Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention among Women of Reproductive Age in Tertiary Institutions in Osun State, Nigeria

Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention among Women of Reproductive Age in Tertiary Institutions in Osun State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention among Women of Reproductive Age in Tertiary Institutions in Osun State, Nigeria Adeyemi Ogedengbe Omoge, Oluwabunmi Bridget Erinsakin, Oladunni Opeyemi, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8084216/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern among women in Nigeria, particularly due to low awareness, cultural misconceptions, and inadequate utilization of preventive measures. Understanding knowledge and attitudes among young women is essential to informing targeted interventions. Objective This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention among female undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized, involving 396 female undergraduate students selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analysed with SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics summarized knowledge and attitude levels, while Chi-square tests examined associations between variables, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of respondents was 25.3 ± 8.2 years. More than half (61.6%) had heard of HPV, while 50.0% were aware of the HPV vaccine. Overall, 52.0% demonstrated good knowledge, whereas 48.0% had low knowledge of cervical cancer prevention. Regarding attitudes, 52.0% of respondents expressed negative attitudes, while 48.0% had positive attitudes. Chi-square analysis showed no statistically significant association between knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer prevention (χ² = 2.537, p = 0.121). Similarly, there was no significant association between attitude and the preventive orientation (χ² = 0.025, p = 0.905). Conclusion Despite moderate awareness, negative attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention remain prevalent. Strengthening institutional health education, correcting misconceptions, and promoting HPV vaccination and screening uptake are essential to improving preventive behaviours. Knowledge Attitudes Cervical Cancer Prevention Reproductive Age Women Tertiary Institutions Nigeria Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) is a malignancy of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus, is the primary cause of cervical cancer [ 1 ] . Although most HPV infections resolve spontaneously, long-term infection can lead to precancerous lesions and, ultimately, invasive cervical cancer [ 1 ] . Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In 2022, an estimated 660,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 350,000 women died from the disease [ 2 ] . In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden is particularly high, with about 125,699 new cases reported annually [ 3 ] . In Nigeria, approximately 13,676 new cases and 7,093 deaths occur each year, making cervical cancer one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women [ 4 ] . Women living with HIV face an even higher risk due to compromised immunity, which reduces their ability to clear HPV infection [ 5 ] . Unlike high-income countries, where organized screening programmes and HPV vaccination have substantially reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality, most low-income countries lack adequate preventive infrastructure. In Nigeria, challenges include low awareness, limited access to screening, cost barriers, and cultural misconceptions that discourage utilization of preventive services [ 6 – 7 ] . The situation is worsened by late-stage presentation of cases, which drastically reduces survival rates [ 8 ] . According to international guidelines, cervical cancer prevention relies on two key strategies: primary prevention through HPV vaccination (recommended before sexual debut) and secondary prevention through regular screening (Pap smear, HPV testing, or visual inspection with acetic acid) beginning at age 21 [ 9 , 10 ] . However, in Nigeria, HPV vaccines are not yet integrated into the national immunization programme, and screening uptake remains low due to financial, informational, and cultural barriers. Young women in tertiary institutions represent a critical population for cervical cancer prevention. They are at increased risk of HPV exposure due to early sexual activity but are also highly receptive to health education interventions. This study therefore assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer among female undergraduates in selected tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Methodology Study Location This study was conducted in selected tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Osun State is located in the South-West geopolitical zone and hosts a mix of public and private universities, contributing to a diverse academic environment. The selected institutions were Adeleke University (Ede), Redeemer’s University (Ede), and Osun State University (Osogbo Campus). These institutions were intentionally chosen to represent different ownership structures and socio-cultural student populations, allowing the findings to reflect variations in exposure to health information and access to healthcare services. Young women in tertiary institutions constitute a strategic group for cervical cancer prevention efforts. Although they are within an age bracket where sexual activity and risk of HPV exposure commonly begin, multiple studies have shown that awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination remain low among this group despite their educational advantage. Conducting this study in tertiary institutions therefore provides a suitable platform for identifying knowledge gaps and strengthening targeted preventive health education. Study Population The study population consisted of female undergraduate students enrolled across the selected universities in Osun State. A total of 396 female students participated in the study. Female undergraduate students were chosen because they fall within the age group most vulnerable to early HPV exposure, which is a major risk factor for cervical cancer development later in life. Despite being in an academic environment with potential access to health information, evidence from previous studies in Nigeria indicates that many female undergraduates still have limited awareness and low uptake of cervical cancer preventive measures. Studying this population therefore provides valuable insight into existing knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices, enabling the design of targeted interventions that can promote early adoption of screening and HPV vaccination. Additionally, universities provide a structured environment where preventive health education and awareness programs can be implemented effectively. Study Design and Sampling A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women of reproductive age in tertiary institutions in Osun state, Nigeria. A cross – sectional descriptive study design approach was employed to ensure a comprehensive analysis. Sample Size and Sampling Methods A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396 respondents from the selected institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in institutions selected through simple random sampling of the participants. These institutions were chosen to provide a representative mix of private and public universities within the state. The sample size for this study was calculated using Taro Yamane (1967) formula to obtain the sufficient sample size. The formula applied is given as: n = N / (1 + N (e) 2 ) Where n = Sample size, N = Total population under study, e = margin error and 1 = adjusted constant. After adjusting for a 10% non – response rate, the final sample was 396. Data Collection and Analysis The study was carried out with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire from the sampled population comprises of 396 respondents. The results were analysed using Statistical Package for Service Solutions (SPSS) Version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square tests were used to assess the associations between knowledge and attitudes of cervical cancer. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria Female undergraduate students enrolled in any of the selected institutions, 16 years and above. Exclusion Criteria Male, postgraduate student, staff, students from other institutions. Results Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics Distribution of Respondents (n = 396) Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Age (years) 16–20 276 69.7 21–25 103 26.1 26–30 17 4.3 Mean ± Std Dev = 25.3 ± 8.2 Religion Christianity 313 79.0 Islam 83 21.0 Ethnicity Yoruba 325 82.1 Igbo 47 11.9 Hausa 13 3.28 Others 11 2.77 Mode of study Full Time 386 97.5 Part Time 10 2.5 Level 100 192 48.5 200 48 12.1 300 44 11.1 400 96 24.2 500 16 4.0 Marital Status Single 372 93.9 Married 24 6.1 Table 2 Knowledge of Respondents on Cervical Cancer Prevention (n = 396) Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Have you heard of human papilloma virus? No 152 38.4 Yes 244 61.6 Which of the following is your source of information School 17 4.29 Media 72 18.2 Friends 59 15.0 Family members 52 13.1 Church/Mosque members 49 12.3 Health worker 125 31.5 Others 22 5.55 Is HPV a virus? No 190 48.0 Yes 206 52.0 How do you think HPV is transmitted Skin to skin contact 120 30.3 Coughing and sneezing 89 22.4 Contact with body fluids 50 12.6 Toilet seat 68 17.1 Self-inoculation (Orally) 51 12.9 I don’t know 18 4.7 Which of the following health issues are related to HPV Cervical Cancer 112 28.3 Genital warts 98 24.7 Penile cancer 52 13.1 Breast cancer 47 11.9 Vulva cancer 39 9.9 I don’t know 29 7.3 None 19 4.8 Do you know that human papilloma virus can be prevented No 294 74.2 Yes 102 25.8 Have you heard of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines No 198 50.0 Yes 198 50.0 Have you heard of cervical cancer No 66 16.7 Yes 330 83.3 Have you heard of cervical cancer screening test No 114 28.8 Yes 282 71.2 What is cervical cancer screening test called Pap smear 242 61.1 HPV testing 82 20.7 Visual examination 60 15.2 I don’t know 12 3.02 Do you know that the intake of HPV vaccine could lower the risk of cervical cancer No 176 44.4 Yes 220 55.6 Intake of HPV vaccines before the start of sexual activities can prevent the onset of human papilloma virus No 272 68.7 Yes 124 31.3 Is cervical cancer a preventable disease No 73 18.4 Yes 323 81.6 Do you know that early screening uptake can detect an abnormal growth in the cervix No 136 34.3 Yes 260 65.7 STD is a risk to cervical cancer No 73 18.4 Yes 323 81.6 Having sex with multiple persons can be a risk to cervical cancer No 71 17.9 Yes 325 82.1 Having sex with a person with multiple sexual partners can also be a risk to cervical cancer No 182 46.0 Yes 214 54.0 Smoking is a risk to cervical cancer No 241 60.9 Yes 155 39.1 Oral contraceptives can pose a risk to cervical cancer No 180 45.5 Yes 216 54.5 Do you know that genetic history of cervical cancer can increase a person’s risk of cervical cancer No 144 36.4 Yes 252 63.6 Cervical cancer test is only for sick persons No 277 70.0 Yes 119 30.0 How many times should a woman undergo cervical cancer screening Once 110 27.8 Twice 4 1.0 Thrice 28 7.1 Four 231 58.3 I don't know 23 5.8 Table 3 Attitude of Respondents on Cervical Cancer Prevention (n = 396) SA: Strongly Agree, A: Agree, N: Neutral, D: Disagree, SD: Strongly Disagree s/n Variables SA A N D SD 1 Human papilloma virus vaccine is meant for unhealthy individuals only F 74 78 51 95 98 % 18.7 19.7 12.9 24.0 24.7 2 Cervical cancer screening is meant for only those who are sick F 43 51 33 101 168 % 10.9 12.9 8.3 25.5 42.4 3 Having multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of cervical cancer F 155 155 59 21 6 % 39.1 39.1 14.9 5.3 1.5 4 HPV is transmitted through sexual intercourse F 139 141 94 17 5 % 35.1 35.6 23.7 4.3 1.3 5 HPV can increase the risk of cervical cancer F 140 114 73 57 12 % 35.4 28.8 18.4 14.4 3.0 6 Early marriage onset is a risk to cervical cancer F 87 105 76 87 41 % 22.0 26.5 19.2 22.0 10.4 7 Cervical cancer is a major health problem for women F 166 98 66 46 20 % 41.9 24.7 16.7 11.6 5.1 8 Early diagnosis of premalignant lesions is good for treatment outcome F 183 126 63 24 0 % 46.2 31.8 15.9 6.1 0.0 9 Cervical cancer is preventable F 188 117 62 8 21 % 47.5 29.5 15.7 2.0 5.3 10 Cervical cancer is curable F 137 117 51 45 46 % 34.6 29.5 12.9 11.4 11.6 11 Early screening can help detect the onset of premalignant lesions F 167 105 66 21 37 % 42.2 26.5 16.7 5.3 9.3 Association Between Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention Categories Knowledge on Cervical Cancer prevention χ 2 p-value Decision Low High Prevention of cervical cancer Good 153 152 2.537 .121 Not sig. Poor 37 54 Categories Attitude towards cervical cancer prevention χ 2 p-value Decision Negative Positive Prevention of cervical cancer Good 158 147 .025 .905 Not sig. Poor 48 43 Discussion Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants The mean age of respondents (25.305 ± 8.195) aligns with the reproductive age group most at risk for HPV infection and cervical cancer. Out of the 396 respondents, 79.0% were Christians, 82.1% were Yoruba. 97.5% were full time students, 48.5% were from 100 level, and 93.9% were single. Overall Results revealed that 52.0% had good knowledge of cervical cancer prevention. 77.0% had bad practice towards cervical cancer prevention, and 52.0% had negative attitude towards cervical cancer prevention. The result from this finding reflects the demographic profile of Osun State and is similar to findings in other Nigerian tertiary-institution-based studies [ 14 , 15 ] . The high proportion of single women (93.9%) suggests an opportunity for early preventive interventions before marriage and childbearing. Knowledge on Cervical Cancer Prevention The study highlights that only 52% of the study respondents have adequate knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, while 48% lack sufficient awareness. This indicates a substantial gap in knowledge despite the presence of health information sources, pointing to missed opportunities for education and awareness-building among this population. This result is consistent with findings from Adebayo et al. (2021) [ 14 ] , who noted similar knowledge levels (60.6%) among antenatal attendees in Ibadan, and Ekwonwa et al. (2017) [ 15 ] , where knowledge levels were even higher (72.8%) among reproductive-age women in Ede South. This pattern suggests that women within healthcare settings, like antenatal clinics, may have more access to cervical cancer information than those in other environments. However, the results contrast with Ogbonna (2017) [ 16 ] , where less than half of the respondents displayed adequate knowledge. This discrepancy may reflect differences in education access, geographic or socioeconomic backgrounds, and healthcare exposure across study populations. Although most respondents in the article’s study were aware of the HPV vaccine and the benefits of early screening, many were unfamiliar with the terminology, such as what a Pap smear is. This detail signals potential deficiencies in the clarity and comprehensiveness of health messaging, where specific terms and procedural information may not be fully explained or emphasized, possibly leading to misunderstandings about preventive measures. Health workers and media emerged as the most common sources of information for the study respondents, consistent with findings by Duru et al. (2015) [ 17 ] and Ilika (2016) [ 18 ] . This reliance on health workers underscores the critical role healthcare professionals play in disseminating accurate health information. However, the mass media’s significant influence highlights both an opportunity and a challenge: while media can reach large audiences, it can also convey unfiltered or incorrect information. This risk may partially explain why knowledge and attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention remain inconsistent or limited. Attitude Towards Cervical Cancer Prevention While knowledge is moderate, attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention were notably negative in over half (52%) of the respondents. This outcome contrasts with Mullatu et al. (2017) [ 19 ] , where a majority of female students at Mizan Tepi University held positive attitudes. The article attributes this difference to unfiltered information, particularly from non-healthcare sources, that may foster misconceptions. This finding reflects a broader issue where partial or inaccurate information can hinder preventive attitudes, as also noted by Sajid et al. (2019) [ 20 ] , who reported that over half of their respondents’ believed screening was unnecessary without symptoms. This underscores the need for accurate, trusted health information to shift attitudes positively. Negative attitudes among respondents could contribute to low engagement in preventive behaviours, as individuals are less likely to seek services they do not prioritize or fully understand. The practice of preventive behaviours like screening and HPV vaccination is markedly low among the respondents, with 77% showing poor preventive practices. Despite having some knowledge, most respondents have not acted on it, as evidenced by 74.5% who never underwent HPV testing, 72.5% who never received the HPV vaccine, and 58.6% who never participated in cervical cancer screening. This gap between knowledge and practice is consistent with other studies, such as Nowomuhangi (2019) [ 21 ] , where only half of the first-year nursing students had undergone screening, and Rahmat, A. et al. (2021) [ 22 ] , which found a 30% screening uptake among respondents. This pattern suggests a systemic issue across Africa, where knowledge is present but does not translate into action due to barriers like access to healthcare, affordability of preventive measures, cultural beliefs, and potentially low risk perception. Association Between Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention The absence of significant associations between knowledge, and attitude (χ²=2.54, p = 0.121; χ²=0.03, p = 0.905) suggests that cognitive awareness does not necessarily translate into behavioural change. This supports behavioural theory, which emphasizes that enabling environments, affordability, and cultural acceptance are as important as individual knowledge in shaping preventive practices [ 7 ] . Implications for Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude The findings underscore a critical need for enhanced education and practical interventions to bridge the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) gap. Health programmes must focus on clear communication, addressing misconceptions, and creating accessible channels for screening and vaccination. Additionally, policy measures that subsidize or integrate HPV vaccines and screenings into regular health services could significantly improve preventive practice uptake. These actions would address the practical challenges that hinder behaviour change, helping align knowledge and attitude with consistent preventive practices. In summary, while this study reveals that awareness is present among reproductive-age women, barriers rooted in information quality, cultural context, and systemic healthcare access issues prevent this knowledge from translating into preventive actions. These insights indicate a need for tailored health interventions that directly address the structural and cultural barriers to cervical cancer prevention in Nigeria and similar settings. Conclusion This study revealed that although just over half of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, negative attitudes towards preventive measures remained common among female undergraduate students in tertiary institutions in Osun State. The absence of a significant association between knowledge and attitude indicates that awareness alone does not necessarily translate into positive perceptions or willingness to adopt preventive behaviours. This suggests that misconceptions, cultural beliefs, and limited exposure to practical preventive programmes continue to influence attitudes despite available information. Strengthening cervical cancer prevention among young women in academic settings therefore requires more than information dissemination. Interventions must actively address attitudinal barriers by incorporating targeted health education, supportive peer influence, relatable messaging, and accessible screening and vaccination opportunities. Integrating cervical cancer prevention into institutional health promotion programmes and national public health strategies will be essential to fostering informed, positive attitudes that encourage early uptake of preventive services. Addressing these gaps at the university level has the potential to contribute significantly to reducing cervical cancer burden among women in Nigeria. Recommendations To address the gaps identified in this study, the following recommendations are proposed: For Practice and Policy Integrate Cervical Cancer Prevention into Institutional Health Programmes: Establish routine health education sessions in tertiary institutions, focusing on cervical cancer awareness and the importance of preventive practices like screening and HPV vaccination. This can ensure sustained exposure to accurate information within academic environments. Subsidize HPV Vaccination and Screening Costs: Advocate for policy interventions that make HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screenings more affordable and accessible. Including these services in Nigeria’s public health agenda can help overcome financial barriers that deter preventive practices. Collaborate with Trusted Community Leaders and Healthcare Professionals: Partner with local healthcare providers and community influencers to build trust and improve the credibility of cervical cancer education, making it easier to address and overcome cultural and social barriers. For Health Education and Public Awareness Enhance Clarity and Accessibility of Health Information: Develop clear and accessible educational materials that demystify cervical cancer prevention terminology, such as explaining Pap smear testing. This will help bridge knowledge gaps, particularly among those unfamiliar with medical terminology. Use Media to Promote Positive Health Behaviours: Leverage mass media and social media platforms to disseminate reliable health information and debunk misconceptions. Campaigns can be tailored to target young women in tertiary institutions, using relatable messaging and testimonials to foster positive attitudes toward preventive actions. Implement Interactive Workshops and Peer Education Programmes: Host interactive sessions, such as workshops and peer-led education programmes, where women can openly discuss misconceptions, address cultural beliefs, and learn about cervical cancer prevention in an engaging and supportive environment. For Future Research and Development Explore Additional Factors Affecting Behaviour Change: Conduct further studies to examine unaddressed variables like motivation, healthcare access, and the impact of socioeconomic status on preventive behaviour. These insights can inform more tailored interventions that effectively convert knowledge and attitude into action. Evaluate Health Education Strategies: Implement pilot programmes testing different health education approaches and monitor their effectiveness in changing knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This data can help optimize cervical cancer awareness programmes and identify the most impactful communication strategies. By implementing these recommendations, public health stakeholders and educational institutions can create a supportive environment for cervical cancer prevention, ensuring that knowledge and positive attitudes translate into tangible preventive actions among women in Nigeria and similar contexts. Declarations ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria. The research protocol, including all procedures involving human participants was received and approved by the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria. All methods were carried out in accordance with the committee’s guidelines and relevant regulations. Approval to conduct the research in the universities was also sought from the selected universities (Osun State University, Oshogbo Chapter, Redeemers University, Ede, and Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE An informed consent was obtained from all participants who participated in this study. Permission was obtained from the respondents before administering the questionnaire, and confidentiality of all respondents was ensured. All participants provided an informed consent to participate in this study. CONSENT TO PULISH All participants provided an informed consent for the anonymised data to be published as part of this study. STATEMENT OF CONFIRMATION All methods used were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. COMPETING INTERESTS All authors declare that there is no competing interest. FUNDING INFORMATION No funding received for the study. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the research Acknowledgement All authors are acknowledged. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References American society of clinical oncology. Cervical cancer Diagnosis and Stages. Knowledge Conquers Cancer; 2020. Saad A, Kabiru S, Suleiman H, Rukaiya A. (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening among Market Women in Zaria, Nigeria. Nigeria medical Journal vol.54. Amine C, Sanaa ELM, Nabil I, Zakia C, Jamal B, Chakib N, Amine ELH, Yahya C, Noureddine B. (2016). Evaluation of the Cost of Cervical Cancer at the National Institute of Oncology, Rabat. Pan Afr Med J. 23. World Health Organization. (2023). Cervical cancer: Prevention and control. WHO Global Strategy Fact Sheet. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2012). 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American cancer society, American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology, and American society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(3):147–72. WHO. (2014). Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice. Okonufua F. HPV Vaccine and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Africa. AFR J Reprod Health; 2007. Adebayo M, Oluwasomidoyin O. The Determinants of Knowledge of Cervical Cancer, Attitude towards Screening and Practice of Cervical Cancer Prevention amongst Antenatal Attendees in Ibadan. Southwest Nigeria; 2021. Ekwonwa E, Olariike K, Abayomi O, Ugushida O. Awareness, Knowledge and Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women of Reproductive Age in Selected Wards in Ede South Local Government Area, Osun State. East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences; 2020. Ogbonna F, Med A. 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16:13:47","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1f8c329e85ee4f429e1139aa587690c11enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8084216/v1/ba7c71c7ace953e4a6412b0d.xml"},{"id":99310498,"identity":"e2146afc-3e84-4820-b854-50027147a0a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:12:56","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1f8c329e85ee4f429e1139aa587690c11structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8084216/v1/a055598d891b0e58504f4c02.xml"},{"id":98935906,"identity":"2511691c-2258-4e92-a987-c8ca1e4c9ad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-24 10:01:33","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":117424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8084216/v1/f1dea5d95176a0762a97b14b.html"},{"id":99788112,"identity":"bd1623ec-d4dd-42ba-8679-bc4bb373fb88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:44:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1281814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8084216/v1/d8b58812-c1df-42a0-bb70-430fb2b5b765.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention among Women of Reproductive Age in Tertiary Institutions in Osun State, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCervical cancer (CC) is a malignancy of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus, is the primary cause of cervical cancer\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Although most HPV infections resolve spontaneously, long-term infection can lead to precancerous lesions and, ultimately, invasive cervical cancer\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In 2022, an estimated 660,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 350,000 women died from the disease\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden is particularly high, with about 125,699 new cases reported annually\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In Nigeria, approximately 13,676 new cases and 7,093 deaths occur each year, making cervical cancer one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Women living with HIV face an even higher risk due to compromised immunity, which reduces their ability to clear HPV infection\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnlike high-income countries, where organized screening programmes and HPV vaccination have substantially reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality, most low-income countries lack adequate preventive infrastructure. In Nigeria, challenges include low awareness, limited access to screening, cost barriers, and cultural misconceptions that discourage utilization of preventive services\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The situation is worsened by late-stage presentation of cases, which drastically reduces survival rates\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to international guidelines, cervical cancer prevention relies on two key strategies: primary prevention through HPV vaccination (recommended before sexual debut) and secondary prevention through regular screening (Pap smear, HPV testing, or visual inspection with acetic acid) beginning at age 21\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, in Nigeria, HPV vaccines are not yet integrated into the national immunization programme, and screening uptake remains low due to financial, informational, and cultural barriers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung women in tertiary institutions represent a critical population for cervical cancer prevention. They are at increased risk of HPV exposure due to early sexual activity but are also highly receptive to health education interventions. This study therefore assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer among female undergraduates in selected tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Location\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in selected tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. Osun State is located in the South-West geopolitical zone and hosts a mix of public and private universities, contributing to a diverse academic environment. The selected institutions were Adeleke University (Ede), Redeemer\u0026rsquo;s University (Ede), and Osun State University (Osogbo Campus). These institutions were intentionally chosen to represent different ownership structures and socio-cultural student populations, allowing the findings to reflect variations in exposure to health information and access to healthcare services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung women in tertiary institutions constitute a strategic group for cervical cancer prevention efforts. Although they are within an age bracket where sexual activity and risk of HPV exposure commonly begin, multiple studies have shown that awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination remain low among this group despite their educational advantage. Conducting this study in tertiary institutions therefore provides a suitable platform for identifying knowledge gaps and strengthening targeted preventive health education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of female undergraduate students enrolled across the selected universities in Osun State. A total of 396 female students participated in the study. Female undergraduate students were chosen because they fall within the age group most vulnerable to early HPV exposure, which is a major risk factor for cervical cancer development later in life. Despite being in an academic environment with potential access to health information, evidence from previous studies in Nigeria indicates that many female undergraduates still have limited awareness and low uptake of cervical cancer preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudying this population therefore provides valuable insight into existing knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices, enabling the design of targeted interventions that can promote early adoption of screening and HPV vaccination. Additionally, universities provide a structured environment where preventive health education and awareness programs can be implemented effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design and Sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women of reproductive age in tertiary institutions in Osun state, Nigeria. A cross \u0026ndash; sectional descriptive study design approach was employed to ensure a comprehensive analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size and Sampling Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396 respondents from the selected institutions in Osun State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in institutions selected through simple random sampling of the participants. These institutions were chosen to provide a representative mix of private and public universities within the state. The sample size for this study was calculated using Taro Yamane (1967) formula to obtain the sufficient sample size. The formula applied is given as: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N / (1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;N (e) \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sample size, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total population under study, e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin error and 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;adjusted constant. After adjusting for a 10% non \u0026ndash; response rate, the final sample was 396.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection and Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire from the sampled population comprises of 396 respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results were analysed using Statistical Package for Service Solutions (SPSS) Version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square tests were used to assess the associations between knowledge and attitudes of cervical cancer. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale undergraduate students enrolled in any of the selected institutions, 16 years and above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale, postgraduate student, staff, students from other institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics Distribution of Respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;396)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;Std Dev\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKnowledge of Respondents on Cervical Cancer Prevention (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;396)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you heard of human papilloma virus?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following is your source of information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChurch/Mosque members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth worker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs HPV a virus?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow do you think HPV is transmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin to skin contact\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoughing and sneezing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with body fluids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToilet seat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-inoculation (Orally)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following health issues are related to HPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical Cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenital warts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenile cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreast cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulva cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know that human papilloma virus can be prevented\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you heard of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you heard of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you heard of cervical cancer screening test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is cervical cancer screening test called\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePap smear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPV testing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual examination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know that the intake of HPV vaccine could lower the risk of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntake of HPV vaccines before the start of sexual activities can prevent the onset of human papilloma virus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIs cervical cancer a preventable disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know that early screening uptake can detect an abnormal growth in the cervix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTD is a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving sex with multiple persons can be a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving sex with a person with multiple sexual partners can also be a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoking is a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOral contraceptives can pose a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know that genetic history of cervical cancer can increase a person\u0026rsquo;s risk of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer test is only for sick persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow many times should a woman undergo cervical cancer screening\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI don't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude of Respondents on Cervical Cancer Prevention (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;396)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSA: Strongly Agree, A: Agree, N: Neutral, D: Disagree, SD: Strongly Disagree\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es/n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman papilloma virus vaccine is meant for unhealthy individuals only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer screening is meant for only those who are sick\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaving multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPV is transmitted through sexual intercourse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPV can increase the risk of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly marriage onset is a risk to cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer is a major health problem for women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly diagnosis of premalignant lesions is good for treatment outcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer is preventable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer is curable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly screening can help detect the onset of premalignant lesions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation Between Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge on Cervical Cancer prevention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecision\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHigh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevention of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGood\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot sig.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCategories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude towards cervical cancer prevention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eχ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDecision\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevention of cervical cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGood\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot sig.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoor\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of respondents (25.305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.195) aligns with the reproductive age group most at risk for HPV infection and cervical cancer. Out of the 396 respondents, 79.0% were Christians, 82.1% were Yoruba. 97.5% were full time students, 48.5% were from 100 level, and 93.9% were single. Overall Results revealed that 52.0% had good knowledge of cervical cancer prevention. 77.0% had bad practice towards cervical cancer prevention, and 52.0% had negative attitude towards cervical cancer prevention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result from this finding reflects the demographic profile of Osun State and is similar to findings in other Nigerian tertiary-institution-based studies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The high proportion of single women (93.9%) suggests an opportunity for early preventive interventions before marriage and childbearing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge on Cervical Cancer Prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study highlights that only 52% of the study respondents have adequate knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, while 48% lack sufficient awareness. This indicates a substantial gap in knowledge despite the presence of health information sources, pointing to missed opportunities for education and awareness-building among this population. This result is consistent with findings from Adebayo et al. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, who noted similar knowledge levels (60.6%) among antenatal attendees in Ibadan, and Ekwonwa et al. (2017)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, where knowledge levels were even higher (72.8%) among reproductive-age women in Ede South. This pattern suggests that women within healthcare settings, like antenatal clinics, may have more access to cervical cancer information than those in other environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the results contrast with Ogbonna (2017)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, where less than half of the respondents displayed adequate knowledge. This discrepancy may reflect differences in education access, geographic or socioeconomic backgrounds, and healthcare exposure across study populations. Although most respondents in the article\u0026rsquo;s study were aware of the HPV vaccine and the benefits of early screening, many were unfamiliar with the terminology, such as what a Pap smear is. This detail signals potential deficiencies in the clarity and comprehensiveness of health messaging, where specific terms and procedural information may not be fully explained or emphasized, possibly leading to misunderstandings about preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth workers and media emerged as the most common sources of information for the study respondents, consistent with findings by Duru et al. (2015)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Ilika (2016)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This reliance on health workers underscores the critical role healthcare professionals play in disseminating accurate health information. However, the mass media\u0026rsquo;s significant influence highlights both an opportunity and a challenge: while media can reach large audiences, it can also convey unfiltered or incorrect information. This risk may partially explain why knowledge and attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention remain inconsistent or limited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude Towards Cervical Cancer Prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile knowledge is moderate, attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention were notably negative in over half (52%) of the respondents. This outcome contrasts with Mullatu et al. (2017)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, where a majority of female students at Mizan Tepi University held positive attitudes. The article attributes this difference to unfiltered information, particularly from non-healthcare sources, that may foster misconceptions. This finding reflects a broader issue where partial or inaccurate information can hinder preventive attitudes, as also noted by Sajid et al. (2019)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, who reported that over half of their respondents\u0026rsquo; believed screening was unnecessary without symptoms. This underscores the need for accurate, trusted health information to shift attitudes positively. Negative attitudes among respondents could contribute to low engagement in preventive behaviours, as individuals are less likely to seek services they do not prioritize or fully understand.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practice of preventive behaviours like screening and HPV vaccination is markedly low among the respondents, with 77% showing poor preventive practices. Despite having some knowledge, most respondents have not acted on it, as evidenced by 74.5% who never underwent HPV testing, 72.5% who never received the HPV vaccine, and 58.6% who never participated in cervical cancer screening. This gap between knowledge and practice is consistent with other studies, such as Nowomuhangi (2019)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, where only half of the first-year nursing students had undergone screening, and Rahmat, A. et al. (2021)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which found a 30% screening uptake among respondents. This pattern suggests a systemic issue across Africa, where knowledge is present but does not translate into action due to barriers like access to healthcare, affordability of preventive measures, cultural beliefs, and potentially low risk perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociation Between Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absence of significant associations between knowledge, and attitude (χ\u0026sup2;=2.54, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.121; χ\u0026sup2;=0.03, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.905) suggests that cognitive awareness does not necessarily translate into behavioural change. This supports behavioural theory, which emphasizes that enabling environments, affordability, and cultural acceptance are as important as individual knowledge in shaping preventive practices\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications for Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings underscore a critical need for enhanced education and practical interventions to bridge the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) gap. Health programmes must focus on clear communication, addressing misconceptions, and creating accessible channels for screening and vaccination. Additionally, policy measures that subsidize or integrate HPV vaccines and screenings into regular health services could significantly improve preventive practice uptake. These actions would address the practical challenges that hinder behaviour change, helping align knowledge and attitude with consistent preventive practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, while this study reveals that awareness is present among reproductive-age women, barriers rooted in information quality, cultural context, and systemic healthcare access issues prevent this knowledge from translating into preventive actions. These insights indicate a need for tailored health interventions that directly address the structural and cultural barriers to cervical cancer prevention in Nigeria and similar settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that although just over half of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, negative attitudes towards preventive measures remained common among female undergraduate students in tertiary institutions in Osun State. The absence of a significant association between knowledge and attitude indicates that awareness alone does not necessarily translate into positive perceptions or willingness to adopt preventive behaviours. This suggests that misconceptions, cultural beliefs, and limited exposure to practical preventive programmes continue to influence attitudes despite available information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengthening cervical cancer prevention among young women in academic settings therefore requires more than information dissemination. Interventions must actively address attitudinal barriers by incorporating targeted health education, supportive peer influence, relatable messaging, and accessible screening and vaccination opportunities. Integrating cervical cancer prevention into institutional health promotion programmes and national public health strategies will be essential to fostering informed, positive attitudes that encourage early uptake of preventive services. Addressing these gaps at the university level has the potential to contribute significantly to reducing cervical cancer burden among women in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the gaps identified in this study, the following recommendations are proposed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFor Practice and Policy\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegrate Cervical Cancer Prevention into Institutional Health Programmes: Establish routine health education sessions in tertiary institutions, focusing on cervical cancer awareness and the importance of preventive practices like screening and HPV vaccination. This can ensure sustained exposure to accurate information within academic environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsidize HPV Vaccination and Screening Costs: Advocate for policy interventions that make HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screenings more affordable and accessible. Including these services in Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s public health agenda can help overcome financial barriers that deter preventive practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e Collaborate with Trusted Community Leaders and Healthcare Professionals: Partner with local healthcare providers and community influencers to build trust and improve the credibility of cervical cancer education, making it easier to address and overcome cultural and social barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFor Health Education and Public Awareness\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnhance Clarity and Accessibility of Health Information: Develop clear and accessible educational materials that demystify cervical cancer prevention terminology, such as explaining Pap smear testing. This will help bridge knowledge gaps, particularly among those unfamiliar with medical terminology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse Media to Promote Positive Health Behaviours: Leverage mass media and social media platforms to disseminate reliable health information and debunk misconceptions. Campaigns can be tailored to target young women in tertiary institutions, using relatable messaging and testimonials to foster positive attitudes toward preventive actions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement Interactive Workshops and Peer Education Programmes: Host interactive sessions, such as workshops and peer-led education programmes, where women can openly discuss misconceptions, address cultural beliefs, and learn about cervical cancer prevention in an engaging and supportive environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFor Future Research and Development\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExplore Additional Factors Affecting Behaviour Change: Conduct further studies to examine unaddressed variables like motivation, healthcare access, and the impact of socioeconomic status on preventive behaviour. These insights can inform more tailored interventions that effectively convert knowledge and attitude into action.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluate Health Education Strategies: Implement pilot programmes testing different health education approaches and monitor their effectiveness in changing knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This data can help optimize cervical cancer awareness programmes and identify the most impactful communication strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy implementing these recommendations, public health stakeholders and educational institutions can create a supportive environment for cervical cancer prevention, ensuring that knowledge and positive attitudes translate into tangible preventive actions among women in Nigeria and similar contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria. The research protocol, including all procedures involving human participants was received and approved by the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria. All methods were carried out in accordance with the committee\u0026rsquo;s guidelines and relevant regulations. Approval to conduct the research in the universities was also sought from the selected universities (Osun State University, Oshogbo Chapter, Redeemers University, Ede, and Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e An informed consent was obtained from all participants who participated in this study. Permission was obtained from the respondents before administering the questionnaire, and confidentiality of all respondents was ensured. All participants provided an informed consent to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCONSENT TO PULISH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants provided an informed consent for the anonymised data to be published as part of this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSTATEMENT OF CONFIRMATION\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e All methods used were in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCOMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that there is no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFUNDING INFORMATION\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding received for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the research\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors are acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmerican society of clinical oncology. Cervical cancer Diagnosis and Stages. Knowledge Conquers Cancer; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaad A, Kabiru S, Suleiman H, Rukaiya A. (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening among Market Women in Zaria, Nigeria. Nigeria medical Journal vol.54.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmine C, Sanaa ELM, Nabil I, Zakia C, Jamal B, Chakib N, Amine ELH, Yahya C, Noureddine B. (2016). Evaluation of the Cost of Cervical Cancer at the National Institute of Oncology, Rabat. Pan Afr Med J. 23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2023). Cervical cancer: Prevention and control. WHO Global Strategy Fact Sheet. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2015). Cervical Cancer.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAjibola I, Olowookere S, Fagbemi A, Ogunlaja O. (2016). Determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake among women in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria: a community-based study. Journal of cancer epidemiology. Vol. 2016, article ID 6469240, 8 pages.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScott AM, Venetia Q, Johannes B, Hester M, Johannes A. Disease Burden of Human Papillomavirus Infection in the Netherlands. The Gap between Females and Males is Diminishing; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMusa J, Nankat J, Achenbach C, Shambe H, Taiwo O, Mandong B, Daru P, Murphy R, Sagay S. (2016). Cervical cancer survival in a resource-limited setting-North Central Nigeria. Infect. Agents Canc., vol.11 (1) (2016), p. 15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar H, Tanya S. A Study on Knowledge and Screening for Cervical Cancer among Women in Mangalore City. Ann Med Health Sci Res; 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaslow D, Solomon D, Lawson H. American cancer society, American society for colposcopy and cervical pathology, and American society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(3):147\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. (2014). Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkonufua F. HPV Vaccine and Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Africa. AFR J Reprod Health; 2007.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdebayo M, Oluwasomidoyin O. The Determinants of Knowledge of Cervical Cancer, Attitude towards Screening and Practice of Cervical Cancer Prevention amongst Antenatal Attendees in Ibadan. Southwest Nigeria; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEkwonwa E, Olariike K, Abayomi O, Ugushida O. Awareness, Knowledge and Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women of Reproductive Age in Selected Wards in Ede South Local Government Area, Osun State. East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences; 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgbonna F, Med A. Knowledge, Attitude, and Experience of Cervical Cancer and Screening among Sub-Saharan African Female Students in a UK University. Natl Libr Med. 2017;16(1):18\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuru C, Oluoha R, Uwakwe K, Diwe KC, Merenu I, Emerole C, Iwu C. Pattern of Pap Smear Test Results among Nigerian Women Attending Clinics in a Teaching Hospital. Int J Curr Microb App Sci. 2015;4(4):986\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIIika I, Gani O, McFubara K. Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Undergraduates and Staff in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gnecology; 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMulatu K, Ayalew M, Melkam., and, Mulugeta T. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Students of Mizan Tepi University, Ethiopia. Cancer Biol Ther Oncol; 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSajid et al. (2019). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards cervical cancer screening among female health care professionals.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNowomuhangi B. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Cervical Cancer and Screening among First. Year Female Nursing Students of Kampala international university; 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahmat A, Abimbola O, Olaide E. Predictors of Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Nurses in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Volume 15. African Journal of Midwifery and Women\u0026rsquo;s Health; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, Attitudes, Cervical Cancer, Prevention, Reproductive Age Women, Tertiary Institutions, Nigeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8084216/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8084216/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervical cancer remains a major public health concern among women in Nigeria, particularly due to low awareness, cultural misconceptions, and inadequate utilization of preventive measures. Understanding knowledge and attitudes among young women is essential to informing targeted interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention among female undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethodology:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized, involving 396 female undergraduate students selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analysed with SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics summarized knowledge and attitude levels, while Chi-square tests examined associations between variables, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of respondents was 25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2 years. More than half (61.6%) had heard of HPV, while 50.0% were aware of the HPV vaccine. Overall, 52.0% demonstrated good knowledge, whereas 48.0% had low knowledge of cervical cancer prevention. Regarding attitudes, 52.0% of respondents expressed negative attitudes, while 48.0% had positive attitudes. Chi-square analysis showed no statistically significant association between knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer prevention (χ\u0026sup2; = 2.537, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.121). Similarly, there was no significant association between attitude and the preventive orientation (χ\u0026sup2; = 0.025, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.905).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite moderate awareness, negative attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention remain prevalent. Strengthening institutional health education, correcting misconceptions, and promoting HPV vaccination and screening uptake are essential to improving preventive behaviours.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and Attitudes of Cervical Cancer Prevention among Women of Reproductive Age in Tertiary Institutions in Osun State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-24 10:01:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8084216/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-08T11:58:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-11T05:08:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-25T11:04:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15696306088955109836859290867095240717","date":"2026-01-24T16:37:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"191947914497851158787028722852356144723","date":"2026-01-19T17:53:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19771230872138398105760798296714758002","date":"2025-12-22T13:13:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T13:04:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T12:58:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T08:54:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T10:43:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2025-11-25T10:40:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8184245d-7e43-4ec1-be01-2e5a605d4b0a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T17:08:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-24 10:01:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8084216","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8084216","identity":"rs-8084216","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}