Response Surface Optimization of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) Degumming and Oil Quality Parameters Using Fermented Cassava Water

Response Surface Optimization of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) Degumming and Oil Quality Parameters Using Fermented Cassava Water | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Response Surface Optimization of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) Degumming and Oil Quality Parameters Using Fermented Cassava Water Adeyinka Idowu Alao, Babatunde Kazeem Adeoye, Sarah Olamide Braimoh, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8807464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Palm kernel oil refining requires efficient degumming to remove phospholipids that negatively impact oil quality and stability. The optimization of phospholipids removal and oil quality parameters with three factors: FCW concentration (0.05–0.15 w/w), temperature (80–100°C), and reaction time (10–20 minutes) was studied using CCD of Response Surface Methodology. The phospholipids content after degumming ranged from 8.58–42.62 mg/g, while acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and saponification value also showed variations across experiments. Linear models were obtained for all responses and a significant lack of fit for phospholipids content and limited predictive power for most quality parameters were obtained. Experimental optimization identified optimal conditions at FCW concentration of 0.15 w/w, temperature of 80°C, and time of 10 minutes, achieving a validated phospholipids content of 7.73 mg/g (59.3% removal). The study demonstrates that FCW is an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly agent for degumming CPKO. Crude Palm Kernel Oil Degumming Fermented Cassava Water Phospholipids Oil Quality Response Surface Methodology Sustainable Refining Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 06 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8807464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598587300,"identity":"8b3838dd-65a5-452c-ad83-57e449778505","order_by":0,"name":"Adeyinka Idowu 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The optimization of phospholipids removal and oil quality parameters with three factors: FCW concentration (0.05\u0026ndash;0.15 w/w), temperature (80\u0026ndash;100\u0026deg;C), and reaction time (10\u0026ndash;20 minutes) was studied using CCD of Response Surface Methodology. The phospholipids content after degumming ranged from 8.58\u0026ndash;42.62 mg/g, while acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and saponification value also showed variations across experiments. Linear models were obtained for all responses and a significant lack of fit for phospholipids content and limited predictive power for most quality parameters were obtained. Experimental optimization identified optimal conditions at FCW concentration of 0.15 w/w, temperature of 80\u0026deg;C, and time of 10 minutes, achieving a validated phospholipids content of 7.73 mg/g (59.3% removal). 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