From Belief to Action: The Role of Disability Connectedness and Moral Conviction in Parent Advocacy Activities

From Belief to Action: The Role of Disability Connectedness and Moral Conviction in Parent Advocacy Activities | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article From Belief to Action: The Role of Disability Connectedness and Moral Conviction in Parent Advocacy Activities Chak Li, Meghan Burke, Zachary Rossetti This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480444/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Across the globe, parents of children with disabilities advocate across several domains – individually for their own child, as peers supporting other families, and systemically influencing broader policy change. Understanding the motivations behind advocacy domains is crucial to enhancing parental engagement. Grounded in the Dual-Chamber Model for Collective Action, this study examined correlates of individual, peer, and systemic advocacy among 78 parents of individuals with disabilities in the United States. Linear regression analyses revealed disability connectedness as a significant, positive correlate of all three advocacy domains while moral conviction significantly correlated with greater individual advocacy. The results emphasize the roles of fostering strong community connections and moral commitment in promoting advocacy among parents of children with disabilities, providing valuable insights for organizational facilitators and educators. parent advocacy disability connectedness moral conviction Introduction Historically and internationally, parent advocacy has played a fundamental role in shaping the services, supports, and educational experiences for children with disabilities receiving special education services. Parents advocate for appropriate services and educational opportunities to meet their own children’s needs and are often powerful catalysts for systemic change. For example, in the United States, parents of children with disabilities spearheaded landmark disability rights policies, including the enactment and evolution of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, the federal special education law, Carlson & Wilt, 2020). Despite these critical contributions, current trends reveal declines in parent engagement in legislative advocacy, attributed largely to structural and interpersonal barriers (Author, 2017; Author., 2021). Addressing these declines requires an in-depth exploration of the motivations underlying advocacy behaviors. To better understand the drivers of advocacy, we must first familiarize ourselves with the Dual-Chamber Model (Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021). This model posits that collective actions, such as advocacy, are driven by four psychological motivations: identity (i.e., the sense of connection and emotional attachment one feels toward a community), morality (i.e., ethically-driven motivations grounded in moral values), injustice (i.e., perceptions or emotional responses, such as anger or frustration, arising from perceived unfair treatment), and efficacy (i.e., beliefs that collective action can bring about desired outcomes). Extant research suggests that each of these motivations impact advocacy efforts (for a review, see Da Costa et al., 2023). While the Dual-Chamber Model has not been applied to advocacy among parents of children with disabilities, the special education literature sheds some light on parent advocacy. Specifically, there seem to be three distinct yet interconnected domains of parent advocacy: individual advocacy (i.e., promoting the rights and needs of one’s own child), peer advocacy (i.e., supporting other families navigating disability systems), and systemic advocacy (i.e., efforts to change policies, practices, or institutions; Author, 2024; Author., 2024). Although these forms of advocacy are conceptually related, evidence suggests they may be motivated by different factors and reflect distinct relational, cognitive, and emotional processes (Author, 2019; Pearson & Meadan, 2021). For example, individual advocacy is often linked to parent knowledge of disability policy, formal educational background, annual household income, child age, and child-specific factors such as type of disability (e.g., families of children with autism [versus other types of disabilities] are more likely to advocate, Author, 2016). In contrast, systemic advocacy is more likely to be associated with disability connectedness (i.e., the extent to which one identifies as part of the disability community, Goldman et al., 2019). Peer advocacy, though less extensively examined, may be shaped by altruistic orientations (e.g., a desire to contribute to the local disability community), disability connectedness, and shared racial/ethnic backgrounds with other families of children with disabilities (Magaña et al., 2017). The aforementioned evidence suggest that some motivations for parent advocacy may align with the Dual-Chamber Model. By conducting a study that systematically aims to determine whether the four motivations of the Dual-Chamber Model contribute to different types of parent advocacy, motivational variables can be strengthened through targeted interventions. Thus, in this study, we built upon extant literature by examining known factors related to parent advocacy (i.e., educational background, income, race, child age, type of disability, and special education knowledge) in addition to factors aligned with the Dual-Chambler model including: identity (i.e., the extent to which one identifies as part of the disability community through their disability connectedness), efficacy (i.e., beliefs in the ability of one’s advocacy to effect meaningful change), morality (i.e., the moral conviction to advocate), and injustice (i.e., perceived injustice toward individuals with disabilities). Specifically, our research questions were: “Among parents of children with disabilities, what are the correlates of: (1) individual, (2) peer, and (3) systemic advocacy?”. Based on extant literature, we hypothesized that participants with more formal education and/or higher incomes would demonstrate greater individual, peer, and systemic advocacy (Taylor et al., 2019) while parents of color would be significantly less likely to engage in all advocacy due to systemic barriers (Harry & Ocasio-Stoutenburg, 2021). According to Balcazar’s taxonomy of advocacy (1996), we hypothesized that individual, peer, and systemic advocacy would correlate positively with child age. Because of greater needs for services, we hypothesized that parents of children with autism would be significantly more likely to engage in individual advocacy (Author, 2016). Finally, we hypothesized that parents with greater special education knowledge (Author, 2016), connection to the disability community (Gosciciki et al., 2023), perceptions of injustice (Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021), efficacy in advocacy (Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021; Goldman et al., 2019), and sense of moral conviction (Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021) would be significantly more likely to engage in systemic advocacy. Method Participants A total of 78 participants who were parents of individuals with disabilities were included in this study. To be included in the study, participants must have completed the pre-survey, live in the United States, have a child with a disability (between the ages of 0-26), and indicated a willingness to participate in a legislative advocacy program. Most of the participants were female (83.3%; n = 65) and averaged 46.3 years of age ( SD = 8.37), with a range from 29 to 67 years. The majority of respondents were White (61.5% or n = 48), with smaller proportions identified as Black (15.4%, n = 12), Latino (14.1%, n = 11), Indigenous American (5.1%, n = 4), Asian (1.3%, n = 1), and other ethnicities (5.1%, n = 4). Regarding the offspring with disabilities, they were predominantly male (60.3%, n = 47) and averaged 12.9 years of age ( SD = 5.15, range = 4-25 years). See Table 1. Recruitment Data were collected as part of a multi-state project to investigate the impact of a legislative advocacy program among parents of individuals with disabilities. Participants were recruited from five states in the U.S. (Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, New Mexico, and South Carolina) and Washington D.C. The Parent Training and Information Centers (PTIs, federally-funded organizations that educate and empower families of children with disabilities) located in each of the sites assisted with recruitment by sending out flyers, postings, and emails regarding the study to their network of families. Procedures Approval from the University Institutional Review Board was obtained for all study procedures and written consent was obtained from all participants. Upon providing consent, participants completed a baseline survey. The survey was offered online via RedCAP; the survey was only available in English. After completing the survey, the participant was offered the opportunity to participate in the online legislative advocacy program. After completing the legislative advocacy program, the participant received a $25 giftcard. Measures Dependent Variable: Parent Advocacy Activities The Advocacy Activities Scale (Author, 2024) was developed based on established measures about parental advocacy for special education rights (e.g., Author, 2016) and the literature about advocacy for individuals with disabilities (e.g., Balcazar et al., 1996). It is comprised of 15 items (individual advocacy = 7 items, peer advocacy = 3 items, systemic advocacy = 5 items) on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) not at all to (5) very often . Each subscale’s summed score was used to measure the level of involvement in parental advocacy, with higher scores equating to more involvement. Reliability was high for all three subscales: individual advocacy ( α = .87), peer advocacy ( α = .88), and systemic advocacy ( α = .87). Independent variable: Parent Educational Background We asked one question about parent educational background: “Please choose your appropriate educational background”. Response options included: (1) some high school , (2) high school diploma , (3) some college , (4) college degree , and (5) graduate degree . Independent variable: Annual Household Income We asked one question about the annual household income of the family. Response options included: (1) less than $15,000 , (2) $15-29,999 , (3) $30-49,999 , (4) $50-69,999 , (5) $70-99,999 , and (6) more than $100,000 . Independent variable: Racial Background We asked participants to indicate their race and/or ethnicity. Options included: White , Black/African American , Hispanic/Latino , Asian American , Indigenous American , and/or other . Independent variable: Child Age We asked participants to provide their child’s age in years. Independent variable: Presence of Autism One question was asked to determine whether the participant had a child with autism: “Do you have a child with autism?” Response options were: (0) no and (1) yes . Independent Variable: Special Education Knowledge We asked 10 multiple choice questions about parent special education knowledge of IDEA (Author, 2016). Each question had four response options with only one that was correct. A sample item was “At what level does the federal government currently fund IDEA?”. The number of correct responses was summed for this study. Independent Variable: Disability Connectedness Scale (Identity) Comprised of 10 items on a 5-point Likert Scale, the Disability Connectedness scale measures organizational involvement and social connectedness to the disability community (Goscicki et al., 2023). Sample items include: “To what extent do you serve on boards, committees, or performs other leadership roles for a disability organization” and “To what extent do you have friends or socializes with individuals with disabilities or their families”. Items were summed into a cumulative score ranging from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater connectedness. Previous studies indicate that this measure has high internal consistency for families of individuals with disabilities (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha = .85; Lee & Burke, 2021). For this study, Cronbach’s alpha was .92. Independent variable: Perceived Injustice Scale (Injustice) Reflecting seven items on a 5-point Likert Scale, the Perceived Injustice Scale gauges perceptions and experiences with injustice (Neumann et al., 2021). For this study, the scale was tailored to injustice towards individuals with disabilities. Sample items include: “Individuals with disabilities often get less than they deserve” and “I and my child are mistreated more often than other people”. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .91, Ezenwa et al., 2015). For this study, Cronbach’s alpha was .90. Independent variable: Efficacy of Advocacy Scale (Efficacy) Adapted from the Efficacy Scale (van Zomeran et al., 2012), the Efficacy of Advocacy scale includes eight items on a 7-point Likert Scale about group and individual efficacy for advocating for change in special education. For example, participants were asked about their agreement to the item, “I believe that as families of individuals with disabilities we can contribute to advocacy to improve special education policy”. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .97, Stewart & Tran, 2018). For this study, Cronbach’s alpha was .94. Independent variable: Moral Conviction Scale (Morality) The Moral Conviction Scale includes six items on a 7-point Likert Scale about participant morals (van Zomeren et al., 2011). For this study, the scale was adapted to relate to moral conviction about advocacy. Sample items include: “My opinion on disability advocacy is deeply connected to my beliefs about right and wrong” and “Considering the systemic barriers faced by individuals with disabilities, I feel outraged”. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .87, Scatolon & Paladino, 2023). For this study, Cronbach’s alpha was .91. Analyses First, we conducted preliminary analyses to familiarize ourselves with the data. Specifically, we conducted descriptive statistics. We also reviewed the distributions of the scaled variables, finding that the scales were normally distributed (see Table 2). We proceeded with parametric statistics. We conducted correlations among the independent variables (see Table 3) and a Variable Inflation Factor (which was below 2.5); thus, multicollinearity was not a concern (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007). We then fit linear regressions for each of the dependent variables (i.e., individual, peer, and systemic advocacy). Missing data were addressed via multiple imputation during the modeling of each linear regression to preserve the integrity of the sample and reduce potential bias. Results Correlates of Individual Advocacy In the model of individual advocacy, the included factors explained approximately 33.0% of the variance. Disability Connectedness emerged as the strongest correlate, with higher connectedness associated with increased individual advocacy ( β = .52, p < .001). Moral Conviction was also significantly and positively related to individual advocacy, indicating that greater moral conviction correlated with increased advocacy ( β = .34, p < .05). See Table 4. Correlates of Peer Advocacy For peer advocacy, the model explained 25.0% of the variance. Disability Connectedness was positively associated with peer advocacy, such that higher connectedness correlated with increased peer advocacy behaviors ( β = .46, p < .01). None of the other variables were significant. See Table 4. Correlates of Systemic Advocacy The model of systemic advocacy accounted for 23.1% of the variance. Disability Connectedness emerged as a significant positive correlate, indicating that greater connectedness was associated with increased systemic advocacy behavior ( β = .56, p < .001). No other variable reached statistical significance. See Table 4. Discussion The findings of this study provide critical insights into the motivations for advocacy among parents of children with disabilities. First, across all three domains (i.e., individual, peer, and systemic advocacy), disability connectedness consistently emerged as the most robust correlate. This aligns with the current body of research highlighting the value of community integration and social capital in fostering civic engagement (Goldman et al., 2019; Author, 2024). Parents deeply embedded within disability-focused communities likely gain access to collective knowledge, emotional validation, advocacy strategies, and opportunities for collaboration (Author, 2016; Pearson & Meadan, 2021). Such resources not only enhance advocacy effectiveness but also reinforce parents’ identities as change agents (Turner-Zwinkels et al., 2017; Author, 2024). Practically, interventions aimed at boosting parent advocacy might therefore prioritize fostering disability connectedness through targeted programs. While many PTIs and parent-to-parent groups already center around a peer mentorship model, our findings highlight the potential for disability connectedness to be leveraged more intentionally as a foundation for building targeted advocacy skills and capacities. In particular, connectedness-building could be more deliberately paired with advocacy skill development, goal-based mentor–mentee matching, and sustained engagement during key transition points, transforming belonging into a strategic driver of multi-level advocacy. Second, the role of moral conviction underscores the unique motivation stemming from ethical beliefs when parents advocate for their own children. Individual advocacy may reflect a profound moral imperative (Skitka, 2010; Van Stekelenburg & Klandermans, 2009). For many parents, seeing their child inadequately supported may trigger an urgency to act (Sabucedo et al., 2018; Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021). This aligns with previous studies indicating that moral convictions amplify personal investment and action readiness, particularly within high-stakes scenarios, such as education and healthcare (Milesi & Alberici, 2018). The differential contributions of disability connectedness and moral conviction across various advocacy contexts highlight nuances in motivational pathways. Specifically, broader advocacy (e.g., peer and systemic advocacy) may require relational and structural supports beyond personal moral motivations (Stewart & Tran, 2018). While individual advocacy is connected to parents’ direct experiences and ethical obligations toward their children, peer and systemic advocacy necessitate broader networks, mentorship, and opportunities for collective action (Goldman et al., 2019). Consequently, the centrality of disability connectedness in peer and systemic contexts may be attributed to its capacity to provide not only tangible resources but also powerful social and normative cues that facilitate broader engagement (Thomas & McGarty, 2009). For instance, parents may feel more compelled and confident to engage in advocacy when observing peers successfully navigating systemic challenges or when directly invited to participate by trusted community leaders or organizations (Author, 2017). This might in turn explain findings from prior studies (e.g., Author, 2021; Author, 2024) demonstrating the hierarchial nature of advocacy activities such that experience and/or proficiency in individual advocacy serve as prerequisite for parents to advocate on higher levels such as for their peers and/or systemically. Further, the robust role of disability connectedness across multiple advocacy contexts underscores the critical function of identity formation and collective identity processes (Van Zomeren et al., 2012). Active participation in the disability community can reinforce parents’ identities as advocates, bolstering their commitment to collective advocacy goals through shared values and aligned group identities (Turner-Zwinkels et al., 2017; Author, 2024). Additionally, disability-related community networks offer essential structural resources, including informational support, advocacy training, and platforms for sharing and amplifying personal narratives, thereby enhancing motivation, knowledge, and efficacy in navigating complex service systems (Author, 2024; Pearson & Meadan, 2021). Such integrated, identity-affirming experiences are crucial for sustained advocacy engagement, equipping parents with the necessary emotional validation, practical skills, and social encouragement needed to engage effectively and persistently in advocacy across various contexts (Stewart & Tran, 2018). Limitations While this study advances our understanding of advocacy correlates, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the cross-sectional design prevents drawing causal conclusions regarding the relations between disability connectedness, moral conviction, and advocacy behaviors. Second, although the sample size was adequate for conducting regression analyses, the generalizability of findings may be limited, particularly for families from historically marginalized backgrounds. Additionally, reliance on self-report measures might introduce biases such as social desirability effects or inaccuracies due to limited recall. Future Directions To advance understanding of advocacy behaviors among parents, future research should extend beyond addressing methodological limitations to examine variables that shape engagement. Longitudinal studies are especially crucial to clarify the temporal and potentially causal associations among disability connectedness, moral conviction, and advocacy behaviors (van Zomeren et al., 2012). The addition of this dimension could reveal whether increases in disability connectedness or changes in moral conviction precede greater advocacy participation, or conversely, emerge as a result of such involvement. Simultaneously, addressing the limited representativeness observed in existing samples is just as critical. Purposeful sampling strategies that ensure inclusion of diverse demographic groups, particularly families from historically underserved communities, may help identify systemic barriers and culturally embedded forms of advocacy that remain underexplored (Magaña et al., 2017). Further, mixed-method designs that incorporate qualitative methodologies such as in-depth interviews or participatory action research could enrich the interpretation of quantitative findings (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). These approaches offer insight into how advocacy is experienced, enacted, and sustained within the everyday lives of families, details that are often overlooked in traditional self-report measures (Trainor, 2010). In addition, while prior research has demonstrated direct associations between individual, peer, and systemic advocacy using structural equation modeling (e.g., Author, 2024), these pathways have not been examined within broader theoretical frameworks that incorporate constructs such as moral conviction and disability connectedness. Future studies should build on this empirical foundation by situating cross-domain advocacy interactions within established models of civic engagement, such as the Dual-Chamber Model (Agostini & van Zomeren, 2021), to enhance conceptual clarity and better elucidate the mechanisms that shape advocacy development over time. Implications for Practice The findings of this study hold several practical implications for professionals and organizations seeking to build parent advocacy capacity. First, interventions aimed at increasing advocacy should focus explicitly on fostering disability connectedness. Programs can facilitate these connections through cohort-based formats, peer mentorship models, and strategic partnerships with disability organizations. Embedding families in relationally supportive environments may be a key mechanism for promoting sustained engagement across advocacy domains. Educators can also reinforce disability connectedness by modeling advocacy behavior and actively serve as allies who would connect together parents navigating the complex special education systems. Second, the role of moral conviction in individual advocacy suggests that training programs should address the ethical dimensions of advocacy. Facilitators can help parents explore their beliefs about justice, fairness, and rights, thereby framing advocacy not only as a technical skill but as a values-based endeavor. This approach may consequently help strengthen internal motivation by providing parents with a durable foundation for action. Furthermore, schools can leverage these values-based discussions by engaging families explicitly in dialogues about shared moral commitment (e.g., equity and social justice) in educational policy and practice. By jointly articulating moral frameworks underpinning advocacy efforts, schools and families can foster stronger moral alignment, empowering parents as active agents of systemic change within educational contexts. Declarations Ethical Approval We received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for this project. Funding This research was supported by the Spencer Foundation. Availability of data and materials The data that supports the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. Authors Contributions (please use initials) C.L. and M.B. wrote the main manuscript text. M.B. and Z.R. provided revisions and feedback. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Statement No conflicts of interest have been declared. References Agostini, M., & Van Zomeren, M. (2021). 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Tables Table 1 Participant Demographic Characteristic % ( n ) Relationship Mother 83.3% (65) Father 2.6% (2) Legal Guardian 5.1% (4) Other 6.4% (5) Missing 2.6% (2) Marital Status: Married 65.4% (51) Race/Ethnicity* White 61.5% (48) Black/African American 15.4% (12) Hispanic/Latino 14.1% (11) Indigenous American 5.1% (4) Asian/Pacific Islander 1.3% (1) Other 5.1% (4) Educational Background High School Diploma 5.1% (4) Some College 21.8% (17) College Degree 33.3% (26) Graduate Degree 37.2% (29) Missing 2.6% (2) Annual Household Income Less than $15,000 5.1% (4) Between $15-29,999 12.8% (10) Between $30-49,999 19.2% (15) Between $50-69,999 7.7% (6) Between $70-99,999 17.9% (14) More than $100,000 32.1% (25) State Illinois 37.2% (29) South Carolina 32.1% (25) Maine 11.5% (9) New Mexico 6.4% (5) D.C. 1.3% (1) Mississippi 1.3% (1) North Carolina 1.3% (1) Missing 9.0% (7) Child with Disability Gender (Male) 60.3% (47) Disability* Autism 53.8% (42) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 51.3% (40) Learning Disability 30.8% (24) Intellectual Disability 28.2% (22) Speech or Language Impairment 26.9% (21) Emotional/Behavioral Disorder 26.9% (21) Down Syndrome 10.3% (8) Visual Impairment 10.3% (8) Note : * Percentages do not add up to 100% as multiple responses can be checked. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Measures Measure Mean Median SD Skewness Kurtosis Range Individual Advocacy 27.23 28 6.47 -.82 .26 8-35 Peer Advocacy 7.62 7 3.83 .57 -.79 3-15 Systemic Advocacy 8.47 7 4.24 1.54 2.44 5-25 Knowledge 3.83 4 2.05 -.20 -.10 0-9 Disability Connectedness 30.24 31 10.41 .06 -.95 11-50 Injustice 28.75 30 6.11 -1.67 3.48 7-35 Efficacy Advocacy 48.73 50 8.12 -.90 -.06 25-56 Moral Conviction 36.70 39 6.45 -2.23 7.52 6-42 Table 3 Multicollinearity Among the Independent Variables Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1. Education -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2. Income .48** -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3. Race (White) -.12 .07 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4. Race (Black) .33* .11 -.41** -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5. Race (Hispanic) -.28 -.49** -.31* -.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6. Race (Asian) .16 .17 -.20 -.05 -.08 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7. Race (Indigenous) .24 -.16 .03 -.07 .17 -.04 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8. Race (Other) -.19 -.33* -.20 -.05 .16 -.03 -.04 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9. Child Age .13 .24 .12 -.27 -.02 -.16 .11 .01 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10. Presence of Autism -.11 .01 .19 .20 .17 -.20 -.28 .18 -.26 -- -- -- -- -- -- 11. Knowledge .04 .20 .21 -.29* -.32* -.23 -.05 -.26 .21 -.06 -- -- -- -- -- 12. Disability Connectedness .21 .24 -.39** .03 -.20 -.05 -.01 -.08 -.03 -.05 .13 -- -- -- -- 13. Injustice -.08 -.03 .04 -.19 .26 -.04 .69 -.39* .14 -.06 -.07 -.02 -- -- -- 14. Efficacy Advocacy -.11 -.23 -.26 -.11 .07 -.06 .02 .09 -.02 -.16 -.24 .17 .01 -- -- 15. Moral Conviction -.04 -.04 -.21 -.44** .14 -.10 -.19 -.07 .14 -.10 0 .04 .42** .42** -- Note : * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p ≤ .001 . Table 4 Results of Multiple Regression Analyses on Individual, Peer, and Systemic Advocacy Independent Variables Individual Advocacy Peer Advocacy Systemic Advocacy β t p β t p β t p Education .018 .119 .906 .085 .569 .572 .056 .376 .709 Income -.071 -.907 .369 -.057 -.655 .516 -.083 -.958 .343 Race (White) .245 .844 .404 -.374 -1.080 .289 -.144 -.421 .677 Race (Black) .025 .076 .940 -.138 -.363 .720 .021 .051 .960 Race (Hispanic) -.162 -.494 .626 .027 .082 .935 -.005 -.016 .987 Race (Asian) -.155 -.209 .836 -.633 -.696 .494 -.456 -.590 .559 Race (Indigenous) -.018 -.043 .966 -.217 -.494 .626 -.121 -.291 .773 Race (Other) .107 .268 .790 -.078 -.190 .851 -.144 -.400 .691 Age .021 .841 .407 -.001 -.049 .961 .023 .982 .332 Presence of Autism .272 .853 .402 .092 .320 .750 .018 .063 .950 Knowledge .083 .537 .597 .145 .929 .362 -.097 -.656 .517 Disability Connectedness .516 3.630 *** .463 3.175 ** .562 3.971 *** Injustice .127 .957 .345 .127 .841 .408 .084 .668 .507 Efficacy Advocacy -.092 -.653 .519 -.026 -.153 .879 -.125 -.925 .360 Moral Conviction .335 2.128 * -.043 -.267 .791 .002 .012 .991 R 2 .330 .250 .231 Note : * p ≤ .05 . ** p ≤ .01 . *** p ≤ .001 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQZmBoYCCTkIm+EADx+IxUNQi4GEMVwLGxtxWhgSG6BaGAhq4Z/d/NiAwcAifcPxswdvfNxzR4ZNvoHxwds2PJbcOWacAHRY7oYzecmWM549AzmM2XAuHi0GEgnGB0BaZjbkmEnzHDgM0sImzYtXS/pnkJZ0yf43ZtJ/IFrYf+PXkgN2WAK/BNAWBqgtzPi0SNzIKTZIMJAw7Jd4Y2zZcwDkl8RmyTnncGvhn5G+WeJDRZ08G3+O4Y0fB+7Y8zMfPvjhTRluLWCQgMplbCCgfhSMglEwCkYBIQAA/VNGjGqNIgQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chak","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":523525217,"identity":"490f0101-1fb9-4c52-a1a0-342a6f73111e","order_by":1,"name":"Meghan Burke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vanderbilt University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meghan","middleName":"","lastName":"Burke","suffix":""},{"id":523525218,"identity":"a7a7ba67-d8b0-4d9e-ac36-e48a8ec70dcf","order_by":2,"name":"Zachary 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10:25:15","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7480444/v1/cf12365e4d03af7674caddcf.html"},{"id":100615798,"identity":"ba3c1270-5f45-47e8-89f3-39740d141423","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 17:37:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1066197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7480444/v1/bf30112e-bbeb-4609-9c91-33aa92122d84.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"From Belief to Action: The Role of Disability Connectedness and Moral Conviction in Parent Advocacy Activities","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHistorically and internationally, parent advocacy has played a fundamental role in shaping the services, supports, and educational experiences for children with disabilities receiving special education services. Parents advocate for appropriate services and educational opportunities to meet their own children\u0026rsquo;s needs and are often powerful catalysts for systemic change. For example, in the United States, parents of children with disabilities spearheaded landmark disability rights policies, including the enactment and evolution of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, the federal special education law, Carlson \u0026amp; Wilt, 2020). Despite these critical contributions, current trends reveal declines in parent engagement in legislative advocacy, attributed largely to structural and interpersonal barriers (Author, 2017; Author., 2021). Addressing these declines requires an in-depth exploration of the motivations underlying advocacy behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo better understand the drivers of advocacy, we must first familiarize ourselves with the Dual-Chamber Model (Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021). This model posits that collective actions, such as advocacy, are driven by four psychological motivations: identity (i.e., the sense of connection and emotional attachment one feels toward a community), morality (i.e., ethically-driven motivations grounded in moral values), injustice (i.e., perceptions or emotional responses, such as anger or frustration, arising from perceived unfair treatment), and efficacy (i.e., beliefs that collective action can bring about desired outcomes). Extant research suggests that each of these motivations impact advocacy efforts (for a review, see Da Costa et al., 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the Dual-Chamber Model has not been applied to advocacy among parents of children with disabilities, the special education literature sheds some light on parent advocacy. Specifically, there seem to be three distinct yet interconnected domains of parent advocacy: individual advocacy (i.e., promoting the rights and needs of one\u0026rsquo;s own child), peer advocacy (i.e., supporting other families navigating disability systems), and systemic advocacy (i.e., efforts to change policies, practices, or institutions; Author, 2024; Author., 2024). Although these forms of advocacy are conceptually related, evidence suggests they may be motivated by different factors and reflect distinct relational, cognitive, and emotional processes (Author, 2019; Pearson \u0026amp; Meadan, 2021). For example, individual advocacy is often linked to parent knowledge of disability policy, formal educational background, annual household income, child age, and child-specific factors such as type of disability (e.g., families of children with autism [versus other types of disabilities] are more likely to advocate, Author, 2016). In contrast, systemic advocacy is more likely to be associated with disability connectedness (i.e., the extent to which one identifies as part of the disability community, Goldman et al., 2019). Peer advocacy, though less extensively examined, may be shaped by altruistic orientations (e.g., a desire to contribute to the local disability community), disability connectedness, and shared racial/ethnic backgrounds with other families of children with disabilities (Maga\u0026ntilde;a et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aforementioned evidence suggest that some motivations for parent advocacy may align with the Dual-Chamber Model. By conducting a study that systematically aims to determine whether the four motivations of the Dual-Chamber Model contribute to different types of parent advocacy, motivational variables can be strengthened through targeted interventions. Thus, in this study, we built upon extant literature by examining known factors related to parent advocacy (i.e., educational background, income, race, child age, type of disability, and special education knowledge) in addition to factors aligned with the Dual-Chambler model including: identity (i.e., the extent to which one identifies as part of the disability community through their disability connectedness), efficacy (i.e., beliefs in the ability of one\u0026rsquo;s advocacy to effect meaningful change), morality (i.e., the moral conviction to advocate), and injustice (i.e., perceived injustice toward individuals with disabilities). Specifically, our research questions were: \u0026ldquo;Among parents of children with disabilities, what are the correlates of: (1) individual, (2) peer, and (3) systemic advocacy?\u0026rdquo;. Based on extant literature, we hypothesized that participants with more formal education and/or higher incomes would demonstrate greater individual, peer, and systemic advocacy (Taylor et al., 2019) while parents of color would be significantly less likely to engage in all advocacy due to systemic barriers (Harry \u0026amp; Ocasio-Stoutenburg, 2021). According to Balcazar\u0026rsquo;s taxonomy of advocacy (1996), we hypothesized that individual, peer, and systemic advocacy would correlate positively with child age. Because of greater needs for services, we hypothesized that parents of children with autism would be significantly more likely to engage in individual advocacy (Author, 2016). Finally, we hypothesized that parents with greater special education knowledge (Author, 2016), connection to the disability community (Gosciciki et al., 2023), perceptions of injustice (Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021), efficacy in advocacy (Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021; Goldman et al., 2019), and sense of moral conviction (Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021) would be significantly more likely to engage in systemic advocacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eA total of 78 participants who were parents of individuals with disabilities were included in this study. To be included in the study, participants must have completed the pre-survey, live in the United States, have a child with a disability (between the ages of 0-26), and indicated a willingness to participate in a legislative advocacy program. Most of the participants were female (83.3%; \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 65) and averaged 46.3 years of age (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 8.37), with a range from 29 to 67 years. The majority of respondents were White (61.5% or \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 48), with smaller proportions identified as Black (15.4%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 12), Latino (14.1%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 11), Indigenous American (5.1%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 4), Asian (1.3%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 1), and other ethnicities (5.1%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 4). Regarding the offspring with disabilities, they were predominantly male (60.3%, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 47) and averaged 12.9 years of age (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 5.15, range = 4-25 years).\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eSee Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecruitment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eData were collected as part of a multi-state project to investigate the impact of a legislative advocacy program among parents of individuals with disabilities. Participants were recruited from five states in the U.S. (Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, New Mexico, and South Carolina) and Washington D.C. The Parent Training and Information Centers (PTIs, federally-funded organizations that educate and empower families of children with disabilities) located in each of the sites assisted with recruitment by sending out flyers, postings, and emails regarding the study to their network of families.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eApproval from the University Institutional Review Board was obtained for all study procedures and written consent was obtained from all participants. Upon providing consent, participants completed a baseline survey. The survey was offered online via RedCAP; the survey was only available in English. After completing the survey, the participant was offered the opportunity to participate in the online legislative advocacy program. After completing the legislative advocacy program, the participant received a $25 giftcard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDependent Variable: Parent Advocacy Activities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Advocacy Activities Scale (Author, 2024) was developed based on established measures about parental advocacy for special education rights (e.g., Author, 2016) and the literature about advocacy for individuals with disabilities (e.g., Balcazar et al., 1996). It is comprised of 15 items (individual advocacy = 7 items, peer advocacy = 3 items, systemic advocacy = 5 items) on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) \u003cem\u003enot at all\u003c/em\u003e to (5) \u003cem\u003every often\u003c/em\u003e. Each subscale\u0026rsquo;s summed score was used to measure the level of involvement in parental advocacy, with higher scores equating to more involvement. Reliability was high for all three subscales: individual advocacy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e = .87), peer advocacy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e = .88), and systemic advocacy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e = .87).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Parent Educational Background\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe asked one question about parent educational background: \u0026ldquo;Please choose your appropriate educational background\u0026rdquo;. Response options included: (1) \u003cem\u003esome high school\u003c/em\u003e, (2) \u003cem\u003ehigh school diploma\u003c/em\u003e, (3) \u003cem\u003esome college\u003c/em\u003e, (4) \u003cem\u003ecollege degree\u003c/em\u003e, and (5) \u003cem\u003egraduate degree\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Annual Household Income\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe asked one question about the annual household income of the family. Response options included: (1) \u003cem\u003eless than $15,000\u003c/em\u003e, (2) \u003cem\u003e$15-29,999\u003c/em\u003e, (3) \u003cem\u003e$30-49,999\u003c/em\u003e, (4) \u003cem\u003e$50-69,999\u003c/em\u003e, (5) \u003cem\u003e$70-99,999\u003c/em\u003e, and (6) \u003cem\u003emore than $100,000\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Racial Background\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe asked participants to indicate their race and/or ethnicity. Options included: \u003cem\u003eWhite\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBlack/African American\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHispanic/Latino\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAsian American\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eIndigenous American\u003c/em\u003e, and/or \u003cem\u003eother\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Child Age\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe asked participants to provide their child\u0026rsquo;s age in years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Presence of Autism\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne question was asked to determine whether the participant had a child with autism: \u0026ldquo;Do you have a child with autism?\u0026rdquo; Response options were: (0) \u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e and (1) \u003cem\u003eyes\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent Variable: Special Education Knowledge\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe asked 10 multiple choice questions about parent special education knowledge of IDEA (Author, 2016). Each question had four response options with only one that was correct. A sample item was \u0026ldquo;At what level does the federal government currently fund IDEA?\u0026rdquo;. The number of correct responses was summed for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent Variable: Disability Connectedness Scale (Identity)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComprised of 10 items on a 5-point Likert Scale, the Disability Connectedness scale measures organizational involvement and social connectedness to the disability community (Goscicki et al., 2023). Sample items include: \u0026ldquo;To what extent do you serve on boards, committees, or performs other leadership roles for a disability organization\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;To what extent do you have friends or socializes with individuals with disabilities or their families\u0026rdquo;. Items were summed into a cumulative score ranging from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater connectedness. Previous studies indicate that this measure has high internal consistency for families of individuals with disabilities (e.g., Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha = .85; Lee \u0026amp; Burke, 2021). For this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was .92.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Perceived Injustice Scale (Injustice)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReflecting seven items on a 5-point Likert Scale, the Perceived Injustice Scale gauges perceptions and experiences with injustice (Neumann et al., 2021). For this study, the scale was tailored to injustice towards individuals with disabilities. Sample items include: \u0026ldquo;Individuals with disabilities often get less than they deserve\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;I and my child are mistreated more often than other people\u0026rdquo;. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha = .91, Ezenwa et al., 2015). For this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was .90.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Efficacy of Advocacy Scale (Efficacy)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdapted from the Efficacy Scale (van Zomeran et al., 2012), the Efficacy of Advocacy scale includes eight items on a 7-point Likert Scale about group and individual efficacy for advocating for change in special education. For example, participants were asked about their agreement to the item, \u0026ldquo;I believe that as families of individuals with disabilities we can contribute to advocacy to improve special education policy\u0026rdquo;. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha = .97, Stewart \u0026amp; Tran, 2018). For this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was .94.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variable: Moral Conviction Scale (Morality)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Moral Conviction Scale includes six items on a 7-point Likert Scale about participant morals (van Zomeren et al., 2011). For this study, the scale was adapted to relate to moral conviction about advocacy. Sample items include: \u0026ldquo;My opinion on disability advocacy is deeply connected to my beliefs about right and wrong\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Considering the systemic barriers faced by individuals with disabilities, I feel outraged\u0026rdquo;. Prior research with individuals with disabilities and their families suggests this measure has high reliability (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha = .87, Scatolon \u0026amp; Paladino, 2023). For this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was .91.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eFirst, we conducted preliminary analyses to familiarize ourselves with the data. Specifically, we conducted descriptive statistics. We also reviewed the distributions of the scaled variables, finding that the scales were normally distributed (see Table 2). We proceeded with parametric statistics. We conducted correlations among the independent variables (see Table 3) and a Variable Inflation Factor (which was below 2.5); thus, multicollinearity was not a concern (Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, 2007). We then fit linear regressions for each of the dependent variables (i.e., individual, peer, and systemic advocacy). Missing data were addressed via multiple imputation during the modeling of each linear regression to preserve the integrity of the sample and reduce potential bias.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelates of Individual Advocacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the model of individual advocacy, the included factors explained approximately 33.0% of the variance. Disability Connectedness emerged as the strongest correlate, with higher connectedness associated with increased individual advocacy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e = .52,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). Moral Conviction was also significantly and positively related to individual advocacy, indicating that greater moral conviction correlated with increased advocacy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e = .34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05). See Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelates of Peer Advocacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor peer advocacy, the model explained 25.0% of the variance. Disability Connectedness was positively associated with peer advocacy, such that higher connectedness correlated with increased peer advocacy behaviors (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e = .46, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01). None of the other variables were significant. See Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelates of Systemic Advocacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model of systemic advocacy accounted for 23.1% of the variance. Disability Connectedness emerged as a significant positive correlate, indicating that greater connectedness was associated with increased systemic advocacy behavior (\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e = .56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). No other variable reached statistical significance. See Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study provide critical insights into the motivations for advocacy among parents of children with disabilities. First, across all three domains (i.e., individual, peer, and systemic advocacy), disability connectedness consistently emerged as the most robust correlate. This aligns with the current body of research highlighting the value of community integration and social capital in fostering civic engagement (Goldman et al., 2019; Author, 2024). Parents deeply embedded within disability-focused communities likely gain access to collective knowledge, emotional validation, advocacy strategies, and opportunities for collaboration (Author, 2016; Pearson \u0026amp; Meadan, 2021). Such resources not only enhance advocacy effectiveness but also reinforce parents\u0026rsquo; identities as change agents (Turner-Zwinkels et al., 2017; Author, 2024). Practically, interventions aimed at boosting parent advocacy might therefore prioritize fostering disability connectedness through targeted programs. While many PTIs and parent-to-parent groups already center around a peer mentorship model, our findings highlight the potential for disability connectedness to be leveraged more intentionally as a foundation for building targeted advocacy skills and capacities. In particular, connectedness-building could be more deliberately paired with advocacy skill development, goal-based mentor\u0026ndash;mentee matching, and sustained engagement during key transition points, transforming belonging into a strategic driver of multi-level advocacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, the role of moral conviction underscores the unique motivation stemming from ethical beliefs when parents advocate for their own children. Individual advocacy may reflect a profound moral imperative (Skitka, 2010; Van Stekelenburg \u0026amp; Klandermans, 2009). For many parents, seeing their child inadequately supported may trigger an urgency to act (Sabucedo et al., 2018; Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021). This aligns with previous studies indicating that moral convictions amplify personal investment and action readiness, particularly within high-stakes scenarios, such as education and healthcare (Milesi \u0026amp; Alberici, 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe differential contributions of disability connectedness and moral conviction across various advocacy contexts highlight nuances in motivational pathways. Specifically, broader advocacy (e.g., peer and systemic advocacy) may require relational and structural supports beyond personal moral motivations (Stewart \u0026amp; Tran, 2018). While individual advocacy is connected to parents\u0026rsquo; direct experiences and ethical obligations toward their children, peer and systemic advocacy necessitate broader networks, mentorship, and opportunities for collective action (Goldman et al., 2019). Consequently, the centrality of disability connectedness in peer and systemic contexts may be attributed to its capacity to provide not only tangible resources but also powerful social and normative cues that facilitate broader engagement (Thomas \u0026amp; McGarty, 2009). For instance, parents may feel more compelled and confident to engage in advocacy when observing peers successfully navigating systemic challenges or when directly invited to participate by trusted community leaders or organizations (Author, 2017). This might in turn explain findings from prior studies (e.g., Author, 2021; Author, 2024) demonstrating the hierarchial nature of advocacy activities such that experience and/or proficiency in individual advocacy serve as prerequisite for parents to advocate on higher levels such as for their peers and/or systemically.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, the robust role of disability connectedness across multiple advocacy contexts underscores the critical function of identity formation and collective identity processes (Van Zomeren et al., 2012). Active participation in the disability community can reinforce parents\u0026rsquo; identities as advocates, bolstering their commitment to collective advocacy goals through shared values and aligned group identities (Turner-Zwinkels et al., 2017; Author, 2024). Additionally, disability-related community networks offer essential structural resources, including informational support, advocacy training, and platforms for sharing and amplifying personal narratives, thereby enhancing motivation, knowledge, and efficacy in navigating complex service systems (Author, 2024; Pearson \u0026amp; Meadan, 2021). Such integrated, identity-affirming experiences are crucial for sustained advocacy engagement, equipping parents with the necessary emotional validation, practical skills, and social encouragement needed to engage effectively and persistently in advocacy across various contexts (Stewart \u0026amp; Tran, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile this study advances our understanding of advocacy correlates, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the cross-sectional design prevents drawing causal conclusions regarding the relations between disability connectedness, moral conviction, and advocacy behaviors. Second, although the sample size was adequate for conducting regression analyses, the generalizability of findings may be limited, particularly for families from historically marginalized backgrounds. Additionally, reliance on self-report measures might introduce biases such as social desirability effects or inaccuracies due to limited recall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuture Directions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo advance understanding of advocacy behaviors among parents, future research should extend beyond addressing methodological limitations to examine variables that shape engagement. Longitudinal studies are especially crucial to clarify the temporal and potentially causal associations among disability connectedness, moral conviction, and advocacy behaviors (van Zomeren et al., 2012). The addition of this dimension could reveal whether increases in disability connectedness or changes in moral conviction precede greater advocacy participation, or conversely, emerge as a result of such involvement. Simultaneously, addressing the limited representativeness observed in existing samples is just as critical. Purposeful sampling strategies that ensure inclusion of diverse demographic groups, particularly families from historically underserved communities, may help identify systemic barriers and culturally embedded forms of advocacy that remain underexplored (Maga\u0026ntilde;a et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, mixed-method designs that incorporate qualitative methodologies such as in-depth interviews or participatory action research could enrich the interpretation of quantitative findings (Creswell \u0026amp; Creswell, 2017). These approaches offer insight into how advocacy is experienced, enacted, and sustained within the everyday lives of families, details that are often overlooked in traditional self-report measures (Trainor, 2010). In addition, while prior research has demonstrated direct associations between individual, peer, and systemic advocacy using structural equation modeling (e.g., Author, 2024), these pathways have not been examined within broader theoretical frameworks that incorporate constructs such as moral conviction and disability connectedness. Future studies should build on this empirical foundation by situating cross-domain advocacy interactions within established models of civic engagement, such as the Dual-Chamber Model (Agostini \u0026amp; van Zomeren, 2021), to enhance conceptual clarity and better elucidate the mechanisms that shape advocacy development over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplications for Practice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study hold several practical implications for professionals and organizations seeking to build parent advocacy capacity. First, interventions aimed at increasing advocacy should focus explicitly on fostering disability connectedness. Programs can facilitate these connections through cohort-based formats, peer mentorship models, and strategic partnerships with disability organizations. Embedding families in relationally supportive environments may be a key mechanism for promoting sustained engagement across advocacy domains. Educators can also reinforce disability connectedness by modeling advocacy behavior and actively serve as allies who would connect together parents navigating the complex special education systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, the role of moral conviction in individual advocacy suggests that training programs should address the ethical dimensions of advocacy. Facilitators can help parents explore their beliefs about justice, fairness, and rights, thereby framing advocacy not only as a technical skill but as a values-based endeavor. This approach may consequently help strengthen internal motivation by providing parents with a durable foundation for action. Furthermore, schools can leverage these values-based discussions by engaging families explicitly in dialogues about shared moral commitment (e.g., equity and social justice) in educational policy and practice. By jointly articulating moral frameworks underpinning advocacy efforts, schools and families can foster stronger moral alignment, empowering parents as active agents of systemic change within educational contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for this project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Spencer Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that supports the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors Contributions (please use initials)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC.L. and M.B. wrote the main manuscript text. M.B. and Z.R. provided revisions and feedback. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflicts of interest have been declared.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgostini, M., \u0026amp; Van Zomeren, M. (2021). Toward a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of why people engage in collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of four motivations and structural constraints. \u003cem\u003ePsychological bulletin\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e147\u003c/em\u003e(7), 667.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBalcazar, F. E., Keys, C. B., Bertram, J. F., \u0026amp; Rizzo, T. (1996). 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Welfare\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e, 159.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThomas, E. F., \u0026amp; McGarty, C. A. (2009). The role of efficacy and moral outrage norms in creating the potential for international development activism through group‐based interaction. \u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Social Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e(1), 115-134.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTrainor, A. A. (2010). Diverse approaches to parent advocacy during special education home\u0026mdash;school interactions: Identification and use of cultural and social capital. \u003cem\u003eRemedial and Special education\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(1), 34-47.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTurner‐Zwinkels, F. M., van Zomeren, M., \u0026amp; Postmes, T. (2017). The moral dimension of politicized identity: Exploring identity content during the 2012 Presidential Elections in the USA. \u003cem\u003eBritish journal of social psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e56\u003c/em\u003e(2), 416-436.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Stekelenburg, J., Klandermans, B., \u0026amp; Van Dijk, W. W. (2009). Context matters: Explaining how and why mobilizing context influences motivational dynamics. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Social Issues\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e65\u003c/em\u003e(4), 815-838.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W., \u0026amp; Spears, R. (2012). Protesters as \u0026ldquo;passionate economists\u0026rdquo; a dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Social Psychology Review\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(2), 180-199.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., Spears, R., \u0026amp; Bettache, K. (2011). Can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality? Extending the social identity model of collective action. \u003cem\u003eGroup processes \u0026amp; intergroup relations\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(5), 735-753.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eParticipant Demographic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"631\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3% (65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Father\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6% (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Legal Guardian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1% (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4% (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Missing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6% (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status: Married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.4% (51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace/Ethnicity*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;White\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5% (48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Black/African American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.4% (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hispanic/Latino\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1% (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Indigenous American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1% (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asian/Pacific Islander\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3% (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1% (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Background\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;High School Diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1% (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Some College\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8% (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;College Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3% (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Graduate Degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2% (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Missing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6% (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnual Household Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Less than $15,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1% (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Between $15-29,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8% (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Between $30-49,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2% (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Between $50-69,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7% (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Between $70-99,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9% (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;More than $100,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1% (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Illinois\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2% (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;South Carolina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1% (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Maine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5% (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;New Mexico\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4% (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;D.C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3% (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mississippi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3% (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3% (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Missing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0% (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild with Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Gender (Male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3% (47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisability*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Autism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8% (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3% (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Learning Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8% (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Intellectual Disability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2% (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Speech or Language Impairment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9% (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Emotional/Behavioral Disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9% (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Down Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3% (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76.0697%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Visual Impairment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.9303%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3% (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: * Percentages do not add up to 100% as multiple responses can be checked.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive Statistics of Measures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"864\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndividual Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeer Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystemic Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisability Connectedness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInjustice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEfficacy Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.9444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoral Conviction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMulticollinearity Among the Independent Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"870\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.48**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Race (White)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Race (Black)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.41**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Race (Hispanic)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.49**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. Race (Asian)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. Race (Indigenous)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. Race (Other)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. Child Age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. Presence of Autism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.32*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12. Disability Connectedness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.39**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13. Injustice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.39*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14. Efficacy Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.2815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15. Moral Conviction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.37757%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3.43249%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05. ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01. \u003cem\u003e*** p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026le; .001\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eResults of Multiple Regression Analyses on Individual, Peer, and Systemic Advocacy\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"864\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndividual Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeer Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystemic Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (White)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (Black)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (Hispanic)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (Asian)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (Indigenous)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (Other)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of Autism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisability Connectedness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInjustice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEfficacy Advocacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n 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.001\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"parent advocacy, disability connectedness, moral conviction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480444/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480444/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e Across the globe, parents of children with disabilities advocate across several domains \u0026ndash; individually for their own child, as peers supporting other families, and systemically influencing broader policy change. Understanding the motivations behind advocacy domains is crucial to enhancing parental engagement. Grounded in the Dual-Chamber Model for Collective Action, this study examined correlates of individual, peer, and systemic advocacy among 78 parents of individuals with disabilities in the United States. Linear regression analyses revealed disability connectedness as a significant, positive correlate of all three advocacy domains while moral conviction significantly correlated with greater individual advocacy. The results emphasize the roles of fostering strong community connections and moral commitment in promoting advocacy among parents of children with disabilities, providing valuable insights for organizational facilitators and educators.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"From Belief to Action: The Role of Disability Connectedness and Moral Conviction in Parent Advocacy Activities","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-06 10:25:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7480444/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cb1d37b-ba09-4133-8e60-003f020e70ef","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T17:02:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7480444","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-025-10046-4","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-developmental-and-physical-disabilities","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-15 16:29:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 15th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-06 10:25:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10882-025-10046-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-025-10046-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7480444","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7480444","identity":"rs-7480444","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}