Evaluation of and prevention strategies for falls and geriatric syndromes in geriatric individuals followed by home health services: a single-centre study

Evaluation of and prevention strategies for falls and geriatric syndromes in geriatric individuals followed by home health services: a single-centre study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of and prevention strategies for falls and geriatric syndromes in geriatric individuals followed by home health services: a single-centre study Özge Tuncer, Ayça Asma Sakallı, Nil Tekin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Falls are an important health problem that can lead to morbidity and mortality in geriatric patients. In this study examined, various factors associated with falls and fear of falling in geriatric patients were examined. Methods This was a prospective, analytical study, and the sample size was calculated to be 320 participants with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 0.05. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated during home visits or hospitalizations. An 11-question sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire was developed by the researchers after reviewing the literature using a data collection form. The FRAIL Scale, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, Barthel Index, Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Six-Item Screener, Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) were used to evaluate whether the participants had geriatric syndromes. Results The mean age of the 320 participants was 81.52 ± 7.57 years, and approximately half of the participants were female. The rate of malnutrition was 77.8%. A total of 57.2% of the participants had environmental hazards in their homes, 58.8% had a history of falls, 54.4% had a fear of falling, and 44.1% had experienced an injury due to a fall. There were statistically significant correlations between a history of falls and fear of falls and age, calf circumference, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, fragility, malnutrition risk, and the Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and total GDS-SF scores. Conclusions The incidence of falls in this study was high, and falls were associated with general health status, age, and nutritional status. In addition, using a single scale for determining the risk of falls is not appropriate, and many parameters should be included in screenings. Accidental falls Fall prevention Older people Risk factors Screening Background The geriatric population is increasing both in Turkey and worldwide. Independence and the ability to 'age in place' are crucial for healthy ageing among older people. Falls and resulting injuries or fractures are major threats to healthy ageing and independence. Despite the intense focus on research and practice in the last 15 years, the number of deaths and severe injuries from falls have not decreased [ 1 ]. Among geriatric syndromes, falls are defined as accidental falls to the ground or a lower level. The fall rates in the geriatric population are 55% in the home, 20% near the home, and 25% away from the home. Forty percent of hospitalizations due to traumatic injuries are due to falls. The most common consequences of falls are pain, bruising, muscle tears, fractures, including upper extremity and hip fractures, and intracranial haemorrhage in severe cases. Frequent falls in the geriatric population can lead to fear of falling (FoF), depression, loss of independence, hospital or care centre admissions, and serious consequences such as death, placing a significant burden on the health system. Therefore, screening people who are at risk of falls and performing comprehensive assessments of geriatric individuals at high risk of falls are critical steps towards prevention. Many older people do not report falls or seek medical attention unless they are injured [ 2 ]. Previous falls strongly predict future falls even if they do not lead to injury. Therefore, the main goal of fall prevention is to identify people with risk factors early and prevent recurrent falls. When a healthcare provider fails to screen for falls, an opportunity to prevent future falls is missed. Therefore, physical, psychological, and environmental factors affecting an individual's physical condition should be identified early. Too many risk factors can potentially lead to falls; although some risk factors cannot be changed, many can. Interactions between multiple risk factors and the risk of falls increase directly with the number of risk factors that cause most falls [ 3 ]. Extrinsic risk factors include environmental hazards, such as slippery floors, the use of assistive devices, and poor lighting. Intrinsic risk factors include age, sex, muscle weakness, physical inactivity, vertigo, gait and balance disorders, visual and hearing impairments, cognitive and sensory impairments, orthostatic hypotension, diabetes, and osteoporosis [ 4 ]. Several studies have revealed that different types of psychotropic medications, such as hypnotics, sedatives, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, which can cause sedation and balance and coordination impairments, are also associated with an increased risk of falls in older adults. It has also been emphasized that polypharmacy and psychotropic medications increase the risk of falls in older adults, especially when combined with cardiovascular medications [ 5 ]. This study aimed to determine the fall status of geriatric patients followed up by Home Health Services (HHSs) and to examine the relationship between fall status and geriatric syndromes. Methods Data and sample This was a prospective, analytical study. Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Local Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 18.10.2023 (decision number 2023/184). A literature review revealed that the average risk of falls in people older than 65 years is 30%. Accordingly, the sample size was calculated to be 320 people with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 0.05. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated during home visits or hospitalizations. The inclusion criteria for the present study were patients older than 65 years who could answer the survey questions, were not fully bedridden, and were followed up by HHSs. Measures An 11-question sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire was developed by the researchers after reviewing the literature using a data collection form. In addition, the following scales were applied to evaluate whether the participants had geriatric syndromes: FRAIL Scale : The FRAIL scale, developed by Morley et al. [ 6 ] in 2012, consists of 5 items. Questions are used to evaluate a patient's fatigue status, resistance, ambulation, weight loss, and illnesses. The total scale score is interpreted as follows: (0 points): not frail, (1–2 points): prefrail, and (3–5 points): frail. Six-item Screener (SIS) Three unrelated words are spoken, and participants are asked to repeat these words after 5 minutes. Participants are also asked about the current day, month, and year. Participants receive a total of 6 points for each correct answer. An SIS score less than 4 indicates impaired cognitive status [ 7 ]. Itaki Falls Scale This scale has 19 items under the headings of Major Risk Factors (8) and Minor Risk Factors (11) and was created for adult patients. A total score between 0 and 4 points is considered to indicate low risk, and a score greater than 5 points is considered to indicate high risk [ 8 ]. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) The MUST is a five-step screening tool recommended by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism [ 9 ]. First, individuals are given scores according to their body mass index (BMI) values. Then, scores are given according to weight loss in the last 3–6 months (0 points if < 5%, 1 point if 5% − 10%, and 2 points if ≥ 10%). Last, a score of 2 points is given if the individual has an acute illness or is likely to be food deprived for more than 5 days, and a score of 0 points is given otherwise. A total score of 0 indicates that the risk of malnutrition is low; a score of 1 indicates that the risk of malnutrition is moderate; and a score of 2 or above indicates that the risk of malnutrition is high. Calf circumference and BMI Calf circumference (CC), which is associated with muscle mass, was measured in this study. CC was measured at the maximum circumference using a nonelastic, flexible plastic band. A CC less than 31 cm was considered an indicator of malnutrition, regardless of sex [ 10 ]. The BMI classification recommended for the geriatric population was used. Accordingly, a BMI < 23 kg/m² was defined as malnutrition, a BMI of 23–27 kg/m² was defined as normal, a BMI of 27–30 kg/m² was defined as overweight, and a BMI of 30 kg/m² and above was defined as obese [ 11 ]. Barthel Index The Barthel Index was developed by Mahoney and Barthel in 1965 and was modified by Shah et al. [ 12 ]; the Turkish version of the index was edited by Küçükdeveci et al. [ 13 , 14 ]. This index consists of a total of 10 items used to rate the functions of feeding, washing, self-care, dressing, defecation control, urinary control, going to the toilet, moving from a bed to a wheelchair, walking or wheelchair dependence, and stair climbing, rated on a scale from 5–15 points. The total score ranges between 0 and 100, and the higher the score is, the more independent the patient is (0–20 points, fully dependent; 21–61 points, highly dependent; 62–90 points, moderately dependent; 91–99 points, mildly dependent; 100 points, fully independent). Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form This is a 15-item scale developed by Burke et al. [ 15 ] Participants are asked to answer 15 questions (yes or no) based on their condition in the last week. Scores of 0–4 points indicate no depressive symptoms, 5–8 points indicate mild depressive symptoms, 9–11 points indicate moderate depressive symptoms, and 12 points and above indicate severe depressive symptoms. A study of the reliability and validity of the scale in Turkey was conducted by Durmaz [ 15 , 16 ]. Tinetti Balance and Gait Test This test is a simple, easily administered test that measures a patient's balance and gait. The test scores a patient’s ability to perform specific tasks. A maximum score of 12 points is possible for the gait component, and a maximum score of 16 points is possible for the balance component. A score of 25–28 points indicates low fall risk, 19–24 points indicates moderate fall risk, and < 19 points indicates high fall risk [ 17 ]. Statistical analysis The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS 25.0) program. Descriptive data are shown as the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and median. p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance for all analyses, and correlations were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the associations between participants' fall history and FoF, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, and classification according to the geriatric syndrome scale scores. The relationship of falls with age was assessed by Student’s t test. Results The mean age of the 320 participants was 81.52 ± 7.57 years, and approximately half of the participants were female. One-fifth of the patients had 4 or more chronic diseases, and 16.5% were taking 8 or more prescribed medications. Approximately half of the participants’ caregivers were their children. The rate of malnutrition was 77.8%. A total of 57.2% of the participants’ homes were unsuitable in terms of fall risk, 58.8% of the participants had a history of falls, and 54.4% of the participants had FoF. A total of 44.1% of the participants experienced an injury after a fall; the most common injury site was the upper extremities, accounting for 36.4% of the injuries. Among the precautions taken to reduce the risk of falls, the most commonly used method was the use of walking aids (cane, walker, etc.). Table 1 shows the sociodemographic and fall-related clinical characteristics of the patients. Table 1 Distribution of the sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and fall status of the participants N % Age (Years) 81,52 ± 7,57 (min. 65- max. 104) Sex Male 148 46.2 Female 172 53.8 Number of chronic diseases 1 41 12.8 2 105 32.8 3 99 30.9 ≥ 4 67 20.9 Number of medicines used (prescribed) 0 6 1.9 1–3 60 18.7 4–7 201 62.9 ≥ 8 53 16.5 Use of nonprescribed medicines Yes 125 39.1 No 195 60.9 Primary caregiver Paid caregiver 19 5.9 Adult child 169 52.8 Other relative 57 17.8 Spouse/Partner 46 14.4 Neighbour 9 2.8 Lives alone 20 6.3 Body mass index (kg/m 2) 30 (obese) 48 15.0 Calf circumference (cm) ≤ 31 76 23.8 > 31 244 76.2 33.01 ± 2.95 (min. 27– max. 43) Environmental hazards in the home Yes 183 57.2 No 137 42.8 Fall history Yes 188 58.8 No 132 41.2 Fall injury Yes 141 44.1 No 48 15.0 Feeling of falling when walking/standing Yes 226 70.6 No 94 29.4 Fear of falling Yes 174 54.4 No 146 45.6 Knowledge of fall risk factors Yes 99 30.9 No 221 69.1 Number of falls 1 69 21.6 ≥ 2 116 36.3 Body part injured by a fall Upper limb (arm, shoulder, wrist) 51 36.4 Hip 38 31.6 Lower limb (leg, knee, ankle) 37 30.8 Head/Brain 21 17.5 Thoracic/Lumbar spine 16 13.3 Nose 2 1.6 Precautions to reduce the risk of falls Home modifications (Using an anti-slip rug pad, cable organizers, etc.) 98 30.6 Lighting improvement 84 26.2 Using low-grip furniture 39 12.1 Using a walking aid (cane, walker, etc.) 155 48.4 Using assistive devices such as glasses and hearing aids regularly 60 18.7 Doing fall prevention exercises 4 1.2 Getting help from the caregiver 2 0.6 [Insert Table 1 here] The classification of the participants according to their scores on the scales related to geriatric syndromes is shown in Table 2 . A large proportion of the participants in the study group (87.8%) were frail. According to the Barthel Index score, 58.8% of the participants were severely dependent. According to the total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test score, 78.1% of the participants had a high fall risk. A total of 29.1% of the participants were in the moderate to severe depression group. Table 2 Classification of the participants according to the geriatric syndrome scale scores N % FRAIL Scale Nonfrail 27 8.4 Prefrail 12 3.8 Frail 281 87.8 Six-Item Screener Cognitive impairment 125 39.1 No cognitive impairment 195 60.9 Itaki Fall Risk Scale Low risk of falls 27 8.4 High risk of falls 293 91.6 Barthel Index Severe dependency 188 58.8 Moderate dependency 70 21.9 Slight dependency 38 11.9 Independence 24 7.4 Tinetti Balance & Gait Test High risk 250 78.1 Moderate risk 54 16.8 Low risk 16 5.1 Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Low risk 213 66.6 Medium risk 81 25.3 High risk 26 8.1 Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) Normal 97 30.3 Mild depression 130 40.6 Moderate depression 79 24.7 Severe depression 14 4.4 The correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and total scores according to the participants' history of falls is shown in Table 3 . There were statistically significant correlations between fall history and age, BMI, CC, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, frailty status, malnutrition risk, and the Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and total GDS-SF scores. Table 3 Correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and total scores according to participants' history of falls Fall History p Yes No N (%) N (%) Age (years) 82.96 ± 7.28 79.48 ± 7.52 < 0.001 Sex Male 85 (57.4) 63 (42.6) 0.657 Female 103 (59.9) 69 (40.1) Number of chronic diseases < 3 85 (58.2) 61 (41.8) 0.637 ≥ 3 101 (60.8) 65 (39.2) BMI (kg/m 2) 30 (obese) 27 (56.3) 21 (43.8) Calf circumference (cm) ≤ 31 67 (88.2) 9 (11.8) 31 121 (49.6) 123 (50.4) Number of medications used 0–3 29 (43.9) 37 (56.1) 0.010 4–7 130 (64.7) 71 (35.3) ≥ 8 29 (54.7) 24 (45.3) Primary caregiver first-degree relative 124 (57.7) 91 (42.3) 0.576 Other 64 (61.0) 41 (39.0) Knowledge of fall risk factors Yes 63 (63.6) 36 (36.4) 0.235 No 125 (56.6) 96 (43.4) Environmental hazards in the home Yes 26 (19.0) 111 (81.0) < 0.001 No 162 (88.5) 21 (11.5) Risky medication use in the last 1 week * Yes 143 (60.6) 93 (39.4) 0.260 No 26 (70.3) 11 (29.7) FRAIL scale Nonfrail/Prefrail 8 (20.5) 31 (79.5) < 0.001 Frail 180 (64.1) 101 (35.9) Six-Item Screener Cognitive impairment 78 (62.4) 47 (37.6) 0.288 No cognitive impairment 110 (56.4) 85 (43.6) Itaki Fall Risk Scale Low risk of falls 6 (19.4) 25 (80.6) < 0.001 High risk of falls 182 (63.0) 107 (37.0) Barthel Index Severe dependency 119 (63.3) 69 (36.7) < 0.001 Moderate dependency 41 (58.6) 29 (41.4) Slight dependency 22 (57.9) 16 (42.1) Independence 6 (25.0) 18 (75.0) Tinetti Balance & Gait Test (Fall risk) High risk 159 (63.6) 91 (36.4) 0.001 Moderate-low risk 29 (41.4) 41 (58.6) Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (Malnutrition risk) Low risk 105 (49.3) 108 (50.7) < 0.001 Medium risk 66 (81.5) 15 (18.5) High risk 17 (65.4) 9 (34.6) Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) Normal or mild depression 121 (53.3) 106 (46.7) 0.002 Moderate-severe depression 67 (72.0) 26 (28.0) * Psychotropics, Narcotics, Benzodiazepines, Neuroleptics, Anticoagulants, Narcotic Analgesics, Diuretics/Laxatives, Antidiabetics, Central Venous System Drugs (Digoxin, etc.), Blood Pressure Regulators [Insert Table 3 here] The correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and scale scores of the participants according to fear of falling are shown in Table 4 . There were statistically significant correlations between FoF and age, CC, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, and the FRAIL scale, Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, MUST, and total GDS-SF scores. Table 4 Correlations between participants' sociodemographic characteristics and scale scores according to fear of falling Fear of falling p Yes No N (%) N (%) Age (years) 82.56 ± 7.39 80.28 ± 7.61 0.007 Sex Male 78 (52.7) 70 (47.3) 0.577 Female 96 (55.8) 76 (44.2) Number of chronic diseases < 3 77 (52.7) 69 (47.3) 0.426 ≥ 3 95 (57.2) 71 (42.8) BMI (kg/m 2 ) 30 (obese) 24 (50.0) 24 (50.0) Primary caregiver First-degree relative 116 (54.0) 99 (46.0) 0.829 Other 58 (55.2) 47 (44.8) Knowledge of fall risk factors Yes 57 (57.6) 42 (42.4) 0.442 No 117 (52.9) 104 (47.1) Number of medications used 0–3 24 (36.4) 42 (63.6) 0.003 4–7 121 (60.2) 80 (39.8) ≥ 8 29 (54.7) 24 (45.3) Calf circumference (cm) ≤ 31 63 (82.9) 13 (17.1) 31 111 (45.5) 133 (54.5) Environmental hazards in the home Yes 141 (77.0) 42 (23.0) < 0.001 No 33 (24.1) 104 (75.9) FRAIL scale Nonfrail or Prefrail 7 (17.9) 32 (82.1) < 0.001 Frail 167 (59.4) 114 (40.6) Six-Item Screener Cognitive impairment 74 (59.2) 51 (40.8) 0.165 No cognitive impairment 100 (51.3) 95 (48.7) Itaki Fall Risk Scale Low risk of falls 2 (7.4) 25 (92.6) < 0.001 High risk of falls 172 (58.7) 121 (41.3) Barthel Index Severe dependency 115 (61.2) 73 (38.8) < 0.001 Moderate dependency 39 (55.7) 31 (44.3) Slight dependency 16 (42.1) 22 (57.9) Independence 4 (16.7) 20 (83.3) Tinetti Balance & Gait Test (Fall risk) High risk 146 (58.4) 104 (41.6) 0.006 Moderate-Low risk 28 (40.0) 42 (60.0) Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (Malnutrition risk) Low risk 95 (44.6) 118 (55.4) < 0.001 Medium risk 61 (75.3) 20 (24.7) High risk 18 (69.2) 8 (30.8) Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) Normal or mild depression 106 (46.7) 121 (53.3) < 0.001 Moderate-severe depression 68 (73.1) 25 (26.9) [Insert Table 4 here] Discussion Fall history and FoF are significant determinants of the general health status of older individuals. Fall history is significantly associated with being homebound [ 18 ]. In this study, the incidence of falls was 58.8%, which is generally greater than that reported in the studies by Manis et al. [ 19 ] (48%), Gonçalves et al. [ 20 ] (32.7%), and Caner and Avci [ 21 ] (56.3%). This difference in the incidence of falls can be explained by the older average age of the participants in the present study. Additionally, all participants were followed up by HHSs. In our study, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of falls or FoF according to sex, but there was a significant difference in age and the incidence of falls. The mean age of our study participants was 82 years, and the mean age of participants with a history of falls and FoF was greater than that of participants without a history of falls and FoF; these data are consistent with the findings of previous studies [ 22 – 24 ]. There are various results in the literature regarding the relationship between sex and falls. For example, a study including people older than 65 years showed a statistically significant association between falls and female sex and older age [ 25 ]. For both sexes, it would be appropriate to follow up older adults at risk of falls more closely. BMI is a tool used in clinical practice to assess the nutritional status of adults. It is recommended that the BMI overweight cutoff be higher in older individuals. In this study, 77.1% of the participants were found to be malnourished according to BMI, and 33.4% were found to be at moderate or high risk of malnutrition according to the MUST. A statistically significant relationship was found between BMI and malnutrition risk and between BMI and fall history. This result is in line with the results of previous studies [ 26 – 28 ]. Conditions that cause malnutrition, such as sarcopenia, electrolyte disorders, and loss of immune function, may directly or indirectly cause falls. Although studies have not shown a significant relationship between BMI and fall history and between BMI and FoF, proper nutrition, regular follow-up, and rehabilitation measures are necessary to prevent falls [ 29 ]. CC is a potentially simple and valuable screening tool for sarcopenia that may improve diagnostic accuracy when used in combination with other parameters [ 30 ]. A CC less than 31 cm is considered an indicator of sarcopenia and malnutrition, and some studies have shown a significant correlation between fall history and low CC [ 31 , 32 ]. Badrasawi et al. [ 24 ] reported a significant relationship between FoF and CC in women. Consistent with the literature, in this study, patients with a CC of 31 cm or less had a significantly greater risk of having a history of falls and FoF. Muscle weakness can also cause balance and gait problems, increasing the risk of falls. Polypharmacy is expected to persist in the geriatric population because disease incidence increases with age. Many studies support these findings [ 33 – 35 ]. In this study, 80% of the participants used four or more medications. A statistically significant correlation was found among the number of medications used, history of falls, and FoF. Since the number of medications used indicates a person’s chronic and acute diseases and symptoms, it can be related to their fall history. However, some studies did not find a relationship among these variables [ 33 , 36 ]. A Brazilian study showed that people with no history of falls were more likely to take medication than were those with a history of recurrent falls [ 22 ]. These data can be explained by the fact that patients who remain undiagnosed and untreated or who have medication nonadherence are more prone to falls. Extrinsic factors such as a high number of steps, slippery surfaces, obstacles, incorrect footwear, and poor lighting create an unsafe home environment. A study including participants with a mean age of 70.46 years showed a statistically significant relationship among home safety status, the frequency of falls, and FoF [ 37 ]. In a study in which an occupational therapy program implemented a specific hazard elimination plan in the homes of people older than 65 years, there was a 38% reduction in the rate of falls in the intervention group compared to the control group [ 38 ]. However, some studies have shown that home assessment and modification do not reduce the number of falls [ 39 ]. This study revealed that more than half of the participants had environmental hazards in their homes, and a history of falls and FoF were significantly associated with an unsafe home. These data support the need for domestic arrangements regarding modifiable fall risk factors. People should be made aware of this issue by professional staff who recommend in-home modifications that are easy to implement, inexpensive, teachable, and permanent. Frailty is a multisystem condition that leads to a decreased physiological reserve and an increased sensitivity to stressors. Our study showed a statistically significant association between frailty and fall history and between frailty and FoF. These data are consistent with the results of previous studies [ 22 , 40 – 42 ]. However, no significant relationship was found between fall history and frailty in the study by Cakır et al. [ 43 ]. The use of different frailty scales may explain this difference. In general, FoF is present in the prefrail and frail older populations. Screening for this fear during comprehensive geriatric assessments is necessary [ 37 ]. Many tools used in clinical practice have been developed to determine the risk of falls. The Itaki Fall Risk Scale, one of these tools, was used in our study. According to this scale, 91.6% of the participants were found to be at high risk of falls. A statistically significant correlation was found among the Itaki score, fall history, and FoF. This result is consistent with studies conducted with similar age groups [ 23 , 44 , 45 ]. Karahan et al. [ 46 ] found no significant correlation between the Itaki Fall Risk Scale score and fall history (p = 0.090). Fall risk assessment tools provide insight for clinicians, but falls are likely to depend on many factors. Fall screening should not be performed with a single scale but rather by considering multiple parameters [ 47 ]. Assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) is a necessary part of clinical management. The Barthel Index is a valuable tool for classifying and quantifying impairment in ADLs. In this study, 58.8% of the participants were found to be severely dependent on others. There was a statistically significant correlation between severe dependence on others to perform ADLs, assessed according to the Barthel Index score, and having a history of falls and FoF. These data support other studies in the literature [ 22 , 25 , 33 , 45 ]. The Barthel Index, which considers ten different items in daily life, is suitable for screening people for falls because it provides essential data on a person’s general health status. The Tinetti balance and Gait Test is used in the clinic to evaluate the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. In this study, for the Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, the participants scored an average of 9 points on the balance test and 5 points on the gait test. Consistent with the literature, a significant association was found between a history of falls and FoF and being at high risk according to the total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test score [ 48 , 49 ]. The fact that ageing affects sensorimotor reflexes and causes deficits in postural control explains this result [ 50 ]. Depression is a geriatric syndrome. In our study, an average of 30% of the participants had moderate-high depression according to the GDS score. A history of falls and FoF were statistically significant in patients with moderate-high depression. These data support the literature [ 36 , 51 ]. In the study by Çevik et al. [ 29 ], having depression increased the risk of falling by 2.22 times. Depression can present as atypical symptoms in older people, such as physical fatigue, absent-mindedness, and eating and sleeping problems, which may lead to falls. Physical activity programs that improve walking and increase confidence levels to prevent falls during ADLs can help individuals avoid developing FoF and depressive symptoms. In this study, there were no significant correlations between risky drug use, the number of chronic diseases, or cognitive impairment and a history of falls or FoF. Although there are studies with similar data, there are no clear conclusions [ 33 , 52 ]. Studies using the Mini-Mental Test to assess cognitive impairment have shown a significant correlation among cognitive impairment, a history of falls, and FoF [ 53 , 54 ]. The use of the less comprehensive SIS to assess cognitive status in this study may have caused this difference. Regarding risky medication use, there are contradictions, such as the presence of untreated depression and antidepressant use, contributing to the risk of falls [ 55 ]. Nevertheless, as in all age groups, the evaluation of medication use, chronic disease status, and cognitive status is essential in geriatric assessments. Unlike other studies, this study is unique because it was conducted among participants with a high average age and used a wide range of parameters and scales that evaluate falls in multiple dimensions. Limitations The findings of this study may be limited to people of a specific age group in a particular region or health service area. This may limit the generalizability of the findings to the general population. Some data, such as data on the history of falls, were based on participants’ recollections of past events. This may have led to recall errors or incomplete information. Conclusions In the present study, the incidence of falls was high, and falls were associated with general health status, age, and nutritional status. In addition, using a single scale is not appropriate for determining the risk of falls, and many parameters should be considered in screenings. Among the parameters used, anthropometric indices such as BMI and CC were found to be necessary. Nutritional status, especially malnutrition status and malnutrition risk, was significantly associated with a history of falls. This result emphasizes that proper nutrition and a good nutritional status are essential factors in fall prevention strategies. The importance of home safety and regulations was also evident in our study. Unsafe home environments increase the risk of falls and are associated with a history of falls. Therefore, improving safety in the home is an essential component of fall prevention programs. The findings of this study provide vital information for identifying individuals at risk of falls and developing prevention strategies for geriatric individuals. Furthermore, this study provides a basis for future research and the development of fall prevention policies. Abbreviations BMI Body mass index CC Calf circumference FoF Fear of Falling GDS-SF Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form HHS Home Healthcare Service MUST Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool SIS Six Item Screener Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Local Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 18.10.2023 (decision number 2023/184). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The authors did not receive any funding for this research. Authors' contributions O.T. and N.T. conceptualized the study design and validated the questionnaire. A.A.S. collected the data. O.T. and A.A.S. wrote the main manuscript. N.T. supervised the research. All the authors reviewed, edited, and agreed to the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Hill K. Don't lose sight of the importance of the individual in effective falls prevention interventions. BMC Geriatr. 2009;9:13. Ang GC, Low SL, How CH. Approach to falls among the elderly in the community. Singap Med J. 2020;61:116–21. Phelan EA, Mahoney JE, Voit JC, Stevens JA. Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Med Clin N Am. 2015;99:281–93. Zhang L, Ding Z, Qiu L, Li A. Falls and risk factors of falls for urban and rural community-dwelling older adults in China. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:379. Jia H, Lubetkin EI, DeMichele K, Stark DS, Zack MM, Thompson WW. Prevalence, risk factors, and burden of disease for falls and balance or walking problems among older adults in the U.S. Prev Med. 2019;126:105737. Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16:601–8. Callahan CM, Unverzagt FW, Hui SL, Perkins AJ, Hendrie HC. Six-item screener to identify cognitive impairment among potential subjects for clinical research. Med Care. 2002;40:771–81. Turkish Rebuplic Ministry of Health. Health quality standards (version-5, revision-01). 2016. https://shgmkalitedb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/3460/0/skshastanesetiv5r1pdf.pdf . Accessed 20 Oct 2023. Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M et al. Educational and Clinical Practice Committee,. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22:415 – 21. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31. Turkish Rebuplic Ministry of Health. Patient monitoring guide for dietitians / weight management handbook. 2017. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/Yayinlarimiz/Rehberler/Diyetisyenler_icin_hasta_izleme_rehberi.pdf . Accessed 20 Oct 2023. Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B. Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(8):703–9. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evalution: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–5. Küçükdeveci AA, Yavuzer G, Tennant A, Süldür N, Sonel B, Arasil T. Adaptation of the modified Barthel Index for use in physical medicine and rehabilitation in Turkey. Scand J Rehabil Med. 2000;32:87–92. Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP. The short form of the geriatric depression scale: a comparison with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;4:173–8. Durmaz B, Soysal P, Ellidokuz H, Isik AT. Validity and reliability of geriatric depression scale-15 (short form) in Turkish older adults. North Clin Istanb. 2018;5:216–20. Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med. 1986;80:429–34. Ida S, Kaneko R, Imataka K, Fujiwara R, Katsuta M, Shirakura Y, et al. Association between the history of falls and being homebound in elderly diabetic patients. Jpn J Geriatr. 2021;58:417–23. Manis DR, McArthur C, Costa AP. Associations with rates of falls among home care clients in Ontario, Canada: a population-based, cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:80. Gonçalves C, Freitas MA, Mendrano AL, De Souza LF, Fontanela LC, De Souza Moreira B, et al. Are history of falls and fear of falling associated with mobility in community-dwelling older adults? Physiother Theory Pract. 2023;1–7. 10.1080/09593985.2023.2188941 . Caner Ş, Avci İA. Investigation of home care needs and falling with risk, fear, and falling behaviors in elderly. Samsun Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2022;7:193–208. Amorim DNP, Nascimento DC, Stone W, Alves VP, Moraes CF, Silva E. Muscle quality is associated with history of falls in octogenarians. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25:120–5. Çubukçu M. Falling risk assesment in home care patients. Türk Aile Hekim Derg. 2018;22:50–7. Badrasawi M, Hamdan M, Vanoh D, Zidan S, Alsaied T, Muhtaseb TB. Predictors of fear of falling among community-dwelling older adults: Cross-sectional study from Palestine. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0276967. Zhang H, Zhao Y, Wei F, Han M, Chen J, Peng S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for fall among rural elderly: a county-based cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pract. 2022;2022:8042915. Gusdal AK, Johansson-Pajala R-M, Arkkukangas M, Ekholm A, Zander V. Preventing falls and malnutrition among older adults in municipal residential care in Sweden: a registry study. SAGE Open Nurs. 2021;7:23779608211026161. Lackoff AS, Hickling D, Collins PF, Stevenson KJ, Nowicki TA, Bell JJ. The association of malnutrition with falls and harm from falls in hospital inpatients: Findings from a 5-year observational study. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:429–36. Eglseer D, Hoedl M, Schoberer D. Malnutrition risk and hospital-acquired falls in older adults: A cross-sectional, multicenter study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20:348–53. Cevik C, Güneş S, Akrep A, Bölüç D, Aydoğan Ö, Dost A, et al. Balıkesir Kent Merkezinde İki Aile Sağlığı Merkezine Kayıtlı 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Kişilerde Düşme Sıklığı ve İlişkili Faktörler (The prevalance of falls and related factors in people aged 65 and over in two family health centers in Balıkesir city center). Sağlık Toplum. 2020;30(3):59–68. Wu SE, Chen WL. Calf circumference refines sarcopenia in correlating with mortality risk. Age Ageing. 2022;51:afab239. Xiao X, Li L, Yang H, Peng L, Guo C, Cui W, et al. Analysis of the incidence of falls and related factors in elderly patients based on comprehensive geriatric assessment. Aging Med. 2023;6:245–53. Rodrigues RG, Dalboni MA, Correia MA, dos Reis LM, Moyses RMA, Elias RM. Calf circumference predicts falls in older adults on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2023;33:363–7. Gade GV, Jørgensen MG, Ryg J, Masud T, Jakobsen LH, Andersen S. Development of a multivariable prognostic PREdiction model for 1-year risk of FALLing in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults aged 75 years and above (PREFALL). BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:402. Telatar TG, Üner S, Özcebe H, Biçer BK, Sarı ÖY. Defining falls and associated risk factors in elderly among age groups and sex. Selcuk Med J. 2020;2:101–8. Merchant RA, Chen MZ, Wong BLL, Ng SE, Shirooka H, Lim JY, et al. Relationship between fear of falling, fear-related activity restriction, frailty, and sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:2602–8. Chamroonkiadtikun P, Ananchaisarp T, Wajancomkul P. The prevalence and associated factors of the fear of falling in elderly patients at the primary care clinic of songklanagarind hospital. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2021;37:44–9. Mortazavi H, Tabatabaeichehr M, Taherpour M, Masoumi M. Relationship between home safety and prevalence of falls and fear of falling among elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Mater Sociomed. 2018;30:103–7. Stark S, Keglovits M, Somerville E, Hu Y-L, Barker A, Sykora D, et al. Home hazard removal to reduce falls among community-dwelling older adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2122044. Cockayne S, Pighills A, Adamson J, Fairhurst C, Crossland S, Drummond A, et al. Home environmental assessments and modification delivered by occupational therapists to reduce falls in people aged 65 years and over: the OTIS RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2021;25:1–118. Setiati S, Soejono CH, Harimurti K, Dwimartutie N, Aryana IGPS, Sunarti S, et al. Frailty and its associated risk factors: first phase analysis of multicentre indonesia longitudinal aging study. Front Med. 2021;8:658580. Martínez-Arnau FM, Prieto-Contreras L, Pérez-Ros P. Factors associated with fear of falling among frail older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42:1035–41. Ninomiya K, Takahira N, Ikeda T, Suzuki K, Sato R, Kazuo H. Prevalence of frailty and associated factors among community-dwelling older adults after total hip arthroplasty. HIP Int. 2023;33:397–403. Cakir AD, Kus B, Buyukyılmaz F. Investigation of frailty, dependence, fall risk levels, and influencing factors in elderly individuals. J Medi Clin Nur. 2023;4:1–9. Akturk U, Ister E. Some features of hospitalized elderly and effects of fall behavior on fall risk. Med Sci. 2019;8:606–12. Damar HT, Bilik Ö, Sarıkaya A, Baksi A, Akyıl Ş. Examining the relationship between patients who have undergone brain surgery and their fear of falling and pain, cognitive status, functional mobility, anxiety, and depression. J Surg Med. 2023;7:234–8. Karahan A, Kav S, Uğurlu Z, Balanuye B, Karaer H. Reviewing patient’s falls following implementation of the fall prevention program. J Health Nurs Manag. 2020;7:280–91. Jepsen DB, Robinson K, Ogliari G, Montero-Odasso M, Kamkar N, Ryg J, et al. Predicting falls in older adults: an umbrella review of instruments assessing gait, balance, and functional mobility. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:615. Hauer K, Schwenk M, Englert S, Zijlstra R, Tuerner S, Dutzi I. Mismatch of subjective and objective risk of falling in patients with dementia. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2020;78:557–72. Sapmaz M, Mujdeci B. The effect of fear of falling on balance and dual task performance in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2021;147:111250. Aflalo J, Quijoux F, Truong C, Bertin-Hugault F, Ricard D. Impact of sensory afferences in postural control quantified by force platform: a protocol for systematic review. J Pers Med. 2022;12:1319. Melendo-Azuela EM, González-Vaca J, Cirera E. Fear of falling in older adults treated at a geriatric day hospital: results from a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public health. 2022;19:8504. Ie K, Chou E, Boyce RD, Albert SM. Fall risk-increasing drugs, polypharmacy, and falls among low-income community-dwelling older adults. Innov Aging. 2021;5:igab001. Su Y, Dong J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ma S, Li M, et al. Cognitive function assessed by Mini-mental state examination and risk of all-cause mortality: a community-based prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:524. Yao S, Chen XW. The association between depressive symptoms with fear of falling and cognitive decline in older adults in the Korean community: An analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), 2006–2020. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024;117:105177. Van Poelgeest EP, Pronk AC, Van Der Rhebergen D. Depression, antidepressants and fall risk: therapeutic dilemmas-a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med. 2021;12:585–96. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3993594","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276228126,"identity":"30bec3eb-4721-4e27-bd65-deed7d01b24d","order_by":0,"name":"Özge Tuncer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA8icD0DMxk6KFsYZIC3MpGhh5gGTBHTw3T7A+PDHL5vE/mmHnz22+bVNno+ZgfHDxxzcWiTPJTAbSPalJc64nWZunNt327CNmYFZcuY23FoMzjCwSRj2HE7cIJ1gJp3bc5sRqIWNmZeQlsSe/0At6d+kLXtu2xOn5cCPA0AtOWbSDD9uJxLUInmGsdmwsSHZeMbtnDLJ3obbyW3MjM14/cJ3hvngwx9/7GT7Z6dvk/jx57bt/Pbmgx8+4tECjL8GBsY2GLsNKkIY/MFgjIJRMApGwShAAABWV1Fxvp1QdwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Özge","middleName":"","lastName":"Tuncer","suffix":""},{"id":276228127,"identity":"a9c8e39f-0f21-45bb-a831-43f12fee48d9","order_by":1,"name":"Ayça Asma Sakallı","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences, Ataturk City Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayça","middleName":"Asma","lastName":"Sakallı","suffix":""},{"id":276228128,"identity":"42a492f1-4f89-4f64-860e-3886c002a35f","order_by":2,"name":"Nil Tekin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital İzmir, Nil Tekin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nil","middleName":"","lastName":"Tekin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-27 10:22:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55281304,"identity":"b600e5c1-5de5-47ee-b7ca-6253ec11a441","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-25 06:50:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":822641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993594/v1/8bbc74cd-5a81-4552-91d2-0679612ca203.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of and prevention strategies for falls and geriatric syndromes in geriatric individuals followed by home health services: a single-centre study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe geriatric population is increasing both in Turkey and worldwide. Independence and the ability to 'age in place' are crucial for healthy ageing among older people. Falls and resulting injuries or fractures are major threats to healthy ageing and independence. Despite the intense focus on research and practice in the last 15 years, the number of deaths and severe injuries from falls have not decreased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Among geriatric syndromes, falls are defined as accidental falls to the ground or a lower level. The fall rates in the geriatric population are 55% in the home, 20% near the home, and 25% away from the home. Forty percent of hospitalizations due to traumatic injuries are due to falls. The most common consequences of falls are pain, bruising, muscle tears, fractures, including upper extremity and hip fractures, and intracranial haemorrhage in severe cases. Frequent falls in the geriatric population can lead to fear of falling (FoF), depression, loss of independence, hospital or care centre admissions, and serious consequences such as death, placing a significant burden on the health system. Therefore, screening people who are at risk of falls and performing comprehensive assessments of geriatric individuals at high risk of falls are critical steps towards prevention. Many older people do not report falls or seek medical attention unless they are injured [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous falls strongly predict future falls even if they do not lead to injury. Therefore, the main goal of fall prevention is to identify people with risk factors early and prevent recurrent falls. When a healthcare provider fails to screen for falls, an opportunity to prevent future falls is missed. Therefore, physical, psychological, and environmental factors affecting an individual's physical condition should be identified early.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToo many risk factors can potentially lead to falls; although some risk factors cannot be changed, many can. Interactions between multiple risk factors and the risk of falls increase directly with the number of risk factors that cause most falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrinsic risk factors include environmental hazards, such as slippery floors, the use of assistive devices, and poor lighting. Intrinsic risk factors include age, sex, muscle weakness, physical inactivity, vertigo, gait and balance disorders, visual and hearing impairments, cognitive and sensory impairments, orthostatic hypotension, diabetes, and osteoporosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Several studies have revealed that different types of psychotropic medications, such as hypnotics, sedatives, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, which can cause sedation and balance and coordination impairments, are also associated with an increased risk of falls in older adults. It has also been emphasized that polypharmacy and psychotropic medications increase the risk of falls in older adults, especially when combined with cardiovascular medications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine the fall status of geriatric patients followed up by Home Health Services (HHSs) and to examine the relationship between fall status and geriatric syndromes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData and sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a prospective, analytical study. Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Local Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 18.10.2023 (decision number 2023/184). A literature review revealed that the average risk of falls in people older than 65 years is 30%. Accordingly, the sample size was calculated to be 320 people with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 0.05. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated during home visits or hospitalizations. The inclusion criteria for the present study were patients older than 65 years who could answer the survey questions, were not fully bedridden, and were followed up by HHSs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn 11-question sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire was developed by the researchers after reviewing the literature using a data collection form. In addition, the following scales were applied to evaluate whether the participants had geriatric syndromes:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFRAIL Scale\u003c/b\u003e: The FRAIL scale, developed by Morley et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] in 2012, consists of 5 items. Questions are used to evaluate a patient's fatigue status, resistance, ambulation, weight loss, and illnesses. The total scale score is interpreted as follows: (0 points): not frail, (1\u0026ndash;2 points): prefrail, and (3\u0026ndash;5 points): frail.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSix-item Screener (SIS)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Three unrelated words are spoken, and participants are asked to repeat these words after 5 minutes. Participants are also asked about the current day, month, and year. Participants receive a total of 6 points for each correct answer. An SIS score less than 4 indicates impaired cognitive status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eItaki Falls Scale\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis scale has 19 items under the headings of Major Risk Factors (8) and Minor Risk Factors (11) and was created for adult patients. A total score between 0 and 4 points is considered to indicate low risk, and a score greater than 5 points is considered to indicate high risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MUST is a five-step screening tool recommended by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. First, individuals are given scores according to their body mass index (BMI) values. Then, scores are given according to weight loss in the last 3\u0026ndash;6 months (0 points if\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%, 1 point if 5% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10%, and 2 points if\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10%). Last, a score of 2 points is given if the individual has an acute illness or is likely to be food deprived for more than 5 days, and a score of 0 points is given otherwise. A total score of 0 indicates that the risk of malnutrition is low; a score of 1 indicates that the risk of malnutrition is moderate; and a score of 2 or above indicates that the risk of malnutrition is high.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCalf circumference and BMI\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf circumference (CC), which is associated with muscle mass, was measured in this study. CC was measured at the maximum circumference using a nonelastic, flexible plastic band. A CC less than 31 cm was considered an indicator of malnutrition, regardless of sex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The BMI classification recommended for the geriatric population was used. Accordingly, a BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 kg/m\u0026sup2; was defined as malnutrition, a BMI of 23\u0026ndash;27 kg/m\u0026sup2; was defined as normal, a BMI of 27\u0026ndash;30 kg/m\u0026sup2; was defined as overweight, and a BMI of 30 kg/m\u0026sup2; and above was defined as obese [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBarthel Index\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Barthel Index was developed by Mahoney and Barthel in 1965 and was modified by Shah et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]; the Turkish version of the index was edited by K\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;kdeveci et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. This index consists of a total of 10 items used to rate the functions of feeding, washing, self-care, dressing, defecation control, urinary control, going to the toilet, moving from a bed to a wheelchair, walking or wheelchair dependence, and stair climbing, rated on a scale from 5\u0026ndash;15 points. The total score ranges between 0 and 100, and the higher the score is, the more independent the patient is (0\u0026ndash;20 points, fully dependent; 21\u0026ndash;61 points, highly dependent; 62\u0026ndash;90 points, moderately dependent; 91\u0026ndash;99 points, mildly dependent; 100 points, fully independent).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGeriatric Depression Scale-Short Form\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a 15-item scale developed by Burke et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] Participants are asked to answer 15 questions (yes or no) based on their condition in the last week. Scores of 0\u0026ndash;4 points indicate no depressive symptoms, 5\u0026ndash;8 points indicate mild depressive symptoms, 9\u0026ndash;11 points indicate moderate depressive symptoms, and 12 points and above indicate severe depressive symptoms. A study of the reliability and validity of the scale in Turkey was conducted by Durmaz [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTinetti Balance and Gait Test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis test is a simple, easily administered test that measures a patient's balance and gait. The test scores a patient\u0026rsquo;s ability to perform specific tasks. A maximum score of 12 points is possible for the gait component, and a maximum score of 16 points is possible for the balance component. A score of 25\u0026ndash;28 points indicates low fall risk, 19\u0026ndash;24 points indicates moderate fall risk, and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;19 points indicates high fall risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS 25.0) program. Descriptive data are shown as the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and median. p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance for all analyses, and correlations were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the associations between participants' fall history and FoF, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, and classification according to the geriatric syndrome scale scores. The relationship of falls with age was assessed by Student\u0026rsquo;s t test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the 320 participants was 81.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.57 years, and approximately half of the participants were female. One-fifth of the patients had 4 or more chronic diseases, and 16.5% were taking 8 or more prescribed medications. Approximately half of the participants\u0026rsquo; caregivers were their children. The rate of malnutrition was 77.8%. A total of 57.2% of the participants\u0026rsquo; homes were unsuitable in terms of fall risk, 58.8% of the participants had a history of falls, and 54.4% of the participants had FoF. A total of 44.1% of the participants experienced an injury after a fall; the most common injury site was the upper extremities, accounting for 36.4% of the injuries. Among the precautions taken to reduce the risk of falls, the most commonly used method was the use of walking aids (cane, walker, etc.). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the sociodemographic and fall-related clinical characteristics of the patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of the sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and fall status of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years) 81,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,57 (min. 65- max. 104)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of chronic diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of medicines used (prescribed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of nonprescribed medicines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaid caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpouse/Partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLives alone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 (malnourished)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;27 kg/m\u0026sup2; (normal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;30 (overweight)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 (obese)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95 (min. 27\u0026ndash; max. 43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental hazards in the home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFall history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFall injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeeling of falling when walking/standing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of falling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of fall risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody part injured by a fall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper limb (arm, shoulder, wrist)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHip\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower limb (leg, knee, ankle)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead/Brain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThoracic/Lumbar spine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecautions to reduce the risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome modifications (Using an anti-slip rug pad, cable organizers, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLighting improvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing low-grip furniture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a walking aid (cane, walker, etc.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing assistive devices such as glasses and hearing aids regularly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoing fall prevention exercises\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting help from the caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe classification of the participants according to their scores on the scales related to geriatric syndromes is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. A large proportion of the participants in the study group (87.8%) were frail. According to the Barthel Index score, 58.8% of the participants were severely dependent. According to the total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test score, 78.1% of the participants had a high fall risk. A total of 29.1% of the participants were in the moderate to severe depression group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of the participants according to the geriatric syndrome scale scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRAIL Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonfrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrefrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix-Item Screener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo cognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaki\u0026nbsp;Fall Risk\u0026nbsp;Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarthel Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlight dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTinetti Balance\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Gait Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and total scores according to the participants' history of falls is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. There were statistically significant correlations between fall history and age, BMI, CC, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, frailty status, malnutrition risk, and the Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and total GDS-SF scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between sociodemographic characteristics and total scores according to participants' history of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFall History\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (59.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (40.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of chronic diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (58.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (60.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (39.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 (malnourished)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;27 kg/m\u0026sup2; (normal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (89.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;30 (overweight)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 (obese)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (88.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of medications used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (43.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (56.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (54.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (45.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efirst-degree relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (57.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (61.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of fall risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental hazards in the home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (81.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisky medication use in the last 1 week *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (60.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (70.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRAIL scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonfrail/Prefrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (79.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix-Item Screener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (62.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo cognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (56.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaki Fall Risk Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (80.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182 (63.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarthel Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (36.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlight dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTinetti Balance\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Gait Test\u0026nbsp;(Fall risk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-low risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool (Malnutrition risk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (50.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (65.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (34.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal or mild depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-severe depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (72.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (28.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e* Psychotropics, Narcotics, Benzodiazepines, Neuroleptics, Anticoagulants, Narcotic Analgesics, Diuretics/Laxatives, Antidiabetics, Central Venous System Drugs (Digoxin, etc.), Blood Pressure Regulators\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and scale scores of the participants according to fear of falling are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. There were statistically significant correlations between FoF and age, CC, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, and the FRAIL scale, Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, MUST, and total GDS-SF scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelations between participants' sociodemographic characteristics and scale scores according to fear of falling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of falling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (47.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (55.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of chronic diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (47.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (57.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (42.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 (malnourished)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;27 kg/m\u0026sup2; (normal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (73.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;30 (overweight)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 (obese)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary caregiver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-degree relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (46.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of fall risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (57.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (42.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (52.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of medications used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (54.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (45.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf circumference (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (82.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental hazards in the home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (77.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (23.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (75.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRAIL scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonfrail or Prefrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (82.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrail\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (59.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix-Item Screener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (59.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (40.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo cognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaki Fall Risk Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (92.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk of falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (58.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarthel Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (61.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (38.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (55.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (44.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlight dependency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTinetti Balance\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Gait Test\u0026nbsp;(Fall risk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-Low risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool (Malnutrition risk)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (55.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (75.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal or mild depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-severe depression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (73.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (26.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFall history and FoF are significant determinants of the general health status of older individuals. Fall history is significantly associated with being homebound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, the incidence of falls was 58.8%, which is generally greater than that reported in the studies by Manis et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] (48%), Gon\u0026ccedil;alves et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] (32.7%), and Caner and Avci [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] (56.3%). This difference in the incidence of falls can be explained by the older average age of the participants in the present study. Additionally, all participants were followed up by HHSs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of falls or FoF according to sex, but there was a significant difference in age and the incidence of falls. The mean age of our study participants was 82 years, and the mean age of participants with a history of falls and FoF was greater than that of participants without a history of falls and FoF; these data are consistent with the findings of previous studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. There are various results in the literature regarding the relationship between sex and falls. For example, a study including people older than 65 years showed a statistically significant association between falls and female sex and older age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. For both sexes, it would be appropriate to follow up older adults at risk of falls more closely.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI is a tool used in clinical practice to assess the nutritional status of adults. It is recommended that the BMI overweight cutoff be higher in older individuals. In this study, 77.1% of the participants were found to be malnourished according to BMI, and 33.4% were found to be at moderate or high risk of malnutrition according to the MUST. A statistically significant relationship was found between BMI and malnutrition risk and between BMI and fall history. This result is in line with the results of previous studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Conditions that cause malnutrition, such as sarcopenia, electrolyte disorders, and loss of immune function, may directly or indirectly cause falls. Although studies have not shown a significant relationship between BMI and fall history and between BMI and FoF, proper nutrition, regular follow-up, and rehabilitation measures are necessary to prevent falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC is a potentially simple and valuable screening tool for sarcopenia that may improve diagnostic accuracy when used in combination with other parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. A CC less than 31 cm is considered an indicator of sarcopenia and malnutrition, and some studies have shown a significant correlation between fall history and low CC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Badrasawi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] reported a significant relationship between FoF and CC in women. Consistent with the literature, in this study, patients with a CC of 31 cm or less had a significantly greater risk of having a history of falls and FoF. Muscle weakness can also cause balance and gait problems, increasing the risk of falls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolypharmacy is expected to persist in the geriatric population because disease incidence increases with age. Many studies support these findings [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, 80% of the participants used four or more medications. A statistically significant correlation was found among the number of medications used, history of falls, and FoF. Since the number of medications used indicates a person\u0026rsquo;s chronic and acute diseases and symptoms, it can be related to their fall history. However, some studies did not find a relationship among these variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. A Brazilian study showed that people with no history of falls were more likely to take medication than were those with a history of recurrent falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. These data can be explained by the fact that patients who remain undiagnosed and untreated or who have medication nonadherence are more prone to falls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrinsic factors such as a high number of steps, slippery surfaces, obstacles, incorrect footwear, and poor lighting create an unsafe home environment. A study including participants with a mean age of 70.46 years showed a statistically significant relationship among home safety status, the frequency of falls, and FoF [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. In a study in which an occupational therapy program implemented a specific hazard elimination plan in the homes of people older than 65 years, there was a 38% reduction in the rate of falls in the intervention group compared to the control group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. However, some studies have shown that home assessment and modification do not reduce the number of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. This study revealed that more than half of the participants had environmental hazards in their homes, and a history of falls and FoF were significantly associated with an unsafe home. These data support the need for domestic arrangements regarding modifiable fall risk factors. People should be made aware of this issue by professional staff who recommend in-home modifications that are easy to implement, inexpensive, teachable, and permanent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrailty is a multisystem condition that leads to a decreased physiological reserve and an increased sensitivity to stressors. Our study showed a statistically significant association between frailty and fall history and between frailty and FoF. These data are consistent with the results of previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no significant relationship was found between fall history and frailty in the study by Cakır et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of different frailty scales may explain this difference. In general, FoF is present in the prefrail and frail older populations. Screening for this fear during comprehensive geriatric assessments is necessary [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany tools used in clinical practice have been developed to determine the risk of falls. The Itaki Fall Risk Scale, one of these tools, was used in our study. According to this scale, 91.6% of the participants were found to be at high risk of falls. A statistically significant correlation was found among the Itaki score, fall history, and FoF. This result is consistent with studies conducted with similar age groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Karahan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] found no significant correlation between the Itaki Fall Risk Scale score and fall history (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.090). Fall risk assessment tools provide insight for clinicians, but falls are likely to depend on many factors. Fall screening should not be performed with a single scale but rather by considering multiple parameters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of activities of daily living (ADL) is a necessary part of clinical management. The Barthel Index is a valuable tool for classifying and quantifying impairment in ADLs. In this study, 58.8% of the participants were found to be severely dependent on others. There was a statistically significant correlation between severe dependence on others to perform ADLs, assessed according to the Barthel Index score, and having a history of falls and FoF. These data support other studies in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. The Barthel Index, which considers ten different items in daily life, is suitable for screening people for falls because it provides essential data on a person\u0026rsquo;s general health status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Tinetti balance and Gait Test is used in the clinic to evaluate the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. In this study, for the Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, the participants scored an average of 9 points on the balance test and 5 points on the gait test. Consistent with the literature, a significant association was found between a history of falls and FoF and being at high risk according to the total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test score [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. The fact that ageing affects sensorimotor reflexes and causes deficits in postural control explains this result [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression is a geriatric syndrome. In our study, an average of 30% of the participants had moderate-high depression according to the GDS score. A history of falls and FoF were statistically significant in patients with moderate-high depression. These data support the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. In the study by \u0026Ccedil;evik et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], having depression increased the risk of falling by 2.22 times. Depression can present as atypical symptoms in older people, such as physical fatigue, absent-mindedness, and eating and sleeping problems, which may lead to falls. Physical activity programs that improve walking and increase confidence levels to prevent falls during ADLs can help individuals avoid developing FoF and depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, there were no significant correlations between risky drug use, the number of chronic diseases, or cognitive impairment and a history of falls or FoF. Although there are studies with similar data, there are no clear conclusions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies using the Mini-Mental Test to assess cognitive impairment have shown a significant correlation among cognitive impairment, a history of falls, and FoF [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of the less comprehensive SIS to assess cognitive status in this study may have caused this difference. Regarding risky medication use, there are contradictions, such as the presence of untreated depression and antidepressant use, contributing to the risk of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, as in all age groups, the evaluation of medication use, chronic disease status, and cognitive status is essential in geriatric assessments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnlike other studies, this study is unique because it was conducted among participants with a high average age and used a wide range of parameters and scales that evaluate falls in multiple dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study may be limited to people of a specific age group in a particular region or health service area. This may limit the generalizability of the findings to the general population. Some data, such as data on the history of falls, were based on participants\u0026rsquo; recollections of past events. This may have led to recall errors or incomplete information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the incidence of falls was high, and falls were associated with general health status, age, and nutritional status. In addition, using a single scale is not appropriate for determining the risk of falls, and many parameters should be considered in screenings. Among the parameters used, anthropometric indices such as BMI and CC were found to be necessary. Nutritional status, especially malnutrition status and malnutrition risk, was significantly associated with a history of falls. This result emphasizes that proper nutrition and a good nutritional status are essential factors in fall prevention strategies. The importance of home safety and regulations was also evident in our study. Unsafe home environments increase the risk of falls and are associated with a history of falls. Therefore, improving safety in the home is an essential component of fall prevention programs. The findings of this study provide vital information for identifying individuals at risk of falls and developing prevention strategies for geriatric individuals. Furthermore, this study provides a basis for future research and the development of fall prevention policies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalf circumference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFoF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of Falling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGDS-SF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Depression Scale-Short Form\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome Healthcare Service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMUST\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition Universal Screening Tool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSIS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix Item Screener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Local Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 18.10.2023 (decision number 2023/184).\u0026nbsp;Informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the present study\u0026nbsp;are available from the corresponding author\u0026nbsp;upon\u0026nbsp;reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors\u0026nbsp;did not receive any funding for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.T. and N.T. conceptualized the study design and validated the questionnaire. A.A.S. collected the data.\u0026nbsp;O.T. and A.A.S. wrote the main manuscript.\u0026nbsp;N.T. supervised the research.\u0026nbsp;All\u0026nbsp;the authors reviewed, edited, and agreed to the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHill K. Don't lose sight of the importance of the individual in effective falls prevention interventions. BMC Geriatr. 2009;9:13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAng GC, Low SL, How CH. Approach to falls among the elderly in the community. Singap Med J. 2020;61:116\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhelan EA, Mahoney JE, Voit JC, Stevens JA. Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. 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Int J Environ Res Public health. 2022;19:8504.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIe K, Chou E, Boyce RD, Albert SM. Fall risk-increasing drugs, polypharmacy, and falls among low-income community-dwelling older adults. Innov Aging. 2021;5:igab001.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSu Y, Dong J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ma S, Li M, et al. Cognitive function assessed by Mini-mental state examination and risk of all-cause mortality: a community-based prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:524.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYao S, Chen XW. The association between depressive symptoms with fear of falling and cognitive decline in older adults in the Korean community: An analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), 2006\u0026ndash;2020. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024;117:105177.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Poelgeest EP, Pronk AC, Van Der Rhebergen D. Depression, antidepressants and fall risk: therapeutic dilemmas-a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med. 2021;12:585\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Accidental falls, Fall prevention, Older people, Risk factors, Screening","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls are an important health problem that can lead to morbidity and mortality in geriatric patients. In this study examined, various factors associated with falls and fear of falling in geriatric patients were examined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This was a prospective, analytical study, and the sample size was calculated to be 320 participants with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 0.05. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated during home visits or hospitalizations. An 11-question sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire was developed by the researchers after reviewing the literature using a data collection form. The FRAIL Scale, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, Barthel Index, Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Six-Item Screener, Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF) were used to evaluate whether the participants had geriatric syndromes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the 320 participants was 81.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.57 years, and approximately half of the participants were female. The rate of malnutrition was 77.8%. A total of 57.2% of the participants had environmental hazards in their homes, 58.8% had a history of falls, 54.4% had a fear of falling, and 44.1% had experienced an injury due to a fall. There were statistically significant correlations between a history of falls and fear of falls and age, calf circumference, the number of medications used, environmental hazards in the home, fragility, malnutrition risk, and the Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Barthel Index, total Tinetti Balance and Gait Test, and total GDS-SF scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of falls in this study was high, and falls were associated with general health status, age, and nutritional status. In addition, using a single scale for determining the risk of falls is not appropriate, and many parameters should be included in screenings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of and prevention strategies for falls and geriatric syndromes in geriatric individuals followed by home health services: a single-centre study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-05 13:04:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993594/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f77ca34b-820d-4b96-a0f3-ec3ea18ba7e0","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-25T06:46:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-05 13:04:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3993594","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3993594","identity":"rs-3993594","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}