How buoyancy-driven circulations shape momentum transport within the convective boundary layer: insights from Doppler lidar

How buoyancy-driven circulations shape momentum transport within the convective boundary layer: insights from Doppler lidar | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article How buoyancy-driven circulations shape momentum transport within the convective boundary layer: insights from Doppler lidar Louise Nuijens, José Dias Neto This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8602716/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Convective momentum transport emerges from interactions between buoyancy-driven circulations and vertical wind shear and adds to shear-driven turbulence in the dry and cloudy convective boundary layer (CBL). The objective of this study is to use observations to diagnose buoyancy-driven circulatory structures that recur across diverse wind and cloud regimes in the dry CBL and to quantify their impact on vertical momentum flux profiles. We present two summer months of high-resolution Doppler wind lidar and cloud radar observations from Cabauw, the Netherlands, capturing three-dimensional wind profiles from 100 m to the boundary-layer top ($z_i$) at 50 m vertical and $\sim$30 s temporal resolution, including periods with shallow clouds. Horizontal wind variance spans timescales shorter and longer than 10 min, with no clear spectral separation between convective and mesoscale circulations. While mesoscale circulations contribute little to momentum flux when averaged over all days, they can substantially amplify flux on individual days, highlighting regime dependence. At convective scales ($<$10 min), momentum flux profiles exhibit pronounced variability, including downgradient and countergradient transport and frequent sign reversals with height. On average, the convective-scale momentum flux is negative near the surface and becomes small or even positive above $z/z_i \sim 0.2$, reflecting a transition from passive transport of slow-moving air to active circulations that can produce net positive flux when asymmetric or tilted. Days with persistent positive fluxes even at the surface are characterized by stronger vertical velocities, weaker near-surface winds, and higher turbulent kinetic energy anisotropy, and larger boundary-layer wind shear. These dynamics are indicative of buoyancy-driven cellular convection leading to reduced mixing efficiency, which can maintain vertical wind shear rather than homogenizing it. Cloud presence does not fundamentally alter these behaviors, though clouds preferentially form atop stronger updrafts and coincide with more pronounced mesoscale circulations. Convective boundary layer Convective circulations Mesoscale circulations Doppler lidar Momentum flux Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 15 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 14 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8602716","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":575795049,"identity":"b81399d5-fc47-4993-af62-9cb5c7e2f345","order_by":0,"name":"Louise 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