Enhanced Visible-Light Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Amoxicillin by Sulfur-Doped g-C3N4 Coupled with MnFe2O4

Enhanced Visible-Light Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Amoxicillin by Sulfur-Doped g-C3N4 Coupled with MnFe2O4 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhanced Visible-Light Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Amoxicillin by Sulfur-Doped g-C 3 N 4 Coupled with MnFe 2 O 4 Meena Nanjappan, Hemamalini Rajagopalan, Vijayalakshmi Pandurangan, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403931/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 25 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this present work, a visible-light-active sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C 3 N 4 ) coupled with manganese ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4 ) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and investigated for its photocatalytic performance. Structural as well morphological characterizations performed utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the crystalline phases of both MnFe 2 O 4 as well as S-g-C 3 N 4 . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-distributed nanocomposite morphology, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the elemental composition also successful incorporation of Mn, Fe, O, C, and N. The optical band gap of the MnFe 2 O 4 /S-g-C 3 N 4 composite was determined to be 1.77 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. Under 120 minutes of visible light-irradiation, the composite exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 93.26 % for methylene blue (MB) and 89.92 % for amoxicillin (AMX). Scavenger studies revealed that reactive oxygen species played a major role of the degradation pathways. Furthermore, recyclability tests over four successive cycles showed consistent photocatalytic activity, confirming the material’s stability and reusability. The synergistic interaction between S-g-C 3 N 4 also MnFe 2 O 4 facilitated efficient charge separation and enhanced degradation efficiency, suggesting the potential of this composite as a sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. Photocatalysis S-doped g-C3N4 Visible light degradation Wastewater treatment Reactive oxygen species organic pollutants Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 06 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 06 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8403931","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":567350316,"identity":"85a724ba-6726-4a1a-a212-ed20c1237018","order_by":0,"name":"Meena Nanjappan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sri Sarada College for Women (Autonomous)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meena","middleName":"","lastName":"Nanjappan","suffix":""},{"id":567350317,"identity":"9f58fc18-81c2-48ed-b873-4cd737c1edf6","order_by":1,"name":"Hemamalini 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Structural as well morphological characterizations performed utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the crystalline phases of both MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as well as S-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-distributed nanocomposite morphology, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the elemental composition also successful incorporation of Mn, Fe, O, C, and N. The optical band gap of the MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/S-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e composite was determined to be 1.77 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. Under 120 minutes of visible light-irradiation, the composite exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 93.26 % for methylene blue (MB) and 89.92 % for amoxicillin (AMX). Scavenger studies revealed that reactive oxygen species played a major role of the degradation pathways. Furthermore, recyclability tests over four successive cycles showed consistent photocatalytic activity, confirming the material’s stability and reusability. The synergistic interaction between S-g-C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e also MnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003efacilitated efficient charge separation and enhanced degradation efficiency, suggesting the potential of this composite as a sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced Visible-Light Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Amoxicillin by Sulfur-Doped g-C3N4 Coupled with MnFe2O4","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-31 14:21:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403931/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision 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