protecting children from the harms of social media. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing , 1–4. Ibn Suwaid, T. (2024). Protecting children from cybercrimes is a societal responsibility. Journal of the Future of Social Sciences, 18 (3), 195–210. Retrieved from https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1497184 Gwenhure, A. K., & Nam, S. (2025). Gamified cybersecurity initiatives: The trend, limits and lessons. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 24 , 024. Meadows, J., & Sambasivam, S. (2023). Mandatory gamified security awareness training impacts on Texas public middle school students: A qualitative study. Issues in Informing Science & Information Technology Education, 20 , 67–94. https://doi.org/10.28945/5129 Mohamed, A. (2022). A suggested proposal for parental education in Egyptian society in light of the implications of the digital age. Journal of the Faculty of Education (Assiut), 38 (9.2), 134–168. Nasir, S. (2023, July). Exploring the effectiveness of cybersecurity training programs: Factors, best practices, and future directions. In Proceedings of the Cyber Secure Nigeria Conference. Nudin, B., Sihab, W., Aldinata, N., & Imaduddin, M. D. (2024). The role of parents and families in children’s education in the digital era. Linguanusa: Social Humanities, Education and Linguistic, 2 (1), 9–22. Rahman, N. A. A., Sairi, I. H., Zizi, N. A. M., & Khalid, F. (2020). The importance of cybersecurity education in school. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10 (5), 378–382. Ravichandran, R., Singh, S., & Sasikala, P. (2025). Exploring school teachers’ cyber security awareness, experiences, and practices in the digital age. Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, 2025 (1), 1. Sağlam, R. B., Miller, V., & Franqueira, V. N. (2023). A systematic literature review on cyber security education for children. IEEE Transactions on Education, 66 (3), 274–286. Syarova, S., & Toleva-Stoimenova, S. (2023, June). Cybersecurity issues in the secondary and higher education systems’ curricula. In InSITE 2023: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences (p. 003). https://doi.org/10.28945/5114 Watini, S., Davies, G., & Andersen, N. (2024). Cybersecurity in learning systems: Data protection and privacy in educational information systems and digital learning environments. International Transactions on Education Technology (ITEE). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7552584","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":523619147,"identity":"e50cf6bc-81a8-4b00-ba91-b36c44cb16a4","order_by":0,"name":"Zaiton Ismail","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIie3PPQrCMBTA8ZRAXR5kfVI/rlAoFMHLmMUuKQguDiKBQlzEXkVvIATs4gEcFcG5KDgWU50cDHVzyH8IBN6PlxDicv1lnjQHdhh93WhzAu2sOXkH4a4p6S91djvOBxAV9IpkNuSS6ZP9WSuuArFHiLUfIzkkXOI4tBJKuKLCrwmJ0VPaEGInPjtnd1EhRFnrgV5lCCtKKwHkMkgVQkjBbJGGEGHfgnhWQbpGQA3TwWifRArFxEr6eXK5i8eix/Jieyznw27Oio2VfDaqf/fDvMvlcrm+9AQSRzxcYCRlqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zaiton","middleName":"","lastName":"Ismail","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-06 18:38:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92714696,"identity":"0059c2f5-9205-46a8-a6f2-5e58210ebdf4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 12:06:44","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Protectingchildrenfromdigitalthreats.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/cf4fc889063376945ac6b29e.docx"},{"id":92714366,"identity":"6d272d63-b20f-4d06-9897-bb0172dcccdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 11:58:44","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"aaf74b84a09a446389affb735e9ce8a2.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/ee3eee3706e38f07e0d7add4.json"},{"id":92714368,"identity":"5281022a-37c8-4262-b325-39a1a6ce1b00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 11:58:44","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"aaf74b84a09a446389affb735e9ce8a21enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/3f953abc0234c86b760b4a61.xml"},{"id":92714369,"identity":"102666f5-5fa3-4c2b-aee7-227f8c8854eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 11:58:44","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"aaf74b84a09a446389affb735e9ce8a21structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/e92677b53bdc7cbaf8ae6c61.xml"},{"id":92714370,"identity":"21b2526e-e127-4314-adf2-47af81990187","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 11:58:44","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/3d1202b225d1c73392a3abbd.html"},{"id":96710113,"identity":"9dc1a1ba-1b37-43e9-8f96-7a28bbc44419","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-25 10:10:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1726038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7552584/v1/c823ca51-c428-4443-8081-16584ed2862c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effectiveness of a Program for Raising Cybersecurity Awareness and Protecting Children from Digital Threats for Early Childhood Teachers","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTechnology offers many benefits. It facilitates access to information through the internet, enables rapid communication and the exchange of ideas across long distances, and generally makes life easier through various programs and applications. However, it also negatively affects institutions and individuals through the emergence of new types of risks and threats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause individuals’ private data are exposed to the public eye, digital threats are among the risks facing technology users (Omar, 2024). While such threats endanger all users, children are particularly at risk when technology is misused. Children become vulnerable to blackmail and may be coerced into carrying out blackmailers’ illegal demands. Al Shamsi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that children are unaware of online risks and lack the knowledge necessary to respond appropriately to those risks. Nevertheless, despite their lack of awareness and knowledge, children may have unlimited access to the internet without any control or supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRahman (2020) stated that the aim of cybersecurity instruction is to educate technology users about the potential risks they face when using online communication tools, such as social media, chat, rooms, email, and instant messaging. He identified these threats as cyberbullying, online fraud, racist abuse, pornography, and gambling, exacerbated by a lack of awareness and self-mechanisms among internet users to protect themselves from falling victim to such dangers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis has prompted governments and institutions to establish specialized cybersecurity bodies and launch campaigns to raise their citizens’ cybersecurity awareness. Nasir (2023) indicated that cybersecurity education is essential for equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to protect data, computers, and networks from cybersecurity risks, and Al Omari et al. (2022) highlighted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s efforts to enhance cybersecurity and confront digital threats by raising awareness of the risks and providing training in how to protect against them. Saudi Arabia also cooperates with other countries to combat cybercrime, exchange information and expertise, and coordinate investigations related to crimes. However, Saudi Arabia’s efforts alone are not sufficient to confront the challenge of cybercrime. Cybersecurity is a societal responsibility, requiring concerted efforts across institutions and individuals to reduce cybercrime and threats and enhance confidence in the use of technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNudin (2024) concluded that there must be cooperation between teachers and policymakers to mitigate the risks of threats in educational institutions, manage the challenges of the digital age, and develop proposed strategies to support parents and raise their awareness of digital risks and threats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly childhood female teachers play an important role in raising children’s awareness and protecting them from any threats they may be exposed to, and they must strive to set a good example for others in keeping up with the latest cybersecurity trends. Furthermore, they play a major role in fostering family partnerships to support parents in protecting and monitoring their children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e However, few studies have addressed early childhood educators, and this scarcity highlights the need to design a training program to educate early childhood educators about cybersecurity to protect themselves and support parents in protecting children. from the dangers of digital threats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study attempts to answer the following questions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat digital threats do early childhood female teachers need to be aware of?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow is the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers to raise awareness of cybersecurity and protect children from digital threats structured?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow effective is the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers in raising awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Cybersecurity and Digital Threats in Early Childhood","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the increasing use of the internet in both the professional and private spheres has led to an explosion in the rate of cybercrime worldwide, making it increasingly important to develop and provide training programs to raise awareness of cybersecurity (Alruwaili, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have expressed the need for greater awareness of online security in educational settings such as Syarova and Toleva-Stoimenova (2023) confirmed that, despite the current need for information security in the curricula of non-IT specialists, cybersecurity and information security do not occupy an important place in secondary and higher education curricula. Meadows and Sambasivam (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) pointed to the importance of a mandatory interactive training program for security awareness in public middle schools and highlighted how this could affect the long-term security behaviors of students in Texas. Coyne (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) emphasized the role of schools in educating children about online safety practices, recognizing harmful content, and understanding the effects of excessive screen use; the study also points to the importance of parental and teacher support and a positive school environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral other studies have illustrated online dangers, such as Balodis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) pointed to digital threats from malware, which includes malicious programs, viruses, worms, and Trojan horses designed to hack into systems; ransomware attacks that encrypt victims’ data and demand payment for decryption; phishing; social engineering; and denial-of-service attacks. Baouni and Laila (2021) identified four digital threats facing countries and individuals: denial of service attacks, the destruction or modification of information, network espionage, and information destruction. Al Ghanimi (2019) highlighted cyberbullying and electronic grooming, which refers to a person, often an adult, accompanying a child online and building an emotional relationship with him or her with the intention of future sexual assault, sexual exploitation, or trafficking. The aim of grooming may be to gain the child’s trust in order to obtain pieces of their personal data that are often inappropriate, such as inappropriate conversations or videos.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvidently, most previous studies have emphasized the importance of training students in preparatory and secondary schools and higher education in cybersecurity awareness, as a lack of security awareness increases the likelihood of falling victim to digital threats. However, they have not focused the importance of cybersecurity awareness in early childhood, despite the sensitivity of this stage and its importance in supporting safe practices. Previous studies have also overlooked the role of early childhood teachers and what they can offer to promote safe practices in their educational environments and support families in protecting children from digital threats.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. The Role of Teachers and Parents in Educating About Digital Safety Mechanisms Against Digital Attacks","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is a saying in cybersecurity that nothing in technology is 100% secure. There are always ways to hack systems, applications, and websites. Therefore, the proposed training program is based on a review of the theoretical literature on the role of the early childhood female teacher, particularly in the kindergarten and primary school age group, which, according to statistics, is the stage at which children are most vulnerable to risks. In addition, it explores how to mitigate the risks of digital threats and protect children from the open digital world, given the teacher\u0026rsquo;s broad educational role in assisting and supporting parents in providing sound parenting in today\u0026rsquo;s digital age. Mohammed (2022) indicated the necessity of presenting an educational vision to Egyptian society to protect children in light of the developments of the digital age through the following: holding awareness sessions for parents on the importance of parental supervision and of engaging with their children about what they watch on the internet, guiding them on how to help make responsible decisions on the internet, monitoring children\u0026rsquo;s activities on social networks and websites, and including a certain amount of time for communicating with their children about online security practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSağlam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) proposed a set of strategies to improve the effectiveness of cybersecurity instruction in education, such as the effective use of games, interactive books, animations, and virtual environments in cybersecurity instruction for practical or real-life simulations. The use of online cybersecurity resources, especially videos, which are freely available to assist schools in cybersecurity instruction, was also suggested. Moreover, classroom-based initiatives can be useful in providing more contextualized, less expensive education that requires fewer technical skills from staff and learners. Furthermore, the use of mentors is effective in encouraging safe online behavior. To address the problem of cyberbullying, educational approaches that seek to foster online moral imagination through stories and narratives should be adopted instead of traditional methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWatini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) enumerated effective solutions to mitigate the cybersecurity threats prevalent in digital learning environments, including using antivirus software and updating it regularly, using reliable removable media and avoiding playing unsafe media, performing regular backups of important data, using firewalls and updating them regularly, scanning all multimedia with security software before using it, using strong passwords, downloading applications from official app stores, and not opening any suspicious or unsafe messages or websites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCamacho (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted the role of artificial intelligence as an effective tool in strengthening defenses against digital threats, explaining its applications in digital threat detection, vulnerability assessment, incident response, and predictive analysis. Artificial intelligence systems can quickly analyze massive amounts of data to proactively identify anomalous patterns that indicate potential security breaches and protect sensitive information. Additionally, Camacho emphasized the need to integrate artificial intelligence into cybersecurity to effectively mitigate threats in the digital age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGwenhure and Nam (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) focused on the importance of assessing the sustainability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness initiatives through the use of interactive play, with a focus on challenges such as the temporary impact of novelty, conceptual overlap classification, and short evaluation periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e There is a clear lack of studies addressing the role of early childhood educators in protecting children and supporting parents in the area of cybersecurity and protection. Therefore, they need training on (a) solutions to mitigate digital threats and (b) safety and prevention strategies for protection programs and the use of interactive games, books, cartoons, and artificial intelligence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe present study used a mixed-method (descriptive and qualitative) approach.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.1 Study Sample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Quantitative Sample: The study population consisted of 60 early childhood female teachers who were selected from kindergartens and schools in Dammam in the Eastern \u0026nbsp; Province of Saudi Arabia using a stratified random method. They were divided equally into two groups: a control group and a treatment group. Table 1 shows the distribution of the control and treatment groups according to academic qualification and number of years of experience.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 1: Distribution of the Study Sample: Control and Treatment Groups According to Academic Qualification and Number of Years of Experience\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl Group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ePercentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ePercentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 549px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAcademic Qualification\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDiploma (Intermediate Education)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e26.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e23.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eUniversity Education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e73.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e76.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e100%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e100%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 549px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNumber of Years of Experience\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLess than 10 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e26.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e30.00%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eBetween 10 and 15 years\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e53.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e56.67%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 209px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e15 years or more\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e20.00%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e13.33%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e100%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"100\"\u003e\n \u003cli style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 1 shows that most of the study participants in the control and treatment groups had a university education (73.33% and 76.67%, respectively). Furthermore, most participants in the control and treatment groups had between 10 and 15 years of experience (53.33% \u0026nbsp;and 56.67%, respectively).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.2 Qualitative Sample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e: The interview sample consisted of six early childhood female teachers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.3 Study Instruments\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e 4.3.1 First:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;A list of dimensions of cybersecurity awareness and strategies for protecting children from digital threats, designed for early childhood female teachers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAfter the researcher referred to many references and courses on digital threats, three basic dimensions were identified: a cognitive dimension that includes cybersecurity principles, concepts, and symptoms of digital threats; a behavioral dimension adopting safe practices and parental partnership to support the family to protect themselves and their children from digital threats; and a technical dimension practical training and some activation of protection systems on devices to prevent digital threats. The current study identified threats including malware (viruses, worms, and Trojan horses), ransomware, spyware and keylogging, social engineering attacks, phishing, fraud, and cyberbullying.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.3.2 Second\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e: An achievement test for early childhood female teachers to measure cybersecurity awareness and from digital threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe following steps were taken to construct the test:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDefine the three main sections of the test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFormulate the test items according to the relatedness of each item to its dimension.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ePrepare the test in its initial form and present it to a group of jury members to verify its validity and reliability.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDevelop the final version of the test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ea. Test Face Validity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTo verify the validity of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection test, the test was submitted to a group of specialized faculty members from Saudi universities. The jury comprised three members, and the agreement rates between the test items ranged between 80% and 100%; these acceptable rates indicate the validity of the test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eb. Internal Consistency of the Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAfter verifying the test face validity, it was administered in the field, and Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the internal validity of the test. The correlation coefficient between the score of each dimension of the test and the total score was calculated, as shown in Tables 2 and 3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 2: Internal Consistency of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCorrelation to Dimension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCorrelation to Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCorrelation to Dimension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCorrelation to Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.564**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.538**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.650**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.579**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.619**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.636**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.584**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.674**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.633**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.558**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.666**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.553**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.628**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.633**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.583**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.633**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.692**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.560**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.685**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.551**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.647**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.674**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.647**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.640**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.624**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.666**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.564**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.577**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.749**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.534**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.679**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.674**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.599**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.575**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.699**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.586**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.751**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.524**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.614**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.538**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.616**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.532**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.776**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.652**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.625**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.529**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.744**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.584**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.781**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.601**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.608**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.561**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.593**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.615**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.761**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.542**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.580**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.677**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 3: Correlation Coefficients Between Dimensions and Total Score of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNumber of Items\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCorrelation to the Test Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDimensions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.643**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.715**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.648**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e**Significant at the\u0026nbsp;0.01 level.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAll correlation coefficient values were significant at the 0.01 significance level, indicating that the test is generally valid and reliable.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e C: Calculate the discrimination coefficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e. The test papers were arranged in ascending or descending order according to the total test score. Two categories were selected based on the test. The answer sheets were divided into two sections, with each section weighing 27%. The difficulty coefficient = 1 \u0026minus; the ease coefficient.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 4 shows the discrimination, ease, and difficulty coefficient values for the test items.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 4: Differentiation, Ease, and Difficulty Coefficient for Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"13%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEase Coefficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDifficulty Coefficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDiscriminative Index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEase Coefficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDifficulty Coefficient\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDiscriminative Index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.600\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.825\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.175\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.428\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.775\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.632\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.650\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.671\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.625\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.625\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.425\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.575\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.275\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.725\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.606\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.625\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.455\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.750\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.250\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.603\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.250\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.750\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.626\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.775\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.545\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.550\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.450\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.542\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.650\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.384\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.450\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.550\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.609\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.300\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.700\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.554\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.575\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.425\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.394\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.575\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.425\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.574\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.650\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.350\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.684\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.825\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.175\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.513\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.500\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.500\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.395\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.250\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.750\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.496\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.450\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.550\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.518\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.300\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.700\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.647\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.375\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.625\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.619\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.275\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.725\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.629\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.750\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.250\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.416\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.775\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.550\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.325\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.675\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.536\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.200\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.800\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.555\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 4 shows that all test items had discrimination, ease, and difficulty coefficients within the acceptable range.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;d. Test Reliability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test was administered to a pilot sample of early childhood female teachers, and the test\u0026rsquo;s reliability was calculated using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha equation, as shown in the Table 5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 5: Reliability Coefficients for Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 398px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNumber of Items\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eReliability Coefficient (Cronbach\u0026apos;s Alpha)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDimensions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.783\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.859\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 300px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.822\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 398px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTest Total Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 136px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.848\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe values of the reliability coefficients using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha were all greater than 0.7, indicating that the test has acceptable reliability (Cheung et al., 2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTo verify the congruence between the scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test, an independent samples t-test was used. Table 6 shows the results of this test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 6: Congruence Between the Treatment and Control Groups in the Pre-Administration of Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCybersecurity Awareness Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eMean Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSd.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003edf.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003et-Value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSig.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNot significant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNot significant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e5.36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNot significant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.86\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTest Total Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e12.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e5.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eNot significant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e12.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 6 shows that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test as all the t-values were not statistically significant, which indicates the achievement of congruence between the scores of the treatment and control groups in the pre-administration of the test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.3.3 Third: An interview form to measure cybersecurity awareness for early childhood female teachers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe preparation of the interview form began with the definition of the objective: to measure female teachers\u0026rsquo; awareness of cybersecurity and their strategies for protecting children from digital threats. Subsequently, three questions were created: (1) What is your personal understanding of cybersecurity in the kindergarten environment, and how do you think it affects children\u0026rsquo;s use of digital devices? (2) What digital threats might children be exposed to while using the internet? (3) How do you support parents in protecting their children from digital threats?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParticipants were purposefully selected from female teachers at public kindergartens in western Dammam, and their consent to participate in the study was obtained. The purpose and importance of the objectivity of responses were explained in order to find solutions that could be generalized and the results of which could be utilized in the field.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe study participants were contacted, and interview appointments were arranged for Monday, January 20, 2025. Each interview was scheduled to last for no more than 20 minutes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFinally, the interviews were manually recorded and corrected by reviewing and enumerating all responses, numbering the six responses, and analyzing and coding them.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e 4.3.4 Fourth: Designing the proposed training program for early childhood female teachers to raise awareness of cybersecurity and protect children from digital threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.3.4.1 Program Design Principles\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe most prominent modern trends in training programs were used through active learning in education and interactive and technological activities such as Padlet, Slido, presentations, and open discussions, linking the program\u0026rsquo;s topics to female teachers\u0026rsquo; needs by introducing them to cybersecurity and its importance, what digital risks children face, and how to protect oneself from digital threats, focusing on workshops and practical training regarding teacher strategies to support families from digital risks and threats. Also focusing on the female teacher\u0026rsquo;s role in raising awareness and intervention through practical applications, designing a guide to support parents, and planning appropriate activities to educate children about cybersecurity and protect them from digital risks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;4.3.4.2. Study Implementation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe research instruments were pre-administered to a sample of 60 female teachers for the achievement test and six female teachers for the interviews.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe study experiment was implemented in School 36 in Dammam, as 30 female teachers (the treatment group) were gathered in the resource room on Monday, February 10th, 2025. It included welcoming the attendees and defining cybersecurity and its importance, digital risks to children, how to protect oneself from digital threats, teacher strategies to support families from digital risks and threats, the teacher\u0026rsquo;s role in awareness and intervention, and practical applications.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\" style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe post-administration of the study instruments was carried out on a sample of 60 female teachers for the achievement test and six female teachers for the interviews.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: ;\"\u003eIBM SPSS v.20 was used to analyze the current study results, and the following statistical methods were relied upon: arithmetic means and standard deviations, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient to calculate internal consistency, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient to calculate reliability, the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney test for independent samples, a paired samples t-test, an independent samples t-test, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d equation, and the eta square equation (\u003cimg width=\"16\" height=\"20\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1759492115.png\" alt=\"image\"\u003e)\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eto calculate effect size.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Results","content":"\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eInterview Results\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eInterviews were conducted with six early childhood female teachers to measure their awareness of cybersecurity and methods for protecting children from digital threats. The interviews took place at School 36 in West Dammam, Eastern Province (pre-administration was on January 20, 2025, and post-administration was on February 13, 2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe teachers\u0026rsquo; responses were manually recorded, commonalities were found among the answers, and after a thorough reading of the data, the coding was developed according to Table 7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 7: Coding Qualitative Data on Cybersecurity Awareness Before and After the Training Program for the Interview Sample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eQuestion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ePre-Codes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ePost-Codes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eWhat is your personal understanding of cybersecurity in the kindergarten environment, and how do you think it affects children\u0026rsquo;s use of digital devices?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLack of adequate cybersecurity knowledge, lack of awareness, confusion.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers: I don\u0026rsquo;t know/I need to research the topic.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDefinition of the concept, clear understanding, and awareness of the importance of cybersecurity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eClear definition/Important topic/Protecting data from breaches.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eHow do you explain to children what to do when they receive a message from an unknown source on the internet, such as an unclear link or a threatening message?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAll teachers have not received any cybersecurity training. There are insufficient procedures and incomplete answers\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers: Shutdown/Exit the site/Really, we have not received any training on this.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eImplementing procedures, cognitive confidence, and awareness of the required procedures.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTalk to children about cybersecurity/Inform parents about it.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eWhat digital threats might children be exposed to while using the internet?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLack of awareness of digital threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers: I don\u0026rsquo;t know/ I don\u0026rsquo;t have any information.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eUnderstanding concepts, identifying their symptoms, knowing protection procedures.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDo you think there is a need to train teachers about the risks of digital threats and how to deal with them\u003c/span\u003e?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAll teachers need training on the risks of digital threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answer: Yes, we need training\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eHow do you support parents in protecting their children from the risks of digital threats?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe curriculum does not include topics on cybersecurity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe teacher\u0026rsquo;s role in providing appropriate support to parents regarding cybersecurity is absent.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe curriculum does not play a role in cybersecurity and protecting children from cyber risks.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFrequent Answers Sending videos on the topic/I only share them with curriculum topics.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eBenefiting from the researcher-designed family guide.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eReady to participate and benefit from the researcher-designed family guide to prevent cybersecurity risks.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eHow can cooperation be enhanced between kindergartens and parents to increase children\u0026rsquo;s awareness of the risks of the internet?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLack of awareness/lack of collaboration\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLack of understanding of collaboration methods.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eRaising awareness and understanding of digital risks and threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParents share a family guide to cybersecurity awareness.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 7 shows that in post-training there was a significant increase in awareness of cybersecurity, understanding of basic concepts, application of digital protection strategies, and parental involvement and support in protecting and educating children in effective ways. The researcher attributes this to the training program, which was designed in a practical manner and included a set of training strategies that facilitated interaction, open discussions, presentations, and case studies. It also included many activities that contributed to enhancing awareness about cybersecurity and practical applications to protect children from digital threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAchievement Test Results\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe results in this section seek to answer the question concerning the effectiveness of the proposed training program for early childhood female educators in developing an awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTo verify the validity of the answer to this question, an independent samples t-test was used to detect the significance of the differences between the mean scores of the control group teachers and the experimental group teachers in the post-test measurement of awareness of cybersecurity and protecting children from digital threats, as shown in Table 8, below.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 8: Significance of the Differences Between the Mean Scores of the Female Teachers in the Control Group (n = 30) and the Treatment Group (n = 30) in the Post-Administration of the Cybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCybersecurity Awareness Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eMean Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSd.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003edf.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003et-Value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSig.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e10.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e6.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e5.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e8.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e9.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTest Total Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eControl\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e13.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e4.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e9.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTreatment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e24.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 8 shows that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores obtained by the control group female teachers and those of the treatment group in the post-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test, in favor of the treatment group. The t-value was 9.64, which was statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores obtained by the control group female teachers and the treatment group female teachers in the post-administration of the cybersecurity awareness and child protection from digital threats test on awareness of cybersecurity principles and reliability in dealing with technology, digital threats, and parental partnership to support families and protect themselves and their children from threats, in favor of the treatment group, as the t-values were equal to 10.38, 10.79, and 8.11, respectively, which were statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEffect Size Calculation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe effect size was calculated using the effect size equation eta squared (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e) and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d equation. Table 9 shows the effect size values for the training program.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 9: Effect Size Values of Training Program for Early Childhood Female Teachers to Raise Awareness of Cybersecurity and Protect Children from Digital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCybersecurity Awareness and Child Protection from Digital Threats Test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEffect Size Eta Squared\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"16\" height=\"20\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1759492345.png\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEffect Size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s d\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eEffect Size\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eValue\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAwareness of Cybersecurity Principles and Reliability in Dealing with Technology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.650\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLarge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eDigital Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.668\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLarge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eParental Partnership to Support Families and Protect Themselves and Their Children from Threats\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.531\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLarge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTest Total Score\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e0.616\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e2.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eLarge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eTable 9 shows that there was a significant effect of the training program for early childhood female teachers on raising cybersecurity awareness and protecting children from digital threats, as the effect size value (eta squared) was 0.616 and the effect size value (d) was 2.49. Regarding awareness of cybersecurity principles and reliability in dealing with technology, digital threats, and parental partnership to support families and protect themselves and their children from digital threats, the eta squared values were 0.650, 0.668, and 0.531, respectively, and the d-values were 2.68, 2.79, and 2.09, respectively. All effect size values were large.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the analysis of the responses of the female teachers who participated in the interviews showed that they did not have full awareness of cybersecurity practices due to a lack of training on cybersecurity practices and procedures in early childhood. These results are consistent with studies by Al-Ruwaili (2019), Rahman (2020), and Al Shabibi et al. (2021), all of which emphasized that the level of awareness among internet users remains low and that one of the vital measures that must be taken is to develop knowledge and awareness through cybersecurity training, using appropriate strategies to enhance cybersecurity in education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe teachers\u0026rsquo; responses showed that cybersecurity topics are not included in the curriculum, and this finding is consistent with studies by Syarova and Toleva-Stoimenova (2023) and Meadows and Sambasivam (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which emphasized the need to include cybersecurity topics in the curriculum. However, the present research differs from these studies in that they suggest that the preparatory stage is the optimal time to introduce cybersecurity awareness, whereas the current study highlights cybersecurity awareness in early childhood and the importance of training programs for early childhood educators, as they are more vulnerable to threats due to their reliance on digital media for teaching and communication. They also serve as a line of defense to protect children and educate them and their families about safe internet practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe program proved effective in educating teachers on appropriate cybersecurity practices by providing a behavioral and practical dimension. The teachers were trained in how to (a) plan activities in accordance with appropriate practices to protect against phishing and identity theft (Digital Heroes Key) and (b) lead a classroom activity on cyberbullying (Together We Stop Cyberbullying). They were also trained in practical applications, such as activating protection systems on phones and computers. This study is consistent with the study by Sağlam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which emphasized the importance of using a set of strategies to improve the effectiveness of cybersecurity education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current research presented a booklet to educate parents and their children about cybersecurity practices and protecting children from the dangers of the digital world. It contains an educational collection of stories, activities, and applications tailored to children\u0026rsquo;s characteristics and introduces them in an appropriate manner to cybersecurity, family safety plans, and the protocol to follow if they encounter. It also includes a video for children on protecting personal data in the digital world, steps to take when using the internet, and many important links about cybersecurity and protecting information from unauthorized access.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;No other authors\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eFunding:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study received no external funding.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study received ethical approval from the Standing Committee on Research Ethics on Living Creatures (NCBE Registration No. HAP_05_D-003) and the Ethics Committee of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University on November 26, 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all study participants.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eInformed consent was obtained from participants in the Eastern Province under number 460068275 on January 6, 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e: No conflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eThe data presented in the study are available upon request by contacting the author.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAl-Ghanimi, R. (2019). \u003cem\u003eOur children\u0026apos;s cybersecurity\u003c/em\u003e. Retrieved from\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://attaa.sa/library/view/202\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAlruwaili, A. (2019). A review of the impact of training on cybersecurity awareness. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 10\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1\u0026ndash;3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v10i5.6476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAl-Sayed, H., \u0026amp; Mohammed, M. (2023). The risks of electronic games on children and the position of criminal law: A comparative analytical study between Emirati and Iraqi laws. \u003cem\u003eUniversity of Sharjah Journal of Legal Sciences, 20\u003c/em\u003e(1), 521\u0026ndash;552.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAl Shabibi, A., \u0026amp; Al-Suqri, M. (2021, December). Cybersecurity awareness and its impact on protecting children in cyberspace. In \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT)\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 1\u0026ndash;6). IEEE.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eAl Shamsi, A. A. (2019). Effectiveness of cyber security awareness program for young children: A case study in UAE. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Information Technology and Language Studies, 3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 8\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eBalodis, I. (2025). \u003cem\u003eCybersecurity in the digital age: Threats, challenges, and strategic responses.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eBaouni, L. (2021). Threats in cyberspace and their implications for digital sovereignty: Electronic piracy as a model. \u003cem\u003eStrategia, 8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 6\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eBen Omar, Y. (2024). Electronic blackmail of children in Algerian legislation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Politics and Law, 16\u003c/em\u003e(2), 169\u0026ndash;183. Retrieved from\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://search.mandumah.com/Record/1476918\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCamacho, N. G. (2024). The role of AI in cybersecurity: Addressing threats in the digital age. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Artificial Intelligence General Science (JAIGS), 3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 143\u0026ndash;154.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eCoyne, I. (2025). \u0026ldquo;We want children to have a childhood\u0026rdquo;: Protecting children from the harms of social media. \u003cem\u003eComprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eIbn Suwaid, T. (2024). Protecting children from cybercrimes is a societal responsibility. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Future of Social Sciences, 18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 195\u0026ndash;210. Retrieved from\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://search.mandumah.com/Record/1497184\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eGwenhure, A. K., \u0026amp; Nam, S. (2025). Gamified cybersecurity initiatives: The trend, limits and lessons. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Information Technology Education: Research, 24\u003c/em\u003e, 024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eMeadows, J., \u0026amp; Sambasivam, S. (2023). Mandatory gamified security awareness training impacts on Texas public middle school students: A qualitative study. \u003cem\u003eIssues in Informing Science \u0026amp; Information Technology Education, 20\u003c/em\u003e, 67\u0026ndash;94.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.28945/5129\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eMohamed, A. (2022). 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M., \u0026amp; Khalid, F. (2020). The importance of cybersecurity education in school. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10\u003c/em\u003e(5), 378\u0026ndash;382.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eRavichandran, R., Singh, S., \u0026amp; Sasikala, P. (2025). Exploring school teachers\u0026rsquo; cyber security awareness, experiences, and practices in the digital age. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, 2025\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSağlam, R. B., Miller, V., \u0026amp; Franqueira, V. N. (2023). A systematic literature review on cyber security education for children. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Transactions on Education, 66\u003c/em\u003e(3), 274\u0026ndash;286.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eSyarova, S., \u0026amp; Toleva-Stoimenova, S. (2023, June). Cybersecurity issues in the secondary and higher education systems\u0026rsquo; curricula. In \u003cem\u003eInSITE 2023: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences\u003c/em\u003e (p. 003).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.28945/5114\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eWatini, S., Davies, G., \u0026amp; Andersen, N. (2024). Cybersecurity in learning systems: Data protection and privacy in educational information systems and digital learning environments. \u003cem\u003eInternational Transactions on Education Technology (ITEE).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"cybersecurity awareness, digital threats, early childhood teachers","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study aims to design a training program to raise the awareness of early childhood female teachers regarding cybersecurity. and what they can offer to promote safe practices in their educational environments and support families in protecting their children from digital threats. The study was based on a mixed-method approach. The interview form was administered to a sample of six female teachers, while the achievement test was administered to a sample of 60 early childhood teachers in West Dammam Schools for the year 2024\u0026ndash;2025. The study presented a training program based on practical applications, enhancing the knowledge of cybersecurity practices among early childhood teachers. The results of the teachers\u0026rsquo; responses showed that they did not have full awareness of cybersecurity practices and had not received any training on the subject, as cybersecurity topics are not included in the school curriculum. The program also proved effective in educating teachers on ap-propriate cybersecurity practices by providing a behavioral and practical dimension in training awareness among female teachers, enabling them to fulfill their roles in sup-porting parents and enlightening them about their role in cybersecurity to protect them and their children from harm that may befall them in the digital environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effectiveness of a Program for Raising Cybersecurity Awareness and Protecting Children from Digital Threats for Early Childhood Teachers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-03 11:58:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7552584/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"24283d05-d589-4bed-8b1a-1308306c8fa8","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-24T20:08:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-03 11:58:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7552584","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7552584","identity":"rs-7552584","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}