Preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal study

Preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal study Rongjia LIN, Genmiao Yu, Xiuhua TU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: To determine whether preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough and its changes and recovery using the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese (LCQ-MC). Methods: 292 early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without preoperative cough were enrolled. 138 patients (47.2%) developed postoperative cough, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the independent risk factors of postoperative cough. For an exploratory analysis, patients with cough were divided into low and high- FENO [≥31 parts per billion (ppb)] groups. The LCQ-CM was used to evaluate changes in postoperative cough and recovery trajectory over time between the two groups for 12 months after surgery. Results: The independent factors of postoperative cough included preoperative FENO levels [odds ratio (OR) 1.106, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.076–1.137, p < 0.001] and duration of anesthesia (OR 1.008, 95% CI: 1.002–1.013, p = 0.004). The low-FENO group reported significantly higher LCQ-MC scores at 1 month after surgery and returned to preoperative physical (28 vs. 91 days), psychological (28 vs. 60 days), social (28 vs. 80 days) and total (28 vs. 91 days) scores faster than the high-FENO group (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia were independent risk factors related to postoperative cough. Additionally, patients with lower preoperative FENO levels had better cough-related quality of life and faster recovery from postoperative cough. lung cancer fractional exhaled nitric oxide postoperative cough leicester cough questionnaire Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Lung cancer was the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in China[1].In general, surgery remains the best option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[2]. Although video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been become the preferred surgical procedure over open thoracotomy for early-stage NSCLC[3]. The postoperative symptom burden of patients is high, particularly in the early postoperative phase, including cough, dyspnea and pain, are more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[4]. Regarding postoperative symptoms, cough is a most common respiratory symptom, affecting physical, psychological, and social aspects of daily life; contributing to fatigue and insomnia; increases anxiety in patients; and leading to social isolation [5]. Several recent studies have revealed that postoperative cough occurs in 30.0% to 46.0% of NSCLC patients after VATS, and gender, duration of anesthesia, mediastinal lymph node dissection (related to surgical side), injury of vagus nerve lung branch or bronchial artery were independent risk factors[6-9].However, morbidity and distress levels due to postoperative cough have been underestimated, especially after discharge, representing an unmet clinical need[10]. An accumulating body of published data has illustrated that high fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels can diagnose or predict acute and chronic cough[11, 12]. FENO measure, however, is not performed routinely before thoracic surgery. It is unclear which preoperative FENO level would stratify patients for the risk of developing postoperative cough or provides the best prognostication of cough-related quality of life (QOL) and the course of recovery. Thus, we performed a longitudinal study and followed up early-stage NSCLC patients after VATS with routinely measured FENO to assess its potential significance in predicting the risk of postoperative cough and its changes and recovery trajectory. In additional, we chose the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese (LCQ-MC) as the instrument for the investigation and follow-up. This longitudinal study was performed in accordance with the STROCSS Reporting Checklist[13]. Methods Subjects A total of 292 patients who underwent VATS performed by a single medical team between May 2019 and September 2021 at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital were enrolled. Patients were included according to the following criteria: (1) aged 18 years or older, (2) no cough symptoms within the 2 weeks prior to surgery, (3) provided a signed informed consent form, (4) underwent VATS, and (5) had postoperative pathological findings indicative of NSCLC and TMN stage I. Patients were excluded according to the following criteria: (1) underwent bilateral pulmonary surgery, (2) underwent conversion to open thoracotomy or experienced bleeding exceeding 1,000 mL, (3) were transferred to the intensive care unit after surgery, or (4) refused to answer the survey or dropped out. Measurement of preoperative FENO Nitric oxide is a gas that can be measured in the exhaled breath. Measuring the fraction of this gas during a steady-state exhalation, called the FENO, is a standardized and quantitative method for assessing the levels of this gas in exhaled breath. FENO (reported as parts per billion, ppb) was measured using a nitric oxide analyzer (Sunvou-CA2122, Sunvou, China), in accordance with the standard procedure recommended by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS)[14]. During the test, subjects breathed quietly for at least 3 cycles, and exhaled fully at the last expiration. With the mouthpiece fitted to avoid leakage, the subjects inhaled nitric oxide-free air maximally via their mouths to total lung capacity and subsequently exhaled at a constant flow rate (50 mL/s) for 10 s. Assessment measurements and endpoint The LCQ-MC, which assesses the impact of cough-related QOL, consists of 19 items divided into three domains: physical (8 items), psychological (7 items), and social (4 items). A 7-point Likert scale was used to score the individual domains. The total scores ranged from 3 to 21, with a higher score indicating better cough-related QOL[15, 16]. We previously showed that the LCQ-MC reliably assessed postoperative cough in patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS[17]. Patients completed the LCQ-MC before discharge and at multiple timepoints after surgery. We administered the LCQ-MC to eligible patients before discharge and 1 month after surgery, and we continued follow-up until cough symptom disappear every 3 months (Figure 1). The follow-up endpoint was defined as the disappearance of cough symptoms. We defined “recovery from postoperative cough” when the patients reported three domain score or a total LCQ-MC score that had returned to the preoperative (baseline) level, as we did in our previous study[18]. Postoperative diagnoses were determined using the 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors and the eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control /American Joint Committee on Cancer lung cancer staging classification guidelines[19, 20]. Data collection Our investigators assisted patients with postoperative cough to complete paper questionnaire before discharge. Postoperative follow-up was performed by telephone or out-patient review. Then, we uploaded the baseline and follow-up data to a network database for management and analysis (jinshuju, a data collection and management platform, https://jinshuju.net/). Statistical analysis We summarized population characteristics, preoperative pulmonary function, past medical history, surgical variables, TNM stage and histology. Any missing data values, such as patients lost or refused follow-up, were individually left as missing data points in our follow-up. All values represent mean (standard deviation, SD), median (interquartile range, IQR) or number (percentage), unless stated otherwise. Univariate analysis was performed to identify differences between the cough and non-cough groups, examining with χ2 or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney U tests) for continuous variables. Those variables in which the univariate analysis was demonstrated as p value less than 0.10 were enter into multivariable model (binary logistic regression). The optimal cut-off points were obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The recovery time from postoperative cough was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. The censoring was performed at 1 month and then every 3 months after surgery, and the time to event was the time from hospital discharge to cough symptom disappear. Patients who lost or refused follow-up were censored during the follow-up period. All comparisons were 2-sided, and differences with p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism, version 9.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Results Patient characteristics There were 292 patients consented to participate in the study, and 138 (47.26%) reported postoperative cough. From these,138 completed study entry data, and 128 patients completed all assessments until cough symptom disappear (attrition rate 7.25%, 10/138 patients) (shown in Figure 1). The clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. Clinical factors associated with postoperative cough The analysis was conducted for patients at study entry, and clinical factors associated with postoperative cough were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. The results of the univariate analysis are shown in Table 1. 61.5% of patients in the cough group were over 60 years old, compared with 50% in the non-cough group ( p = 0.047). The clinical factors found to be statistically significantly associated with a higher incidence of postoperative cough were preoperative FENO level (34 ppb, IQR,19-40 in cough group vs. 18 ppb in non-cough group, IQR,13-24; p < 0.001), duration of anesthesia (195 min, IQR,160-230 in cough group vs. 170 min in non-cough group, IQR,140-200; p < 0.001) and pathology of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) (42.8% in cough group vs 55.2%; p = 0.036). Notably, surgical characteristics (i.e. operative type, surgical side) were not associated with postoperative cough; neither were smoking or COPD. The multivariate logistic regression analysis included all parameters with p ≤ 0.01 in the univariate analysis (age, preoperative FENO, diabetes mellitus, duration of anesthesia and pathology of AIS or MIA), and the results are showed in Table 2. The analysis identified that higher preoperative FENO level (odds ratio [OR]:1.106; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.076–1.137) and longer duration of anesthesia (OR: 1.008; 95% CI: 1.002–1.013) were independent risk factors related to postoperative cough. ROC curve for predicting postoperative cough according to preoperative FENO level and duration of anesthesia To predict postoperative cough in early-stage NSCLC patients, the optimal cut-off point for preoperative FENO level was 31 ppb with a sensitivity of 63.0% and specificity of 90.9%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 87.0% and 73.4%, 6.9 and 0.4, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of duration of anesthesia for predicting postoperative cough were 73.9% and 48.7% at a cut-off point of 168 min, with the PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR were 56.4% and 67.6%, 1.4 and 0.5 respectively. The ROC curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) are shown in Figure 2. Changes in LCQ-MC scores over time and recovery time from postoperative cough We examined the cut-off point for preoperative FENO level (≥31 ppb) as the predictor of cough-related QOL and recovery of postoperative cough in early-stage NSCLC patients. Therefore, we stratified the patients with postoperative cough into two groups according to the cut-off point. An exploratory analysis of changes in LCQ-MC scores and recovery trajectory over time of the 138 patients who developed postoperative cough was performed to compare those with preoperative FENO level above and below the cut-off points (31 ppb) (high-FENO and low-FENO groups). Table 3 shows that the individual domain score and total LCQ-MC scores decreased rapidly after surgery and then returned to preoperative level over time. The low-FENO group reported significantly higher physical, psychological, and total LCQ-MC scores than the high-FENO group at 1 month after surgery (all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in LCQ-MC scores between the two groups at other timepoints after surgery. The dynamic changes and detailed scores are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. Table 4 shows that the physical, social, and total LCQ-MC scores returned to preoperative level for all patients at approximately 2 months. The psychological score of the LCQ-MC took only 1 month to recover. Figure 4 shows the profiles of and significant differences in the physical, psychological, social, and total aspects of recovery from postoperative cough between two groups by Kaplan-Meier analysis, confirming the sensitivity of the LCQ-MC to indicate recovery after surgery. Compared to patients with a preoperative FENO level above 31 ppb, patients with a preoperative FENO level below 31 ppb required significantly less time to return to baseline levels of the physical aspect (91 vs. 28 days, p = 0.007), psychological aspect (60 vs. 28 days, p = 0.014), social aspect (80 vs. 28 days, p = 0.002) and total aspect (91 vs. 28 days, p = 0.007) of postoperative cough (Table 4). Discussion To our knowledge, the preoperative FENO level was initially described in this study. And we describe the nature of and changes in postoperative cough, which suggested that higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia may be independent risk factors. Furthermore, we performed an exploratory analysis and find that preoperative FENO level is a predictive factor of cough-related QOL and its recovery. In this study, we found that the longer duration of anesthesia was a significant risk factor of postoperative cough, in agreement with many previous studies[7, 9]. It is important to consider factors during anesthesia that may explain this result, such as. exaggerated laryngeal reflexes, awake extubation, the presence of a tracheal tube during emergence from anesthesia and the use of propofol during awake tracheal intubation[21, 22]. Intravenous bolus injections of opioids (e.g., fentanyl, sufentanil, remifentanil and alfentanil), are widely used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, have been reported to cause the development of postoperative cough[23, 24]. However, there was no difference in the surgical side (related to mediastinal lymph node dissection) in univariate analysis and pathology of AIS or MIA (do not need mediastinal lymph node dissection or sampling) in multivariate logistic regression analysis between cough and no-cough groups, an observation inconsistent with previous findings, and an alternative explanation is necessary[25-27]. It is possible that some deeply located mediastinal lymph nodes, such as subcarinal nodes, upper paratracheal nodes and lower paratracheal nodes, can also be challenging to sample[28, 29]. As a result, the stimulation and stretching of bronchi or nerve, and operative time for sampling difficult mediastinal lymph nodes is consistent with that of lymph node dissection. Another important finding is that NSCLC patients with postoperative cough have higher preoperative FENO levels. And the ROC curve for preoperative FENO level indicated more acceptable predictive ability of postoperative cough (Figure 2). It might be related to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which is defined as excessive bronchoconstriction of airway smooth muscle in response to nonspecific stimuli[30]. A recent study that found AHR is one of the potential mechanisms of postoperative cough after right upper lobectomy[31]. Equally, the ATS guidelines suggest FENO as an alternative indicator of AHR[32]. In the final part of the study, we undertook an exploratory analysis of the optimal cut off (≥31 ppb, based on the ROC curve) of preoperative FENO level for predicting postoperative cough-related QOL and recovery trajectory by LCQ-MC. The LCQ-MC enables real-time reporting of the postoperative cough-related QOL in different domains to surgeon or patients. Postoperative cough peaked immediately after surgery, representing a combined effect from surgical trauma and other perioperative factors. The patients in the low-FENO group reported significantly higher physical, psychological, and total LCQ-MC scores at 1 month after surgery than those in the high-FENO group, with no significant difference in LCQ-MC scores at other timepoints after surgery between two groups. In low-FENO group, the postoperative cough returned to preoperative levels after approximately 1 month (median time for the physical, psychological and social score are all 28 days). In high-FENO group, the postoperative cough had a somewhat different pattern of recovery in this study and recovered more slowly (median time for the physical score: 91 days, psychological score: 60 days, and social score: 80 days) (Figure 4 and Table 4). Notwithstanding the preoperative FENO level in patients with cough do not correlate well with LCQ-MC scores, our finding suggests that preoperative FENO level has acceptable predictive ability (FENO cut off 31ppb, AUC=0.7736 > 0.7, p < 0.0001) in cough-related QOL and recovery trajectory (Figure 2 and Figure 4)[33]. In our previous study, we not only defined the impact of postoperative cough-related QOL in this study but also defined the time course of postoperative cough recovery by using LCQ-MC as an indicator of postoperative cough status[18]. In this study, repeated LCQ-MC scores were obtained at selected critical timepoints after surgery, to capture significant differences in postoperative cough-related QOL over time and time to return to preoperative levels between two different preoperative FENO level groups in early-stage NSCLC. Considering that the shorter length of stay (less than 1 week), understanding the time course of postoperative cough-relate QOL and tis recovery is vital not only for informing treatment teams tasked with reducing surgical morbidity, but also for ensuring early and effective treatment. This study had several limitations. First, we did not collect postoperative FENO level, and the mechanism and recovery trajectory of postoperative cough is complex and remains poorly understood, a further study with more focus on FENO dynamically change with recovery of postoperative cough is therefore suggested. Second, FENO measurement is influenced by various individual factors, such as food, medicines and smoking[34]. Approximately 85% to 90% of cases of lung cancer are caused by cigarette smoking or exposure second-hand smoke[35]. Our results may have been confounded by these variables without adequately controlled. Additional investigation using larger, controlled prospective trials are needed to clarify this finding of an association between preoperative FENO and postoperative cough. Third, the homogeneity of the study sample of a hospital-based registry with inherent selection bias and unmeasured confounding. Future studies with a more diverse and multicenter sample are warranted to identify more potential risk factors to increase the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of preoperative FENO level as potential biomarker in early-stage NSCLC patients with postoperative cough. We have demonstrated that higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia may be independent risk factors for postoperative cough. In addition, an exploratory analysis described the nature of and changes in postoperative cough between different preoperative FENO level, patients with lower preoperative FENO levels had generally better cough-related quality of life and faster recovery from postoperative cough. To date, the preoperative FENO level was first described in our study and few other research mentioned association between preoperative FENO levels and postoperative cough. Future prospective study with adequately controlled is required to clarify our exploratory finding. Abbreviations NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; QOL, quality of life; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; ATS, American Thoracic Society; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PPV, the positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; AUC, area under the ROC curve; AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participants The study was approved by Chinese Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials (approval no. from the ethics committee: ChiECRCT20190084) and was approved by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Clinicaltrials.gov number: ChiCTR1900023419). Written informed consent was signed by all recruited patients. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials This is part of a larger study. The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study is not publicly available but may be obtained from the corresponding author if accompanied by a reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The authors received no financial support for this research. Authors’ contributions RJL, XHT were involved in the research conception. Study was conceptualized by all 3 authors. RJL and XHT was the principal investigator and responsible for the data collection, entry and analysis with RJL, GMY and XHT for manuscript preparation. GMY revised manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Tables Table 1 Clinical characteristics and demographic Variable Cough(n=138) Non-cough (n=154) t / χ2 / Z value P value Age, n (%) ≥60 years 85(61.5) 77(50.0) 3.961 a 0.047 <60 years 53(38.5) 77(50.0) Gender, n (%) Male 49(35.5) 52(33.8) 0.098 a 0.755 Female 89(64.5) 102(66.2) Perioperative lung function FEV1(L) 2.22±0.45 2.24±0.46 -0.160 b 0.873 FVC(L) 2.79±0.53 2.82±0.49 -0.390 b 0.697 FENO (ppb) 34(19,40) 18(13,24) -8.075 c <0.001 Past medical history, n (%) Hypertension 41(29.7) 43(27.9) 0.114 a 0.736 Coronary heart disease 6(4.3) 6(3.9) 0.038 a 0.846 Diabetes mellitus 27(19.6) 19(12.3) 2.705 a 0.100 COPD 20(14.5) 16(10.4) 1.134 a 0.287 Smoking history 25(18.1) 24(15.6) 0.334 a 0.563 Duration of anesthesia (min) 195(160,230) 170(140,200) -4.253 c <0.001 Surgical side, n (%) Right 81(58.7) 88(57.1) 0.072 a 0.788 Left 57(41.3) 66(42.9) Operated type, n (%) Lobectomy 72(52.2) 75(48.7) 0.351 a 0.554 Sublobectomy 66(47.8) 79(51.3) Pathology, n (%) Adenocarcinoma 133(96.4) 148(96.1) 0.015 a 0.903 Squamous carcinoma 5(3.6) 6(3.9) 0.015 a 0.903 AIS or MIA 59(42.8) 85(55.2) 4.507 a 0.036 a Data are presented as No. (%) and χ2 test. b Data are presented as mean ± SD and t test . c Data are presented as median (IQR) and Mann-Whitney test. FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; FENO,fractional exhaled nitric oxide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range. Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of postoperative cough b SE Wald OR 95%CI P Age≥60 years 0.391 0.296 1.747 1.478 0.828-2.638 0.189 With diabetes mellitus 0.281 0.395 0.506 1.324 0.611-2.869 0.477 Preoperative FENO (ppb) 0.100 0.014 50.912 1.106 1.076-1.137 <0.001 Duration of anesthesia (min) 0.008 0.003 7.920 1.008 1.002-1.013 0.004 AIS or MIA -0.158 0.284 0.311 0.854 0.489-1.489 0.577 Constant -4.200 0.681 38.019 0.015 <0.001 FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Table 3 The LCQ-MC scores after surgery and follow-up LCQ-MC High-FENO Low-FENO Z value P value Postoperative scores ≥ 31 ppb(n=87) <31 ppb(n=51) Physical 5.00(4.71-5.50) 5.29(4.50-5.71) -1.058 0.290 Psychological 4.71(4.00-5.60) 5.14(4.40-5.40) -1.524 0.128 Social 5.33(4.67-6.00) 5.33(4.76-6.00) -0.614 0.540 Total 15.08(13.47-17.50) 15.08(14.27-17.07) -1.204 0.229 Scores at 1 month ≥ 31 ppb(n=84) <31 ppb(n=50) Physical 6.14(5.43-7.00) 7.00(5.96-7.00) -2.118 0.034 Psychological 5.90(4.40-7.00) 7.00(5.60-7.00) -2.261 0.024 Social 6.33(5.42-7.00) 7.00(6.00-7.00) -1.890 0.059 Total 18.25(15.78-21.00) 21.00(17.46-21.00) -2.159 0.031 Scores at 3 months ≥ 31 ppb(n=44) <31 ppb(n=20) Physical 6.64(5.57-7.00) 7.00(6.00-7.00) -1.201 0.230 Psychological 6.70(4.80-7.00) 7.00(5.90-7.00) -1.226 0.220 Social 7.00(5.75-7.00) 7.00(6.50-7.00) -1.557 0.119 Total 19.73(16.32-21.00) 21.00(18.77-21.00) -1.263 0.207 Scores at 6 months ≥ 31 ppb(n=23) <31 ppb(n=8) Physical 7.00(6.57-7.00) 6.64(6.46-7.00) -1.288 0.275 * Psychological 7.00(6.80-7.00) 6.50(5.85-7.00) -1.596 0.172 * Social 7.00(6.80-7.00) 6.83(6.42-7.00) -1.704 0.203 * Total 21.00(20.09-21.00) 19.83(18.87-21.00) -1.672 0.145 * Scores at 9 months ≥ 31 ppb(n=7) <31 ppb(n=5) Physical 7.00(7.00-7.00) 7.00(7.00-7.00) -0.845 0.755 * Psychological 7.00(7.00-7.00) 7.00(7.00-7.00) -0.845 0.755 * Social 7.00(7.00-7.00) 7.00(7.00-7.00) -0.845 0.755 * Total 21.00(21.00-21.00) 21.00(21.00-21.00) -0.845 0.755 * Scores at 12 months ≥ 31 ppb(n=1) <31 ppb(n=0) Physical NA NA NA NA Psychological NA NA NA NA Social NA NA NA NA Total NA NA NA NA Data are presented as median (IQR) and Mann-Whitney test. * , P value is using exact value. LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese ; IQR, interquartile range. Table 4 Kaplan–Meier estimated postoperative cough recovery time (days from surgery) Median days to recovery (95% confidence interval) a FENO Overall ≥ 31 ppb <31 ppb P value Physical 54(32-76) 91(56-126) 28(26-30) 0.007 Psychological 32(21-43) 60(5-115) 28(26-30) 0.014 Social 47(35-59) 80(43-117) 28(26-30) 0.002 Total 54(32-76) 91(56-126) 28(26-30) 0.007 Data are presented as median(95%CI). a Recovery of postoperative cough was defined as the patient having reported LCQ-MC individual domain or total score at the preoperative (baseline) level. FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; CI, confidence interval; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2933275","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":205729956,"identity":"5b90deb6-1b74-42fa-aa9a-ad0171323f3f","order_by":0,"name":"Rongjia LIN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Provincial Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rongjia","middleName":"","lastName":"LIN","suffix":""},{"id":205729957,"identity":"288e787d-c142-4e50-af8c-c73e3c7b754c","order_by":1,"name":"Genmiao Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Provincial Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Genmiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":205729960,"identity":"94b676af-1189-424a-a345-b9ab1c487bf3","order_by":2,"name":"Xiuhua TU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCA4wNQJL5QALDgwoJOX5CynngWtgSEhgSzlgYSzYQoYUBqoWBIbGtInEDIS32EjmGh3l3HJZnYGN4/CFxngTjBgbmh49u4LNFIi3hMO+Zw4YNbAxpEonbJJjNGdiMjXPwakk+cJi37TBjg3xDGgNQC5tlAw+bNH4tiQ0gLfZAW5I/JM6R4DE4QFALxJZEoJYEoHYJCcJazjxLODi3LT0Z7JeEYxIGks0E/MLenmP84W2btW0DG0/yhw81dfX97M0PH+PTAgf2B3gSICxmYpRDLTxAvNpRMApGwSgYUQAAo/ZJsDOBuMYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Provincial Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiuhua","middleName":"","lastName":"TU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-05-14 10:29:18","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54599929,"identity":"b5d0e4ff-a173-476b-b4a7-44878ffb007a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:46:44","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of the study; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/c683590f14adfb319fb8a3c6.png"},{"id":54599932,"identity":"d18349e6-bb18-47c3-9d0d-21bee0a16050","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:46:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":403705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eROC curve for preoperative FENO level and duration of anesthesia. Data labels show the selected cut-off points of preoperative FENO level and duration of anesthesia. The ideal cut-off point of FENO is 31 ppb and duration of anesthesia 168 min. FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; AUC, area under the ROC curve.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/5c02d1b27d15e274c9e66165.png"},{"id":54599926,"identity":"50d88662-0f85-4c56-bc2d-53cc7017e3c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:46:44","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":455344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in LCQ-MC scores during the 12 months after surgery, by surgery type. *, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05. FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/8d1e8d919086fb09bf3132da.png"},{"id":54599930,"identity":"637055ad-6225-48b5-8f0f-c3bccb972428","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:46:45","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":458979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe recovery trajectories of postoperative cough by surgery type. P\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003evalue by log-rank test. VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/39e3bc76d650004baded9c73.png"},{"id":54600113,"identity":"ff5e7512-fe6f-48b0-a60f-9d1505157b68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:54:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1704467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/e99f9f90-639f-4c56-8529-f6a47ec361ef.pdf"},{"id":54599931,"identity":"2ef0038a-f8d9-4b60-acf8-ac38a199ea84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-12 20:46:45","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":35150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TheSTROCSS2019Guideline.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2933275/v2/801831fc81746f96a823a880.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePreoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLung cancer was the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in China[1].In general, surgery remains the best option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[2]. Although video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been become the preferred surgical procedure over open thoracotomy for early-stage NSCLC[3].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe postoperative symptom burden of patients is high, particularly in the early postoperative phase, including cough, dyspnea and pain, are more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding postoperative symptoms, cough is a most common respiratory symptom, affecting physical, psychological, and social aspects of daily life; contributing to fatigue and insomnia; increases anxiety in patients; and leading to social isolation\u0026nbsp;[5]. Several recent studies have revealed that postoperative cough occurs in 30.0% to 46.0% of NSCLC patients after VATS, and gender, duration of anesthesia, mediastinal lymph node dissection (related to surgical side), injury of vagus nerve lung branch or bronchial artery were independent risk factors[6-9].However, morbidity and distress levels due to postoperative cough have been underestimated, especially after discharge, representing an unmet clinical need[10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn accumulating body of published data has illustrated that high fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels can diagnose or predict acute and chronic cough[11, 12]. FENO measure, however, is not performed routinely before thoracic surgery. It is unclear which preoperative FENO level would stratify patients for the risk of developing postoperative cough or provides the best prognostication of cough-related quality of life (QOL) and the course of recovery.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, we performed a longitudinal study and followed up early-stage NSCLC patients after VATS with routinely measured FENO to assess its potential significance in predicting the risk of postoperative cough and its changes and recovery trajectory. In additional, we chose the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese (LCQ-MC) as the instrument for the investigation and follow-up. This longitudinal study was performed in accordance with the STROCSS Reporting Checklist[13].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubjects\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 292 patients who underwent VATS performed by a single medical team between May 2019 and September 2021 at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital were enrolled.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients were included according to the following criteria: (1) aged 18 years or older, (2) no cough symptoms within the 2 weeks prior to surgery, (3) provided a signed informed consent form, (4) underwent VATS, and (5) had postoperative pathological findings indicative of NSCLC and TMN stage I. Patients were excluded according to the following criteria: (1) underwent bilateral pulmonary surgery, (2) underwent conversion to open thoracotomy or experienced bleeding exceeding 1,000 mL, (3) were transferred to the intensive care unit after surgery, or (4) refused to answer the survey or dropped out. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasurement of preoperative FENO\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNitric oxide is a gas that can be measured in the exhaled breath. Measuring the fraction of this gas during a steady-state exhalation, called the FENO, is a standardized and quantitative method for assessing the levels of this gas in exhaled breath. FENO (reported as parts per billion, ppb) was measured using a nitric oxide analyzer (Sunvou-CA2122, Sunvou, China), in accordance with the standard procedure recommended by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS)[14]. During the test, subjects breathed quietly for at least 3 cycles, and exhaled fully at the last expiration. With the mouthpiece fitted to avoid leakage, the subjects inhaled nitric oxide-free air maximally via their mouths to total lung capacity and subsequently exhaled at a constant flow rate (50 mL/s) for 10 s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment measurements and endpoint\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe LCQ-MC, which assesses the impact of cough-related QOL, consists of 19 items divided into three domains: physical (8 items), psychological (7 items), and social (4 items). A 7-point Likert scale was used to score the individual domains. The total scores ranged from 3 to 21, with a higher score indicating better cough-related QOL[15, 16]. We previously showed that the LCQ-MC reliably assessed postoperative cough in patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS[17]. Patients completed the LCQ-MC before discharge and at multiple timepoints after surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe administered the LCQ-MC to eligible patients before discharge and 1 month after surgery, and we continued follow-up until cough symptom disappear every 3 months (Figure 1). The follow-up endpoint was defined as the disappearance of cough symptoms. We defined \u0026ldquo;recovery from postoperative cough\u0026rdquo; when the patients reported three domain score or a total LCQ-MC score that had returned to the preoperative (baseline) level, as we did in our previous study[18].\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostoperative diagnoses were determined using the 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors and the eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control /American Joint Committee on Cancer lung cancer staging classification guidelines[19, 20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData collection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur investigators assisted patients with postoperative cough to complete paper questionnaire before discharge. Postoperative follow-up was performed by telephone or out-patient review. Then, we uploaded the baseline and follow-up data to a network database for management and analysis (jinshuju, a data collection and management platform, https://jinshuju.net/).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe summarized population characteristics, preoperative pulmonary function, past medical history, surgical variables, TNM stage and histology. Any missing data values, such as patients lost or refused follow-up, were individually left as missing data points in our follow-up. All values represent mean (standard deviation, SD), median (interquartile range, IQR) or number (percentage), unless stated otherwise. Univariate analysis was performed to identify differences between the cough and non-cough groups, examining with \u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;2\u003c/em\u003e or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test or Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e tests) for continuous variables. Those variables in which the univariate analysis was demonstrated as \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value less than 0.10 were enter into multivariable model (binary logistic regression).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe optimal cut-off points were obtained by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The recovery time from postoperative cough was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. The censoring was performed at 1 month and then every 3 months after surgery, and the time to event was the time from hospital discharge to cough symptom disappear. Patients who lost or refused follow-up were censored during the follow-up period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll comparisons were 2-sided, and differences with \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism, version 9.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatient characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were 292 patients consented to participate in the study, and 138 (47.26%) reported postoperative cough. From these,138 completed study entry data, and 128 patients completed all assessments until cough symptom disappear (attrition rate 7.25%, 10/138 patients) (shown in Figure 1). The clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical factors associated with postoperative cough\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis was conducted for patients at study entry, and clinical factors associated with postoperative cough were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. The results of the univariate analysis are shown in Table 1. 61.5% of patients in the cough group were over 60 years old, compared with 50% in the non-cough group (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.047).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical factors found to be statistically significantly associated with a higher incidence of postoperative cough were preoperative FENO level (34 ppb, IQR,19-40 in cough group vs. 18 ppb in non-cough group, IQR,13-24;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), duration of anesthesia (195 min, IQR,160-230 in cough group vs. 170 min in non-cough group, IQR,140-200;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001) and pathology of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) (42.8% in cough group vs 55.2%; \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.036). Notably, surgical characteristics (i.e. operative type, surgical side) were not associated with postoperative cough; neither were smoking or COPD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe multivariate logistic regression analysis included all parameters with \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026le; 0.01 in the univariate analysis (age, preoperative FENO, diabetes mellitus, duration of anesthesia and pathology of AIS or MIA), and the results are showed in Table 2. The analysis identified that higher preoperative FENO level (odds ratio [OR]:1.106; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.076\u0026ndash;1.137) and longer duration of anesthesia (OR: 1.008; 95% CI: 1.002\u0026ndash;1.013) were independent risk factors related to postoperative cough.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eROC curve for predicting postoperative cough according to preoperative FENO level and duration of anesthesia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo predict postoperative cough in early-stage NSCLC patients, the optimal cut-off point for preoperative FENO level was 31 ppb with a sensitivity of 63.0% and specificity of 90.9%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 87.0% and 73.4%, 6.9 and 0.4, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of duration of anesthesia for predicting postoperative cough were 73.9% and 48.7% at a cut-off point of 168 min, with the PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR were 56.4% and 67.6%, 1.4 and 0.5 respectively. The ROC curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) are shown in Figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanges in LCQ-MC scores over time and recovery time from postoperative cough\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe examined the cut-off point for preoperative FENO level (\u0026ge;31 ppb) as the predictor of cough-related QOL and recovery of postoperative cough in early-stage NSCLC patients. Therefore, we stratified the patients with postoperative cough into two groups according to the cut-off point. An exploratory analysis of changes in LCQ-MC scores and recovery trajectory over time of the 138 patients who developed postoperative cough was performed to compare those with preoperative FENO level above and below the cut-off points (31 ppb) (high-FENO and low-FENO groups).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows that the individual domain score and total LCQ-MC scores decreased rapidly after surgery and then returned to preoperative level over time. The low-FENO group reported significantly higher physical, psychological, and total LCQ-MC scores than the high-FENO group at 1 month after surgery (all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in LCQ-MC scores between the two groups at other timepoints after surgery. The dynamic changes and detailed scores are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows that the physical, social, and total LCQ-MC scores returned to preoperative level for all patients at approximately 2 months. The psychological score of the LCQ-MC took only 1 month to recover. Figure 4 shows the profiles of and significant differences in the physical, psychological, social, and total aspects of recovery from postoperative cough between two groups by Kaplan-Meier analysis, confirming the sensitivity of the LCQ-MC to indicate recovery after surgery. Compared to patients with a preoperative FENO level above 31 ppb, patients with a preoperative FENO level below 31 ppb required significantly less time to return to baseline levels of the physical aspect (91 vs. 28 days, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.007), psychological aspect (60 vs. 28 days, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.014), social aspect (80 vs. 28 days, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.002) and total aspect (91 vs. 28 days, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.007) of postoperative cough (Table 4). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, the preoperative FENO level was initially described in this study. And we describe the nature of and changes in postoperative cough, which suggested that higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia may be independent risk factors. \u0026nbsp;Furthermore, we performed an exploratory analysis and find that preoperative FENO level is a predictive factor of cough-related QOL and its recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found that the longer duration of anesthesia was a significant risk factor of postoperative cough, in agreement with many previous studies[7, 9]. It is important to consider factors during anesthesia that may explain this result, such as. exaggerated laryngeal reflexes, awake extubation, the presence of a tracheal tube during emergence from anesthesia and the use of propofol during awake tracheal intubation[21, 22]. Intravenous bolus injections of opioids (e.g., fentanyl, sufentanil, remifentanil and alfentanil), are widely used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, have been reported to cause the development of postoperative cough[23, 24].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, there was no difference in the surgical side (related to mediastinal lymph node dissection) in univariate analysis and pathology of AIS or MIA (do not need mediastinal lymph node dissection or sampling) in multivariate logistic regression analysis between cough and no-cough groups, an observation inconsistent with previous findings, and an alternative explanation is necessary[25-27]. It is possible that some deeply located mediastinal lymph nodes, such as subcarinal nodes, upper paratracheal nodes and lower paratracheal nodes, can also be challenging to sample[28, 29]. As a result, the stimulation and stretching of bronchi or nerve, and operative time for sampling difficult mediastinal lymph nodes is consistent with that of lymph node dissection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother important finding is that NSCLC patients with postoperative cough have higher preoperative FENO levels. And the ROC curve for preoperative FENO level indicated more acceptable predictive ability of postoperative cough (Figure 2). It might be related to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which is defined as excessive bronchoconstriction of airway smooth muscle in response to nonspecific stimuli[30]. A recent study that found AHR is one of the potential mechanisms of postoperative cough after right upper lobectomy[31]. Equally, the ATS guidelines suggest FENO as an alternative indicator of AHR[32].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the final part of the study, we undertook an exploratory analysis of the optimal cut off (\u0026ge;31 ppb, based on the ROC curve) of preoperative FENO level for predicting postoperative cough-related QOL and recovery trajectory by LCQ-MC. The LCQ-MC enables real-time reporting of the postoperative cough-related QOL in different domains to surgeon or patients. Postoperative cough peaked immediately after surgery, representing a combined effect from surgical trauma and other perioperative factors. The patients in the low-FENO group reported significantly higher physical, psychological, and total LCQ-MC scores at 1 month after surgery than those in the high-FENO group, with no significant difference in LCQ-MC scores at other timepoints after surgery between two groups. In low-FENO group, the postoperative cough returned to preoperative levels after approximately 1 month (median time for the physical, psychological and social score are all 28 days). In high-FENO group, the postoperative cough had a somewhat different pattern of recovery in this study and recovered more slowly (median time for the physical score: 91 days, psychological score: 60 days, and social score: 80 days) (Figure 4 and Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the preoperative FENO level in patients with cough do not correlate well with LCQ-MC scores, our finding suggests that preoperative FENO level has acceptable predictive ability (FENO cut off 31ppb, AUC=0.7736 \u0026gt; 0.7, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.0001) in cough-related QOL and recovery trajectory (Figure 2 and Figure 4)[33]. In our previous study, we not only defined the impact of postoperative cough-related QOL in this study but also defined the time course of postoperative cough recovery by using LCQ-MC as an indicator of postoperative cough status[18]. In this study, repeated LCQ-MC scores were obtained at selected critical timepoints after surgery, to capture significant differences in postoperative cough-related QOL over time and time to return to preoperative levels between two different preoperative FENO level groups in early-stage NSCLC. Considering that the shorter length of stay (less than 1 week), understanding the time course of postoperative cough-relate QOL and tis recovery is vital not only for informing treatment teams tasked with reducing surgical morbidity, but also for ensuring early and effective treatment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study had several limitations. First, we did not collect postoperative FENO level, and the mechanism and recovery trajectory of postoperative cough is complex and remains poorly understood, a further study with more focus on FENO dynamically change with recovery of postoperative cough is therefore suggested.\u0026nbsp;Second, FENO measurement is influenced by various individual factors, such as food, medicines and smoking[34]. Approximately 85% to 90% of cases of lung cancer are caused by cigarette smoking or exposure second-hand smoke[35]. Our results may have been confounded by these variables without adequately controlled. Additional investigation using larger, controlled prospective trials are needed to clarify this finding of an association between preoperative FENO and postoperative cough. Third, the homogeneity of the study sample of a hospital-based registry with inherent selection bias and unmeasured confounding. Future studies with a more diverse and multicenter sample are warranted to identify more potential risk factors to increase the generalizability of the findings.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of preoperative FENO level as potential biomarker in early-stage NSCLC patients with postoperative cough. We have demonstrated that higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia may be independent risk factors for postoperative cough. In addition, an exploratory analysis described the nature of and changes in postoperative cough between different preoperative FENO level, patients with lower preoperative FENO levels had generally better cough-related quality of life and faster recovery from postoperative cough. To date, the preoperative FENO level was first described in our study and few other research mentioned association between preoperative FENO levels and postoperative cough. Future prospective study with adequately controlled is required to clarify our exploratory finding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eNSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; QOL, quality of life; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; ATS, American Thoracic Society; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PPV, the positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; AUC, area under the ROC curve; AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by Chinese Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials (approval no. from the ethics committee: ChiECRCT20190084) and was approved by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Clinicaltrials.gov number: ChiCTR1900023419). Written informed consent was signed by all recruited patients. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is part of a larger study. The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study is not publicly available but may be obtained from the corresponding author if accompanied by a reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRJL, XHT were involved in the research conception. Study was conceptualized by all 3 authors. RJL and XHT was the principal investigator and responsible for the data collection, entry and analysis with RJL, GMY and XHT for manuscript preparation. GMY revised manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all participants and experts who took part in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Zheng R, Zhang S, Zeng H, Wang S, Sun K, Chen R, Li L, Wei W, He J: \u003cstrong\u003eCancer incidence and mortality in China, 2016\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the National Cancer Center\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2022, \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1-9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, Balekian AA, Murthy SC: \u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eChest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e143\u003c/strong\u003e(5 Suppl):e278S-e313S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; 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\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Khatri SB, Iaccarino JM, Barochia A, Soghier I, Akuthota P, Brady A, Covar RA, Debley JS, Diamant Z, Fitzpatrick AM\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eUse of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide to Guide the Treatment of Asthma: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2021, \u003cstrong\u003e204\u003c/strong\u003e(10):e97-e109.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mandrekar JN: \u003cstrong\u003eReceiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2010, \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(9):1315-1316.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Matsunaga K, Kuwahira I, Hanaoka M, Saito J, Tsuburai T, Fukunaga K, Matsumoto H, Sugiura H, Ichinose M: \u003cstrong\u003eAn official JRS statement: The principles of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement and interpretation of the results in clinical practice\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eRespir Investig\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2021, \u003cstrong\u003e59\u003c/strong\u003e(1):34-52.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Office of the Surgeon G, Office on S, Health: \u003cstrong\u003eReports of the Surgeon General\u003c/strong\u003e. In: \u003cem\u003eThe Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General.\u003c/em\u003e edn. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1 Clinical characteristics and demographic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.2e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCough(n=138)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNon-cough (n=154)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;2\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAge, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026ge;60\u0026nbsp;years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e85(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e77(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.961\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;60\u0026nbsp;years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e53(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e77(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGender, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e49(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e52(33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.098\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e89(64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e102(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePerioperative lung function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFEV1(L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.22\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.24\u0026plusmn;0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.160\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFVC(L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.79\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.82\u0026plusmn;0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.390\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFENO (ppb)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e34(19,40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18(13,24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-8.075\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePast medical history, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e41(29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e43(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.114\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCoronary heart disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.038\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e27(19.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.705\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCOPD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e20(14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.134\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSmoking history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e25(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.334\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDuration of anesthesia (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e195(160,230)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e170(140,200)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-4.253\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSurgical side, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81(58.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e88(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.072\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e57(41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e66(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOperated type, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLobectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e72(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e75(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.351\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSublobectomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e66(47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e79(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePathology, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAdenocarcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e133(96.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e148(96.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.015\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSquamous carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.015\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.45pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAIS or MIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e59(42.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e85(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.507\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Data are presented as No. (%) and \u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003etest. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; SD and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test .\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Data are presented as median (IQR) and Mann-Whitney test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; FENO,fractional exhaled nitric oxide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of postoperative cough\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAge\u0026ge;60 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.828-2.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eWith diabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.611-2.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePreoperative FENO (ppb)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e50.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.076-1.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDuration of anesthesia (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.002-1.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAIS or MIA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.489-1.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 129.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-4.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.3pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e38.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40.35pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3 The LCQ-MC scores after surgery and follow-up\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:382.5pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLCQ-MC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eHigh-FENO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLow-FENO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePostoperative scores\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.00(4.71-5.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.29(4.50-5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.71(4.00-5.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.14(4.40-5.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.33(4.67-6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.33(4.76-6.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.08(13.47-17.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e15.08(14.27-17.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScores at 1 month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.14(5.43-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(5.96-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-2.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5.90(4.40-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(5.60-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-2.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.33(5.42-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18.25(15.78-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21.00(17.46-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-2.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScores at 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.64(5.57-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.70(4.80-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(5.90-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(5.75-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.50-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19.73(16.32-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21.00(18.77-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScores at 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.57-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.64(6.46-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.275\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.80-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.50(5.85-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.172\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(6.80-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.83(6.42-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.203\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21.00(20.09-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e19.83(18.87-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-1.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.145\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScores at 9 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.755\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.755\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.00(7.00-7.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.755\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21.00(21.00-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e21.00(21.00-21.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.755\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eScores at 12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb(n=1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb(n=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eData are presented as median (IQR) and Mann-Whitney test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value is using exact value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese\u0026nbsp;;\u0026nbsp;IQR, interquartile range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4 Kaplan\u0026ndash;Meier estimated postoperative cough recovery time (days from surgery)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 233.85pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMedian days to recovery (95% confidence interval) \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: solid solid solid none;border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext currentcolor;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFENO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun;\"\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/span\u003e31 ppb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026lt;31 ppb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e54(32-76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e91(56-126)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28(26-30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e32(21-43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e60(5-115)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28(26-30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSocial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e47(35-59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e80(43-117)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28(26-30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt;border-style: none solid solid;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext;border-image: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59.8pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e54(32-76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82.95pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e91(56-126)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91.1pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e28(26-30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium;border-style: none solid solid none;border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eData are presented as median(95%CI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eRecovery of postoperative cough was defined as the patient having reported LCQ-MC individual domain or total score at the preoperative (baseline) level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFENO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; CI, confidence interval; LCQ-MC, Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"lung cancer, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, postoperative cough, leicester cough questionnaire","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eTo determine whether preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough and its changes and recovery using the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Mandarin-Chinese (LCQ-MC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e 292 early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without preoperative cough were enrolled. 138 patients (47.2%) developed postoperative cough, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the independent risk factors of postoperative cough. For an exploratory analysis, patients with cough were divided into low and high- FENO [≥31 parts per billion (ppb)] groups. The LCQ-CM was used to evaluate changes in postoperative cough and recovery trajectory over time between the two groups for 12 months after surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The independent factors of postoperative cough included preoperative FENO levels [odds ratio (OR) 1.106, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.076–1.137, p \u0026lt; 0.001] and duration of anesthesia (OR 1.008, 95% CI: 1.002–1.013, p = 0.004). The low-FENO group reported significantly higher LCQ-MC scores at 1 month after surgery and returned to preoperative physical (28 vs. 91 days), psychological (28 vs. 60 days), social (28 vs. 80 days) and total (28 vs. 91 days) scores faster than the high-FENO group (all p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e Higher preoperative FENO level and longer duration of anesthesia were independent risk factors related to postoperative cough. Additionally, patients with lower preoperative FENO levels had better cough-related quality of life and faster recovery from postoperative cough.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preoperative fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a risk and predictive factor of postoperative cough for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2024-04-12 20:46:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-31 22:03:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933275/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"35dcfa4e-ab47-4e38-b3b5-8fcf8dab5cce","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-26T03:59:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-12 20:46:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-2933275","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2933275","identity":"rs-2933275","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}