Influence of artificial fibers and Corn Cob Ash on the durability properties of High Performance Concrete

Influence of artificial fibers and Corn Cob Ash on the durability properties of High Performance Concrete | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of artificial fibers and Corn Cob Ash on the durability properties of High Performance Concrete Subahar Mohan, Ponkarthikeyan P, Velumani D, Jegandurai N This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the present study, durability characteristics such as abrasion resistance, electrical resistivity, rapid chloride penetration test, drying shrinkage, water absorption, water penetration, fire resistance and chemical resistance of High Performance Concrete (HPC) containing Corn Cob Ash (CCA) and artificial fibers have been investigated. The CCA was added in different contents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of cement. The Polypropylene (PP) and Polystyrene fiber (PS) were added 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % by weight of binders. The chemical attack test was conducted for HPC specimens with 90 days of exposure in 6 mediums; hydrochloric acid (10% HCl), sulfuric acid (10% H 2 SO 4 ), magnesium chloride (10% MgCl 2 ), sodium chloride (10% NaCl), magnesium sulfate (10% MgSO 4 ), and sodium sulfate (10% Na 2 SO 4 ). Results revealed that the inclusion of 15 wt % CCA was found to be economical dosage for HPC. However, above 15% of CCA replacement was unable to attain close enough values to control concrete. The results revealed that 15% of CCA with 0.4% of artificial fibers were showed better results in abrasion resistance, electrical resistivity, rapid chloride penetration, water absorption, water penetration, fire resistance and chemical resistance of HPC, compared to control mix without CCA and fibers. Corn Cob Ash Polypropylene fiber Polystyrene fiber High Performance Concrete durability properties. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 1. Statement of Industrial Relevance Corn Cobs are often discarded as agricultural waste. By using them to produce CCA, we reduce the amount of waste going to landfills. This helps conserve landfill space and reduces the potential for environmental pollution from decomposing organic waste. By partially replacing cement with CCA in concrete, we can lower the demand for cement and thus reduce these emissions. This helps mitigate climate change. 2. Novelty This manuscript presents a novel investigation into the combined effect of artificial fibers and corn cob ash (CCA) on the durability properties of high-performance concrete (HPC). Unlike previous studies that focus on either fibers or agricultural waste as supplementary cementitious materials, this research uniquely integrates both to enhance HPC’s resistance to harsh environmental conditions. The study provides new insights into optimizing fiber-ash synergy for improved durability, promoting sustainability by utilizing agricultural by-products while maintaining superior mechanical performance. These findings contribute to the development of eco-friendly, high-durability concrete solutions. 3. Introduction Today, the developed and developing nations are mainly focused to preserve the natural resources (raw material) to avoid the environmental changes and its energy conservations turn into a priority for design a sustainable building 1 . The properties and applications of HPC are not comparable with conventional concretes, because of its superior strength and durability characteristics with low life-cycle cost 2 . Due to rapid increase in population and urbanization are need the new infrastructure and also its creating extra pressure on existing infrastructures. At present scenario, the demand and usage of HPC is increased day by day in all over the word for construction of tall building, bridges and infrastructural elements 3 . This high demand of concrete has resulted in significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions (7%) through the cement production 4 . Cement is the most utilized construction material after of water and its demand has highly increased with over population to match necessary infrastructure. Apart from the carbon dioxide emissions, cement production is an energy-intensive process and also it is responsible for the quick depletion of non renewable natural raw materials, fossil fuels. In order to meet these future demands of cement while conserving the environment and it is important towards the finding of alternative supplementary cementitious materials to substitution for cement, will lead to more reduction in the carbon footprint of concrete 1 . Now many research works on HPC has been mainly focused on the use of industrial and agro wastes as supplementary cementitious materials to replace Portland cement (PC) in concrete mixtures, for example silica fume, bagasse ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash, fly ash, gypsums, limestone powder, metakaolin, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash, etc 5 . But, these industrial and agro wastes based supplementary cementitious materials are not readily available at every place and where available; still the supply is limited 6 . On the other hand, The Corn is the world's second most significant cereal crop in terms of area of cultivation 7 . In the 2016–2017, global maize output reached over 1040 million MT, with the United States leading the way with 38%, followed by China with 23% 8 . India is at 7th place in the world in the production volume of 26 million MT of corn and it’s around 2% of the global total. After wheat and rice, maize is the third most important crop in India, which is potentially valuable material to consider 6 . Because of the large production of corn is creates a significant opportunity to use the Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a SCM for concrete production 9 – 11 . The Corn cob can be recycled into corn cob ash by combustion of temperature ranging from 550 0 C to 700 0 C 12 . The corn cob ash contains around 60–70% of silica (SiO 2 ) in its chemical composition that is directly involves in the pozzolanic reaction and it can also be used as a replacement for cement in concrete production 10 , 13 . Moreover, Incorporation of CCA as a SCM into the HPC can facilitate to handle waste effectively and supply for the future cement demands 8 . The studies on the utilization of CCA in HPC was still limited 14 , as most of the previous research works deals the utilization of CCA in cement paste 9 , 10 , mortar 11 , 15 , conventional concrete 16 – 19 , self compacting concrete 20 , 21 , Geopolymer concrete 22 , Laterized concrete 23 only. However there was no discussion regarding the effects of CCA dosage and artificial fiber content on durability properties of HPC. Therefore, the present study focuses on the potential of CCA replacement and combined effect of 15% CCA along with different dosage artificial fibers (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) on durability characteristics and chemical resistance of HPC. 4. Materials ad methods The Ordinary Portland cement − 53 grade of cement was used in this study, conforming to IS 12269–2013 24 . Table 1 present the physical and chemical properties of cement and corn cub ash. Corn cub ash used as supplementary cementitious material for high performance concrete and their SEM pictures are shown in Fig. 1 . The commercially available river sand (zone III conforming with IS : 2386 (Part I) -1963) was used as the fine aggregate 25 , which having specific gravity of 2.59 and water absorptions of 0.62%. The crushed granite stone was used as the coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 10mm, specific gravity of 2.73 and water absorption of 0.54% (Conforming with IS : 2386 Part 3 and 4) 26 , 27 . A commercial polycarboxylate based superplasticizer (Sika ® ViscoCrete ® -20 HE) was used as high-range water-reducing admixture for HPC, conforming with ASTM C 494 Type F 28 . As per IRC 15- 2011 29 , Two types of artificial fibers (Polypropylene and polystyrene) were used as fiber reinforcement for HPC and their properties are present in Table 1 . As per ACI 211.4R-08 30 , M70 grade of concrete was optimized and the final proportions of 14 mixes summarizes in Table 2 . The water to binder ratio was fixed 0.36 for all mixes; corn cob ash was added in different contents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of cement; the polypropylene and polystyrene fiber were replaced 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% by volume. 14 different HPC mixtures were divided into 4 series, C0 represents the reference concrete; C5 to C25 represents the corn cob ash (different dosage 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) blended series (CCA series); PP1 to PP4 represents the polypropylene fiber (different dosage 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) blended series (PP series); PS1 to PS4 represents the polystyrene fiber (different dosage 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) blended series (PS series). The mixing process started with the dry mixing of the cement, sand and coarse aggregates for 3 minutes. Next, the 70% water was added and mixed for another 2 minute. Then the artificial fibers were added to the mixture, and the mixing was continued for another two minutes till the fibers were dispersed properly. The remaining 30% water mixed with super plasticizers was added the mix and mixed for another 3 minutes. Then the fresh concrete was cast in to steel molds for 70x70x70 mm and 100x100x100 mm cubes and 100 x 200 cylinders. All the specimens were demolded after 24 hours and were then immersed in water until the tests. Table 1 the physical and chemical properties cement and CCA Components Cement Corn cub ash Chemical p properties Al 2 O 3 4.87 8.37 CaO 61.52 10.69 Fe 2 O 3 2.36 5.94 K 2 O - 2.06 MgO 2.73 1.88 Na 2 O - 0.81 SiO 2 22.34 64.75 SO 3 1.9 1.52 LOI 1.78 2.35 Physical properties Specific gravity 3.12 2.39 Fineness (m 2 / Kg) 328.60 438.53 Average particle size 7.46 µm 18.37 µm Initial setting time 45 min - Final setting time 325 min - Table 2 the properties of artificial fibers Properties Polypropylene fiber Polystyrene fiber Color White White Tensile strength (MPa) > 500 > 500 Length (mm) 24 24 Diameter (micron) 30–35 20–25 Density (g/cm 3 ) 0.90 1.38 Melting point ºc 160–180 250–260 Table 3 Mix proportions Mix ID Cement (Kg/m 3 ) CCA (Kg/m 3 ) PP Fiber (%) PS Fiber (%) Sand (Kg/m 3 ) Water (liter/m 3 ) PCE (liter/m 3 ) CA (Kg/m 3 ) Compressive strength 28d (MPa) C0 470 - - - 735 155 6.11 1065 74.23 C5 446.5 23.5 - - 735 155 6.11 1065 75.86 C10 423 47 - - 735 155 6.11 1065 72.43 C15 399.5 70.5 - - 735 155 6.11 1065 70.92 C20 376 94 - - 735 155 6.11 1065 62.15 C25 352.5 117.5 - - 735 155 6.11 1065 57.67 PP1 399.5 70.5 0.1 - 735 155 6.11 1065 73.20 PP2 399.5 70.5 0.2 - 735 155 6.11 1065 75.96 PP3 399.5 70.5 0.3 - 735 155 6.11 1065 79.29 PP4 399.5 70.5 0.4 - 735 155 6.11 1065 85.43 PS1 399.5 70.5 - 0.1 735 155 6.11 1065 71.89 PS2 399.5 70.5 - 0.2 735 155 6.11 1065 73.05 PS3 399.5 70.5 - 0.3 735 155 6.11 1065 77.13 PS4 399.5 70.5 - 0.4 735 155 6.11 1065 82.24 5. Experimentation techniques Figure 2 shows the various durability test setup. The Compressive Strength was found with an average of three 100 mm cube specimens as per IS 516–1959 (Reaffirmed 2004) 31 . The abrasion resistance of concrete was measured in 70 mm cube specimens at age of 28 and 56 day, test performed according to the IS 9284:1979 32 . The rapid chloride permeability of specimens (50 mm thick slice of 100 mm diameter cylinders) was measured according to the ASTM C 1202/C1202M 33 at age of 28 and 56 day. The charge passed on specimen was directly recorded from the fully automated FTS 6 cell’s computerized RCPT apparatus. The surface electrical resistivity was measured by Wenner Four Probe Electrical Resistivity method at age 28 and 56 days. The water absorption of specimens (100 mm cubes) was calculated as per ASTM C 642–06 34 at the age of 28 and 56 days. The water penetration depth of specimens (100 mm cubes) under pressure was measured at the age of 28 and 56 day as specified by BS EN 12390-8:2009 35 . The effect elevated temperature attack (600° C for 4 hours) on change in strength and mass of specimens (100 mm cubes) were calculated as per BS EN 13381-3 36 , at the age of 28th day. After the 28 days of curing, specimens were immersed in chemical mediums for 90 days. In the chemical attack test, totally 6 different aggressive chemical medias are taken as per ACI 201.2R-08 37 , which are 10% HCl, 10% H 2 SO 4 , 10% MgCl 2 , 10% NaCl, 10% MgSO 4 and 10% Na 2 SO 4 . The rate of chemical attack was measured in terms of strength loss specimens after 90 days of exposure period. 6. Results and discussions 6.1 Abrasion resistance The effects of CCA and artificial fibers dosage on the mass loss of HPC specimens after abrasion resistance test is illustrate in Fig. 3 . It could be seen that the partial replacement CCA (5–25%) was slightly increased mass loss after abrasion resistance test at all age, which was reduced the abrasion resistance although it was in acceptable limit only. Comparing with CCA blended mixes, the lowest amount loss in mass was observed in control mix (C0) is 1.85% at 28 days and 1.42% at 56 days. But, the abrasion resistance of 15% CCA replacement (C15 mix) was achieved close to value to control mix (C0) results, which was achieved mass loss of 2.33% at 28 days and 1.80% at 56 days. Further inclusion of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) together with 15% CCA, was remarkably improved the abrasion resistance of HPC. Also, in PP series mixes, 0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% CCA replaced HPC mix (PP4) was attained highest abrasion resistance by attaining of lowest mass loss value of 1.50% at 28 days and 1.13% at 56 days. In addition, in PS series, the PS4 mix with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% CCA replaced was the achieved highest abrasion resistance value of 1.64% at 28 days and 13.38% at 56 days. The partial replacement of 15% CCA along with 0.4% of artificial fibers was significantly enhanced abrasion resistance of HPC at all ages of curing period. 6.2 Rapid chloride permeability test Figure 4 shows the electrical charge passed through CCA replaced HPC specimens with and without artificial fibers at the age of 28 and 56 days. It could be seen that, the lowest charge passed in C0 mix was 1007 coulombs at 28th day and 987 coulombs at 56th day, respectively. This confirms the higher resistance against chloride penetration and low probability of corrosion 33 . The C15 mix was passed charges value of 1089 coulombs, and 984 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. These values were close to control mix (C0) and proved the better results against the chloride penetration. However the inclusions of both polypropylene and polystyrene fiber were reduced the chloride penetration of HPC, compared to C0 and C15 mixes. The PP4 mix (0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% CCA) was passed the minimum electrical charges of 1089 coulombs and 984 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. Additionally in PS series mix, PS4 mix (0.4% polystyrene fiber together with 15% CCA) was passed the minimum electrical charges of 1018 coulombs and 903 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. The combined effect of CCA and artificial fibers in HPC achieved lowest electrical in charge passed chloride ion penetrability test 6 , 10 , which leads to less probability of corrosion at all ages. This may be attributed due to the coupling effect of CCA and fibers, which leads to even distribution fibers inside cement matrix and arrests pores and cracks in HPC. 6.3 Electrical resistivity The effects of CCA and artificial fibers dosage on electrical resistivity of HPC specimens is illustrate in Fig. 5 . It could be seen that, the lowest electrical resistivity in C0 mix was 122.2 Ω.m at 28th day and 151.6 Ω.m at 56th day, respectively. The replacement of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% CCA in HPC was decreased the electrical resistivity specimens and increased better level of corrosion probability, in comparison to control mix (C0). Whereas, the specimens containing 15% CCA was showed nearby value electrical resistivity of 102.2 Ω.m and 134.8 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. Further the inclusion of both PP and PS fibers in HPC along with 15% of CCA has increased the electrical resistivity and enhanced the durability characteristics of HPC. In PP series, the highest electrical resistance noticed in the PP4 mix was 126.7 Ω.m and 169 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This mix produced with addition of 0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA was enhanced electrical resistance by 3.68% and 11.48% at 28 and 56 days compared C0 mix. Also in PS series, PS4 mix with 0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA was noticed highest electrical resistance values of 129.8 Ω.m and 163.5 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively, Which enhanced electrical resistance about 6.22% at 28th day and 7.85% at 56th day. It might be due to the filler effect of CCA and coupling effects of fiber in HPC, has reduced pore in cement matrix and it leads to restrict electrical current passes through the pore structure, which results enhancement in electrical resistance of HPC 9 , 10 . 6.4 Water absorption Figure 6 shows the water absorption of HPC mixes with CCA and artificial fibers. It could be seen that the minimum water absorption observed in C15 mix was 1.63% and 1.46% at 28 and 56 days, respectively in CCA replaced mixes. These values were lower than the control mix (C0) water absorption of 1.83% at 28 days and 1.55% at 56 days. But, more than 15% of CCA replacement was increased the water absorption value, which is higher than C0 mix water absorption. This might be attributed due to higher replacement CCA content causes the agglomeration in cement matrix and it limiting the formation of denser structure 6 , 10 , 15 , 38 , 20 , 39 . In PP series mix, the lowest water absorption noticed in the PP4 mix (0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA) was 1.64% and 1.37% at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively and which reduced the water absorption by 10.38% at 28 days and 11.61% at 56 days, in compared to control mix (C0) without CCA and fibers. Also in PS series, PS4 mix with 0.4% polystyrene fiber and 15% of CCA was noticed lowest water abortion of 1.58% and 1.4% at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. It has been observed that the PS4 mix reduced the water absorption about 13.66% at 28 days and 9.68% at 56 days. It might be due to the pore filling effect of CCA has improved the denser microstructure and further increase of fibers content in HPC leads to completely seal the micro cracks and pores, which leads to reduced the interconnectivity of pore and declines penetration of water in HPC 6 , 10 , 15 , 38 , 20 , 39 . 6.5 Water penetration depth The effect of CCA replacement and artificial fibers dosage on the depth of water penetration of HPC under pressure is shown in Fig. 7 . It could be seen that the replacement content of CCA is increased the depth of water penetration high performance concrete specimens. However C5, C10 and C15 mixes penetration depth were lower than control mix (C0). But, more than 15% of CCA replacement was increased the penetration depth value, which is higher than C0 mix water penetration depth, which may be due to the agglomeration of CCA in HPC cement matrix. Similar results were found in the earlier studies 15 , 20 , 39 . In PS series, PS4 mix (with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) was noticed lowest penetration depth of 11 and 7mm at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This reduced the water penetration depth about 8.33% at 28 days and 12.50% at 56 days, compared to C0. Also in PP series, the lowest penetration depth noticed in the PP3 mix (with 0.3% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) was 10mm and 7.5 mm at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This mix reduced the water penetration depth about 16.67% at 28 days and 6.25% at 56 days, compared to C0 mix. The combined effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers content leads to reduce water depth under pressure, which similar to water absorption reduction mechanism in high performance concrete. 6.6 The elevated temperature attack Based on BS EN 13381-3 guideline, the fire resistance test was performed on HPC and all specimens were exposed to 4 hours in Muffle furnace at 600ºC. After that change in weight and strength was recorded to examine its behavior. Figure 8 shows the effect of CCA and artificial fibers content on weight and strength losses of HPC due to fire resistance test. It could be seen that the lowest weight loss and strength loss observed in control mix (C0) was 12.09% and 31.62%, respectively, in comparison to CCA blended mixes. In CCA replaced mixes (C5-C25) were observed the loss in weight about 13.97–23.98% and the loss in strength about 33.23–55.74%. It was observed that the increasing replacement content of CCA was gradually increasing the weight loss and strength loss of HPC specimens, during fire attack. This result was agreement with previous research works of Komalpreet Singh et.al 40 and Erdinç Arıcı et. al 12 . In PP series of mixes (PP1-PP4) were observed the loss in weight about 15.80–18.29% and the loss in strength about 35.62–37.47%. Similarly in PS series of mixes (PS1-PS4) were observed the loss in weight about 15.68–17.33% and the loss in strength about 37.80–39.01%. It was observed that the addition of artificial fiber content was gradually degreasing the weight loss and strength loss of HPC specimens during elevated temperature attack. It might be due to the low melting point of both polypropylene and polystyrene fibers in HPC leads to decrease of compressive strength and weight loss of specimens in comparison to C0 mix. 6.7 Aggressive chemical attack: Figure 9 shows the effects of CCA and artificial fibers content on compressive strength loss of HPC specimens, after 90 days of exposure in different aggressive chemical medias (such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate). It could be seen that the lowest strength loss noticed in C0 was 16.69% in 10% HCl attack, 20.42% in 10% H 2 SO 4 attack, 7.28% in 10% MgCl 2 attack, 8.37% in 10% NaCl attack, 7.18% in 10% MgSO 4 attack and 6.85% in 10% Na 2 SO 4 attack, in comparison to the CCA blended series, after the 90 days of exposure. The partial replacement CCA (5–25%) was slightly increased strength loss of HPC specimens in aggressive chemical attack 6 , 38 , 41 . Figure 10 shows the physical deterioration of HPC specimens after the aggressive chemical attack. In PP series, the lowest strength loss observed in PP4 was 15.29% in 10% HCl attack, 20.98% in 10% H 2 SO 4 attack, 6.90% in 10% MgCl 2 attack, 7.55% in 10% NaCl attack, 6.79% in 10% MgSO 4 attack, and 6.40% in 10% Na 2 SO 4 attack. The PP4 mix with 0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% of CCA was reduced percentage of strength loss about 8.39% in 10% HCl attack, 5.22% in 10% MgCl 2 attack, 9.80% in 10% NaCl attack, 5.43% in 10% MgSO 4 attack and 6.57% in 10% Na 2 SO 4 attack, in comparisons to C0 mix. Also in PS series, the lowest strength loss observed in PS4 was 15.38% in 10% HCl attack, 21.20% in 10% H 2 SO 4 attack, 6.92% in 10% MgCl 2 attack, 7.82% in 10% NaCl attack, 6.90% in 10% MgSO 4 attack and 6.60% in 10% Na 2 SO 4 attack, after the 90 days of exposure. The PS4 (with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) mix was reduced percentage of strength loss about 7.85% in 10% HCl attack, 4.95% in 10% MgCl 2 attack, 6.57% in 10% NaCl attack, 3.90% in 10% MgSO 4 attack, and 3.65% in 10% Na 2 SO 4 attack, in comparisons to C0 mix. The inclusion of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fibers) together with 15% CCA, was significantly enhanced the resistance against aggressive chemical attack of high performance concrete about 3.65–9.80%, in comparison to C0 mix without corn cob ash and artificial fibers. This might due to coupling effect of corn cob ash and fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene) in HPC leads to reduction in pores and increased resistance against permeation of aggressive fluids 20 , 39 , 42 . Furthermore these mixes are found as low probability of corrosion, which was observed from rapid chloride penetration test and electrical resistivity results. 7. Conclusion The results show that the replacement 15% CCA in HPC has significantly enhanced the durability characteristics. It has been found that the Portland cement can be beneficially replaced by CCA up to 15%. Furthermore, addition of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) into mix (15% CCA) leads to improve the durability characteristics especially 11.35%-20.42% in abrasion resistance, 3.68%-11.48% in electrical resistivity, very low probably of chloride penetration in RCPT, 9.68%-13.66% in water absorption, 8.33%-11.61% in depth of water penetration. The replacement of 15% CCA and 0.4% artificial fibers addition has enhanced resistance against the aggressive chemical attack of HPC, which improved resistance about 7.85%-8.39% in hydrochloric acid attack, 4.95%-5.22% in magnesium chloride attack, 6.57%-9.80% in sodium chloride attack, 3.90%-5.43% in magnesium sulfate attack, and 3.65%-6.57% in sodium sulfate attack, after 3 months of exposure period. 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Evaluation of Strength Characteristics of Laterized Concrete with Corn Cob Ash ( CCA ) Blended Cement. in 2nd International Conference on Innovative Materials, Structures and Technologies, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 96, 1–9 (2015). IS 12269 : 2013. Indian Standard ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT, 53 GRADE — SPECIFICATION . IS : 2386 (Part I) -1963 (Reaffirmed 2002). Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part I: Particle Size and Shape . IS : 2386 (Part IV) - 1963 (Reaffirmed 1997). METHODS OF TEST FOR AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE PART IV MECHANICAL PROPERTIES . IS : 2386 (Part III) - 1963 (Reaffirmed 1990). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 3: Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking . ASTM C 494/C 494M – 08. Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete . IRC:15-2011. Standard Specifications And Code Of Practice For Construction Of Concrete Roads (Fourth Revision) . ACI 211.4R-08. Guide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete Using Portland Cement and Other Cementitious Materials . IS 516 -1959 (Reaffirmed 2004). Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete . IS : 9284 - 1979 (Reaffirmed 2002). Method of test for abrasion resistance of concrete . ASTM C 1202-07. Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration . ASTM C 642 – 06. Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete . BS EN 12390-8:2009. Testing hardened concrete Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure . BS EN 13381-3. Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members Part 3: Applied protection to concrete members . ACI 201.2R-16. Guide to Durable Concrete . Kamau, J., Ahmed, A., Hirst, P. & Kangwa, J. Permeability Of Corncob Ash, Anthill Soil And Rice Husk Ash Replaced Concrete. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 6, 1299–1308 (2017). Adesanya, D. A. & Raheem, A. A. A study of the permeability and acid attack of corn cob ash blended cements. Constr. Build. Mater. 24, 403–409 (2010). Komalpreet Singh, Jaspal Singh & Sarvesh Kumar. A Sustainable Environmental Study on Corn Cob Ash Subjected To Elevated Temperature. Curr. World Environ. 13, 144–15 (2018). Kamau, J., Ahmed, A., Hirst, P. & Kangwa, J. Suitability of Corncob Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 4, 215–228 (2016). Taiwo, A., Williams, O. O., Julius, O., Olanrewaju, I. & Julius, O. B. Effects Of Chemical Attack On Corn Cob Ash Concrete. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent. 8, 54–61 (2019). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Mohan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgbGBgYGfhAzoYAULZINIC0GpGgxOABiE6NFt/+M2YOfO+zyjc+vTvzwwIBBnl/sAH4tZjdyzA17zyRbbrvxdrME0GGGM2cnENLCYybB28ZsYHbj7AaQlgSD24S0nD9jJvm3rd7AeMbZzT+I03Igx0yat+2wgQF/7zYibbmRVm4s23bcQOIG7zaLBAMJIvxy/vC2h2/bqg34+89uvvmjwkaeX5qAFgSQAKuUIFY5CPAfIEX1KBgFo2AUjCQAAB2oRMAymAvJAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Subahar","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohan","suffix":""},{"id":416951478,"identity":"b9d4ea13-1d1f-4b92-91a7-589886363948","order_by":1,"name":"Ponkarthikeyan P","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ponkarthikeyan","middleName":"","lastName":"P","suffix":""},{"id":416951479,"identity":"1331aa83-5844-4b44-a50e-afb399e8b4b1","order_by":2,"name":"Velumani D","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Velumani","middleName":"","lastName":"D","suffix":""},{"id":416951480,"identity":"36f8bd7e-a74b-421d-b3f4-0d27f66d9034","order_by":3,"name":"Jegandurai N","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jegandurai","middleName":"","lastName":"N","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-15 07:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76657109,"identity":"b55e60ae-5ac2-4ba2-81ea-806925ba073f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":651045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEM image of corn cob ash\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/c55c35c38c5b4ffa45d06903.png"},{"id":76658309,"identity":"03ded433-423b-4e06-8bb3-84167c2cc476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:30:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":753389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe test setups for durability properties\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/adfe5efb8c5dcf24bf0d1253.png"},{"id":76657108,"identity":"aecba84c-5b1a-40df-a752-4ccd1278414d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":622834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on abrasion resistance of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/f8a1f24e221acc9b4ec5b19a.png"},{"id":76658305,"identity":"1f86ecd4-1f6c-4795-bfed-39cf14df5fb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:30:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":588480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on chloride permeability of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/ab12c13fc26c2cd23b5fc92e.png"},{"id":76657106,"identity":"b366ceee-1aa7-4601-83e7-e627410eb090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":672966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on electrical resistivity of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/9438dd834a0e62585c7b0afd.png"},{"id":76657107,"identity":"90e37a81-a8ab-4ef5-8626-12dc4dcbf2c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":503427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on water absorption of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/1b2f949c05fc411fc876de7d.png"},{"id":76658304,"identity":"6c3c7fa6-a95b-490e-9127-0dfe9a981460","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:30:47","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":633502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on water penetration depth of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/217c589a1d66b57fc7b9a278.png"},{"id":76658310,"identity":"fc5cef3a-a6cf-48d1-97ee-e42c5c3df8df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:30:47","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":598409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers on fire resistance of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/c3462638e4a669140a11273a.png"},{"id":76657096,"identity":"8a1d818e-7940-46b5-a1c5-c31fc65eaee4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:47","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":650877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe effect of CCA and artificial fibers on resistance against chemical attack of HPC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/da5be94093ad147842f50f08.png"},{"id":76657103,"identity":"bdf100fc-545c-448e-8436-1922ad80bb3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 11:22:47","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":639870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe physical deterioration of HPC specimens (C25) after 90 days exposure in aggressive chemical solution (a) 10% Sulfuric acid and (b) 10% Hydrochloric acid\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/2188391294bb7ce06d977615.png"},{"id":76880619,"identity":"5c511d6e-f341-4444-92c1-d5b522dfb9d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-21 17:01:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7473224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6034885/v1/c67a4b07-857d-44bd-b90d-caa6d6fb3c6a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of artificial fibers and Corn Cob Ash on the durability properties of High Performance Concrete","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Statement of Industrial Relevance","content":"\u003cp\u003eCorn Cobs are often discarded as agricultural waste. By using them to produce CCA, we reduce the amount of waste going to landfills. This helps conserve landfill space and reduces the potential for environmental pollution from decomposing organic waste. By partially replacing cement with CCA in concrete, we can lower the demand for cement and thus reduce these emissions. This helps mitigate climate change.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Novelty","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript presents a novel investigation into the combined effect of artificial fibers and corn cob ash (CCA) on the durability properties of high-performance concrete (HPC). Unlike previous studies that focus on either fibers or agricultural waste as supplementary cementitious materials, this research uniquely integrates both to enhance HPC\u0026rsquo;s resistance to harsh environmental conditions. The study provides new insights into optimizing fiber-ash synergy for improved durability, promoting sustainability by utilizing agricultural by-products while maintaining superior mechanical performance. These findings contribute to the development of eco-friendly, high-durability concrete solutions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eToday, the developed and developing nations are mainly focused to preserve the natural resources (raw material) to avoid the environmental changes and its energy conservations turn into a priority for design a sustainable building\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The properties and applications of HPC are not comparable with conventional concretes, because of its superior strength and durability characteristics with low life-cycle cost\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to rapid increase in population and urbanization are need the new infrastructure and also its creating extra pressure on existing infrastructures. At present scenario, the demand and usage of HPC is increased day by day in all over the word for construction of tall building, bridges and infrastructural elements\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This high demand of concrete has resulted in significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions (7%) through the cement production\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Cement is the most utilized construction material after of water and its demand has highly increased with over population to match necessary infrastructure. Apart from the carbon dioxide emissions, cement production is an energy-intensive process and also it is responsible for the quick depletion of non renewable natural raw materials, fossil fuels. In order to meet these future demands of cement while conserving the environment and it is important towards the finding of alternative supplementary cementitious materials to substitution for cement, will lead to more reduction in the carbon footprint of concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Now many research works on HPC has been mainly focused on the use of industrial and agro wastes as supplementary cementitious materials to replace Portland cement (PC) in concrete mixtures, for example silica fume, bagasse ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash, fly ash, gypsums, limestone powder, metakaolin, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash, etc\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. But, these industrial and agro wastes based supplementary cementitious materials are not readily available at every place and where available; still the supply is limited \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, The Corn is the world's second most significant cereal crop in terms of area of cultivation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the 2016\u0026ndash;2017, global maize output reached over 1040\u0026nbsp;million MT, with the United States leading the way with 38%, followed by China with 23%\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. India is at 7th place in the world in the production volume of 26\u0026nbsp;million MT of corn and it\u0026rsquo;s around 2% of the global total. After wheat and rice, maize is the third most important crop in India, which is potentially valuable material to consider\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Because of the large production of corn is creates a significant opportunity to use the Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a SCM for concrete production\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The Corn cob can be recycled into corn cob ash by combustion of temperature ranging from 550\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC to 700\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The corn cob ash contains around 60\u0026ndash;70% of silica (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in its chemical composition that is directly involves in the pozzolanic reaction and it can also be used as a replacement for cement in concrete production\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, Incorporation of CCA as a SCM into the HPC can facilitate to handle waste effectively and supply for the future cement demands\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The studies on the utilization of CCA in HPC was still limited\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, as most of the previous research works deals the utilization of CCA in cement paste \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, mortar \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, conventional concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, self compacting concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Geopolymer concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Laterized concrete\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e only. However there was no discussion regarding the effects of CCA dosage and artificial fiber content on durability properties of HPC. Therefore, the present study focuses on the potential of CCA replacement and combined effect of 15% CCA along with different dosage artificial fibers (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) on durability characteristics and chemical resistance of HPC.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Materials ad methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Ordinary Portland cement \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;53 grade of cement was used in this study, conforming to IS 12269\u0026ndash;2013\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e present the physical and chemical properties of cement and corn cub ash. Corn cub ash used as supplementary cementitious material for high performance concrete and their SEM pictures are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The commercially available river sand (zone III conforming with IS : 2386 (Part I) -1963) was used as the fine aggregate \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which having specific gravity of 2.59 and water absorptions of 0.62%. The crushed granite stone was used as the coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 10mm, specific gravity of 2.73 and water absorption of 0.54% (Conforming with IS : 2386 Part 3 and 4) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A commercial polycarboxylate based superplasticizer (Sika \u0026reg; ViscoCrete \u0026reg; -20 HE) was used as high-range water-reducing admixture for HPC, conforming with ASTM C 494 Type F\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As per IRC 15- 2011\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e, Two types of artificial fibers (Polypropylene and polystyrene) were used as fiber reinforcement for HPC and their properties are present in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. As per ACI 211.4R-08\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e, M70 grade of concrete was optimized and the final proportions of 14 mixes summarizes in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The water to binder ratio was fixed 0.36 for all mixes; corn cob ash was added in different contents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of cement; the polypropylene and polystyrene fiber were replaced 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% by volume. 14 different HPC mixtures were divided into 4 series, C0 represents the reference concrete; C5 to C25 represents the corn cob ash (different dosage 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) blended series (CCA series); PP1 to PP4 represents the polypropylene fiber (different dosage 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) blended series (PP series); PS1 to PS4 represents the polystyrene fiber (different dosage 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) blended series (PS series). The mixing process started with the dry mixing of the cement, sand and coarse aggregates for 3 minutes. Next, the 70% water was added and mixed for another 2 minute. Then the artificial fibers were added to the mixture, and the mixing was continued for another two minutes till the fibers were dispersed properly. The remaining 30% water mixed with super plasticizers was added the mix and mixed for another 3 minutes. Then the fresh concrete was cast in to steel molds for 70x70x70 mm and 100x100x100 mm cubes and 100 x 200 cylinders. All the specimens were demolded after 24 hours and were then immersed in water until the tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe physical and chemical properties cement and CCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorn cub ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical p properties\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical properties\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFineness (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/ Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage particle size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.37 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial setting time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal setting time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe properties of artificial fibers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolypropylene fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolystyrene fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiameter (micron)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity (g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelting point \u0026ordm;c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u0026ndash;260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix proportions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement (Kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCA (Kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePP Fiber (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS Fiber (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand (Kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater (liter/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCE (liter/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA (Kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength 28d (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePP1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePP2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePP3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePP4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePS1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePS2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePS3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePS4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Experimentation techniques","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the various durability test setup. The Compressive Strength was found with an average of three 100 mm cube specimens as per IS 516\u0026ndash;1959 (Reaffirmed 2004) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The abrasion resistance of concrete was measured in 70 mm cube specimens at age of 28 and 56 day, test performed according to the IS 9284:1979 \u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e. The rapid chloride permeability of specimens (50 mm thick slice of 100 mm diameter cylinders) was measured according to the ASTM C 1202/C1202M \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e at age of 28 and 56 day. The charge passed on specimen was directly recorded from the fully automated FTS 6 cell\u0026rsquo;s computerized RCPT apparatus. The surface electrical resistivity was measured by Wenner Four Probe Electrical Resistivity method at age 28 and 56 days. The water absorption of specimens (100 mm cubes) was calculated as per ASTM C 642\u0026ndash;06 \u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e at the age of 28 and 56 days. The water penetration depth of specimens (100 mm cubes) under pressure was measured at the age of 28 and 56 day as specified by BS EN 12390-8:2009 \u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e. The effect elevated temperature attack (600\u0026deg; C for 4 hours) on change in strength and mass of specimens (100 mm cubes) were calculated as per BS EN 13381-3 \u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e, at the age of 28th day. After the 28 days of curing, specimens were immersed in chemical mediums for 90 days. In the chemical attack test, totally 6 different aggressive chemical medias are taken as per ACI 201.2R-08 \u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e, which are 10% HCl, 10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 10% NaCl, 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The rate of chemical attack was measured in terms of strength loss specimens after 90 days of exposure period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Results and discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.1 Abrasion resistance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of CCA and artificial fibers dosage on the mass loss of HPC specimens after abrasion resistance test is illustrate in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It could be seen that the partial replacement CCA (5\u0026ndash;25%) was slightly increased mass loss after abrasion resistance test at all age, which was reduced the abrasion resistance although it was in acceptable limit only. Comparing with CCA blended mixes, the lowest amount loss in mass was observed in control mix (C0) is 1.85% at 28 days and 1.42% at 56 days. But, the abrasion resistance of 15% CCA replacement (C15 mix) was achieved close to value to control mix (C0) results, which was achieved mass loss of 2.33% at 28 days and 1.80% at 56 days. Further inclusion of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) together with 15% CCA, was remarkably improved the abrasion resistance of HPC. Also, in PP series mixes, 0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% CCA replaced HPC mix (PP4) was attained highest abrasion resistance by attaining of lowest mass loss value of 1.50% at 28 days and 1.13% at 56 days. In addition, in PS series, the PS4 mix with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% CCA replaced was the achieved highest abrasion resistance value of 1.64% at 28 days and 13.38% at 56 days. The partial replacement of 15% CCA along with 0.4% of artificial fibers was significantly enhanced abrasion resistance of HPC at all ages of curing period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.2 Rapid chloride permeability test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the electrical charge passed through CCA replaced HPC specimens with and without artificial fibers at the age of 28 and 56 days. It could be seen that, the lowest charge passed in C0 mix was 1007 coulombs at 28th day and 987 coulombs at 56th day, respectively. This confirms the higher resistance against chloride penetration and low probability of corrosion\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The C15 mix was passed charges value of 1089 coulombs, and 984 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. These values were close to control mix (C0) and proved the better results against the chloride penetration. However the inclusions of both polypropylene and polystyrene fiber were reduced the chloride penetration of HPC, compared to C0 and C15 mixes. The PP4 mix (0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% CCA) was passed the minimum electrical charges of 1089 coulombs and 984 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. Additionally in PS series mix, PS4 mix (0.4% polystyrene fiber together with 15% CCA) was passed the minimum electrical charges of 1018 coulombs and 903 coulombs at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. The combined effect of CCA and artificial fibers in HPC achieved lowest electrical in charge passed chloride ion penetrability test\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which leads to less probability of corrosion at all ages. This may be attributed due to the coupling effect of CCA and fibers, which leads to even distribution fibers inside cement matrix and arrests pores and cracks in HPC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.3 Electrical resistivity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of CCA and artificial fibers dosage on electrical resistivity of HPC specimens is illustrate in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. It could be seen that, the lowest electrical resistivity in C0 mix was 122.2 Ω.m at 28th day and 151.6 Ω.m at 56th day, respectively. The replacement of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% CCA in HPC was decreased the electrical resistivity specimens and increased better level of corrosion probability, in comparison to control mix (C0). Whereas, the specimens containing 15% CCA was showed nearby value electrical resistivity of 102.2 Ω.m and 134.8 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. Further the inclusion of both PP and PS fibers in HPC along with 15% of CCA has increased the electrical resistivity and enhanced the durability characteristics of HPC. In PP series, the highest electrical resistance noticed in the PP4 mix was 126.7 Ω.m and 169 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This mix produced with addition of 0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA was enhanced electrical resistance by 3.68% and 11.48% at 28 and 56 days compared C0 mix. Also in PS series, PS4 mix with 0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA was noticed highest electrical resistance values of 129.8 Ω.m and 163.5 Ω.m at the age of 28 and 56 days, respectively, Which enhanced electrical resistance about 6.22% at 28th day and 7.85% at 56th day. It might be due to the filler effect of CCA and coupling effects of fiber in HPC, has reduced pore in cement matrix and it leads to restrict electrical current passes through the pore structure, which results enhancement in electrical resistance of HPC \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.4 Water absorption\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the water absorption of HPC mixes with CCA and artificial fibers. It could be seen that the minimum water absorption observed in C15 mix was 1.63% and 1.46% at 28 and 56 days, respectively in CCA replaced mixes. These values were lower than the control mix (C0) water absorption of 1.83% at 28 days and 1.55% at 56 days. But, more than 15% of CCA replacement was increased the water absorption value, which is higher than C0 mix water absorption. This might be attributed due to higher replacement CCA content causes the agglomeration in cement matrix and it limiting the formation of denser structure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In PP series mix, the lowest water absorption noticed in the PP4 mix (0.4% PP fiber along with 15% of CCA) was 1.64% and 1.37% at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively and which reduced the water absorption by 10.38% at 28 days and 11.61% at 56 days, in compared to control mix (C0) without CCA and fibers. Also in PS series, PS4 mix with 0.4% polystyrene fiber and 15% of CCA was noticed lowest water abortion of 1.58% and 1.4% at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. It has been observed that the PS4 mix reduced the water absorption about 13.66% at 28 days and 9.68% at 56 days. It might be due to the pore filling effect of CCA has improved the denser microstructure and further increase of fibers content in HPC leads to completely seal the micro cracks and pores, which leads to reduced the interconnectivity of pore and declines penetration of water in HPC\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.5 Water penetration depth\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of CCA replacement and artificial fibers dosage on the depth of water penetration of HPC under pressure is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. It could be seen that the replacement content of CCA is increased the depth of water penetration high performance concrete specimens. However C5, C10 and C15 mixes penetration depth were lower than control mix (C0). But, more than 15% of CCA replacement was increased the penetration depth value, which is higher than C0 mix water penetration depth, which may be due to the agglomeration of CCA in HPC cement matrix. Similar results were found in the earlier studies \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In PS series, PS4 mix (with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) was noticed lowest penetration depth of 11 and 7mm at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This reduced the water penetration depth about 8.33% at 28 days and 12.50% at 56 days, compared to C0. Also in PP series, the lowest penetration depth noticed in the PP3 mix (with 0.3% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) was 10mm and 7.5 mm at age of 28 and 56 days, respectively. This mix reduced the water penetration depth about 16.67% at 28 days and 6.25% at 56 days, compared to C0 mix. The combined effect of corn cob ash and artificial fibers content leads to reduce water depth under pressure, which similar to water absorption reduction mechanism in high performance concrete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.6 The elevated temperature attack\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on BS EN 13381-3 guideline, the fire resistance test was performed on HPC and all specimens were exposed to 4 hours in Muffle furnace at 600\u0026ordm;C. After that change in weight and strength was recorded to examine its behavior. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the effect of CCA and artificial fibers content on weight and strength losses of HPC due to fire resistance test. It could be seen that the lowest weight loss and strength loss observed in control mix (C0) was 12.09% and 31.62%, respectively, in comparison to CCA blended mixes. In CCA replaced mixes (C5-C25) were observed the loss in weight about 13.97\u0026ndash;23.98% and the loss in strength about 33.23\u0026ndash;55.74%. It was observed that the increasing replacement content of CCA was gradually increasing the weight loss and strength loss of HPC specimens, during fire attack. This result was agreement with previous research works of Komalpreet Singh et.al\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Erdin\u0026ccedil; Arıcı et. al\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In PP series of mixes (PP1-PP4) were observed the loss in weight about 15.80\u0026ndash;18.29% and the loss in strength about 35.62\u0026ndash;37.47%. Similarly in PS series of mixes (PS1-PS4) were observed the loss in weight about 15.68\u0026ndash;17.33% and the loss in strength about 37.80\u0026ndash;39.01%. It was observed that the addition of artificial fiber content was gradually degreasing the weight loss and strength loss of HPC specimens during elevated temperature attack. It might be due to the low melting point of both polypropylene and polystyrene fibers in HPC leads to decrease of compressive strength and weight loss of specimens in comparison to C0 mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.7 Aggressive chemical attack:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the effects of CCA and artificial fibers content on compressive strength loss of HPC specimens, after 90 days of exposure in different aggressive chemical medias (such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate). It could be seen that the lowest strength loss noticed in C0 was 16.69% in 10% HCl attack, 20.42% in 10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 7.28% in 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 8.37% in 10% NaCl attack, 7.18% in 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack and 6.85% in 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, in comparison to the CCA blended series, after the 90 days of exposure. The partial replacement CCA (5\u0026ndash;25%) was slightly increased strength loss of HPC specimens in aggressive chemical attack\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the physical deterioration of HPC specimens after the aggressive chemical attack.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn PP series, the lowest strength loss observed in PP4 was 15.29% in 10% HCl attack, 20.98% in 10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 6.90% in 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 7.55% in 10% NaCl attack, 6.79% in 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, and 6.40% in 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack. The PP4 mix with 0.4% polypropylene fiber along with 15% of CCA was reduced percentage of strength loss about 8.39% in 10% HCl attack, 5.22% in 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 9.80% in 10% NaCl attack, 5.43% in 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack and 6.57% in 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, in comparisons to C0 mix. Also in PS series, the lowest strength loss observed in PS4 was 15.38% in 10% HCl attack, 21.20% in 10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 6.92% in 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 7.82% in 10% NaCl attack, 6.90% in 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack and 6.60% in 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, after the 90 days of exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PS4 (with 0.4% polystyrene fiber along with 15% of CCA) mix was reduced percentage of strength loss about 7.85% in 10% HCl attack, 4.95% in 10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e attack, 6.57% in 10% NaCl attack, 3.90% in 10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, and 3.65% in 10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e attack, in comparisons to C0 mix. The inclusion of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fibers) together with 15% CCA, was significantly enhanced the resistance against aggressive chemical attack of high performance concrete about 3.65\u0026ndash;9.80%, in comparison to C0 mix without corn cob ash and artificial fibers. This might due to coupling effect of corn cob ash and fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene) in HPC leads to reduction in pores and increased resistance against permeation of aggressive fluids\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore these mixes are found as low probability of corrosion, which was observed from rapid chloride penetration test and electrical resistivity results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results show that the replacement 15% CCA in HPC has significantly enhanced the durability characteristics. It has been found that the Portland cement can be beneficially replaced by CCA up to 15%. Furthermore, addition of artificial fibers (polypropylene and polystyrene fiber) into mix (15% CCA) leads to improve the durability characteristics especially 11.35%-20.42% in abrasion resistance, 3.68%-11.48% in electrical resistivity, very low probably of chloride penetration in RCPT, 9.68%-13.66% in water absorption, 8.33%-11.61% in depth of water penetration. The replacement of 15% CCA and 0.4% artificial fibers addition has enhanced resistance against the aggressive chemical attack of HPC, which improved resistance about 7.85%-8.39% in hydrochloric acid attack, 4.95%-5.22% in magnesium chloride attack, 6.57%-9.80% in sodium chloride attack, 3.90%-5.43% in magnesium sulfate attack, and 3.65%-6.57% in sodium sulfate attack, after 3 months of exposure period. This may be attribute due to the filler effect of CCA and coupling effects of fiber has reduced pores and seals the micro cracks in HPC matrix, which leads to restrict the ingress of water and other aggressive chemicals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Wrote the manuscriptAll authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor, P., Kynclova, M., Fiala, C. \u0026amp; Hajek, P. 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Eng.\u003c/em\u003e (2016). doi:10.1080/19648189.2016.1210030\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdullah, N. O., Bachtiar, R. D. W. \u0026amp; Rusni, N. K. A sustainable environmental study on clamshell powder , slag , bagasse ash , fly ash , and corn cob ash as alternative cementitious binder. in \u003cem\u003eThe 5th International Symposium on Infrastructure Development, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e841,\u003c/strong\u003e 1\u0026ndash;7 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharitha, V., Athira, V. S., Jittin, V., Bahurudeen, A. \u0026amp; Nanthagopalan, P. Use of different agro-waste ashes in concrete for effective upcycling of locally available resources. \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e285,\u003c/strong\u003e 122851 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdesanya, D. A. \u0026amp; Raheem, A. A. 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Eng.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e4,\u003c/strong\u003e 215\u0026ndash;228 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaiwo, A., Williams, O. O., Julius, O., Olanrewaju, I. \u0026amp; Julius, O. B. Effects Of Chemical Attack On Corn Cob Ash Concrete. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Eng. Sci. Invent.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8,\u003c/strong\u003e 54\u0026ndash;61 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Corn Cob Ash, Polypropylene fiber, Polystyrene fiber, High Performance Concrete, durability properties.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, durability characteristics such as abrasion resistance, electrical resistivity, rapid chloride penetration test, drying shrinkage, water absorption, water penetration, fire resistance and chemical resistance of High Performance Concrete (HPC) containing Corn Cob Ash (CCA) and artificial fibers have been investigated. The CCA was added in different contents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by weight of cement. The Polypropylene (PP) and Polystyrene fiber (PS) were added 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % by weight of binders. The chemical attack test was conducted for HPC specimens with 90 days of exposure in 6 mediums; hydrochloric acid (10% HCl), sulfuric acid (10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), magnesium chloride (10% MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium chloride (10% NaCl), magnesium sulfate (10% MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), and sodium sulfate (10% Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). Results revealed that the inclusion of 15 wt % CCA was found to be economical dosage for HPC. However, above 15% of CCA replacement was unable to attain close enough values to control concrete. The results revealed that 15% of CCA with 0.4% of artificial fibers were showed better results in abrasion resistance, electrical resistivity, rapid chloride penetration, water absorption, water penetration, fire resistance and chemical resistance of HPC, compared to control mix without CCA and fibers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of artificial fibers and Corn Cob Ash on the durability properties of High Performance Concrete","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-19 11:22:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6034885/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"39140327-4901-4654-8918-2a7623d956ef","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-21T16:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-19 11:22:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6034885","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6034885","identity":"rs-6034885","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}