The Establishing of Stellate Ganglion Regulation Model in Mice by Using Infrared Polarized Light Irradiation

The Establishing of Stellate Ganglion Regulation Model in Mice by Using Infrared Polarized Light Irradiation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Establishing of Stellate Ganglion Regulation Model in Mice by Using Infrared Polarized Light Irradiation Kaixuan Zhao, Haoyue Zhang, Yanbo Liu, Ying Zhou, Juan Zhi, Qianyu Wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective To explore the feasibility of establishing a mouse stellate ganglion (SG) regulation model through infrared polarized light (IPL) irradiation of the SG, and preliminarily evaluate its effects on SG function and related physiological indicators. Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, Sham surgery, and IPL groups, with 8 mice in each group. A ZZIR-ID therapeutic device was used to directly irradiate bilateral SG regions of IPL group mice, with wavelength 980 nm, power density 1000 mW/cm2, 15 minutes each time, every other day for 6 times. The control group received no treatment, while the Sham surgery group received IPL irradiation on the top of the head. Horner's syndrome manifestations were observed and eye temperature was measured before and immediately after treatment. Heart rate changes were continuously recorded. Results Compared with the control and Sham surgery groups, the incidence of Horner's syndrome in the IPL group increased significantly (P < 0.05), manifesting as bilateral ptosis and enophthalmos, lasting about 2 hours. Immediately after treatment, eye temperature in the IPL group increased significantly compared to pre-treatment (P < 0.05). Heart rate in the IPL group decreased significantly 30 minutes post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (P 0.05). Conclusion IPL irradiation of SG can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to establish SG regulation models. Biological sciences/Physiology/Neurophysiology Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Peripheral nervous system/Autonomic nervous system stellate ganglion infrared polarized light Horner's syndrome heart rate animal model Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction The stellate ganglion (SG) is the cervical segment of the sympathetic nervous system, located in the lower neck, formed by the fusion of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic sympathetic ganglia. Anatomical studies have shown that the SG sends sympathetic nerve fibers to innervate ipsilateral upper limbs, heart, lungs, thyroid and other organs, playing an important role in regulating vasomotor, glandular secretion and organ function in these regions [ 1 ]. In recent years, with the deepening understanding of SG function, its role in the pathogenesis of various diseases has received increasing attention. A large body of research indicates that SG dysfunction can lead to sympathetic-vagal imbalance, promote pain and inflammatory responses, aggravate tissue damage, and participate in the occurrence and development of intractable pain, stress disorders, cardiovascular events and other diseases [ 2 – 4 ]. Therefore, SG has become a potential therapeutic target for these diseases, and new strategies to alleviate related symptoms and signs and improve prognosis by regulating SG activity are highly anticipated. Animal models of SG blockade or resection are important means to explore SG function and its regulatory effects. Traditional methods mainly use local anesthetic injection or surgical resection of SG to establish animal models. However, local anesthetic SG blockade may cause complications such as pneumothorax and local anesthetic toxicity, and the blockade effect is affected by factors such as drug type, dose, and injection site, resulting in low standardization [ 5 ]. Although surgical resection of SG provides thorough blockade, it is associated with greater trauma and more complications, and its irreversibility limits its application in mechanistic studies. Moreover, large and medium-sized animal models are costly to construct, while the anatomical position of SG in rodents like mice is relatively deep, making surgery challenging and inconvenient for research work. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new type of SG functional regulation model that is simple to operate, effective, minimally invasive, and repeatable. In recent years, low-level light therapy (LLLT) has been widely applied and studied in multiple biomedical fields due to its non-invasive, safe, and repeatable characteristics. Studies have shown that percutaneous LLLT can significantly alleviate pain behaviors and hyperalgesia in rats with neuropathic pain, which may be related to light irradiation regulating the activity of SG or related neural structures [ 6 , 7 ]. However, research on directly using light irradiation to establish SG regulation model in mice has not been reported. Infrared polarized light (IPL) is a special near-infrared light with stronger penetration, polarization degree and photon energy utilization compared to conventional light sources, showing good effects in tissue repair, pain rehabilitation and other aspects [ 8 ]. Given the relatively superficial anatomical location of SG in mice, direct percutaneous IPL irradiation of SG is technically feasible. This study intends to use a ZZIR-ID infrared polarized light therapeutic device to directly irradiate bilateral SG regions in BALB/c mice, and preliminarily explore the feasibility of IPL inducing SG functional changes and establishing a mouse SG regulation model by observing Horner's syndrome manifestations, eye temperature, heart rate and inflammatory factor levels. The study also aims to evaluate its effects on autonomic nervous and immune functions, in order to provide new ideas and experimental evidence for the research application of IPL in the prevention and treatment of SG-related diseases. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental animals This study used the resource equation method to estimate sample size. This method is suitable for studies with quantitative variables as results and applicable to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The sample size was calculated according to the following formula: E = N - K = Kn - K(n-1) Where 10 ≤ E ≤ 20, E is the total degrees of freedom for error, N is the total sample size, K is the number of treatment groups, and n is the sample size per group. Considering the bilateral IPL irradiation design and without further calculating the optimal drug dose, to ensure statistical power, this study doubled the initial sample size (K = 3, N = 12), ultimately selecting 24 animals with 8 in each group. Twenty-four 6–8 week old clean grade male BALB/c mice weighing 20-25g were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences [Certificate No.: SCXK (Beijing) 2014-0004]. The mice were randomly divided into normal control group, Sham surgery group and IPL group, with 8 mice in each group. Animals were housed in the clean animal facility of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, with free access to food and water, temperature (22 ± 2)°C, relative humidity (55 ± 10)%, and 12h light/dark cycle. This study followed the guidelines for animal care and experimentation set by the Research Animal Care Committee of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Ethical approval No. 20240030112). The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital approved these experiments. The study also adhered to the ARRIVE guidelines for in vivo experiments in animal research, with the experimenter's certificate number being 1121032400006. At the end of the experiment, mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal welfare. 2.2 Instruments and reagents Infrared polarized light therapeutic device: ZZIR-ID (Zhuangzhi Company, China), wavelength 980 nm, power density 1000 mW/cm². Small animal physiological recorder: RM6240E (Chengdu Instrument Factory, China). Infrared thermal imager: HIKVISION TB4117-3S (Hikvision, China), thermal sensitivity < 0.05°C. Small animal ventilator: MiniVent Type 845 (Harvard Apparatus, USA). 2.3 Bilateral SG region IPL irradiation method Mice were manually restrained and irradiated using a ZZIR-ID infrared polarized light therapeutic device (Beijing Zhuangzhi Technology). The emission probe was placed vertically on the right side of the neck skin, positioned at the carotid artery pulsation point (midpoint between the lower edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the skull). IPL irradiation parameters: wavelength 980nm, power density 1000mW/cm2, spot diameter 5mm, 10 minutes each time (5 minutes per side), every other day for a total of 6 times. The control group received no treatment, while the Sham surgery group received IPL irradiation with the same parameters only on the top of the head (away from bilateral SG regions), both avoiding direct lens stimulation to the eyes (refer to Fig. 1 ). 2.4 Observation indicators and methods 2.4.1 Horner's syndrome assessment: Bilateral eyes of mice were observed before and immediately after treatment, recording the incidence rate and duration of Horner's sign (ptosis, enophthalmos). Referring to literature methods [ 10 ], ptosis severity was graded as: no ptosis (-), mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++). Changes of + or above were considered positive for Horner's sign. 2.4.2 Eye temperature measurement: Infrared thermal imaging of mouse eyes was performed before and immediately after treatment, analyzing the highest temperature around the orbit. Three mice were tested in each group, with each eye measured 3 times and the average value taken. 2.4.3 Heart rate monitoring: Electrocardiogram of awake mice was continuously recorded for 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after each treatment using a physiological recorder, analyzing average heart rate every 5 minutes. 2.4.4 General condition observation: General state, activity level and weight changes of mice were recorded daily. 2.5 Statistical analysis SPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (x ± s), and comparisons between groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test. Count data are expressed as number of cases (composition ratio), and comparisons between groups were performed using χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3. Results 3.1 IPL irradiation induces Horner's syndrome Before treatment, no Horner's syndrome manifestations were observed in any group. Mice in the IPL group exhibited bilateral Horner's sign immediately after the first irradiation, mainly moderate in severity, manifesting as ptosis and reduced corneal exposure, lasting about 2h. As the number of irradiations increased, the incidence rate of Horner's sign in the IPL group remained at 100%, with no significant change in severity. After the last treatment, the incidence rate of Horner's sign in the IPL group was 100% (8/8), significantly higher than 0% (0/8) in the control group and 12.5% (1/8) in the Sham surgery group. Only 1 mouse in the Sham surgery group showed mild Horner's sign, considered to be related to eye discomfort caused by photothermal stimulation due to the proximity of the irradiation site to the eyes, lasting only a few seconds(Fig. 2 ). 3.2 IPL irradiation elevates eye temperature Before irradiation, there was no statistically significant difference in eye temperature between the IPL and Sham groups (35.913°C ± 0.203°C vs 35.925°C ± 0.149°C, P > 0.05). After irradiation, the eye temperature of mice in the IPL group increased to 36.638°C ± 0.220°C, which was significantly higher than before irradiation (P 0.05). The increase in eye temperature was more pronounced in the IPL group (0.725°C) compared to the Sham group (0.088°C). This difference in temperature change between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that IPL irradiation had a greater effect on elevating eye temperature than the Sham procedure. These results suggest that IPL irradiation of the stellate ganglion region can effectively increase eye temperature in mice, while the Sham procedure does not produce a significant change. This provides evidence for the physiological effects of IPL on the autonomic nervous system, particularly its influence on ocular thermoregulation. See Fig. 3 . 3.3 IPL irradiation reduces heart rate Before treatment, heart rate levels were similar between the three groups, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). At 30 minutes after the last irradiation, heart rate in the IPL group decreased to (611.9 ± 22.4) beats/min, significantly slower than both the Sham (655.8 ± 22.4) beats/min and control (657.5 ± 22.4) beats/min groups (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). The difference between the IPL group and the Sham group was 43.88 beats/min (q = 7.842, DF = 21), while the difference between the IPL group and the control group was 45.63 beats/min (q = 8.155, DF = 21). There was no significant difference in heart rate between the Sham and control groups (difference of 1.75 beats/min, q = 0.3128, DF = 21, P > 0.05). These results indicate that IPL treatment significantly reduced heart rate compared to both Sham treatment and no treatment, while Sham treatment had no significant effect on heart rate compared to the control group. See Fig. 4 .. 3.5 Comparison of general conditions between groups During the experiment, mice in all groups maintained good general condition and spontaneous activity, with gradual weight gain and no statistically significant overall difference (P > 0.05). Notably, mice in the IPL group showed reduced activity a few seconds after irradiation began and were able to maintain a fixed posture, being more cooperative than the Sham group, possibly due to the sedative effect of stellate ganglion irradiation. Figure 5 . 4. Discussion This study successfully constructed a novel SG functional regulation model in BALB/c mice for the first time using bilateral IPL direct irradiation of SG. Results showed that compared with control and Sham surgery groups, IPL irradiation significantly increased the incidence and severity of Horner's syndrome in mice, while inducing autonomic nervous reactive changes such as elevated eye temperature and decreased heart rate, suggesting effective bilateral SG function inhibition. These results are largely consistent with the physiological effects induced by clinical stellate ganglion block (SGB) [ 11 – 13 ]. Horner's syndrome is a classic indicator for evaluating SGB efficacy, mainly caused by a series of clinical manifestations due to dysfunction of postganglionic sympathetic fibers on the blocked side, including ipsilateral ptosis, enophthalmos, and miosis [ 14 ]. Multiple studies have shown that both percutaneous low-intensity laser irradiation of the neck and local anesthetic SGB can induce obvious Horner's syndrome in healthy subjects, accompanied by autonomic nervous reactive changes such as regional temperature rise and heart rate decrease [ 15 – 17 ]. In this study, the mouse SG regulation model established by IPL irradiation showed high similarity to human study results in terms of Horner's sign manifestations, eye temperature and heart rate changes, suggesting that this model can well simulate human SG functional status and its regulatory effects. IPL belongs to the near-infrared light spectrum range and has strong interactions with tissues. Studies have shown that the photobiological modulation effects of IPL on cells are mainly mediated by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, which can induce a series of biochemical reactions such as intracellular ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, and calcium ion influx, thereby regulating physiological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [ 18 , 19 ]. Results of this study showed that after IPL irradiation, serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in mice, while anti-inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ increased, which may be related to IPL inhibiting local inflammatory responses in SG and regulating body immune function. In recent years, the photoimmunomodulatory effect has received increasing attention, but its specific mechanism remains unclear and requires further research [ 20 – 22 ]. This study used the resource equation method to estimate sample size, which is more flexible than traditional power analysis, does not require pre-setting effect size, and achieves a better balance between animal welfare and experimental quality [ 23 ]. Considering that BALB/c mice are sensitive to environmental and operational stress, appropriate measures were taken in this study to reduce stress effects, including constant rearing conditions, skilled operational techniques, and minimizing handling frequency [ 24 , 25 ]. Nevertheless, 1 mouse in the Sham surgery group still showed a transient eye discomfort response, suggesting that the IPL irradiation operation itself may cause a certain degree of stress to the animals. In subsequent studies, irradiation conditions can be further optimized, and sedative drugs can be used in combination if necessary to improve model stability [ 26 , 27 ]. Currently, SG dysfunction has been confirmed to participate in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases, such as complex regional pain syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and arrhythmia [ 28 – 30 ]. Clinically, SGB is widely used as an adjuvant therapy for the above diseases, playing an important role in alleviating symptoms and improving prognosis. However, due to species and anatomical structure differences, human SGB operation methods are not entirely applicable to mice. The IPL-induced SG functional regulation model established in this study overcomes the limitations of traditional animal models, providing a powerful tool for in-depth exploration of mechanisms of SG dysfunction-related diseases and evaluation of novel interventions targeting SG. In subsequent studies, this model can be used to investigate the relationship between SG functional abnormalities and disease occurrence, development and outcome, elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential targets of SG functional regulation, and explore the application value of new technologies such as IPL in disease prevention and treatment [ 31 , 32 ]. In conclusion, this study suggests that bilateral IPL direct irradiation of SG can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to construct SG functional regulation animal models. This model is simple to operate, minimally invasive, and repeatable, potentially providing a powerful tool for in-depth exploration of pathogenesis of SG dysfunction-related diseases and evaluation of novel interventions targeting SG. This study has a relatively small sample size and limited observation time, and IPL irradiation parameters need further optimization. In subsequent studies, the sample size can be appropriately expanded, follow-up time extended, and the reliability and applicability of this model verified in SG dysfunction-related disease models, in order to lay the foundation for clinical promotion and application of IPL. 5. Conclusion Bilateral infrared polarized light direct irradiation of the stellate ganglion can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to construct mouse stellate ganglion functional regulation models, but its exact effect mechanisms and long-term safety require further in-depth research. Declarations Author Contribution K.Z. and D.Y. conceived and designed the study. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5135023","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":385113546,"identity":"aa25bd12-21b2-44d0-ab9b-dbb282926957","order_by":0,"name":"Kaixuan Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144 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China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhi","suffix":""},{"id":385113553,"identity":"149afef8-5e46-43ec-9de7-a958c905d755","order_by":5,"name":"Qianyu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144 China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qianyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":385113554,"identity":"f29d84c7-0533-4a69-b749-a0f7eda1255f","order_by":6,"name":"Dong Yang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACHhjjg4GNHGlaGGcUpBmTpoWZ58PhRIKqDY6fPfziTcUdu+0S2YmfbQyYExjYDx/dgFfLmbw0yzlnniXvnJG7WTrHgC2PgSct7QZeLQdyzIx52w4nG9zI3cacY8BTzCDBY4Zfy/k3SFosDCQSGwhquZFj/BioxQ6shcHAgLAWyRtvzBjnnDmcYNnzdrNkj0GCMRshv/CdzzH+8KbisL05e+7GDz/+/JfjZz98DK8WhQMMbBJAOhEermz4lIOAfAMD8wcgbW9ASOUoGAWjYBSMXAAABMJPV7fFrLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144 China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-23 04:29:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":72334116,"identity":"839afb79-53c1-41d3-a487-d137e3054f0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 15:30:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":382042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental timeline and anatomical illustration of stellate ganglion irradiation in mice.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OnlineFigure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/99f1ae869167dbd69d3c6d40.png"},{"id":72333347,"identity":"cc374f37-eef0-4eb3-9810-5cdd94d35ebd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 15:22:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10449385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA: Comparison of IPL and Sham treatments on mice, B: demonstration of Horner's syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/ff8cbb25ec1b0a76f0f7364a.png"},{"id":72333345,"identity":"c41ef4bc-3306-445c-a3da-c255da305969","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 15:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1040947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in eye temperature of mice across different groups and time points. A: Representative infrared thermal images of mouse eyes before and after irradiation. B: Quantitative comparison of eye temperature before and after irradiation. Results show that eye temperature in the IPL group increased significantly compared to pre-treatment immediately after the first irradiation (P\u0026lt;0.05). This effect became more pronounced with prolonged treatment. After the final treatment, eye temperature in the IPL group was significantly higher than both the control and Sham surgery groups (P\u0026lt;0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control and Sham surgery groups throughout the experiment. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ****P\u0026lt;0.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OnlineFigure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/62d500030b40c1060df84de2.png"},{"id":72333344,"identity":"9d20df95-7986-4767-ac6c-f9ff7453f8bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 15:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":546993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of infrared polarized light (IPL) irradiation on heart rate in mice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA: Representative electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and heart rate curves before (top) and after (bottom) IPL irradiation. The ECG shows a decrease in heart rate following IPL treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB: Box plot comparing heart rates among Control, Sham, and IPL treatment groups. The IPL group shows a significant reduction in heart rate compared to both Control and Sham groups. Each box represents the interquartile range, with the median indicated by the horizontal line. Whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, excluding outliers. Individual data points are overlaid on each box plot. **** P \u0026lt; 0.0001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OnlineFigure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/325a7938d3b55df9af1fb798.png"},{"id":72333343,"identity":"ce2497cb-d712-4d12-99dc-e0286b72d638","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-25 15:22:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBody weight changes in mice during the 14-day experimental period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData points represent mean weights for Control (black circles), IPL treatment (red squares), and Sham (blue triangles) groups. Error bars indicate standard deviation. n = 8 mice per group.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OnlineFigure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/968b9e646e08af5bb5e24bd4.png"},{"id":75865012,"identity":"5496ce0e-dc9d-4c1d-822d-259338677453","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 06:04:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":17997858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5135023/v1/d37f7407-6a6f-46c9-ae82-2112a6294716.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Establishing of Stellate Ganglion Regulation Model in Mice by Using Infrared Polarized Light Irradiation","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe stellate ganglion (SG) is the cervical segment of the sympathetic nervous system, located in the lower neck, formed by the fusion of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic sympathetic ganglia. Anatomical studies have shown that the SG sends sympathetic nerve fibers to innervate ipsilateral upper limbs, heart, lungs, thyroid and other organs, playing an important role in regulating vasomotor, glandular secretion and organ function in these regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, with the deepening understanding of SG function, its role in the pathogenesis of various diseases has received increasing attention. A large body of research indicates that SG dysfunction can lead to sympathetic-vagal imbalance, promote pain and inflammatory responses, aggravate tissue damage, and participate in the occurrence and development of intractable pain, stress disorders, cardiovascular events and other diseases [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, SG has become a potential therapeutic target for these diseases, and new strategies to alleviate related symptoms and signs and improve prognosis by regulating SG activity are highly anticipated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal models of SG blockade or resection are important means to explore SG function and its regulatory effects. Traditional methods mainly use local anesthetic injection or surgical resection of SG to establish animal models. However, local anesthetic SG blockade may cause complications such as pneumothorax and local anesthetic toxicity, and the blockade effect is affected by factors such as drug type, dose, and injection site, resulting in low standardization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Although surgical resection of SG provides thorough blockade, it is associated with greater trauma and more complications, and its irreversibility limits its application in mechanistic studies. Moreover, large and medium-sized animal models are costly to construct, while the anatomical position of SG in rodents like mice is relatively deep, making surgery challenging and inconvenient for research work. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new type of SG functional regulation model that is simple to operate, effective, minimally invasive, and repeatable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, low-level light therapy (LLLT) has been widely applied and studied in multiple biomedical fields due to its non-invasive, safe, and repeatable characteristics. Studies have shown that percutaneous LLLT can significantly alleviate pain behaviors and hyperalgesia in rats with neuropathic pain, which may be related to light irradiation regulating the activity of SG or related neural structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, research on directly using light irradiation to establish SG regulation model in mice has not been reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrared polarized light (IPL) is a special near-infrared light with stronger penetration, polarization degree and photon energy utilization compared to conventional light sources, showing good effects in tissue repair, pain rehabilitation and other aspects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Given the relatively superficial anatomical location of SG in mice, direct percutaneous IPL irradiation of SG is technically feasible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study intends to use a ZZIR-ID infrared polarized light therapeutic device to directly irradiate bilateral SG regions in BALB/c mice, and preliminarily explore the feasibility of IPL inducing SG functional changes and establishing a mouse SG regulation model by observing Horner's syndrome manifestations, eye temperature, heart rate and inflammatory factor levels. The study also aims to evaluate its effects on autonomic nervous and immune functions, in order to provide new ideas and experimental evidence for the research application of IPL in the prevention and treatment of SG-related diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Experimental animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used the resource equation method to estimate sample size. This method is suitable for studies with quantitative variables as results and applicable to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The sample size was calculated according to the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N - K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kn - K(n-1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere 10\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20, E is the total degrees of freedom for error, N is the total sample size, K is the number of treatment groups, and n is the sample size per group. Considering the bilateral IPL irradiation design and without further calculating the optimal drug dose, to ensure statistical power, this study doubled the initial sample size (K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), ultimately selecting 24 animals with 8 in each group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty-four 6\u0026ndash;8 week old clean grade male BALB/c mice weighing 20-25g were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences [Certificate No.: SCXK (Beijing) 2014-0004]. The mice were randomly divided into normal control group, Sham surgery group and IPL group, with 8 mice in each group. Animals were housed in the clean animal facility of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, with free access to food and water, temperature (22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2)\u0026deg;C, relative humidity (55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10)%, and 12h light/dark cycle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study followed the guidelines for animal care and experimentation set by the Research Animal Care Committee of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Ethical approval No. 20240030112). The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital approved these experiments. The study also adhered to the ARRIVE guidelines for in vivo experiments in animal research, with the experimenter's certificate number being 1121032400006. At the end of the experiment, mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal welfare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Instruments and reagents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrared polarized light therapeutic device: ZZIR-ID (Zhuangzhi Company, China), wavelength 980 nm, power density 1000 mW/cm\u0026sup2;. Small animal physiological recorder: RM6240E (Chengdu Instrument Factory, China). Infrared thermal imager: HIKVISION TB4117-3S (Hikvision, China), thermal sensitivity\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u0026deg;C. Small animal ventilator: MiniVent Type 845 (Harvard Apparatus, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Bilateral SG region IPL irradiation method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMice were manually restrained and irradiated using a ZZIR-ID infrared polarized light therapeutic device (Beijing Zhuangzhi Technology). The emission probe was placed vertically on the right side of the neck skin, positioned at the carotid artery pulsation point (midpoint between the lower edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the skull). IPL irradiation parameters: wavelength 980nm, power density 1000mW/cm2, spot diameter 5mm, 10 minutes each time (5 minutes per side), every other day for a total of 6 times. The control group received no treatment, while the Sham surgery group received IPL irradiation with the same parameters only on the top of the head (away from bilateral SG regions), both avoiding direct lens stimulation to the eyes (refer to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Observation indicators and methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Horner's syndrome assessment: Bilateral eyes of mice were observed before and immediately after treatment, recording the incidence rate and duration of Horner's sign (ptosis, enophthalmos). Referring to literature methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], ptosis severity was graded as: no ptosis (-), mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++). Changes of +\u0026thinsp;or above were considered positive for Horner's sign.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Eye temperature measurement: Infrared thermal imaging of mouse eyes was performed before and immediately after treatment, analyzing the highest temperature around the orbit. Three mice were tested in each group, with each eye measured 3 times and the average value taken.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Heart rate monitoring: Electrocardiogram of awake mice was continuously recorded for 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after each treatment using a physiological recorder, analyzing average heart rate every 5 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 General condition observation: General state, activity level and weight changes of mice were recorded daily.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Measurement data are expressed as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;s), and comparisons between groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test. Count data are expressed as number of cases (composition ratio), and comparisons between groups were performed using χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method. \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 IPL irradiation induces Horner\u0026apos;s syndrome\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment, no Horner\u0026apos;s syndrome manifestations were observed in any group. Mice in the IPL group exhibited bilateral Horner\u0026apos;s sign immediately after the first irradiation, mainly moderate in severity, manifesting as ptosis and reduced corneal exposure, lasting about 2h. As the number of irradiations increased, the incidence rate of Horner\u0026apos;s sign in the IPL group remained at 100%, with no significant change in severity. After the last treatment, the incidence rate of Horner\u0026apos;s sign in the IPL group was 100% (8/8), significantly higher than 0% (0/8) in the control group and 12.5% (1/8) in the Sham surgery group. Only 1 mouse in the Sham surgery group showed mild Horner\u0026apos;s sign, considered to be related to eye discomfort caused by photothermal stimulation due to the proximity of the irradiation site to the eyes, lasting only a few seconds(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 IPL irradiation elevates eye temperature\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore irradiation, there was no statistically significant difference in eye temperature between the IPL and Sham groups (35.913\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.203\u0026deg;C vs 35.925\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.149\u0026deg;C, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). After irradiation, the eye temperature of mice in the IPL group increased to 36.638\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.220\u0026deg;C, which was significantly higher than before irradiation (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). In the Sham group, eye temperature after irradiation (36.013\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.173\u0026deg;C) showed a slight increase, but this change was not statistically significant compared to before irradiation (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe increase in eye temperature was more pronounced in the IPL group (0.725\u0026deg;C) compared to the Sham group (0.088\u0026deg;C). This difference in temperature change between the two groups was statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), indicating that IPL irradiation had a greater effect on elevating eye temperature than the Sham procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese results suggest that IPL irradiation of the stellate ganglion region can effectively increase eye temperature in mice, while the Sham procedure does not produce a significant change. This provides evidence for the physiological effects of IPL on the autonomic nervous system, particularly its influence on ocular thermoregulation. See Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 IPL irradiation reduces heart rate\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment, heart rate levels were similar between the three groups, with no statistically significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). At 30 minutes after the last irradiation, heart rate in the IPL group decreased to (611.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.4) beats/min, significantly slower than both the Sham (655.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.4) beats/min and control (657.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.4) beats/min groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both comparisons). The difference between the IPL group and the Sham group was 43.88 beats/min (q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.842, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), while the difference between the IPL group and the control group was 45.63 beats/min (q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.155, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21). There was no significant difference in heart rate between the Sham and control groups (difference of 1.75 beats/min, q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3128, DF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These results indicate that IPL treatment significantly reduced heart rate compared to both Sham treatment and no treatment, while Sham treatment had no significant effect on heart rate compared to the control group. See Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e..\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Comparison of general conditions between groups\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the experiment, mice in all groups maintained good general condition and spontaneous activity, with gradual weight gain and no statistically significant overall difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Notably, mice in the IPL group showed reduced activity a few seconds after irradiation began and were able to maintain a fixed posture, being more cooperative than the Sham group, possibly due to the sedative effect of stellate ganglion irradiation. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study successfully constructed a novel SG functional regulation model in BALB/c mice for the first time using bilateral IPL direct irradiation of SG. Results showed that compared with control and Sham surgery groups, IPL irradiation significantly increased the incidence and severity of Horner's syndrome in mice, while inducing autonomic nervous reactive changes such as elevated eye temperature and decreased heart rate, suggesting effective bilateral SG function inhibition. These results are largely consistent with the physiological effects induced by clinical stellate ganglion block (SGB) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorner's syndrome is a classic indicator for evaluating SGB efficacy, mainly caused by a series of clinical manifestations due to dysfunction of postganglionic sympathetic fibers on the blocked side, including ipsilateral ptosis, enophthalmos, and miosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Multiple studies have shown that both percutaneous low-intensity laser irradiation of the neck and local anesthetic SGB can induce obvious Horner's syndrome in healthy subjects, accompanied by autonomic nervous reactive changes such as regional temperature rise and heart rate decrease [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, the mouse SG regulation model established by IPL irradiation showed high similarity to human study results in terms of Horner's sign manifestations, eye temperature and heart rate changes, suggesting that this model can well simulate human SG functional status and its regulatory effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPL belongs to the near-infrared light spectrum range and has strong interactions with tissues. Studies have shown that the photobiological modulation effects of IPL on cells are mainly mediated by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, which can induce a series of biochemical reactions such as intracellular ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, and calcium ion influx, thereby regulating physiological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Results of this study showed that after IPL irradiation, serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in mice, while anti-inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ increased, which may be related to IPL inhibiting local inflammatory responses in SG and regulating body immune function. In recent years, the photoimmunomodulatory effect has received increasing attention, but its specific mechanism remains unclear and requires further research [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used the resource equation method to estimate sample size, which is more flexible than traditional power analysis, does not require pre-setting effect size, and achieves a better balance between animal welfare and experimental quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that BALB/c mice are sensitive to environmental and operational stress, appropriate measures were taken in this study to reduce stress effects, including constant rearing conditions, skilled operational techniques, and minimizing handling frequency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, 1 mouse in the Sham surgery group still showed a transient eye discomfort response, suggesting that the IPL irradiation operation itself may cause a certain degree of stress to the animals. In subsequent studies, irradiation conditions can be further optimized, and sedative drugs can be used in combination if necessary to improve model stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, SG dysfunction has been confirmed to participate in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases, such as complex regional pain syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and arrhythmia [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Clinically, SGB is widely used as an adjuvant therapy for the above diseases, playing an important role in alleviating symptoms and improving prognosis. However, due to species and anatomical structure differences, human SGB operation methods are not entirely applicable to mice. The IPL-induced SG functional regulation model established in this study overcomes the limitations of traditional animal models, providing a powerful tool for in-depth exploration of mechanisms of SG dysfunction-related diseases and evaluation of novel interventions targeting SG. In subsequent studies, this model can be used to investigate the relationship between SG functional abnormalities and disease occurrence, development and outcome, elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential targets of SG functional regulation, and explore the application value of new technologies such as IPL in disease prevention and treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study suggests that bilateral IPL direct irradiation of SG can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to construct SG functional regulation animal models. This model is simple to operate, minimally invasive, and repeatable, potentially providing a powerful tool for in-depth exploration of pathogenesis of SG dysfunction-related diseases and evaluation of novel interventions targeting SG. This study has a relatively small sample size and limited observation time, and IPL irradiation parameters need further optimization. In subsequent studies, the sample size can be appropriately expanded, follow-up time extended, and the reliability and applicability of this model verified in SG dysfunction-related disease models, in order to lay the foundation for clinical promotion and application of IPL.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBilateral infrared polarized light direct irradiation of the stellate ganglion can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to construct mouse stellate ganglion functional regulation models, but its exact effect mechanisms and long-term safety require further in-depth research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eK.Z. and D.Y. conceived and designed the study. H.Z. and K.Z. conducted the experiments and collected the data. Y.L. performed data analysis and prepared the figures. Q.W. and J.D. contributed to data interpretation and manuscript preparation. Y.Z. provided supervision and critical revisions to the manuscript. D.Y. supervised the overall project and secured funding. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the Zenodo repository, 10.5281/zenodo.13890741\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWitt, C. M. et al. Denervation of the extrinsic cardiac sympathetic nervous system as a treatment modality for arrhythmia. Europace. ;19(7):1075\u0026ndash;1083. doi: (2017). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/europace/eux011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/europace/eux011\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. PMID: 28371870.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLipov, E., Gluncic, V., Lukic, I. K. \u0026amp; Candido, K. How does stellate ganglion block alleviate immunologically-linked disorders? \u003cem\u003eMed. 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PMID: 10365442.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"stellate ganglion, infrared polarized light, Horner's syndrome, heart rate, animal model","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the feasibility of establishing a mouse stellate ganglion (SG) regulation model through infrared polarized light (IPL) irradiation of the SG, and preliminarily evaluate its effects on SG function and related physiological indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, Sham surgery, and IPL groups, with 8 mice in each group. A ZZIR-ID therapeutic device was used to directly irradiate bilateral SG regions of IPL group mice, with wavelength 980 nm, power density 1000 mW/cm2, 15 minutes each time, every other day for 6 times. The control group received no treatment, while the Sham surgery group received IPL irradiation on the top of the head. Horner's syndrome manifestations were observed and eye temperature was measured before and immediately after treatment. Heart rate changes were continuously recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with the control and Sham surgery groups, the incidence of Horner's syndrome in the IPL group increased significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), manifesting as bilateral ptosis and enophthalmos, lasting about 2 hours. Immediately after treatment, eye temperature in the IPL group increased significantly compared to pre-treatment (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Heart rate in the IPL group decreased significantly 30 minutes post-treatment compared to pre-treatment (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), lasting 1\u0026ndash;2 hours. There was no statistically significant difference in weight changes between groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPL irradiation of SG can effectively induce Horner's syndrome in mice, elevate eye temperature, reduce heart rate, and exert certain anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory effects. This provides experimental evidence for IPL as a novel method to establish SG regulation models.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Establishing of Stellate Ganglion Regulation Model in Mice by Using Infrared Polarized Light Irradiation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-25 15:22:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5135023/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"22e0a4c7-8eea-475e-9d3a-7702d9d25268","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":41022346,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology/Neurophysiology"},{"id":41022347,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Peripheral nervous system/Autonomic nervous system"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-10T05:54:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-25 15:22:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5135023","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5135023","identity":"rs-5135023","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}