Temporal point-by-point arbitrary waveform synthesis beyond tera sample per second

Temporal point-by-point arbitrary waveform synthesis beyond tera sample per second | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Temporal point-by-point arbitrary waveform synthesis beyond tera sample per second Jianping Yao, Yiran Guan, Guangying Wang, Yanyan Zhi, Jingxu Chen, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373572/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Arbitrary waveform synthesizers play an essential role in modern information technology, yet electronic synthesizers face limitations due to the speed of analog-to-digital converters, typically in the range of tens to hundreds of giga samples per second (GSa/s). While photonic-assisted waveform synthesizers show promise in surpassing this ceiling, but the system reconfigurability remains a challenge. Here, we propose and demonstrate a temporal point-by-point arbitrary waveform synthesizer with a sampling rate beyond tera sample per second (TSa/s), leveraging an optical temporal Vernier caliper in the photonic synthetic dimension. The temporal Vernier caliper, consisting of a mode-locked laser (MLL) and a fiber loop, utilizes a slight detuning between the optical pulse period of the MLL and the round-trip time delay of the loop to control the sampling rate of a synthesized waveform with high flexibility. The amplitude of each sampling point is manipulated at a low speed corresponding to the reciprocal of the pulse period, thus massive point-by-point waveform synthesis can be achieved with full reconfigurability. In the experiment, arbitrary waveforms with widely tunable sampling rates from 5 GSa/s to 1 TSa/s are synthesized, which is an order of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art electronic counterparts. To show the capability of massive point-by-point synthesis, communication signals for high-speed wireless communications and linearly chirped microwave waveforms for high-resolution multi-target detection are synthesized. The capabilities of tunable sampling rate and massive point-by-point synthesis make the temporal Vernier caliper a universal solution for high-speed microwave sources, offering significant promise for broad applications requiring high-speed signal sources. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Microwave photonics Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics/Fibre optics and optical communications Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4373572","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310032594,"identity":"fc250e4c-3902-48cb-b0cd-fc6861105cbc","order_by":0,"name":"Jianping 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While photonic-assisted waveform synthesizers show promise in surpassing this ceiling, but the system reconfigurability remains a challenge. Here, we propose and demonstrate a temporal point-by-point arbitrary waveform synthesizer with a sampling rate beyond tera sample per second (TSa/s), leveraging an optical temporal Vernier caliper in the photonic synthetic dimension. The temporal Vernier caliper, consisting of a mode-locked laser (MLL) and a fiber loop, utilizes a slight detuning between the optical pulse period of the MLL and the round-trip time delay of the loop to control the sampling rate of a synthesized waveform with high flexibility. The amplitude of each sampling point is manipulated at a low speed corresponding to the reciprocal of the pulse period, thus massive point-by-point waveform synthesis can be achieved with full reconfigurability. In the experiment, arbitrary waveforms with widely tunable sampling rates from 5 GSa/s to 1 TSa/s are synthesized, which is an order of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art electronic counterparts. To show the capability of massive point-by-point synthesis, communication signals for high-speed wireless communications and linearly chirped microwave waveforms for high-resolution multi-target detection are synthesized. 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