Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work among Malaysian Women

Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work among Malaysian Women | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work among Malaysian Women Nadirah (given name) Mat Pozian (surname), Yvette D Miller, Jenni Mays This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974100/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Family-friendly work conditions (FFWCs) are designed to improve women’s engagement in paid employment. We conducted an online survey to assess the extent to which accessibility and use of eleven specific FFWCs were associated with paid work participation among Malaysian women with young children (N = 215). Availability of FFWCs was not associated with work participation. Utilisation of paid maternity leave was positively associated with work participation, after accounting for potential confounders. Future research is needed to confirm FFWCs impact on women’s work participation, in samples that adequately represent informally employed women and those who have left paid work. Childcare Supports Female Labour Force Participation Flexible Work Arrangements Gender Equity Leave Policies Figures Figure 1 Introduction Labour force participation in Malaysia continues to be characterised by gender inequities. In Malaysia, labour force participation rate was lower (55.5%) for women than for men (80.9%; an absolute difference of 25.4%) (Department of Statistics Malaysia [DOSM] 2022b). Additionally, compared to men, women in Malaysia are less likely to hold managerial positions, as well as more likely to work in specific and less valued occupations and industries, and informally (DOSM 2022a, b). Malaysian women who are in paid work experience role conflict due to their household responsibilities (Aazami, Shamsuddin, and Akmal 2018 , Arham et al. 2019 ) and cite marriage and childcare most frequently as the reasons for not working (Ministry of Women Family and Community Development [MWFCD] & United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] 2014, Tan et al. 2015 , Ab Halim et al. 2016 ). Implementing family-friendly work conditions (FFWCs) is one strategy for reducing role conflict for women to improve gender equity in paid work participation (Hegewisch and Gornick 2011, Yadav and Sharma 2021). In Malaysia, FFWCs include promotion of flexible work hours and telework/work from home, provision of workplace creches and a statutory requirement for maternity leave (Economic Planning Unit 2001 , 2006 , ILO, n.d.). However, we currently have minimal evidence for the impact of availability and use of FFWCs on women’s participation in paid work as well as scarce research describing how specific FFWCs influence women’s paid work participation in Malaysia. The global evidence on associations between specific FFWCs and women’s paid work participation comes primarily from developed countries. The existing global and national evidence was biased due to oversimplified FFWC exposure measurement and exclusion of women outside formal employment and/or not currently working (i.e., who have exited the paid labour market). We know little about how the availability or utilisation of FFWCs differentially affect women’s paid work participation, minimising opportunities to identify whether provision or uptake is an impediment. This study aimed to address these gaps by generating new knowledge about associations between women’s exposure to specific FFWCs and their paid work participation in Malaysia. The overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which Malaysian women’s availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs were associated with their paid work participation over the last five years. This research was conducted to provide women with an authoritative voice on the impact of work conditions that may protect and maximise their participation in paid work. This study’s findings may also be used to generate relevant strategies to increase women’s equity in paid work participation which aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 8 (United Nations n.d.-a). The research design for this study includes a retrospective, cross-sectional survey of Malaysian women with young children who had any experience of paid employment in the last five years. Women’s paid work participation The trend of women’s increasing employment globally has profoundly changed the composition of workforces since the 1970s (Flores et al. 2021 , International Labour Organization [ILO] 2018). In Malaysia, women’s labour force participation rate climbed 13% since the 1970s to surpass 50% in 2013 and has steadily increased in small increments (below 1%) every year to reach 55.5% in 2021 (DOSM 2014, Lim 2018 , Department of Statistics Malaysia 2022b ). However, women (2.8%) are less likely than men (5.7%) to hold managerial positions and their representation is declining; and women are over-represented in manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade industries with lower wages (DOSM 2021, ILO 2021b). Compared to men (7.9%), women in Malaysia are more likely to work informally (9.8% (DOSM 2022a)) with greater precarity for unequal treatment given the lack of coverage by labour legislation, social security regulations and relevant collective agreements (ILO 2018, DOSM 2020). Unequal patterns of paid work participation result in a persistent gender pay gap and higher rates of old-age poverty among women than men (ILO 2018), with women with young children being particularly vulnerable. Women’s participation in paid work is affected by indicators of unpaid work responsibilities including number of children and young children in the household, and elderly care (Klasen and Pieters 2015, Cameron, Suarez, and Rowell 2019, Che and Sundjo 2018 , Ab Halim, Abd Aziz, and Samsudin 2016, N. Noor and Mahudin 2016); alongside cultural factors and social support (Tan et al. 2015 ). Interrole conflict for women, who are still expected to primarily care for children in the family, is also implicated (Moghadam 1999 , N. Noor and Mahudin 2016), and exacerbated for working women with young children. The presence of young children had the largest negative effect on women’s employment in 58 countries across Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan America (Bongaarts, Blanc, and McCarthy 2019 ). Implementing FFWCs is one suggested strategy for mitigating the role overload and interrole conflict among women (Yadav and Sharma 2021, Chang et al. 2017 ), to enable women’s equitable participation in paid work. Current evidence for associations between FFWCs and paid work participation The global literature on associations between FFWCs and women’s participation in paid work comes predominately from developed countries and is inconclusive. Paid maternity and parental leave, provision of affordable and accessible formal childcare and childcare subsidies, and flextime have been shown to increase women’s likelihood of formal employment in China (Lian 2017 ) and were positively associated with maternal employment in the United States (US), Norway, and Germany (Rønsen and Kitterød 2015, Enchautegui et al. 2016 , Low and Sánchez-Marcos 2015, Lott 2020 ). However, other findings have indicated negative impacts of long and unpaid parental leave (above 30 weeks), child benefits and tax allowances on women’s employment in OECD countries (Jaumotte 2004 , Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015). Chung and van der Horst (2018) reported no impact of flextime or telework on likelihood of employment among mothers in the United Kingdom. In Malaysia, there has been scarce research on the associations between specific FFWCs and paid work participation among women. There is some evidence for a positive impact of FFWCs (as a ‘set’) on intention to stay (Mustapha et al. 2011 , Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Sabil, Marican, and Lim 2011). Flexible work arrangements, specifically, have been positively associated with work-life balance, productivity and organisational commitment as well as reduced work-family conflict and intention to leave (Au and Ahmed 2015, Subramaniam, Overton, and Maniam 2015, Subramaniam et al. 2015 , Wong, Bandar, and Saili 2017 , Mee Choo, Mat Desa, and Asaari 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. 2018 , Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016). The impact of specific flexible work arrangements such as staggered work hours and work from home as well as the benefits of other FFWCs (leave policies and childcare supports) on women’s participation in paid work continues to be under-researched. Four studies have reported associations (all positive) between a limited number of specific FFWCs (i.e., maternity benefits, flexible work schedules (flex time) and staggered work hours) and retention (Idris 2014 , Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019), employee motivation (A. R. Ahmad, Mohamed Idris, and Hashim 2013) and employee satisfaction (Saleh et al. 2015 ). However, researchers have overlooked employment outcomes associated with the range of additional specific FFWCs and have neglected to assess actual paid work participation as an outcome of FFWC exposure in Malaysia, instead, consistently using intention to stay/leave and working women’s productivity as measures of participation (Mustapha et al. 2011 , Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. 2018 ). Such indicators cannot account for the impact of FFWCs on women excluded from the workforce. Where researchers from developed countries have directly assessed participation in paid work, they have relied on binary outcomes (employed vs unemployed) which are insensitive to detecting more nuanced variations in participation (Lott 2020 , Rønsen and Kitterød 2015, Chung and van der Horst 2018). There are also methodological limitations in the way knowledge has been generated on FFWC exposure. Although worldwide research suggests inconsistent patterns of associations between specific FFWCs and participation in paid work, previous research in Malaysia has either analysed single specific FFWCs in isolation (Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019, Saleh et al. 2015 ) or created and relied on FFWCs indices that use broad and non-specific definitions or aggregate specific conditions as ‘a set’ (Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Subramaniam, Tan, et al. 2018 , Wong, Bandar, and Saili 2017 , Mee Choo, Mat Desa, and Asaari 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. 2018 , Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016). Furthermore, little is known about whether it is the availability of FFWCs or their utilisation that affects participation in paid work, which leaves minimal opportunity to identify whether provision or uptake is the impediment to equitable participation. Weale et al. ( 2020 )’s scoping review revealed that associations between policy availability and use on work-life balance were inconsistent across specific FFWCs. The availability and utilisation of FFWCs may have their own unique benefits and/or risks for women’s participation in paid work, and the implementation gaps (i.e., whether availability or uptake is the limitation) may differ between specific FFWCs, making it critical to investigate both the availability and use of specific work conditions to guide investment and disinvestment decisions for FFWCs in Malaysia. Existing research is also limited by the exclusion of women who are not currently working and informally employed women. Women who have been excluded from the formal workforce may be differently exposed to and affected by specific FFWCs. Excluding women who are informally employed and not currently working from research on this issue also perpetuates a devaluing of their role on the workforce. Inclusion of informally employed women may enhance their visibility to policymakers, ensuring their consideration in decision making regarding advancing or disinvesting in FFWCs. FFWCs are a fundamental right for all workers, regardless of their employment status, gender, ethnicity, disability, age or any other characteristics (United Nations n.d.-b, ILO 2021a). Across the global and national (Malaysia) literature, there is insufficient evidence to reliably establish associations between the range of specific FFWCs that may be offered and participation in paid work for Malaysian women. There is a gap in the literature on the availability of specific FFWCs, the relative influence of availability and utilisation on women’s participation in paid work; and bias arising from oversimplified FFWCs exposure measurement and exclusion of not currently working and informally employed women in investigating the associations. The current study aimed to uncover the associations between availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs and participation in paid work (months of employment in the last five years) among a broad sample of women with young children in Malaysia who had at least one paid work experience. Methods Study Design A cross-sectional design using a retrospective online, self-complete, anonymous survey was used to measure women’s retrospective availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs, and their paid work participation, over the last five years. The online survey was available to complete in either Malay or English language. Participants To be eligible, participants had to be women aged 15 to 64 years old, Malaysian citizens residing in Malaysia, with at least one child aged five years and below in their care and at least one paid working experience in their life. Participants were recruited through one of three methods using purposive and snowball sampling. The first method was to distribute invitations including details of the study, eligibility criteria and a link to the survey to participate via key organisations. Invitations were distributed by email on behalf of the researchers to: 800 women on TalentCorp Malaysia’s Career Comeback Program Database, an existing database of women looking to return to work after a career break; United Nations Development Fund’s employees; and 400 volunteers in the Women’s Aid Organization’s database. Invitations were sent to all employees of the United Nations University International Institute Public Health via a WhatsApp message. The second method of recruitment used online advertising to eliminate bias in geographical restrictions and reach wider population samples in a cost-effective way (Amon et al. 2014 , Galanaki 2002 ). These included a post including study details and link to the survey posted on the research institution’s Facebook account, and a paid Facebook Campaign Ad targeting the Malaysian population from 15th to 28th April 2021. The ad included a headline, an image and description of the study, as well as a link to the survey. The third recruitment method was through Vase.ai, an online survey panel based in Malaysia, who were contracted to collect completed responses from 110 eligible women in their database for a total of AUD 2,450. The researcher selected the targeted audience’s demographic profile: 18 to 64 years, female, all states and multiple ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Bumi Sabah/Sarawak, Indian/Others) in Malaysia. Malay and English versions of the questionnaire were provided to the panel, who launched the questionnaire to participants fitting the selected profile in their database. Three quality control processes were conducted for responses. Automatic processes detected “speedsters” (people who answer too quickly (e.g., 25% faster than the panel’s research team)) and “straightliners” (e.g., people who select option A for every question), and a manual quality control process conducted by the panel’s data analyst excluded respondents with open ended responses outside acceptable parameters. Data Collection Data were collected from March to October 2021 via self-complete online survey. All participants were invited to participate in a prize draw for a chance to win one of 40 RM50 vouchers from Mydin Mohamed Holdings Berhad , a wholesale and retail company with at least one store in every state. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, participants who accepted these invitations provided their information (i.e., name, phone number, residential or email address) through a separate webpage not linked to their survey data. Online Survey Participants had the option of viewing survey items and responding in either Malay or English. Study information and a consent form for completion were presented prior to survey initiation. The online survey comprised four sections of questions: (1) screening items for determining eligibility, (2) participation in paid work over the last five years (3) the availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs over the last five years, and (4) questions to describe the sample, determine representativeness, and assess potential confounders of the associations being examined (e.g. current or recent working information, age, marital status, educational background, household composition, social support, elderly care, physical and mental health). Participants who did not confirm their eligibility on all screening items were excluded from completing the remainder of the survey. Measures Dependent Variable Participation in paid work . Participant’s retrospective paid work participation over the previous five years was assessed by asking participants how many total months of paid employment they had engaged in (“In the last five years, how long have you spent in formal and/or informal employment?”). Participation in formal and informal employment was assessed separately. The total number of months in each type of employment was summed to estimate participant’s total participation in paid employment over the preceding five-year period. Participants with a calculated total of greater than 60 months were recoded to a maximum of 60 months. Such cases comprised: 37 participants in formal employment (with total reported months in paid work ranging from 61–240); 9 participants in informal employment (range 63–180 months) and 11 participants who reported both types of employment (range of 66–120 months). Independent Variables and Potential Confounders All independent variables and potential confounders are described in Supplemental Table 1. Independent Variables Exposure to eleven specific family-friendly work conditions was measured as both their availability and their use in the last five years. Drawing on previous literature, potential confounders of the association between exposure to FFWCs and paid work participation included demographic characteristics (i.e., age, highest educational level and partner status) (Lim 2017 , Khazanah Research Institute 2018 , Hosney 2016 , Abraham, Ohemeng Fidelia Nana, and Ohemeng 2017); job-related characteristics (e.g., personal income, employment sector and basis, occupational level, industry and household income); and health (Ismail and Sulaiman 2014, Khoudja and Platt 2018, Pit and Byles 2012 , Lott 2020 , Rønsen and Kitterød 2015). Missing data Cases were excluded if they were missing data for variable(s) that had 5% of cases with missing data to prevent over-exclusion. The number of cases that were excluded due to missing data on specific variables (with < 5% missing data) are outlined in Fig. 1. [Insert Fig. 1 here] Statistical Analysis All analyses were performed using Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 26), with significance set at p < 0.05. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit tests were conducted to compare the sample against the Malaysia Labour Force Survey 2021 (DOSM 2022b) for representativeness. Linear regression was used to assess associations between availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs (referent categories were ‘not available’ and ‘not utilised’, respectively) and participation in paid work. Where participation in paid work was significantly associated ( p < 0.1), multiple variable linear regression modelling was used to determine whether any of the identified confounder variables affected the association between availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs and participation in paid work. Potential confounders of the association between FFWC exposure and paid work were included if they were significantly associated with paid work participation ( p < .05) using Pearson correlation or analyses of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal Wallis. Bootstrapping, drawing on 1,000 bootstrapping samples was used for bivariate analyses between potential confounders with outlier scores and participation in paid work to reduce the influence of outliers (McCormick et al. 2017 ). Results Study Sample A total of 257 eligible responses were received (Fig. 1). Of these, 27 women were excluded from the analyses of associations between FFWCs (availability and utilisation) and participation in paid work due to not having undertaken any paid work in the last five years and therefore missing data for both FFWC exposure and participation in paid work. A further 15 respondents were excluded because they did not answer items reporting participation in paid work over the last five years, and 12 were excluded because they were missing data on potential confounders that had < 5% missing, resulting in a sample of 203 (78.7%) for analysis (Fig. 1). Participants were aged between 19 and 59 years (M = 32.32, SD = 6.77). Compared with the population of employed women in Malaysia (DOSM 2021), the sample over-represented women from Selangor, managers or professionals/technicians and associate professionals, with completed tertiary education, and who worked in information/financial/professional activities industries (see Table 1 ). Most participants were currently working (n = 80.0%), were formally employed in the last five years (n = 82.3%), and earned RM3,001 – RM 5,000 per month (n = 20.9%). Almost half of participants had at least one young child living with them (n = 47.0%) and 34.0% cared for elderly ≥ 24 hours per week. Table 1 Sample characteristics compared with the population of Employed Women in Malaysia. Characteristics Total Participation in Paid Work Sample N = 215 Population Comparison a M (SD) or Mean Rank n M (SD) or % N (‘000) M (SD) or % χ2 Age in Years 45.11 (17.68) 172 32.32 (6.77) 5,873.5 35.372 *** 15–34 125 58.1 3,116.9 53.1 35–64 47 21.9 2,756.6 46.9 Missing value 43 20.00 Partner Status 174 5,873.5 115.885 *** Partnered 46.57 (16.81) 158 73.5 3,481.2 59.3 Not Partnered 32.56 (21.10) 16 7.4 2,392.3 40.7 Missing value 41 19.1 Ethnicity 174 5,206.0 62.161 *** Non-Bumiputera 48.51 (17.59) 35 16.3 1,799.5 33.4 Bumiputera 44.47 (17.65) 139 64.7 3,466.0 66.6 Missing value 41 19.0 Highest Education Level 172 5,873.5 98.256 *** Did not complete tertiary education 44.86 (15.82) 21 9.8 3,497.1 59.5 Completed tertiary education 45.35 (17.96) 151 70.2 2,376.4 40.5 Missing value 43 20.0 Paid Work Status 214 78.972 *** Currently Working 47.51 (16.81) 172 80.0 - Recently Working 38.79 (18.85) 42 19.5 - Missing value 1 0.5 Type of Employment in the Last Five Years 215 232.251 *** Formal Employment 110.24 177 82.3 Informal Employment 64.44 18 8.4 Both Employment 127.38 20 9.3 Occupational Level 211 5,873.5 45.223 *** Managers 49.53 (17.41) 34 15.8 165.2 2.8 Professionals; Technicians and Associate Professionals 46.92 (16.85) 113 52.6 1,529.9 26 Others Level 42.19 (18.38) 64 29.8 4,178.4 71.2 Missing value 4 1.9 Industry 203 5,873.5 28.783 *** Construction; manufacturing; agricultural; and others 95.54 37 17.2 1,875.3 31.9 Services 99.55 83 38.6 2,979.7 50.6 Education 108.93 36 16.7 556.4 9.6 Information; financial and professional activities 106.10 47 21.9 462.1 7.9 Missing value 12 5.6 Employment Tenure 45.77 (17.71) 200 62.10 (54.79) Missing value 15 7.0 Area of residence 168 5,873.5 100.595 *** Urban 45.15 (17.91) 149 69.3 4,971.9 84.6 Rural 44.42 (17.00) 19 8.8 901.6 15.4 Missing value 47 21.9 States in Malaysia 168 5,873.5 229.000 *** Johor 13 6.0 591.4 10.1 Kedah 12 5.6 344.1 5.9 Kelantan - - 251.5 4.3 Melaka 2 0.9 182.4 3.1 Negeri Sembilan 8 3.7 174.0 3.0 Pahang 7 3.3 240.7 4.1 Penang 11 5.1 351.0 6.0 Perak 9 4.2 397.9 6.8 Perlis - - 40.9 0.7 Selangor 61 28.4 1,557.3 26.5 Terengganu 4 1.9 162.0 2.8 Sabah 9 4.2 705.3 12.0 Sarawak 13 6.0 466.4 7.9 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur 10 4.7 370.4 6.3 Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan 6 2.8 17.3 0.3 Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya 3 1.4 21.0 0.4 Missing value 47 21.9 - - Personal Income 170 - - .494 RM 1,000 – RM 2,000 63.83 39 18.1 - - RM 2,001 – RM 3,000 82.88 42 19.5 - - RM 3,001 – RM 5,000 90.72 45 20.9 - - RM 5,001 – Above RM 7,000 101.86 44 20.5 - - Missing value 45 20.9 - - Young children that live together 171 1.39 (1.17) - - 57.825 *** None 49.24 (18.38) 21 9.8 A child 47.65 (15.38) 101 47.0 - - ≥ 2 children 38.43 (20.19) 49 22.8 - - Missing value 44 20.5 - - Total children that live together 171 2.11 (1.73) - - 60.737 *** None 48.82 (17.80) 11 5.1 A child 45.54 (15.56) 68 31.6 - - ≥ 2 children 44.52 (19.21) 92 42.8 - - Missing value 44 20.5 - - Elderly Care: Time Assistance 161 37.97 (54.44) - - 11.043 ** None 45.35 (18.38) 40 18.6 - - < 24 hours 44.42 (17.23) 48 22.3 - - ≥ 24 hours 44.60 (17.82) 73 34.0 - - Missing value 54 25.1 - - *** p value < .001 ** p value < .05 *p value < .10 a Labour Force Survey, Malaysia 2021 Preliminary analyses Descriptive statistics and inspection of variable distributions revealed acceptable skewness in participation in paid work (within range of ± 3.00 SD) (Tabachnick and Fidell 2013 ). Five potential confounders (age, employment tenure, physical health, anxiety and depression scores) contained several outliers but of valid values, which were retained and used as real data. Participation in Paid Work Months of participation in paid work over the preceding five year period ranged from 2 to 60 months and was 45.86 months on average (SD = 17.52). Identifying Potential Confounders All bivariate associations were calculated with outliers included and were considered a potential confounder if there was a significant association (p < 0.05). Participation in paid work was not significantly associated with participant’s highest educational level, employment sector, industry, number of children, household size, household income, husband/partner’s employment status, elderly care, ethnicity (i.e., Bumiputera vs Non-Bumiputera), social support nor physical and mental health (anxiety and depression) (see Supplemental Table 2). Among demographic factors, age ( r (170) = .27, p = < .001, BCa 95% CI .13, .41) and partner status ( r (172) = .23, p = .002) were significantly associated with participation in paid work. Women with a partner had higher paid work participation (M = 46.57, SD = 16.81) than women with no partner (M = 32.56, SD = 21.10). There were also statistically significant associations between participation in paid work and some job-related characteristics, including type of employment in the last five years (informal employment, r (215) = − .26, p = < .001; both employment, r (215) = .14, p = .039), occupational level (other level, r (211) = − .14, p = .045), personal income (RM 1,000 – RM 2,000, r (170) = − .23, p = < .001; RM 5,001 – above RM 7,000, r (170) = .19, p = .012), employment basis ( r (211) = .28, p = < .001), and employment tenure ( r (200) = .43, p = < .001, BCa 95% CI .34, .52). Among caregiving responsibilities, only number of young children was significantly associated with paid work participation ( r (171) = − .24, p = .001). Therefore, models for assessing the association between availability and use of FFWCs and paid work participation adjusted for age, partner status, type of employment in the last five years, occupational level, personal income, employment basis, employment tenure and number of young children (see Supplemental Table 2). Associations between Exposure to Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work Mahalanobis distance statistics revealed a number of multivariate outliers in several models. All outliers were retained as Cook’s Distance figures for the outliers did not exceed 1, confirming they were not unduly influential (Tabachnick and Fidell 2013 ). Several models also showed heteroscedasticity and/or non-normal distribution of residuals. Bootstrapping estimations (Bias-correlated and accelerated 95% confidence interval’s (BCa 95% CI, drawing on 3,000 samples) were employed to overcome these violations. Availability of Specific FFWCs and Participation in Paid Work The most available FFWC reported was paid maternity leave (75.3%), followed by staggered work hours (53.0%), and flexible work hours (32.6%). The least available FFWC reported was free childcare centres (5.1%), followed by compressed work hours (5.6%), and childcare subsidies (7.9%) (see Table 2 ). Out of eleven FFWCs, the availability of only paid maternity leave and childcare subsidy were significantly associated with participation in paid work. Compared with women who reported it was not available to them in the last five years, respondents with paid maternity leave available had significantly higher participation in paid work (M = 46.66 months, comparable mean difference of 10.28 months; B = 10.342, SE(B) = 3.928; 95%CI 2.60, 18.08). Respondents who did not report on their availability of paid maternity leave also had significantly higher participation in paid work (M = 48.45 months, comparable mean difference of 12.13 months; B = 12.136, SE(B) = 4.819; 95%CI 2.64, 21.63). Participants with access to childcare subsidy had significantly higher participation in paid work (M = 52.53 months, comparable mean difference of 7.83 months; B = 7.829, SE(B) = 2.931; Bca 95%CI 2.05, 13.31; see Table 2 ). After adjusting for potential confounders, the associations between availability of paid maternity leave and childcare subsidy, and participation in paid work, were no longer significant. Table 2 Associations between availability of specific Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work (n = 215) Participation in Paid Work Availability of specific condition Unadjusted Adjusted* Months of Employment Bootstrap a M (SD) B SE p 95% CI B SE p Bca 95% CI Flexible work hours No (n = 114) 44.00 (18.59) 1 Yes (n = 70) 47.74 (15.62) 3.743 2.655 .160 -1.49, 8.98 Not answered (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 4.452 3.542 .210 -2.53, 11.43 Staggered Work hours No (n = 70) 46.94 (16.94) 1 Yes (n = 114) 44.49 (18.00) -2.452 2.662 .358 -7.70, 2.80 Not answered (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 1.509 3.782 .690 -5.95, 8.96 Compressed work hours No (n = 172) 45.00 (17.86) 1 Yes (n = 12) 51.50 (11.57) 6.500 5.226 .215 -3.80, 16.80 Not answered (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.452 3.415 .313 -3.28, 10.18 Work from Home No (n = 119) 44.95 (18.07) 1 Yes (n = 65) 46.29 (16.72) 1.343 2.708 .620 -4.00, 6.68 Not answered (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.502 3.540 .324 -3.48, 10.48 Paid Maternity Leave No (n = 22) 36.32 (18.32) 1 Yes (n = 162) 46.66 (17.15) 10.342 3.928 .009 2.60, 18.08 3.655 3.808 b .321 b -3.85, 10.95 b Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 12.133 4.819 .013 2.64, 21.63 Unpaid Maternity Leave No (n = 158) 45.60 (17.73) 1 Yes (n = 26) 44.35 (16.88) -1.255 3.717 .736 -8.58, 6.07 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 2.850 3.450 .410 -3.95, 9.65 Paid Childcare Leave No (n = 144) 45.63 (17.62) 1 Yes (n = 40) 44.70 (17.57) − .925 3.139 .769 -7.11, 5.26 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 2.827 3.477 .417 -4.03, 9.68 Unpaid Childcare Leave No (n = 142) 44.15 (18.18) 1 Yes (n = 42) 49.74 (14.71) 5.590 3.061 .069 − .44, 11.63 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 4.304 3.455 .214 -2.51, 11.12 Free Childcare Centre No (n = 173) 45.30 (17.49) 1 Yes (n = 11) 47.36 (19.62) 2.063 5.460 .706 -8.70, 12.83 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.151 3.425 .359 -3.60, 9.90 Paid Childcare Centre No (n = 163) 44.70 (17.89) 1 Yes (n = 21) 50.48 (14.48) 5.327 4.056 .191 -2.67, 13.32 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.636 3.428 .290 -3.12, 10.39 Childcare Subsidy No (n = 167) 44.70 (17.98) 1 Yes (n = 17) 52.53 (10.75) 7.829 2.931 a .006 a 2.05, 13.31 a 5.362 3.584 b .141 b -1.27, 11.38 b Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.751 3.737 a .263 a -3.38, 10.47 a *** p value < .001 ** p value < .05 *p value < .10 a Bootstrap result are based on 3,000 bootstrap samples, BCa 95% CI b Based on 1,754 samples. Note For each work condition, not reporting the specific condition as available is the referent group. * All models adjusted for age, partner status, informal employment, both employment, occupational level: others, employment basis, employment tenure, personal income: RM 1000 – RM 2,000, personal income: RM5,001 – Above RM 7,000, and number of young children that live together. Utilisation of Specific FFWCs and Participation in Paid Work The most used FFWC was paid maternity leave (51.2%), followed by staggered work hours (30.2%) and flexible work hours (26.0%). The least used FFWCs were compressed work hours (2.3%), childcare subsidy (4.7%) and unpaid care leave (6.5%) (see Table 3 ). There were no significant bivariate associations between participation in paid work and having used most of the FFWCs assessed (including flexible work hours, staggered work hours, compressed work hours, work from home, paid childcare leave and unpaid care leave). Only utilisation of paid maternity leave was significantly associated with participation in paid work, after accounting for potential confounders (see Table 3 ). Compared with respondents who did not use paid maternity leave, respondents that used paid maternity leave had significantly higher participation in paid work (M = 48.47 months, comparable mean difference of 7.58 months; B = 5.593, SE(B) = 2.50; Bca 95% 1.03, 10.07). The adjusted model accounted for approximately 35% of the variance in participation in paid work ( R 2 = .346, F (11, 154) = 7.42, p < .001). Table 3 Associations between utilisation of specific Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work (n = 215) Participation in Paid Work Utilisation of specific condition Unadjusted Adjusted Months of Employment Bootstrap a M (SD) B SE p 95% CI B SE p Bca 95% CI Flexible Work Hours No (n = 128) 44.39 (18.61) 1 Yes (n = 56) 47.79 (14.80) 3.395 2.805 .227 -2.13, 8.92 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 4.061 3.504 .248 -2.85, 11.00 Staggered Work Hours No (n = 119) 45.66 (16.96) 1 Yes (n = 65) 45.00 (18.75) − .655 2.709 .809 -6.00, 4.68 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 2.796 3.542 .431 -4.19, 9.78 Work from Home No (n = 132) 45.02 (18.24) 1 Yes (n = 52) 46.46 (15.84) 1.446 2.874 .503 -4.22, 7.11 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.436 3.504 .328 -3.47, 10.34 Paid Maternity Leave . No (n = 74) 40.89 (19.74) 1 Yes (n = 110) 48.47 (15.30) 7.581 2.729 a .009 a 2.51, 12.86 a 5.593 2.495 b .029 b 1.03, 10.07 b Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 7.560 3.913 a .056 a − .38, 15.17 a Paid Childcare Leave No (n = 164) 45.28 (17.97) 1 Yes (n = 20) 46.60 (14.13) 1.320 4.159 .751 -6.88, 9.52 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.171 3.439 .358 -3.61, 9.95 Unpaid Care Leave c No (n = 170) 45.54 (17.45) 1 Yes (n = 14) 44.07 (19.60) -1.464 4.883 .765 -11.09, 8.16 Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 2.916 3.430 .396 -3.85, 9.68 Childcare Subsidy No (n = 174) 44.79 (17.77) 1 Yes (n = 10) 56.40 (8.10) 11.607 2.935 a < .001 a 4.75, 16.78 a 7.618 4.572 b .075 b -1.50, 16.24 b Not reported (n = 31) 48.45 (17.26) 3.659 3.431 a .290 a -3.38, 10.27 a *** p value < .001 ** p value < .05 *p value < .10 a Bootstrap result are based on 3,000 bootstrap samples, Bca 95% CI b Based on 1,754 samples. c This category comprised both unpaid maternity leave and unpaid childcare leave (merged) Note For each work conditions, not reporting the specific condition as used is the referent group. *All models adjusted for age, partner status, informal employment, both employment, occupational level: others, employment basis, employment tenure, personal income: RM 1000 – RM 2,000, personal income: RM5,001 – Above RM 7,000, and number of young children that live together. Discussion This study sought to investigate associations between women’s participation in paid work and their availability and use of specific FFWCs. The findings uniquely contribute to an empirical gap in the literature by investigating associations between both availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs and a quantitative measure of women’s participation in paid work. This study builds on earlier work by highlighting that availability and utilisation of FFWCs’ have unique benefits and/or risks on women’s participation in paid work, and that the implementation gaps (i.e., whether availability or uptake is the limitation) may be different across specific FFWCs. Our findings suggest varying associations between the exposure to FFWCs (utilisation) and women’s participation in paid work. Of seven FFWCs assessed, only utilisation of paid maternity leave was positively associated with participation in paid work among women with young children in Malaysia, aligned with early research in other settings (Low and Sánchez-Marcos 2015, Rønsen and Kitterød 2015). The findings, while preliminary, suggest that women’s usage of paid maternity leave increased their participation in paid work compared to women who did not use paid maternity leave. However, we were unable to determine whether women in this sample would have accounted the period of maternity leave in their duration of participation in paid work. More research is needed to determine whether paid maternity leave continues to have an effect on women’s paid work participation when the duration of paid maternity leave is both excluded and included. Additionally, duration of paid maternity leave in the Malaysian Employment Act 1955(60 days) increased to 98 days (Employment Act (Amendment) 2022) in January 2023 (International Labour Organization n.d., Department of Labour Peninsular Malaysia 2023 ). Further research is required to investigate the effects of practical changes in paid maternity leave duration on women’s paid work participation by specifically asking the duration of maternity leave that they have access to and use during their employment, since previous research (Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015, Jaumotte 2004 ) found negative impact of number of paid leaves (both maternity and parental leave) on women’s employment. Additionally, findings that paid maternity leave was associated with paid work participation but none of the flexible work arrangements (i.e., flexible work hours, staggered work hours and work from home) may indicate that allowing separation for childcare and work responsibilities is better for women’s participation in paid work in Malaysia rather than integrating both work and childcare responsibilities. We were unable to determine the impact of specific FFWCs on role conflict, which may have allowed us to articulate the mechanisms by which different FFWCs result in differential benefit among Malaysian women. Future research is required to uncover whether the availability and use of alternative FFWCs have differential impacts on interrole conflict, and to confirm the direction of associations between paid maternity leave and role conflict among women in Malaysia. Women reported lower usage than availability of childcare centres both paid (9.8% reported availability; 1.9% reported use) and free (5.1% reported availability; 1.9% reported use), as well as childcare subsidy (7.9% reported availability; 4.7% reported use). We found no associations between availability or utilisation of childcare supports (i.e., childcare centre (free and paid) and childcare subsidy) and participation in paid work. These findings contrast with others (Jaumotte 2004 , Enchautegui et al. 2016 , Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015, Lian 2017 ) that found both beneficial and detrimental impact of childcare supports on women’s paid work participation. More research is needed to investigate and confirm the low availability of childcare provisions and also the underlying explanations for their low uptake relative to availability among Malaysian women, to direct decision making at the governmental and organisational level whether for encouraging implementation and use or disinvesting the work conditions. There were marked differences between reported availability and use for several FFWCs, including flexible work hours (32.6% reported availability; 26.0% reported use), staggered work hours (53.0% available vs. 30.2% used), compressed work hours (5.6% available vs. 2.3% used) and work from home (30.2% available vs. 24.2% used). Overall, we found no associations between participation in paid work among Malaysian women and neither the availability nor utilisation of flexible work hours, staggered work hours, and work from home. The findings were consistent with those from Chung and van der Horst’s (2018) research that also found no association between both availability and utilisation (separately) of flextime or telework on likelihood of employment among mothers in the United Kingdom. Our findings were not consistent with previous research in Malaysia (Mustapha et al. 2011 , Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Subramaniam et al. 2015 , Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. 2018 , Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016, Idris 2014 , Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019, A. R. Ahmad, Mohamed Idris, and Hashim 2013), where beneficial effects of flexible work arrangements (e.g., staggered work hours and flexible work hours) on employee’s retention, satisfaction and motivation have been reported. The possible explanation for no associations found in this paper was because of the lack of availability of these work conditions, where only staggered work hours was the only work condition in the flexible work arrangement category that reached more than 50% of availability reported by women in the study. More research is needed to further discover whether there are underlying of the lack of availability and utilisation of flexible working among Malaysian women as well as to confidently conclude whether implementation of flexible work hours, staggered work hours, compressed work hours and work from home are at all beneficial for increasing women’s paid work participation or closing the gender gap in work participation. Strengths, Limitations and Future Research Findings from our study may not be generalisable to all Malaysian women. This study analysed self-reported data from a sample of Malaysian women with young children, who had higher educational attainment (completed tertiary education) and occupational level (managers and professionals, technicians and associate professionals) and also higher unpaid work responsibilities (children and elderly care) than the population of working women in Malaysia. Notably, our study intentionally included women who were not currently working (n = 42), though we were only able to compare our sample to the population of working women for which data was available. Women with higher social advantages (e.g., higher educational level) participate more in paid work compared to women who are less advantaged (Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Ummersingh, and Bundhoo 2011), whereas women with higher unpaid work responsibilities (elderly care and children) are less likely to participate (Klasen and Pieters 2015, Che and Sundjo 2018 , MWFCD & UNDP, 2014). Ferragina ( 2019 ) concludes that FFWC expansion does not automatically result in enhancing or diminishing outcomes for an entire population or specifically the lower class. We were unable to offer confident conclusions about the rates of FFWC exposure (both availability and utilisation) and the impacts on women from under-represented groups, who may experience greater disadvantages and barriers than the cohort in this research. The complexities of implementing FFWCs within multicultural and varied social class contexts needs further attention. Our study generated new evidence for the impact of women’s ethnicity, elderly care, highest educational level and personal income on their paid work participation, where only personal income was positively associated with women’s paid work participation. Future research detailing these complexities in women’s experiences of paid work is needed with larger representative population samples and over-sampling of women from specific subgroups, to ensure broader generalisability and confirm the preliminary findings reported here. Our study included women in informal employment in the sample, as well as a measure of informal employment in assessing participation in paid work. This is the first study that has attempted to examine the impacts of specific FFWCs on participation in paid work among informally employed women and acknowledge these women as paid work participants, despite their right to FFWCs. There were 38 women who were informally employed in our sample, with 20 of them also formally employed. Our study revealed a significant association between type of employment in the last five years and paid work participation: informal employment was negatively associated with paid work participation and participating in both types of employment was positively associated with paid work participation. In 2019, there were 548.9 thousand informally employed in Malaysia (DOSM 2020). While the inclusion of not currently employed and informally employed women in the sample represents a more inclusive way forward for research in this area, women in these sub populations should be over-sampled or purposively sampled in future research so that the differential exposure to FFWCs and its impact can be better understood in these groups. Our study quantitatively measured amount of participation in paid work, where other researchers globally and in Malaysia have consistently used binary outcomes (employed vs unemployed) (Lott 2020 , Rønsen and Kitterød 2015, Chung and van der Horst 2018) and intention to stay (Mustapha et al. 2011 ). Such measures of paid work participation were not suitable for understanding the experience of women who are former workers whose participation may have been affected by working conditions, nor for understanding more subtle variations in participation in paid work. However, our measure of participation did not account for part-time versus full-time work, which may provide more sensitive assessments of amount of work participation. By assessing formal and informal work separately, our measure also failed to adequately account for overlapping employment in both formal and informal employment (9.3% of respondents), which may have over-estimated women’s overall paid work participation (total months of employment). Future research should examine the impact of these types of work on the exposure to FFWCs (availability and utilisation) and their associations with participation. Conclusions The availability and utilisation of FFWCs among women in Malaysia as well as their impacts on paid work participation varied across specific FFWCs. No associations were found between the availability of FFWCs and women’s participation in paid work, suggesting little benefit of simple policy provisions on women’s participation. Only the utilisation of paid maternity leave (by 51.1%) was positively associated with women’s participation in paid work. Based on this evidence, the overall value of FFWCs for women’s participation in paid work is generally unsupported. Findings from this study point out the need for greater attention in analysing the availability and utilisation of FFWCs in-depth. Most FFWCs do not appear to be particularly useful for women’s paid work participation in Malaysia, although the stigma and regulations associated with FFWCs, alternative potential avenues for women to increase their participation and the direction of the associations between FFWCs and role conflict need further research attention. The impact of FFWCs on women’s overall well-being in Malaysia is also largely unknown; we do not know whether FFWCs (both availability and utilisation) improve or worsen their well-being, nor the perceived value of FFWCs among women, to inform the policy agenda. 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Thambusamy, M. Y. Minas and Z. Bekirogullari, 274-286. Nicosia: Future Acad. Subramaniam, Geetha, Bala Maniam, Ratneswary Rasiah, and Siti Mahara Dzulkarnian. 2018. "Perception of Malaysian women in the labour market – Does one have to be present to be productive?" International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7 (4.29):163 - 167. Subramaniam, Geetha, B John Overton, and C Bala Maniam. 2015. "Flexible working arrangements, work life balance and women in Malaysia." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 5 (1):34. doi: 10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.417. Subramaniam, Geetha, Peck-Leong Tan, Ruzita Baah, and Nurul Ainun Ahmad Atory. 2015. "Do flexible working arrangements impact women’s participation in the labour market? A multiple regression analysis." Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics 18:130-140. Subramaniam, Geetha, Peck-Leong Tan, Balasundram Maniam, and Ershad Ali. 2018. "Flexibility at the workplace: Does it impact empowerment and quality of life?" Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 3 (11):97 - 106. doi: 10.21834/ajbes.v3i11.105. Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell. 2013. Using multivariate statistics . Sixth ed. The United States of America: Pearson Education Inc. Tan, Peck-Leong, Ruzita Baah, Geetha Subramaniam, and Hadijah Iberahim. 2015. "Exploring women's work decision in Malaysia." Social and Management Research Journal (2):53-65. doi: 10.24191/smrj.v12i2.5046. Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena, S. Ummersingh, and Y. Bundhoo. 2011. "The power to choose: Women and labour market decisions in Mauritius." Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences 2:193-205. United Nations. n.d.-a. "Take action for the sustainale development goals." accessed November 13, 2022. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/. United Nations. n.d.-b. "Universal declaration of human rights." accessed November 13, 2022. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights. Weale, Victoria, Jodi Oakman, and Yvonne Wells. 2020. "Can organisational work–life policies improve work–life interaction? A scoping review." Australian Psychologist 55 (5):425-439. doi: 10.1111/ap.12469. Wong, Pui-Yee, Nur Fatihah Abdullah Bandar, and Jamayah Saili. 2017. "Workplace factors and work-life balance among employees in selected services sector." International Journal of Business and Society 18 (S4):677-684. Yadav, Varsha, and Himani Sharma. 2021. "Family-friendly policies, supervisor support and job satisfaction: mediating effect of work-family conflict." Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). doi: 10.1108/XJM-02-2021-0050. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3974100","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":273982100,"identity":"02b838e1-fd5a-4b2a-8e43-1f4e0c2d4acb","order_by":0,"name":"Nadirah (given name) Mat Pozian (surname)","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACgwMMDEDEwNjAwFABpJmZG0jRcgakhZGwFgaIFpCuNgaoXjzAnP3wxsMVNXfy+PkPN34unFcbzd8O1PKjYhtOLZY9aQUHzxx7VizZcLBZeua247kzDjM2MPacuY3HIzkGBxvYDiduONjYIM277VhuA1ALM2MbHi3n3wC1/ANqOczY/Jt3zrHc+QS13ADa0tgG1HKMsU2at6EmdwNhLc8KDjb2HS6W7GFss+Y5diB3I1DLQbx+OZ+8+WPDt8PAEDv++DZPTV3uvPOHDz74UYFbCwwkQOnDYPIAQfVIWuqIUTwKRsEoGAUjDAAA3gdnqEuAvD8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-0105","institution":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nadirah","middleName":"(given name) Mat Pozian","lastName":"(surname)","suffix":""},{"id":273982101,"identity":"9992c8c4-e120-4aa6-b824-9f2a585b746b","order_by":1,"name":"Yvette D Miller","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-7142","institution":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yvette","middleName":"D","lastName":"Miller","suffix":""},{"id":273982102,"identity":"3fd13421-bb01-4225-a831-791f8f676886","order_by":2,"name":"Jenni Mays","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7455-5488","institution":"School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jenni","middleName":"","lastName":"Mays","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-21 00:26:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974100/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974100/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51561725,"identity":"f41c4035-dce9-4312-8a65-636388d61934","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 18:27:15","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParticipant exclusion and inclusion flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3974100/v1/4098b0335dd332cb0f418dff.jpg"},{"id":51562873,"identity":"25919d15-143b-4a1f-9992-544c7a71b0c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 18:35:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":825691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3974100/v1/2e9a77d6-83db-4d65-96bf-faf6a3c79ecb.pdf"},{"id":51561723,"identity":"6b170d3d-fd69-44be-9d49-841f673e7b34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 18:27:15","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":31608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Table 1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementalTable1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3974100/v1/c754445d4041c4e059aa0698.docx"},{"id":51561724,"identity":"9ff70448-0bc7-47d0-8390-20616ef35cf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 18:27:15","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24356,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Table 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementalTable2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3974100/v1/859d2ad749ec310ed79ae663.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work among Malaysian Women\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLabour force participation in Malaysia continues to be characterised by gender inequities. In Malaysia, labour force participation rate was lower (55.5%) for women than for men (80.9%; an absolute difference of 25.4%) (Department of Statistics Malaysia [DOSM] 2022b). Additionally, compared to men, women in Malaysia are less likely to hold managerial positions, as well as more likely to work in specific and less valued occupations and industries, and informally (DOSM 2022a, b). Malaysian women who are in paid work experience role conflict due to their household responsibilities (Aazami, Shamsuddin, and Akmal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Arham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and cite marriage and childcare most frequently as the reasons for not working (Ministry of Women Family and Community Development [MWFCD] \u0026amp; United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] 2014, Tan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Ab Halim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Implementing family-friendly work conditions (FFWCs) is one strategy for reducing role conflict for women to improve gender equity in paid work participation (Hegewisch and Gornick 2011, Yadav and Sharma 2021). In Malaysia, FFWCs include promotion of flexible work hours and telework/work from home, provision of workplace creches and a statutory requirement for maternity leave (Economic Planning Unit \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, ILO, n.d.). However, we currently have minimal evidence for the impact of availability and use of FFWCs on women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work as well as scarce research describing how \u003cem\u003especific\u003c/em\u003e FFWCs influence women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global evidence on associations between specific FFWCs and women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation comes primarily from developed countries. The existing global and national evidence was biased due to oversimplified FFWC exposure measurement and exclusion of women outside formal employment and/or not currently working (i.e., who have exited the paid labour market). We know little about how the availability or utilisation of FFWCs differentially affect women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation, minimising opportunities to identify whether provision or uptake is an impediment. This study aimed to address these gaps by generating new knowledge about associations between women\u0026rsquo;s exposure to specific FFWCs and their paid work participation in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which Malaysian women\u0026rsquo;s availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs were associated with their paid work participation over the last five years. This research was conducted to provide women with an authoritative voice on the impact of work conditions that may protect and maximise their participation in paid work. This study\u0026rsquo;s findings may also be used to generate relevant strategies to increase women\u0026rsquo;s equity in paid work participation which aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 8 (United Nations n.d.-a). The research design for this study includes a retrospective, cross-sectional survey of Malaysian women with young children who had any experience of paid employment in the last five years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWomen’s paid work participation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe trend of women\u0026rsquo;s increasing employment globally has profoundly changed the composition of workforces since the 1970s (Flores et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, International Labour Organization [ILO] 2018). In Malaysia, women\u0026rsquo;s labour force participation rate climbed 13% since the 1970s to surpass 50% in 2013 and has steadily increased in small increments (below 1%) every year to reach 55.5% in 2021 (DOSM 2014, Lim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Department of Statistics Malaysia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e). However, women (2.8%) are less likely than men (5.7%) to hold managerial positions and their representation is declining; and women are over-represented in manufacturing and wholesale and retail trade industries with lower wages (DOSM 2021, ILO 2021b). Compared to men (7.9%), women in Malaysia are more likely to work informally (9.8% (DOSM 2022a)) with greater precarity for unequal treatment given the lack of coverage by labour legislation, social security regulations and relevant collective agreements (ILO 2018, DOSM 2020). Unequal patterns of paid work participation result in a persistent gender pay gap and higher rates of old-age poverty among women than men (ILO 2018), with women with young children being particularly vulnerable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work is affected by indicators of unpaid work responsibilities including number of children and young children in the household, and elderly care (Klasen and Pieters 2015, Cameron, Suarez, and Rowell 2019, Che and Sundjo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Ab Halim, Abd Aziz, and Samsudin 2016, N. Noor and Mahudin 2016); alongside cultural factors and social support (Tan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Interrole conflict for women, who are still expected to primarily care for children in the family, is also implicated (Moghadam \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e, N. Noor and Mahudin 2016), and exacerbated for working women with young children. The presence of young children had the largest negative effect on women\u0026rsquo;s employment in 58 countries across Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and sub-Saharan America (Bongaarts, Blanc, and McCarthy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Implementing FFWCs is one suggested strategy for mitigating the role overload and interrole conflict among women (Yadav and Sharma 2021, Chang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), to enable women\u0026rsquo;s equitable participation in paid work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCurrent evidence for associations between FFWCs and paid work participation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global literature on associations between FFWCs and women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work comes predominately from developed countries and is inconclusive. Paid maternity and parental leave, provision of affordable and accessible formal childcare and childcare subsidies, and flextime have been shown to increase women\u0026rsquo;s likelihood of formal employment in China (Lian \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and were positively associated with maternal employment in the United States (US), Norway, and Germany (R\u0026oslash;nsen and Kitter\u0026oslash;d 2015, Enchautegui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Low and S\u0026aacute;nchez-Marcos 2015, Lott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, other findings have indicated negative impacts of long and unpaid parental leave (above 30 weeks), child benefits and tax allowances on women\u0026rsquo;s employment in OECD countries (Jaumotte \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015). Chung and van der Horst (2018) reported no impact of flextime or telework on likelihood of employment among mothers in the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Malaysia, there has been scarce research on the associations between specific FFWCs and paid work participation among women. There is some evidence for a positive impact of FFWCs (as a \u0026lsquo;set\u0026rsquo;) on intention to stay (Mustapha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Sabil, Marican, and Lim 2011). Flexible work arrangements, specifically, have been positively associated with work-life balance, productivity and organisational commitment as well as reduced work-family conflict and intention to leave (Au and Ahmed 2015, Subramaniam, Overton, and Maniam 2015, Subramaniam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Wong, Bandar, and Saili \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Mee Choo, Mat Desa, and Asaari 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016). The impact of specific flexible work arrangements such as staggered work hours and work from home as well as the benefits of other FFWCs (leave policies and childcare supports) on women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work continues to be under-researched. Four studies have reported associations (all positive) between a limited number of specific FFWCs (i.e., maternity benefits, flexible work schedules (flex time) and staggered work hours) and retention (Idris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019), employee motivation (A. R. Ahmad, Mohamed Idris, and Hashim 2013) and employee satisfaction (Saleh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). However, researchers have overlooked employment outcomes associated with the range of additional specific FFWCs and have neglected to assess actual paid work participation as an outcome of FFWC exposure in Malaysia, instead, consistently using intention to stay/leave and working women\u0026rsquo;s productivity as measures of participation (Mustapha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Such indicators cannot account for the impact of FFWCs on women excluded from the workforce. Where researchers from developed countries have directly assessed participation in paid work, they have relied on binary outcomes (employed vs unemployed) which are insensitive to detecting more nuanced variations in participation (Lott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, R\u0026oslash;nsen and Kitter\u0026oslash;d 2015, Chung and van der Horst 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are also methodological limitations in the way knowledge has been generated on FFWC exposure. Although worldwide research suggests inconsistent patterns of associations between specific FFWCs and participation in paid work, previous research in Malaysia has either analysed single specific FFWCs in isolation (Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019, Saleh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) or created and relied on FFWCs indices that use broad and non-specific definitions or aggregate specific conditions as \u0026lsquo;a set\u0026rsquo; (Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Subramaniam, Tan, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Wong, Bandar, and Saili \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Mee Choo, Mat Desa, and Asaari 2016, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016). Furthermore, little is known about whether it is the availability of FFWCs or their utilisation that affects participation in paid work, which leaves minimal opportunity to identify whether provision or uptake is the impediment to equitable participation. Weale et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rsquo;s scoping review revealed that associations between policy availability and use on work-life balance were inconsistent across specific FFWCs. The availability and utilisation of FFWCs may have their own unique benefits and/or risks for women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work, and the implementation gaps (i.e., whether availability or uptake is the limitation) may differ between specific FFWCs, making it critical to investigate both the availability and use of specific work conditions to guide investment and disinvestment decisions for FFWCs in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting research is also limited by the exclusion of women who are not currently working and informally employed women. Women who have been excluded from the formal workforce may be differently exposed to and affected by specific FFWCs. Excluding women who are informally employed and not currently working from research on this issue also perpetuates a devaluing of their role on the workforce. Inclusion of informally employed women may enhance their visibility to policymakers, ensuring their consideration in decision making regarding advancing or disinvesting in FFWCs. FFWCs are a fundamental right for all workers, regardless of their employment status, gender, ethnicity, disability, age or any other characteristics (United Nations n.d.-b, ILO 2021a).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross the global and national (Malaysia) literature, there is insufficient evidence to reliably establish associations between the range of specific FFWCs that may be offered and participation in paid work for Malaysian women. There is a gap in the literature on the availability of specific FFWCs, the relative influence of availability and utilisation on women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work; and bias arising from oversimplified FFWCs exposure measurement and exclusion of not currently working and informally employed women in investigating the associations. The current study aimed to uncover the associations between availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs and participation in paid work (months of employment in the last five years) among a broad sample of women with young children in Malaysia who had at least one paid work experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional design using a retrospective online, self-complete, anonymous survey was used to measure women\u0026rsquo;s retrospective availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs, and their paid work participation, over the last five years. The online survey was available to complete in either Malay or English language.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo be eligible, participants had to be women aged 15 to 64 years old, Malaysian citizens residing in Malaysia, with at least one child aged five years and below in their care and at least one paid working experience in their life. Participants were recruited through one of three methods using purposive and snowball sampling. The first method was to distribute invitations including details of the study, eligibility criteria and a link to the survey to participate via key organisations. Invitations were distributed by email on behalf of the researchers to: 800 women on TalentCorp Malaysia\u0026rsquo;s Career Comeback Program Database, an existing database of women looking to return to work after a career break; United Nations Development Fund\u0026rsquo;s employees; and 400 volunteers in the Women\u0026rsquo;s Aid Organization\u0026rsquo;s database. Invitations were sent to all employees of the United Nations University International Institute Public Health via a WhatsApp message. The second method of recruitment used online advertising to eliminate bias in geographical restrictions and reach wider population samples in a cost-effective way (Amon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Galanaki \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). These included a post including study details and link to the survey posted on the research institution\u0026rsquo;s Facebook account, and a paid Facebook Campaign Ad targeting the Malaysian population from 15th to 28th April 2021. The ad included a headline, an image and description of the study, as well as a link to the survey. The third recruitment method was through Vase.ai, an online survey panel based in Malaysia, who were contracted to collect completed responses from 110 eligible women in their database for a total of AUD 2,450. The researcher selected the targeted audience\u0026rsquo;s demographic profile: 18 to 64 years, female, all states and multiple ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Bumi Sabah/Sarawak, Indian/Others) in Malaysia. Malay and English versions of the questionnaire were provided to the panel, who launched the questionnaire to participants fitting the selected profile in their database. Three quality control processes were conducted for responses. Automatic processes detected \u0026ldquo;speedsters\u0026rdquo; (people who answer too quickly (e.g., 25% faster than the panel\u0026rsquo;s research team)) and \u0026ldquo;straightliners\u0026rdquo; (e.g., people who select option A for every question), and a manual quality control process conducted by the panel\u0026rsquo;s data analyst excluded respondents with open ended responses outside acceptable parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected from March to October 2021 via self-complete online survey. All participants were invited to participate in a prize draw for a chance to win one of 40 RM50 vouchers from \u003cem\u003eMydin Mohamed Holdings Berhad\u003c/em\u003e, a wholesale and retail company with at least one store in every state. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, participants who accepted these invitations provided their information (i.e., name, phone number, residential or email address) through a separate webpage not linked to their survey data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOnline Survey\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants had the option of viewing survey items and responding in either Malay or English. Study information and a consent form for completion were presented prior to survey initiation. The online survey comprised four sections of questions: (1) screening items for determining eligibility, (2) participation in paid work over the last five years (3) the availability and utilisation of eleven specific FFWCs over the last five years, and (4) questions to describe the sample, determine representativeness, and assess potential confounders of the associations being examined (e.g. current or recent working information, age, marital status, educational background, household composition, social support, elderly care, physical and mental health). Participants who did not confirm their eligibility on all screening items were excluded from completing the remainder of the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eParticipation in paid work\u003c/em\u003e. Participant\u0026rsquo;s retrospective paid work participation over the previous five years was assessed by asking participants how many total months of paid employment they had engaged in (\u0026ldquo;In the last five years, how long have you spent in formal and/or informal employment?\u0026rdquo;). Participation in formal and informal employment was assessed separately. The total number of months in each type of employment was summed to estimate participant\u0026rsquo;s total participation in paid employment over the preceding five-year period. Participants with a calculated total of greater than 60 months were recoded to a maximum of 60 months. Such cases comprised: 37 participants in formal employment (with total reported months in paid work ranging from 61\u0026ndash;240); 9 participants in informal employment (range 63\u0026ndash;180 months) and 11 participants who reported both types of employment (range of 66\u0026ndash;120 months).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent Variables and Potential Confounders\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll independent variables and potential confounders are described in Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure to eleven specific family-friendly work conditions was measured as both their availability and their use in the last five years. Drawing on previous literature, \u003cem\u003epotential confounders\u003c/em\u003e of the association between exposure to FFWCs and paid work participation included demographic characteristics (i.e., age, highest educational level and partner status) (Lim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Khazanah Research Institute \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Hosney \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Abraham, Ohemeng Fidelia Nana, and Ohemeng 2017); job-related characteristics (e.g., personal income, employment sector and basis, occupational level, industry and household income); and health (Ismail and Sulaiman 2014, Khoudja and Platt 2018, Pit and Byles \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Lott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, R\u0026oslash;nsen and Kitter\u0026oslash;d 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMissing data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCases were excluded if they were missing data for variable(s) that had\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% cases with missing data (i.e., employment sector, employment basis, and occupational level). A \u0026lsquo;missing\u0026rsquo; level was generated for variable(s) that had\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5% of cases with missing data to prevent over-exclusion. The number of cases that were excluded due to missing data on specific variables (with \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% missing data) are outlined in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. [Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll analyses were performed using Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 26), with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit tests were conducted to compare the sample against the Malaysia Labour Force Survey 2021 (DOSM 2022b) for representativeness. Linear regression was used to assess associations between availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs (referent categories were \u0026lsquo;not available\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;not utilised\u0026rsquo;, respectively) and participation in paid work. Where participation in paid work was significantly associated (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1), multiple variable linear regression modelling was used to determine whether any of the identified confounder variables affected the association between availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs and participation in paid work. Potential confounders of the association between FFWC exposure and paid work were included if they were significantly associated with paid work participation (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05) using Pearson correlation or analyses of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal Wallis. Bootstrapping, drawing on 1,000 bootstrapping samples was used for bivariate analyses between potential confounders with outlier scores and participation in paid work to reduce the influence of outliers (McCormick et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 257 eligible responses were received (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Of these, 27 women were excluded from the analyses of associations between FFWCs (availability and utilisation) and participation in paid work due to not having undertaken any paid work in the last five years and therefore missing data for both FFWC exposure and participation in paid work. A further 15 respondents were excluded because they did not answer items reporting participation in paid work over the last five years, and 12 were excluded because they were missing data on potential confounders that had\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% missing, resulting in a sample of 203 (78.7%) for analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were aged between 19 and 59 years (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.32, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.77). Compared with the population of employed women in Malaysia (DOSM 2021), the sample over-represented women from Selangor, managers or professionals/technicians and associate professionals, with completed tertiary education, and who worked in information/financial/professional activities industries (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Most participants were currently working (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80.0%), were formally employed in the last five years (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82.3%), and earned RM3,001 \u0026ndash; RM 5,000 per month (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.9%). Almost half of participants had at least one young child living with them (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.0%) and 34.0% cared for elderly\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;24 hours per week.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample characteristics compared with the population of Employed Women in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Participation in Paid Work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Comparison\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (SD) or Mean Rank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (SD) or %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (\u0026lsquo;000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (SD) or %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in Years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.11 (17.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.32 (6.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.372\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,116.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,756.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePartner Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.885\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartnered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.57 (16.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,481.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Partnered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.56 (21.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,392.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,206.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.161\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Bumiputera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.51 (17.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,799.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBumiputera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.47 (17.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,466.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest Education Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.256\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid not complete tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.86 (15.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,497.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompleted tertiary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.35 (17.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,376.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Work Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.972\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently Working\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.51 (16.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently Working\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.79 (18.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of Employment in the Last Five Years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232.251\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformal Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.223\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.53 (17.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessionals; Technicians and Associate Professionals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.92 (16.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,529.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.19 (18.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,178.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndustry\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.783\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstruction; manufacturing; agricultural; and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,875.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eServices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,979.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation; financial and professional activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e462.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment Tenure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.77 (17.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.10 (54.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMissing value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.595\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.15 (17.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,971.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.42 (17.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e901.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStates in Malaysia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,873.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229.000\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJohor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKedah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKelantan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelaka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegeri Sembilan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePahang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e397.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerlis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelangor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,557.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerengganu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSabah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e705.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSarawak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e466.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilayah Persekutuan Labuan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePersonal Income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRM 1,000 \u0026ndash; RM 2,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRM 2,001 \u0026ndash; RM 3,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRM 3,001 \u0026ndash; RM 5,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRM 5,001 \u0026ndash; Above RM 7,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYoung children that live together\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.825\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.24 (18.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.65 (15.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.43 (20.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal children that live together\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 (1.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.737\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.82 (17.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.54 (15.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2 children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.52 (19.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eElderly Care: Time Assistance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.97 (54.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.043\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.35 (18.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.42 (17.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;24 hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.60 (17.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMissing value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001 ** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05 *p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eLabour Force Survey, Malaysia 2021\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics and inspection of variable distributions revealed acceptable skewness in participation in paid work (within range of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00 SD) (Tabachnick and Fidell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Five potential confounders (age, employment tenure, physical health, anxiety and depression scores) contained several outliers but of valid values, which were retained and used as real data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipation in Paid Work\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonths of participation in paid work over the preceding five year period ranged from 2 to 60 months and was 45.86 months on average (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.52).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIdentifying Potential Confounders\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll bivariate associations were calculated with outliers included and were considered a potential confounder if there was a significant association (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Participation in paid work was not significantly associated with participant\u0026rsquo;s highest educational level, employment sector, industry, number of children, household size, household income, husband/partner\u0026rsquo;s employment status, elderly care, ethnicity (i.e., Bumiputera vs Non-Bumiputera), social support nor physical and mental health (anxiety and depression) (see Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong demographic factors, age (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(170)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, BCa 95% CI .13, .41) and partner status (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(172)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.23, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002) were significantly associated with participation in paid work. Women with a partner had higher paid work participation (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.57, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.81) than women with no partner (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.56, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.10). There were also statistically significant associations between participation in paid work and some job-related characteristics, including type of employment in the last five years (informal employment, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(215)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.26, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; both employment, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(215)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.039), occupational level (other level, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(211)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.045), personal income (RM 1,000 \u0026ndash; RM 2,000, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(170)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.23, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; RM 5,001 \u0026ndash; above RM 7,000, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(170)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.19, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.012), employment basis (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(211)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), and employment tenure (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(200)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.43, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, BCa 95% CI .34, .52). Among caregiving responsibilities, only number of young children was significantly associated with paid work participation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e(171)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001). Therefore, models for assessing the association between availability and use of FFWCs and paid work participation adjusted for age, partner status, type of employment in the last five years, occupational level, personal income, employment basis, employment tenure and number of young children (see Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssociations between Exposure to Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMahalanobis distance statistics revealed a number of multivariate outliers in several models. All outliers were retained as Cook\u0026rsquo;s Distance figures for the outliers did not exceed 1, confirming they were not unduly influential (Tabachnick and Fidell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Several models also showed heteroscedasticity and/or non-normal distribution of residuals. Bootstrapping estimations (Bias-correlated and accelerated 95% confidence interval\u0026rsquo;s (BCa 95% CI, drawing on 3,000 samples) were employed to overcome these violations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAvailability of Specific FFWCs and Participation in Paid Work\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most available FFWC reported was paid maternity leave (75.3%), followed by staggered work hours (53.0%), and flexible work hours (32.6%). The least available FFWC reported was free childcare centres (5.1%), followed by compressed work hours (5.6%), and childcare subsidies (7.9%) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of eleven FFWCs, the availability of only paid maternity leave and childcare subsidy were significantly associated with participation in paid work. Compared with women who reported it was not available to them in the last five years, respondents with paid maternity leave available had significantly higher participation in paid work (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.66 months, comparable mean difference of 10.28 months; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.342, SE(B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.928; 95%CI 2.60, 18.08). Respondents who did not report on their availability of paid maternity leave also had significantly higher participation in paid work (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.45 months, comparable mean difference of 12.13 months; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.136, SE(B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.819; 95%CI 2.64, 21.63). Participants with access to childcare subsidy had significantly higher participation in paid work (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.53 months, comparable mean difference of 7.83 months; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.829, SE(B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.931; Bca 95%CI 2.05, 13.31; see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). After adjusting for potential confounders, the associations between availability of paid maternity leave and childcare subsidy, and participation in paid work, were no longer significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between availability of specific Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in Paid Work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability of specific condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonths of Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBootstrap\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBca 95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlexible work hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;114)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00 (18.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.74 (15.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.49, 8.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot answered (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.53, 11.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStaggered Work hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.94 (16.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;114)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.49 (18.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.70, 2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot answered (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.95, 8.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompressed work hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.00 (17.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.50 (11.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.80, 16.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot answered (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.28, 10.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork from Home\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.95 (18.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.29 (16.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.00, 6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot answered (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.48, 10.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Maternity Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.32 (18.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.66 (17.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60, 18.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.808\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.321\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.85, 10.95\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64, 21.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnpaid Maternity Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;158)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.60 (17.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.35 (16.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.58, 6.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.95, 9.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Childcare Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;144)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.63 (17.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.70 (17.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.11, 5.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.03, 9.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnpaid Childcare Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.15 (18.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.74 (14.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.44, 11.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.51, 11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFree Childcare Centre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.30 (17.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.36 (19.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.70, 12.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.60, 9.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Childcare Centre\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;163)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.70 (17.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.48 (14.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.67, 13.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.12, 10.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildcare Subsidy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.70 (17.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.53 (10.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.931\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05, 13.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.584\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.141\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.27, 11.38\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.737\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.263\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.38, 10.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e*** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001 ** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05 *p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eBootstrap result are based on 3,000 bootstrap samples, BCa 95% CI \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Based on 1,754 samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each work condition, not reporting the specific condition as available is the referent group. \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eAll models adjusted for age, partner status, informal employment, both employment, occupational level: others, employment basis, employment tenure, personal income: RM 1000 \u0026ndash; RM 2,000, personal income: RM5,001 \u0026ndash; Above RM 7,000, and number of young children that live together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUtilisation of Specific FFWCs and Participation in Paid Work\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most used FFWC was paid maternity leave (51.2%), followed by staggered work hours (30.2%) and flexible work hours (26.0%). The least used FFWCs were compressed work hours (2.3%), childcare subsidy (4.7%) and unpaid care leave (6.5%) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were no significant bivariate associations between participation in paid work and having used most of the FFWCs assessed (including flexible work hours, staggered work hours, compressed work hours, work from home, paid childcare leave and unpaid care leave). Only utilisation of paid maternity leave was significantly associated with participation in paid work, after accounting for potential confounders (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Compared with respondents who did not use paid maternity leave, respondents that used paid maternity leave had significantly higher participation in paid work (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.47 months, comparable mean difference of 7.58 months; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.593, SE(B)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.50; Bca 95% 1.03, 10.07). The adjusted model accounted for approximately 35% of the variance in participation in paid work (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.346, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(11, 154)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between utilisation of specific Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in Paid Work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilisation of specific condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonths of Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBootstrap\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBca 95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlexible Work Hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.39 (18.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.79 (14.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.13, 8.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.85, 11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStaggered Work Hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.66 (16.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.00 (18.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.00, 4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.19, 9.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork from Home\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;132)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.02 (18.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.46 (15.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.22, 7.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.47, 10.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Maternity Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.89 (19.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.47 (15.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.729\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.009\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51, 12.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.495\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.029\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03, 10.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.913\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.056\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.38, 15.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaid Childcare Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.28 (17.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.60 (14.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.88, 9.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.61, 9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnpaid Care Leave\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;170)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.54 (17.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.07 (19.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.09, 8.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.85, 9.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildcare Subsidy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;174)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.79 (17.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.40 (8.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75, 16.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.572\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.075\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.50, 16.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot reported (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.45 (17.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.431\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.290\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.38, 10.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e*** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001 ** p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05 *p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eBootstrap result are based on 3,000 bootstrap samples, Bca 95% CI \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Based on 1,754 samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e This category comprised both unpaid maternity leave and unpaid childcare leave (merged)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each work conditions, not reporting the specific condition as used is the referent group. *All models adjusted for age, partner status, informal employment, both employment, occupational level: others, employment basis, employment tenure, personal income: RM 1000 \u0026ndash; RM 2,000, personal income: RM5,001 \u0026ndash; Above RM 7,000, and number of young children that live together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study sought to investigate associations between women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work and their availability and use of specific FFWCs. The findings uniquely contribute to an empirical gap in the literature by investigating associations between both availability and utilisation of specific FFWCs and a quantitative measure of women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work. This study builds on earlier work by highlighting that availability and utilisation of FFWCs\u0026rsquo; have unique benefits and/or risks on women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work, and that the implementation gaps (i.e., whether availability or uptake is the limitation) may be different across \u003cem\u003especific\u003c/em\u003e FFWCs. Our findings suggest varying associations between the exposure to FFWCs (utilisation) and women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf seven FFWCs assessed, only utilisation of paid maternity leave was positively associated with participation in paid work among women with young children in Malaysia, aligned with early research in other settings (Low and S\u0026aacute;nchez-Marcos 2015, R\u0026oslash;nsen and Kitter\u0026oslash;d 2015). The findings, while preliminary, suggest that women\u0026rsquo;s usage of paid maternity leave increased their participation in paid work compared to women who did not use paid maternity leave. However, we were unable to determine whether women in this sample would have accounted the period of maternity leave in their duration of participation in paid work. More research is needed to determine whether paid maternity leave continues to have an effect on women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation when the duration of paid maternity leave is both excluded and included. Additionally, duration of paid maternity leave in the Malaysian Employment Act 1955(60 days) increased to 98 days (Employment Act (Amendment) 2022) in January 2023 (International Labour Organization n.d., Department of Labour Peninsular Malaysia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Further research is required to investigate the effects of practical changes in paid maternity leave duration on women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation by specifically asking the duration of maternity leave that they have access to and use during their employment, since previous research (Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015, Jaumotte \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) found negative impact of number of paid leaves (both maternity and parental leave) on women\u0026rsquo;s employment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, findings that paid maternity leave was associated with paid work participation but none of the flexible work arrangements (i.e., flexible work hours, staggered work hours and work from home) may indicate that allowing separation for childcare and work responsibilities is better for women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work in Malaysia rather than integrating both work and childcare responsibilities. We were unable to determine the impact of specific FFWCs on role conflict, which may have allowed us to articulate the mechanisms by which different FFWCs result in differential benefit among Malaysian women. Future research is required to uncover whether the availability and use of alternative FFWCs have differential impacts on interrole conflict, and to confirm the direction of associations between paid maternity leave and role conflict among women in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen reported lower usage than availability of childcare centres both paid (9.8% reported availability; 1.9% reported use) and free (5.1% reported availability; 1.9% reported use), as well as childcare subsidy (7.9% reported availability; 4.7% reported use). We found no associations between availability or utilisation of childcare supports (i.e., childcare centre (free and paid) and childcare subsidy) and participation in paid work. These findings contrast with others (Jaumotte \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, Enchautegui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Budig, Misra, and Boeckmann 2015, Lian \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) that found both beneficial and detrimental impact of childcare supports on women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation. More research is needed to investigate and confirm the low availability of childcare provisions and also the underlying explanations for their low uptake relative to availability among Malaysian women, to direct decision making at the governmental and organisational level whether for encouraging implementation and use or disinvesting the work conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were marked differences between reported availability and use for several FFWCs, including flexible work hours (32.6% reported availability; 26.0% reported use), staggered work hours (53.0% available vs. 30.2% used), compressed work hours (5.6% available vs. 2.3% used) and work from home (30.2% available vs. 24.2% used). Overall, we found no associations between participation in paid work among Malaysian women and neither the availability nor utilisation of flexible work hours, staggered work hours, and work from home. The findings were consistent with those from Chung and van der Horst\u0026rsquo;s (2018) research that also found no association between both availability and utilisation (separately) of flextime or telework on likelihood of employment among mothers in the United Kingdom. Our findings were not consistent with previous research in Malaysia (Mustapha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Subramaniam, Kamarozaman, and Tan 2016, Subramaniam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Subramaniam, Maniam, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Azlinzuraini Ahmad et al. 2016, Idris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Sequerah and Kartar Singh 2019, A. R. Ahmad, Mohamed Idris, and Hashim 2013), where beneficial effects of flexible work arrangements (e.g., staggered work hours and flexible work hours) on employee\u0026rsquo;s retention, satisfaction and motivation have been reported. The possible explanation for no associations found in this paper was because of the lack of availability of these work conditions, where only staggered work hours was the only work condition in the flexible work arrangement category that reached more than 50% of availability reported by women in the study. More research is needed to further discover whether there are underlying of the lack of availability and utilisation of flexible working among Malaysian women as well as to confidently conclude whether implementation of flexible work hours, staggered work hours, compressed work hours and work from home are at all beneficial for increasing women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation or closing the gender gap in work participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths, Limitations and Future Research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from our study may not be generalisable to all Malaysian women. This study analysed self-reported data from a sample of Malaysian women with young children, who had higher educational attainment (completed tertiary education) and occupational level (managers and professionals, technicians and associate professionals) and also higher unpaid work responsibilities (children and elderly care) than the population of working women in Malaysia. Notably, our study intentionally included women who were not currently working (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42), though we were only able to compare our sample to the population of working women for which data was available. Women with higher social advantages (e.g., higher educational level) participate more in paid work compared to women who are less advantaged (Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Ummersingh, and Bundhoo 2011), whereas women with higher unpaid work responsibilities (elderly care and children) are less likely to participate (Klasen and Pieters 2015, Che and Sundjo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, MWFCD \u0026amp; UNDP, 2014). Ferragina (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) concludes that FFWC expansion does not automatically result in enhancing or diminishing outcomes for an entire population or specifically the lower class. We were unable to offer confident conclusions about the rates of FFWC exposure (both availability and utilisation) and the impacts on women from under-represented groups, who may experience greater disadvantages and barriers than the cohort in this research. The complexities of implementing FFWCs within multicultural and varied social class contexts needs further attention. Our study generated new evidence for the impact of women\u0026rsquo;s ethnicity, elderly care, highest educational level and personal income on their paid work participation, where only personal income was positively associated with women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation. Future research detailing these complexities in women\u0026rsquo;s experiences of paid work is needed with larger representative population samples and over-sampling of women from specific subgroups, to ensure broader generalisability and confirm the preliminary findings reported here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Our study included women in informal employment in the sample, as well as a measure of informal employment in assessing participation in paid work. This is the first study that has attempted to examine the impacts of specific FFWCs on participation in paid work among informally employed women and acknowledge these women as paid work participants, despite their right to FFWCs. There were 38 women who were informally employed in our sample, with 20 of them also formally employed. Our study revealed a significant association between type of employment in the last five years and paid work participation: informal employment was negatively associated with paid work participation and participating in both types of employment was positively associated with paid work participation. In 2019, there were 548.9 thousand informally employed in Malaysia (DOSM 2020). While the inclusion of not currently employed and informally employed women in the sample represents a more inclusive way forward for research in this area, women in these sub populations should be over-sampled or purposively sampled in future research so that the differential exposure to FFWCs and its impact can be better understood in these groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study quantitatively measured amount of participation in paid work, where other researchers globally and in Malaysia have consistently used binary outcomes (employed vs unemployed) (Lott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, R\u0026oslash;nsen and Kitter\u0026oslash;d 2015, Chung and van der Horst 2018) and intention to stay (Mustapha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Such measures of paid work participation were not suitable for understanding the experience of women who are former workers whose participation may have been affected by working conditions, nor for understanding more subtle variations in participation in paid work. However, our measure of participation did not account for part-time versus full-time work, which may provide more sensitive assessments of amount of work participation. By assessing formal and informal work separately, our measure also failed to adequately account for overlapping employment in both formal and informal employment (9.3% of respondents), which may have over-estimated women\u0026rsquo;s overall paid work participation (total months of employment). Future research should examine the impact of these types of work on the exposure to FFWCs (availability and utilisation) and their associations with participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe availability and utilisation of FFWCs among women in Malaysia as well as their impacts on paid work participation varied across specific FFWCs. No associations were found between the availability of FFWCs and women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work, suggesting little benefit of simple policy provisions on women\u0026rsquo;s participation. Only the utilisation of paid maternity leave (by 51.1%) was positively associated with women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work. Based on this evidence, the overall value of FFWCs for women\u0026rsquo;s participation in paid work is generally unsupported. Findings from this study point out the need for greater attention in analysing the availability and utilisation of FFWCs in-depth. Most FFWCs do not appear to be particularly useful for women\u0026rsquo;s paid work participation in Malaysia, although the stigma and regulations associated with FFWCs, alternative potential avenues for women to increase their participation and the direction of the associations between FFWCs and role conflict need further research attention. The impact of FFWCs on women\u0026rsquo;s overall well-being in Malaysia is also largely unknown; we do not know whether FFWCs (both availability and utilisation) improve or worsen their well-being, nor the perceived value of FFWCs among women, to inform the policy agenda. Regular, national monitoring of FFWCs availability and use is needed to more accurately estimate overall provision and uptake, as well as variations between currently working, not currently working, formally employed and informally employed women. Further independent evaluation of the influence of implementation and uptake of FFWCs for achieving women\u0026rsquo;s equitable participation in paid work is warranted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained through Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number 2000000862) and the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. R. Ahmad, Abdul Rahman, Mohammad Talha Mohamed Idris, and Mohd Hilmi Hashim. 2013. \u0026quot;A study of flexible working hours and motivation.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eAsian Social Science\u003c/em\u003e 9 (3):208-215. doi: 10.5539/ass.v9n3p208.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAazami, S., K. Shamsuddin, and S. 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We conducted an online survey to assess the extent to which accessibility and use of eleven \u003cem\u003especific\u003c/em\u003eFFWCs were associated with paid work participation among Malaysian women with young children (N = 215). Availability of FFWCs was not associated with work participation. Utilisation of paid maternity leave was positively associated with work participation, after accounting for potential confounders. Future research is needed to confirm FFWCs impact on women’s work participation, in samples that adequately represent informally employed women and those who have left paid work.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Family-Friendly Work Conditions and Participation in Paid Work among Malaysian Women","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-23 18:27:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974100/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bbe73aab-c932-4c6e-b9c1-f3cd6668b62b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-23T18:27:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-23 18:27:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3974100","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3974100","identity":"rs-3974100","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}