A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study

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The study compared the fluoride release, recharge, and re-release properties of three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives: Group A: TransbondTM Plus Color Change, Group B: Waldent Orthobond LC, and Group C: Koden EZ Bond. Methods The study conducted an in-vitro investigation using 24 maxillary first premolar teeth bonded with one of three fluoride-releasing adhesives after etching. Each sample was placed in artificial saliva, and fluoride release was measured over 60 days using a fluoride electrode. After initial release measurement, specimens were soaked in 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 5 minutes, rinsed, and placed in new containers with distilled water before re-release measurements. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and Repeated Measures ANOVA tests were used to determine significance, with the Bonferroni posthoc test for further analysis. Results The fluoride release rate decreased gradually over time for all three groups. The highest fluoride release occurred on Day 1 for all three bonding agents, with a significantly reduced fluoride release by Day 2. Group A exhibited consistent and highest overall fluoride release throughout the 60 days. Group B gradually declined to release fluoride until Day 7, releasing the least fluoride throughout the study. Group C had a higher fluoride release on Day 1 and Day 2 but slowly declined until Day 14. Group B and Group C sharply declined fluoride release by Day 30 and almost negligible amounts on Day 60. All three agents noted enhanced fluoride release post-recharge, with continuous release until day 14. Greater release on days 7 and 14 compared to the initial release in all three groups. Conclusion Transbond Plus Color Change: Consistent high fluoride was released initially and post-recharge. Waldent Orthobond LC: Lower release throughout the study. Koden EZ Bond: High initial release and post-recharge but continuing to decrease until Day 14. 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F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Akankshya Panda 1 * , Ritesh Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-5988 1 * , Nishu Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-8092 2 , Madhumitha Natarajan 1 Akankshya Panda 1 * , Ritesh Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-5988 1 * , Nishu Singla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-8092 2 , Madhumitha Natarajan 1 * Equal contributors PUBLISHED 22 Dec 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India 2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India Akankshya Panda Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ritesh Singla Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Nishu Singla Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Madhumitha Natarajan Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway. Abstract Background Fluoride-releasing adhesives in orthodontics help protect enamel. The study compared the fluoride release, recharge, and re-release properties of three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives: Group A: Transbond TM Plus Color Change, Group B: Waldent Orthobond LC, and Group C: Koden EZ Bond. Methods The study conducted an in-vitro investigation using 24 maxillary first premolar teeth bonded with one of three fluoride-releasing adhesives after etching. Each sample was placed in artificial saliva, and fluoride release was measured over 60 days using a fluoride electrode. After initial release measurement, specimens were soaked in 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 5 minutes, rinsed, and placed in new containers with distilled water before re-release measurements. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and Repeated Measures ANOVA tests were used to determine significance, with the Bonferroni posthoc test for further analysis. Results The fluoride release rate decreased gradually over time for all three groups. The highest fluoride release occurred on Day 1 for all three bonding agents, with a significantly reduced fluoride release by Day 2. Group A exhibited consistent and highest overall fluoride release throughout the 60 days. Group B gradually declined to release fluoride until Day 7, releasing the least fluoride throughout the study. Group C had a higher fluoride release on Day 1 and Day 2 but slowly declined until Day 14. Group B and Group C sharply declined fluoride release by Day 30 and almost negligible amounts on Day 60. All three agents noted enhanced fluoride release post-recharge, with continuous release until day 14. Greater release on days 7 and 14 compared to the initial release in all three groups. Conclusion Transbond Plus Color Change: Consistent high fluoride was released initially and post-recharge. Waldent Orthobond LC: Lower release throughout the study. Koden EZ Bond: High initial release and post-recharge but continuing to decrease until Day 14. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Fluoride releasing, Orthodontic adhesives, Transbond Plus Color change, Waldent Orthobond LC, Koden EZ Bond, Fluoride recharge Corresponding Author(s) Nishu Singla ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Nishu Singla Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Panda A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Panda A, Singla R, Singla N and Natarajan M. A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.2 ) First published: 04 Oct 2024, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.1 ) Latest published: 22 Dec 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 We appreciate the reviewers' and the opportunity to clarify the queries raised. Please find the clarifications below: Sample size determination: The method of sample size calculation has now been clearly explained in the methodology section. Type of curing used in the study: Details regarding the type of curing employed have been added to the materials and methods section. Reason for selection of material: The rationale behind the selection of materials used in the study is elaborated and justified in the revised manuscript. We appreciate the reviewers' and the opportunity to clarify the queries raised. Please find the clarifications below: Sample size determination: The method of sample size calculation has now been clearly explained in the methodology section. Type of curing used in the study: Details regarding the type of curing employed have been added to the materials and methods section. Reason for selection of material: The rationale behind the selection of materials used in the study is elaborated and justified in the revised manuscript. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction Orthodontic treatments, which correct dental misalignments, pose challenges for maintaining oral hygiene and preventing dental caries. 1 , 2 The fluoride-releasing bonding adhesives are crucial in strengthening the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks and reducing caries risk. 3 , 4 Fluoride released by the adhesives helps remineralization, allowing the tooth’s decalcified enamel near the brackets to repair itself to some extent by forming fluorapatite crystals that strengthen enamel after being demineralized by acids. 5 – 7 It disrupts bacterial adhesion and colonization, interferes with sugar metabolism by bacteria, and thus reduces acid production, preventing demineralization and caries formation. 8 It also helps arrest or reverse incipient carious lesions of enamel. 9 The ability of adhesives to recharge fluoride ions from the oral environment to replace lost fluoride and re-release fluoride is essential for ongoing protection. After the initial release and uptake, the fluoride within the adhesive can continue to be released gradually over time, providing a sustained protective effect. 10 – 12 The mechanisms of releasing, absorbing, and re-releasing fluoride through adhesive bonding are complex and influenced by various factors. Factors such as adhesive composition, filler materials, curing techniques, and environmental conditions influence fluoride release and uptake. 13 – 16 Adhesives with higher concentrations of fluoride-releasing compounds typically offer more protection by releasing higher amounts and longer durations of fluoride. The type, size, and distribution of fillers can also impact the adhesive’s physical properties, including its porosity and the rate at which fluoride is released. 17 , 18 The overall effectiveness of the adhesive in preventing caries can depend on how well the adhesive bonds to the tooth and how well it maintains fluoride release throughout treatment. Understanding how bonding adhesives release, absorb, and re-release fluoride is crucial for orthodontists to choose the right products and implement strategies that enhance both the effectiveness of the orthodontic treatment and prevent caries during orthodontic treatment. This study was planned to explore different adhesive formulations under experimental conditions to understand the dynamics of fluoride release and its implications for caries prevention. The study investigated the fluoride release, uptake, and re-release behaviors of three commercially available light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives: Transbond Plus Color Change, Waldent Orthobond LC, and Koden EZ Bond using McLaughlin Bennett 5.0 brackets by Forestadent. It included in-vitro experiments simulating clinical scenarios to monitor the fluoride release rate from each adhesive over time. The findings aim to compare the three adhesives to see if one offers superior performance regarding fluoride release, uptake, and re-release. These behaviors can significantly impact the effectiveness of caries prevention in orthodontic treatments. The research could improve oral health outcomes for orthodontic patients and provide insights for clinicians and researchers in orthodontics and preventive dentistry. Methods This was an in-vitro experiment conducted on 24 extracted first premolar teeth. The research’s permission was acquired from the Ethics Committee of Kasturba Medical College and Kasturba Hospital (IEC-51/2022). Based on a previous study [Mean 1 (μ 1 ) = 2.40800, Mean 2 (μ 2 ) = 2.54267, Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219, Number of groups (k) = 3, Significance level (α): 0.05, Power (1 - β): 80%], the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis. 13 The sample collection process involved obtaining anonymous first premolar teeth from the Department of Oral Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal. These teeth were extracted from orthodontic patients who needed these extractions as part of their treatment. Due to the in-vitro nature of the study involving experimentation on anonymized teeth samples, patient consent was waived by the ethical committee. 19 Upper first premolars were chosen due to their prevalence in orthodontic extractions, suitability for bracket bonding, and susceptibility to demineralization during orthodontic treatment. The inclusion criteria for the samples were sound crown structure, free of caries and cracks, no developmental defects, and absence of restorations. After extraction, the teeth were carefully handled to avoid damage or contamination. They were cleaned using non-fluoridated pumice and stored in distilled water to prevent dehydration until use. Each tooth was mounted to the cementoenamel junction in cold cure acrylic using a PVC pipe template (19 mm diameter, 25 mm height). Before bonding, the buccal surfaces of the upper first premolar teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds to enhance bond strength. Three light cure orthodontic bonding agents were used: Group A: Transbond Plus Color Change, Group B: Waldent Orthobond LC, and Group C: Koden EZ Bond. Brackets (McLaughlin Bennett 5.0 by Forestadent) were positioned and bonded according to the manufacturer’s guidelines for each agent. A thin layer of bonding agent was applied to the bracket base, and the bracket was pressed onto the tooth. Excess adhesive was removed. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. The light was positioned close to the bracket base to ensure proper polymerization. Each bracket bonding procedure followed the same standardized protocol to ensure consistency and comparability between the different bonding agents used in the study. After bonding the brackets to etched enamel surfaces, specimens were placed in plastic vials with 5 ml of artificial saliva containing carboxymethyl cellulose to simulate the oral environment. Fluoride release was measured to assess the amount of fluoride ions released from the orthodontic adhesive over time. Fluoride concentration was recorded using an Orion fluoride ion meter with a selective electrode. The electrode, featuring a lanthanum fluoride crystal, measures the potential differences fluoride ions create. To ensure accurate measurements, TISAB was used to provide a uniform ionic strength, adjust pH, and break up fluoride complexes. Samples and standard solutions were prepared in 100 ml beakers with equal amounts of TISAB, maintaining a total volume of 30 ml. The meter was calibrated using standard fluoride solutions of 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, and 10 ppm. Initial fluoride release was measured by immersing the electrodes for 3 minutes on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 30, and 60 post-bonding. These measurements are crucial for evaluating the fluoride-releasing capabilities of different orthodontic bonding agents and their potential benefits for caries prevention and enamel remineralization. By monitoring fluoride release over specific intervals, the study aims to determine the efficacy and duration of fluoride release, which is essential for assessing the clinical implications of the bonding agents used in orthodontic treatment. After the initial fluoride release measurements, the specimens undergo fluoride uptake and rerelease to simulate dynamic oral environment exposure. Fluoride Uptake : Specimens were soaked for 5 minutes in a 1000 ppm fluoride solution, rinsed with distilled water, dried, and transferred to new containers with 5 ml of distilled water each time before recording post-recharge measurements. Fluoride Rerelease : Fluoride concentration is measured using a fluoride meter on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 30, and 60 post-immersion. These measurements assess the adhesive’s fluoride uptake capacity, retention, and rerelease patterns, providing insights into their sustained fluoride-releasing potential. This helps evaluate their effectiveness in replenishing fluoride ions, promoting caries prevention, and enamel remineralization during orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis The study data was analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics was performed to assess the mean and standard deviation of the respective groups. The data’s normality was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test, indicating a normal distribution (P>0.05), allowing for parametric tests. The mean difference between the groups was determined using the ‘One-way ANOVA test’ and within-group analysis by ‘repeated measures of ANOVA test’ followed by the ‘Bonferroni posthoc test.’ The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results Fluoride released by three light-cured bonding agents (Group A: Transbond Plus Color Change, Group B: Waldent Orthobond LC, Group C: Koden EZ Bond) was analyzed over 60 days using an ion-selective electrode. Repeated Measures ANOVA showed significant differences within each group over time (P0.05). It was observed that the fluoride release rate decreased gradually for all three groups over time ( Figure 1 ). The highest fluoride release occurred on Day 1 for all three bonding agents, with a significantly decreased fluoride release by Day 2. Group A showed the consistent and highest overall fluoride release compared to the other two groups, gradually reducing over time. Group B gradually declined to release fluoride until Day 7, releasing the least fluoride throughout the study. Group C had a higher fluoride release on Day 1 and Day 2 but continued to decrease until Day 14 (Table S1, Extended data). Group B and Group C sharply declined fluoride release by Day 30 and almost negligible amounts on Day 60. Figure 1. Comparison of initial fluoride release in the groups'. On day 1, all three groups exhibited similar fluoride release, with Group C slightly higher and no statistically significant differences. On day 2, Group C exhibited significantly higher fluoride release than Group A and Group B (P<0.0001). From day 3 to day 6, Groups C and A showed similar levels of fluoride release. However, from day 7 onwards, Group A released significantly higher levels of fluoride than Group C. Additionally, starting from day 2, Group A consistently exhibited significantly higher fluoride release than Group B. Group C also demonstrated a significantly higher fluoride release than Group B except on day 60, when there was no significant difference between them (Table S2, Extended data). When the three orthodontic adhesives were recharged with a 1000 ppm NaF solution, the rate of fluoride re-release declined over time, similar to the initial post-bonding release ( Figure 2 ). However, fluoride was increased in all three agents post-recharge compared to the initial release, with the sustained release until Day 14 ( Figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ). It was observed that Days 7 and 14 showed higher release in all groups after recharging compared to the initial release. Repeated Measures ANOVA showed a significant decrease in fluoride re-release within each group over time (P<0.05) ( Table 1 ). Comparison between the groups revealed that on Day 1, Group C exhibited slightly higher fluoride release than Groups A and B. After that, starting from Day 2, Group A released higher fluoride than the other two groups (Group B and C). On Day 30 and Day 60, Groups B and C had negligible release; Group A had significant release throughout 60 days post-recharge ( Table 2 ). Figure 2. Comparison of fluoride release post recharge in the groups. Figure 3. Comparison of fluoride release and release after uptake - Transbond Plus Colour Change (Group A). Figure 4. Comparison of fluoride release and release after uptake - Waldent Orthobond LC (Group B). Figure 5. Comparison of fluoride release and release after uptake - Koden EZ bond (Group C). Table 1. Comparison of fluoride release after recharge - within group. Group A Group B Group C Day 1 0.97±0.01 0.97±0.008 1.00±0.009 Day 2 0.92±0.02 0.82±0.009 0.90±0.006 Day 7 0.56±0.02 0.43±0.01 0.51±0.01 Day 14 0.43±0.01 0.27±0.009 0.37±0.005 Day 30 0.22±0.03 0.08±0.005 0.07±0.006 Day 60 0.08±0.01 0.01±0.006 0.01±0.005 Bonferroni posthoc test Day 1 vs. Day 2 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 1 vs. Day 7 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 1 vs. Day 14 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 1 vs. Day 30 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 1 vs. Day 60 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 2 vs. Day 7 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 2 vs. Day 14 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 2 vs. Day 30 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 2 vs. Day 60 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 7 vs. Day 14 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 7 vs. Day 30 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 7 vs. Day 60 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 14 vs. Day 30 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 14 vs. Day 60 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 Day 30 vs. Day 60 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * 0.0001 * P<0.05 is statistically significant. Table 2. Comparison of fluoride release after recharge in-between group. Group A Group B Group C P value Post Hoc Test P value Day 1 0.977±0.019 0.971±0.01 1.001±0.011 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.99 A vs. C 0.0001 * B vs. C 0.0001 * Day 2 0.927±0.023 0.826±0.010 0.909±0.007 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.0001 * A vs. C 0.01 * B vs. C 0.0001 * Day 7 0.567±0.027 0.432±0.014 0.517±0.013 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.0005 * A vs. C 0.0001 * B vs. C 0.0001 * Day 14 0.432±0.019 0.277±0.011 0.377±0.006 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.0001 * A vs. C 0.0001 * B vs. C 0.0001 * Day 30 0.228±0.039 0.09±0.006 0.072±0.007 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.0001 * A vs. C 0.0001 * B vs. C 0.34 Day 60 0.085±0.011 0.017±0.007 0.012±0.006 0.0001 * A vs. B 0.0001 * A vs. C 0.0001 * B vs. C 0.96 * P<0.05 is statistically significant (Friedman test & Bonferroni Postthoc test). Discussion The emergence of white spot lesions near orthodontic brackets due to early enamel demineralization is a significant concern for orthodontists. 1 , 2 The effectiveness of standard preventive measures like sealants, topical fluorides, and oral hygiene instructions for orthodontic patients may be limited if the challenges of maintaining oral hygiene with braces are not adequately addressed. Additionally, a study by Mohammed Althagafi found that fluoride pre-treatment before bonding reduces bond strength, increasing bracket debonding and chairside time. 20 An ideal preventive system should deliver controlled fluoride release at plaque-prone sites around orthodontic brackets without relying on patient cooperation. Incorporating fluoride-releasing adhesives into orthodontic treatment can thus offer significant benefits in immediate bond strength and long-term enamel protection. 21 – 23 The protection against demineralization varies with the amount of fluoride released by different bonding materials. 13 – 16 The efficacy of fluoride-releasing materials is influenced by how well they release, recharge, and re-release fluoride, which is affected by the bonding agent’s matrix, size, and shape. 17 , 18 Understanding the fluoride-releasing potential of different bonding adhesives is essential for selecting the most effective materials to protect enamel during orthodontic treatment. This study compares the fluoride-releasing potential of three commercially available light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives (Transbond Plus Color Change, Waldent Orthobond LC, Koden Ez bond). The study revealed that on Day 1, there was a “burst effect” of fluoride release, followed by a gradual decline from Day 2. This pattern was consistent across all three adhesives. Chan DCN et al. and McNeill CJ et al. observed similar patterns in their studies, with significant drops in fluoride release after 24 hours, continuing to decrease over time. 24 , 25 Transbond Plus Color Change exhibited the consistent and highest overall fluoride release throughout the 60 days. Koden Ez bond had the highest fluoride release on Day 1 and Day 2 and a similar release as Transbond Plus Color Change till Day 6 but continued to decrease until Day 14. Waldent Orthobond LC gradually declined to release fluoride until Day 7, releasing the least fluoride throughout the study. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden Ez bond sharply declined fluoride release by Day 30 and almost negligible amounts on Day 60. Even though a similar comparison group wasn’t found in other studies, according to similar research, Transbond Plus Color Change Adhesive significantly reduces enamel demineralization around brackets compared to traditional adhesives. It outperforms other adhesive groups in preventing white spot lesions, such as reported by Osama et al. that Transbond Plus Color Change Adhesive was more effective than the conventional adhesive Transbond XT. 26 Bhushan R et al. found it more effective than the GC Fuji Ortho LC and Vitremer groups. 27 At the same time, Passalini P reported it more effective than Orthodontic Fill Magic. 28 On the contrary, in a study by Vittorio Cacciafesta et al., Fuji Ortho LC released the highest amount of fluoride. In contrast, Transbond Plus released negligible amounts of fluoride, among other bracket-bonding adhesives. 16 Transbond Plus Color Change adhesive contains fluoro-aluminosilicate glass, which acts as a reservoir for fluoride. The adhesive is hydrophilic, allowing it to perform effectively even in the presence of saliva. The cured, cross-linked structure of Transbond Plus Color Change is designed to be stable, allowing for the controlled release of fluoride over an extended period. As a result, fluoride is steadily released even after the initial application period. This matrix helps to retain fluoride and release it gradually, providing ongoing protection against demineralization. 26 , 29 Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. In the current study, Waldent Orthobond LC may offer competitive bonding strength and performance but might not match the fluoride management features of Transbond Plus Color Change. Koden EZ Bond does offer high initial fluoride release and post-recharge for the first week, continuing to decrease till Day 14. Consistent with prior research, each bonding agent showed an enhanced recharge level with each additional fluoride treatment, even after aging. 29 , 30 Similarly, the correlation between pre-recharge release levels and post-recharge re-release levels aligns with previous studies. 30 , 31 These results suggest that the rechargeability of these composites is influenced by the availability of sites within the material capable of retaining absorbed fluoride. 31 , 32 Waldent Orthobond LC had the lowest re-release throughout the study. Koden Ez bond exhibited the highest initial release post-recharge but declined sharply after day 2, showing negligible release by day 60. Transbond Plus Color Change had a lower initial release but demonstrated superior recharge and re-release properties, suggesting a greater capacity to uptake and release fluoride over time. 26 The current orthodontic bonding agents are mainly designed for their bonding strength and ease of use. They offered their highest fluoride ion release within the first 24 hours, followed by a low level of long-term fluoride ion release. 3 , 4 Most fluoride-releasing adhesives exhibit low release after 2 months, necessitating sustained release throughout the typical 2-year orthodontic treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to use additional fluoride sources, such as toothpaste and mouthwash, during treatment. 10 – 12 External fluoride sources replace fluoride ions in the resin matrix, effectively recharging the bonding agent. The recharge process depends on exposure concentration, duration, and resin matrix properties. 17 , 18 In this study, bonding adhesives were recharged by dipping samples in 1000 ppm sodium fluoride solution for 5 minutes, simulating daily use of fluoridated toothpaste for 6 months. Periodic re-fluoridation of bonding agents is necessary to replenish utilized fluoride ions and prevent enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. This study’s findings align with previous research, emphasizing the importance of continuous lower fluoride levels rather than one-time high-concentration applications. 10 – 12 Limitations While the current in-vitro study provides valuable preliminary insights into the performance of three bonding agents, its limitations must be considered. The controlled laboratory environment may not fully replicate the complex conditions of an oral environment, which can affect the applicability of the findings. Therefore, further research is necessary to validate and expand upon these results. Conducting in vivo studies with larger sample sizes and incorporating a wider range of bonding materials will offer a more comprehensive understanding of the most effective and practical orthodontic adhesives. Such research will help confirm the initial findings and clarify how these materials perform under real-world conditions. Conclusion All three orthodontic adhesives showed a significant decrease in fluoride release after day 1, continuing through day 60. After recharging with a 1000 ppm fluoride solution, the fluoride release levels of the adhesives were similar to their initial release. Transbond Plus Color Change Adhesive demonstrated stable and sustained higher fluoride release over a 60-day study period. Although it did not have the highest initial fluoride release or the most robust recharge and re-release capabilities, its balanced combination of these properties and its color-changing feature indicate proper curing, making it the most suitable option for clinical use among the materials studied. Koden Ez Bond adhesive exhibited the highest initial and post-recharge fluoride release but sharply declined by day 30 and almost negligible amounts on Day 60. Waldent Orthobond LC adhesive consistently showed lower fluoride release initially and after recharging than the other adhesives. Ethics and consent The research’s permission was acquired from the Ethics Committee of Kasturba Medical College and Kasturba Hospital (IEC no.51/2022, Dated 31-12-2022). Due to the in-vitro nature of the study involving experimentation on anonymized teeth samples, patient consent was waived by the ethical committee. 19 Data availability Underlying data Figshare: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge, and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27005521.v1 33 This project contains the following underlying data: • Data.xlsx Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Figshare: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge, and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27005521.v1 33 This project contains the following extended data: • Tables.pdf Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Zachrisson BU, Zachrisson S: Caries incidence and orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 1971 Apr; 79 (2): 183–192. Publisher Full Text 2. Mizrahi E: Surface distribution of enamel opacities following orthodontic treatment. Am. J. Orthod. 1983 Oct 1; 84 (4): 323–331. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. An JS, Lim BS, Ahn SJ: Managing oral biofilms to avoid enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment. Korean J. Orthod. 2023 Nov 25; 53 (6): 345–357. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 4. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 22 Dec 2025 Revised Reviewer Response 12 Jan 2026 Ganugapanta Vivek reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India 12 Jan 2026 Reviewer Response Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT Author details Author details 1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India 2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India Akankshya Panda Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ritesh Singla Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Nishu Singla Roles: Formal Analysis, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Madhumitha Natarajan Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 22 Dec 2025, 13:1133 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.2 version 1 Published: 04 Oct 2024, 13:1133 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.1 Copyright © 2025 Panda A et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Panda A, Singla R, Singla N and Natarajan M. A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155347.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 22 Dec 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Philip Jose N. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445359 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445359 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Jan 2026 Nidhin Philip Jose , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445359 The study has an acceptable methodology and is novel in its objective. It is clinically relevant given the plethora of options a clinician faces and the fact that WSL are an undesirable consequence of orthodontic treatment. It will be interesting ... Continue reading READ ALL The study has an acceptable methodology and is novel in its objective. It is clinically relevant given the plethora of options a clinician faces and the fact that WSL are an undesirable consequence of orthodontic treatment. It will be interesting to see further research combining fluoride release with characterization of adhesive surface and bond strength to understand things in a better perspective. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Othodontics, Material Research I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Philip Jose N. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445359 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445359 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Arunachalam S. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445358 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445358 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Jan 2026 Sivakumar Arunachalam , Clinical Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445358 Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript tiled “A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study”. The revised version demonstrates improvement ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript tiled “A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study”. The revised version demonstrates improvement in clarity and completeness compared to earlier versions, particularly in the description of methods and interpretation of results. However, I have few more queries that may need to be addressed so that the manuscript can provide meaningful evidence for clinicians and researchers interested in preventive orthodontic materials. While the fluoride release and recharge behavior of Transbond Plus Color Change has been previously studied, the inclusion of lesser documented materials (Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond) adds value. However, the authors should more explicitly highlight this aspect in the introduction and discussion to strengthen the manuscript’s novelty. Clarify whether the calculated effect size was based on fluoride release at a specific time point (example day 1 or cumulative release) and how this aligns with the repeated-measures design? Elaborate on how the observed fluoride release values might translate clinically (in relevance to enamel remineralization thresholds or prevention of white spot lesions). The use of a 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 5 minutes is reasonable and commonly reported, but the rationale for equating this protocol to “daily use of fluoridated toothpaste for six months” should be better justified or supported with a reference. The figures effectively illustrate fluoride release trends. However, please add clear units (ppm) on all Y-axes and ensure consistent labelling across figures to enhance clarity. Provide a brief description from Tables S1 and S2 of their key findings in the main text so that it would help readers who may not immediately consult supplementary data. The terms “re-release,” “rerelease,” and “release after uptake” are used interchangeably. For clarity, the authors should standardize terminology throughout the manuscript. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Orthodontics, dental education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Arunachalam S. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445358 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445358 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Reddy GV. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r443977 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-443977 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 29 Dec 2025 Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r443977 The corrections made by ... Continue reading READ ALL The corrections made by the author are satisfactory. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Reddy GV. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r443977 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-443977 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 04 Oct 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Reddy GV. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170512.r336725 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v1#referee-response-336725 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Nov 2024 Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170512.r336725 Demineralisation around the brackets is a matter of concern ,need to take steps in prevention ,lot of research is going on to reduce it, your efforts to compare gives audience a complete understanding and insight in to material aspects . ... Continue reading READ ALL Demineralisation around the brackets is a matter of concern ,need to take steps in prevention ,lot of research is going on to reduce it, your efforts to compare gives audience a complete understanding and insight in to material aspects . Few clarifications 1.How was sample size determined per group . 2. Type of curing Used in the study. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: cbct I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Reddy GV. Reviewer Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170512.r336725 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v1#referee-response-336725 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 22 Dec 2025 Nishu Singla , Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India 22 Dec 2025 Author Response 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using ... Continue reading 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis Mean 1 (μ₁) = 2.40800 Mean 2 (μ₂) = 2.40800 Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219 Number of groups (k) = 3 Significance level (α) : 0.05 Power (1 - β) : 80% Barik AK, Duggal R: Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from chemically cured and light-cured orthodontic bonding agents and surface alteration of enamel: an in vitro study. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 2020 Jul; 54 (3): 233–239. 2. Type of curing Used in the study. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis Mean 1 (μ₁) = 2.40800 Mean 2 (μ₂) = 2.40800 Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219 Number of groups (k) = 3 Significance level (α) : 0.05 Power (1 - β) : 80% Barik AK, Duggal R: Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from chemically cured and light-cured orthodontic bonding agents and surface alteration of enamel: an in vitro study. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 2020 Jul; 54 (3): 233–239. 2. Type of curing Used in the study. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. Competing Interests: Nil Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 22 Dec 2025 Nishu Singla , Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India 22 Dec 2025 Author Response 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using ... Continue reading 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis Mean 1 (μ₁) = 2.40800 Mean 2 (μ₂) = 2.40800 Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219 Number of groups (k) = 3 Significance level (α) : 0.05 Power (1 - β) : 80% Barik AK, Duggal R: Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from chemically cured and light-cured orthodontic bonding agents and surface alteration of enamel: an in vitro study. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 2020 Jul; 54 (3): 233–239. 2. Type of curing Used in the study. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis Mean 1 (μ₁) = 2.40800 Mean 2 (μ₂) = 2.40800 Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219 Number of groups (k) = 3 Significance level (α) : 0.05 Power (1 - β) : 80% Barik AK, Duggal R: Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from chemically cured and light-cured orthodontic bonding agents and surface alteration of enamel: an in vitro study. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 2020 Jul; 54 (3): 233–239. 2. Type of curing Used in the study. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. Competing Interests: Nil Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 22 Dec 2025 Revised Reviewer Response 12 Jan 2026 Ganugapanta Vivek reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India 12 Jan 2026 Reviewer Response Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Thank you for addressing the queries and clarifying my concerns. The response was satisfactory. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 22 Dec 25 read read read Version 1 04 Oct 24 read Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India Sivakumar Arunachalam , International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Nidhin Philip Jose , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India Comments on this article All Comments (1) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Philip Jose N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Jan 2026 | for Version 2 Nidhin Philip Jose , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Philip Jose N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The study has an acceptable methodology and is novel in its objective. It is clinically relevant given the plethora of options a clinician faces and the fact that WSL are an undesirable consequence of orthodontic treatment. It will be interesting to see further research combining fluoride release with characterization of adhesive surface and bond strength to understand things in a better perspective. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Othodontics, Material Research I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Philip Jose N. Peer Review Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445359) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445359 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Arunachalam S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Jan 2026 | for Version 2 Sivakumar Arunachalam , Clinical Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Arunachalam S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript tiled “A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study”. The revised version demonstrates improvement in clarity and completeness compared to earlier versions, particularly in the description of methods and interpretation of results. However, I have few more queries that may need to be addressed so that the manuscript can provide meaningful evidence for clinicians and researchers interested in preventive orthodontic materials. While the fluoride release and recharge behavior of Transbond Plus Color Change has been previously studied, the inclusion of lesser documented materials (Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond) adds value. However, the authors should more explicitly highlight this aspect in the introduction and discussion to strengthen the manuscript’s novelty. Clarify whether the calculated effect size was based on fluoride release at a specific time point (example day 1 or cumulative release) and how this aligns with the repeated-measures design? Elaborate on how the observed fluoride release values might translate clinically (in relevance to enamel remineralization thresholds or prevention of white spot lesions). The use of a 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 5 minutes is reasonable and commonly reported, but the rationale for equating this protocol to “daily use of fluoridated toothpaste for six months” should be better justified or supported with a reference. The figures effectively illustrate fluoride release trends. However, please add clear units (ppm) on all Y-axes and ensure consistent labelling across figures to enhance clarity. Provide a brief description from Tables S1 and S2 of their key findings in the main text so that it would help readers who may not immediately consult supplementary data. The terms “re-release,” “rerelease,” and “release after uptake” are used interchangeably. For clarity, the authors should standardize terminology throughout the manuscript. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Orthodontics, dental education I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Arunachalam S. Peer Review Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r445358) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-445358 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Reddy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 29 Dec 2025 | for Version 2 Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Reddy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The corrections made by the author are satisfactory. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Reddy GV. Peer Review Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.193374.r443977) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v2#referee-response-443977 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Reddy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Nov 2024 | for Version 1 Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Narayana Dental College, Nellore,, India 0 Views copyright © 2024 Reddy G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Demineralisation around the brackets is a matter of concern ,need to take steps in prevention ,lot of research is going on to reduce it, your efforts to compare gives audience a complete understanding and insight in to material aspects . Few clarifications 1.How was sample size determined per group . 2. Type of curing Used in the study. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise cbct I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 22 Dec 2025 Nishu Singla, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India 1.How was sample size determined per group . Based on a previous study, the sample size of 24 premolar teeth (8 in each group; 3 groups) was determined using power analysis Mean 1 (μ₁) = 2.40800 Mean 2 (μ₂) = 2.40800 Pooled Standard Deviation (SD pooled) = 0.11219 Number of groups (k) = 3 Significance level (α) : 0.05 Power (1 - β) : 80% Barik AK, Duggal R: Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from chemically cured and light-cured orthodontic bonding agents and surface alteration of enamel: an in vitro study. J. Indian Orthod. Soc. 2020 Jul; 54 (3): 233–239. 2. Type of curing Used in the study. The brackets were cured using a 3M S10 ELIPAR Light Curing Unit set at 1200 mW/cm 2 , with 10 seconds of light exposure from the incisal edge and another 10 seconds from the gingival, mesial, or distal edges. 3.Reasoning behind selection of material. Waldent Orthobond LC and Koden EZ Bond are relatively new materials and lack extensive documentation on fluoride release, recharge, and re-release capabilities, unlike Transbond Plus Color Change. View more View less Competing Interests Nil reply Respond Report a concern Reddy GV. Peer Review Report For: A comparative analysis of the amount of fluoride release, recharge and re-release after uptake in three light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesives – An in-vitro study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 13 :1133 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.170512.r336725) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1133/v1#referee-response-336725 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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