Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material

Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material Jinqing Huang, Xu Xu, Shengdong Wang, Dandan Wang, Linzhi Xi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study aimed to explore the potential of lemon peel extracts as a cosmetic raw material, with a focus on their aromatic, antimicrobial and various biological activities. Lemon peel essential oil (PLEO), extract (PLE) and absolute oil (PLAO) were prepared by steam distillation and organic solvent extraction, respectively. The compositions of PLEO, PLE and PLAO were analyzed by GC/MS, revealing 22, 39, and 9 components respectively, with terpenoids being the main component. PLE had the highest total flavonoid content, and surpassing that of total polyphenols. Aroma intensity, measured with an electronic pen, followed the order LPEO > LPE > LPAO, while aroma persistence was ranked LPAO > LPEO > LPE. All three lemon peel extracts showed strong antibacterial (against E. coli , S. aureus , and C.albicans ), as well as antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties, with inhibition rates exceeding 90% in a dose-dependent manner. LPEO demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to LPAO and LPE, with inhibitory rates of 87.79 ± 3.86% and 80.75 ± 2.33% on TNF-α and IL-6 at a concentration of 1×10 − 2 mg/mL. Lemon peel extract was found to promote HaCat cell migration, with LPEO showing greater effectiveness than LPE and LPAO. The healing rate of scratched HaCat cells treated with LPEO at a concentration of 1×10 − 2 µL/mL for 12 hours was 95.29 ± 3.41%. In conclusion, the combination of these extracts could broaden their applications in cosmetics by offering aroma-enhancing, antioxidant, whitening, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin wound healing benefits. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Chemical biology Biological sciences/Developmental biology three types of lemon peel extracts components aroma biological activities multi functional cosmetic raw material Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Lemonpurchasevoucher.rar Lemonpurchasevoucher.rar Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4086103","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":284324310,"identity":"df13a515-b4e2-4e73-96d7-662dab409523","order_by":0,"name":"Jinqing Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":284324313,"identity":"fe176e31-4b10-4a4c-917c-9320fbe2037e","order_by":1,"name":"Xu Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xu","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":284324315,"identity":"c97d5eae-739d-4b54-b84a-4005620d8d8a","order_by":2,"name":"Shengdong Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shengdong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":284324316,"identity":"4242655c-21c7-4511-82a6-3777a99a3c54","order_by":3,"name":"Dandan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dandan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":284324317,"identity":"e6a5f945-0ef2-4729-8562-b5abacb9af5f","order_by":4,"name":"Linzhi Xi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Xi","suffix":""},{"id":284324318,"identity":"c89db0a3-b77d-4e29-94e0-0dff2ada6cfa","order_by":5,"name":"Chang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":284324319,"identity":"02396b5d-3239-4c96-b6dd-b8b20bc0e108","order_by":6,"name":"Liping Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNmb+7x8kKmrk7O8fPkCcFj52BjMGizPHjBlusCUQp0WOH6ilsoU5keEGjwGxDmNIe3CzgS2BcXbPxxtvGOzkdBsIazluOHOHTB6zzNnNlnMYko3NDhDUwtggLXmGrZiNIXebNA/DgcRthLUwM0j/bWNO7GHIeUasFjY2CUmglhkSOWzEauFhNpAABrIBzzFjyzkGRPhFvv8M4wNQVBqwNz+88abCTo6gFhQgQWzUIGshVccoGAWjYBSMCAAALps7rpIQNs4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Wanli University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liping","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-12 16:22:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69288992,"identity":"78d91d0b-e277-430f-8b12-6548340a6a95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-18 20:53:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":700414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20240324Paper.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4086103/v1_covered_e8342910-5fa7-4ab9-85b1-8e598650dcaf.pdf"},{"id":53718741,"identity":"145364de-8ca3-49de-836f-457e4cae3d45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 10:03:01","extension":"rar","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":973645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Lemonpurchasevoucher.rar","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4086103/v1/f411fa49405e0959de10857d.rar"},{"id":53718742,"identity":"8bef7146-d885-42f6-8a15-78c334879b92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 10:03:01","extension":"rar","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":973645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Lemonpurchasevoucher.rar","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4086103/v1/0efc7924bfdd5ef4de6634e2.rar"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":" Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"three types of lemon peel extracts, components, aroma, biological activities, multi functional cosmetic raw material","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to explore the potential of lemon peel extracts as a cosmetic raw material, with a focus on their aromatic, antimicrobial and various biological activities. Lemon peel essential oil (PLEO), extract (PLE) and absolute oil (PLAO) were prepared by steam distillation and organic solvent extraction, respectively. The compositions of PLEO, PLE and PLAO were analyzed by GC/MS, revealing 22, 39, and 9 components respectively, with terpenoids being the main component. PLE had the highest total flavonoid content, and surpassing that of total polyphenols. Aroma intensity, measured with an electronic pen, followed the order LPEO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;LPE\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;LPAO, while aroma persistence was ranked LPAO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;LPEO\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;LPE. All three lemon peel extracts showed strong antibacterial (against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC.albicans\u003c/em\u003e), as well as antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties, with inhibition rates exceeding 90% in a dose-dependent manner. LPEO demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to LPAO and LPE, with inhibitory rates of 87.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.86% and 80.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33% on TNF-α and IL-6 at a concentration of 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e mg/mL. Lemon peel extract was found to promote HaCat cell migration, with LPEO showing greater effectiveness than LPE and LPAO. The healing rate of scratched HaCat cells treated with LPEO at a concentration of 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026micro;L/mL for 12 hours was 95.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.41%. In conclusion, the combination of these extracts could broaden their applications in cosmetics by offering aroma-enhancing, antioxidant, whitening, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin wound healing benefits.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":" Research on the Biological Potential of Lemon ( Citrus Limon L. Burm.) Peel Extracts as a Multi functional Cosmetic Raw Material","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-29 10:02:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4086103/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1afc8cad-6c77-44b9-8100-c4fa36e2c28c","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29930731,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":29930732,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":29930733,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":29930734,"name":"Biological sciences/Chemical biology"},{"id":29930735,"name":"Biological sciences/Developmental biology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-18T20:53:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-29 10:02:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4086103","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4086103","identity":"rs-4086103","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}