Hopefulness and hopelessness rate in Iranian society: a cognitive view

Hopefulness and hopelessness rate in Iranian society: a cognitive view | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hopefulness and hopelessness rate in Iranian society: a cognitive view Mehrdad Meshkinfam, Mehrdad Naghzguy-Kohan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3887143/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper seeks to demonstrate the rate and cognitive model of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society over a period of five decades spanning from the 1970s up until the 2010s, in response to the perspective that Iranians are currently experiencing more hopelessness than in the past. The prevailing emotions within a society, including but not limited to hopelessness and hopefulness, could be reflected through language. In fact, these two, alongside others, are encoded in language using cognitive mechanisms such as the conceptual metaphor and linguistic construction. Based on the written and spoken corpus encompassing movies, novels, news broadcasts, official speeches and the models employed, namely Kövecses ( 2020 ) and the findings of Construction Grammar, it can be observed that hopefulness and hopelessness have exhibited a fluctuating pattern in every subset of the corpus over the mentioned five decades. The rationale for selecting these five decades is associated with pivotal political and social events, such as the Islamic revolution of Iran, the Iran-Iraq war, the reconstruction period, the reformation decade, and the post-reformation era. The results illustrate that the emotion of hopelessness has significantly and consistently increased in the Iranian society over the fifty-year period. Moreover, regarding the cognitive model of hope, it is worth mentioning that Iranians consider "hopelessness" as ‘inability’ and contrast it with "hopefulness" which is conceptualized by ‘object’ and ‘reliance on another entity’. Hope conceptual metaphor Construction Grammar Iranian society Modern Persian Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction It is supposed that Iranians are currently experiencing considerably much more hopelessness than in the past. This emotion of hopelessness, negative expectations towards the future (Beck et al, 1974 ) and inability to provide gratification (Akhtar, 2015 ) is the primary cause of daily suicides and suicidal ideations (Beck et al, 1975 ; Wetzel et al, 1980 ; Fergusson et al, 2003 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ; Troister et al, 2015 ). Furthermore, the widespread occurrence of depression in society, the prevalence of lethargy among individuals, and the loss of self-esteem are some of the other hopelessness consequences (Fergusson et al, 2003 ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Hilt, 2009 ; Tandon & Solomon, 2009 ). Henceforth, the ingrained hypothesis among Iranians and scholars suggesting significant increase in hopelessness through time within the Iranian society necessitates this investigation. Despite its remarkable importance, a limited amount of literature is available on hopelessness in various fields of study. For example, psychoanalytic literature directly related to hopelessness is extremely scarce (Akhtar, 2015 :9; 2017:114). In fact, the term "hopelessness" appears only twice in the entire corpus of Freud's work (Guttman et al., 1980 ). Additionally, within the field of linguistics, there is a dearth of research specifically focused on the topic hope. Within the realm of natural language, this topic has not been examined in Persian; however, there are a constrained number of studies within the domain of Persian literary language (Ghavam & Hashemi, 2013 ; Noorian, 2020 ; Iranzadeh & Arsh-Akmal, 2021 ; Qobadi & Kolahchian, 2007 ; Naseri & Ghoreishi, 2013). Likewise, the investigation of hopelessness and hopefulness in natural language has not received prominent attention from researchers in languages other than Persian, with the exception of a few synchronic studies (Lakoff et al., 1991 ; Quigley & Christianson, 2008 ; Tissari, 2017 ; Šarič, 2020). Moreover, it should be noted that the study of hope in the literary genre of other languages has been also the topic of scholarly attention (for example see Ruiz, 2007 ; Cairns, 2020 ). Therefore, this study seemingly represents the first research endeavor that seeks to examine the concepts of hopelessness and hopefulness as well as their evolution dynamics within Iranian society in modern times using non-literary Persian. In a particular sense, language serves as a mirror which reflects the characteristics of a society. In fact, as language is the result of human cognition and social interactions (Langacker, 1987 ), every frequent concept in a society is usually encoded in language. For instance, the prevailing emotional state of a society, whether it is one of hopelessness or hopefulness, can be conveyed through language. As a matter of fact, by means of linguistic examination of these concepts, we can achieve a deeper and thorough comprehension of their operational and evolutionary dynamics within a society. These encoded concepts are manifested in linguistic constructions, in other words, the conventionalized pairings of form and function (Goldberg, 2006 :3), whether metaphorical or non-metaphorical. Due to the fact that emotions are frequently abstract in nature, language often makes use of conceptual metaphors to facilitate their comprehension. Indeed, concrete domains are employed to conceptualize abstract domains. In addition to conceptual metaphors, specific non-metaphorical constructions are used to encode emotions. In this study, the token frequency of such metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions pertaining to emotions, including hopelessness and hopefulness, represents a valuable metric for investigating the rate of emotions in a particular society both at a given time and through time. Besides, conducting a qualitative analysis of these constructions provides valuable insights into the cognitive model of hope among Iranians. Accordingly, the present research is constructed upon the theoretical foundations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as propounded by Kövecses ( 2020 ) and the framework of Construction Grammar. 2. Construction Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor Theory The present section is dedicated to a comprehensive discussion of two concepts, namely Construction Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor, with the aim of illustrating how language encodes diverse concepts. The discourse initiates with an exposition on the Construction Grammar, followed by an analysis of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. 2-1. Construction Grammar Over the span of more than three decades, a noticeable increase in the interest towards language approaches that are based on construction has been observed (for example Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 2005; Goldberg, 2006; Hilpert, 2008; Goldberg & Herbst, 2021; Meshkinfam et al, 2022). All the constructionist approaches are subsumed under the overarching term of Construction Grammar. Therefore, at present there does not exist one single Construction Grammar (Hoffmann & Trousdale, 2011:4). Construction Grammar functions on the assumption that all levels of grammar encompass constructions. By construction, we refer to the conventionalized pairings of form and meaning (Hoffmann & Trousdale, 2011:2; Goldberg & Herbst, 2021:285). The subsequent figure exemplifies a construction: All constructionist take all levels of grammatical description to involve a structured default inheritance network of constructions (Goldberg, 2006:215). The constructions are not merely listed; however, they constitute a structured inventory within the mental framework of the speakers (Croft & Cruse 2004:262-265). In order to provide a concrete instance, a morphological construction can be demonstrated using the following structure (Booij, 2010:2): 1) [[x] v er] N ‘one who Vs’ Constructions can be classified into two distinct categories: metaphorical and non-metaphorical. The former can be identified by means of the Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse, which was presented by Pragglejaz (2007). The method (MIP) involves the following procedure (Pragglejaz, 2007:3): 1. Read the entire text–discourse to establish a general understanding of the meaning. 2. Determine the lexical units in the text–discourse 3. (a) For each lexical unit in the text, establish its meaning in context, that is, how it applies to an entity, relation, or attribute in the situation evoked by the text (contextual meaning). Take into account what comes before and after the lexical unit. (b) For each lexical unit, determine if it has a more basic contemporary meaning in other contexts than the one in the given context. Basic meanings are not necessarily the most frequent meanings of the lexical unit. (c) If the lexical unit has a more basic current–contemporary meaning in other contexts than the given context, decide whether the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic meaning but can be understood in comparison with it. 4. If yes, mark the lexical unit as metaphorical, otherwise, as non-metaphorical. The forthcoming section will illuminate the mechanism of metaphorical constructions, which are discussed within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. 2-2. Conceptual Metaphor Theory Metaphor constitutes a fundamental area of inquiry within the field of cognitive linguistics. By conceptual metaphor, we mean a set of correspondences between a more physical source domain and a more abstract target domain (Lakoff & Johnason, 1980; Kövecses, 2002; 2010; 2020). In effect, a domain transfer, from more tangible to more abstract, takes place on the basis of shared or akin semantic characteristics. Accordingly, a conceptual metaphor denotes the comprehension of a given concept or domain in relation to another. The mechanism by which conceptual metaphor operates can be demonstrated by figure (2) as follows: Kövecses (2020:47) construes the conceptual metaphor as consisting of four distinct levels: the image schema, domain, frame, and mental space. In order to explain this notion, he employs a part of Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare as an example and expounds upon each level of love conceptualization as follows: ‘‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date; Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed’’ 1- Image schema: INTENSITY IS HEAT / COLD 2- Domain: EMOTION IS TEMPERATURE: INTENSITY OF EMOTION IS DEGREE OF HEAT / COLD 3- Frame: LOVE IS FIRE: LOVE’S INTENSITY IS THE DEGREE OF HEAT OF FIRE 4- Mental space: THE FLUCTUATION IN THE INTENSITY OF THE POET’S LOVE IS THE FLUCTUATION IN THE DEGREE OF A SUMMER DAY’S HEAT The sentences presented below serve as other examples of the conceptual metaphor: 2) I demolished his argument (ARGUMENT IS WAR) (Lakoff & Johnson 1980:5) 3) I don't have the time to give out (TIME IS MONEY) (Lakoff & Johnson 1980:8) The present study endeavors to employ the aforementioned theoretical frameworks to identify and analyze metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions pertaining to hopelessness and hopefulness within the selected corpus of this study, expounded upon in the subsequent section, in order to determine the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society through time and also the cognitive model of hope within the Iranian population over the course of time. 3. Methodology The current study aims to investigate the changing rate and cognitive model of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society across the passage of time through language based on a selected corpus. The analysis will encompass a period spanning five decades, during which the concept of hope has undergone considerable changes in the corpus. The selected decades have been chosen on the basis of their socio-political events and are the primary focus of the investigation, as outlined below: - 1970s: Decade of Revolution - 1980s: Decade of War - 1990s: Decade of reconstruction - 2000s: Decade of Reformation - 2010s: Decade of post-reformation The corpus for this study includes a selection of 6 best-selling stories and movies from each decade, with a total of 30 for each category, obtained using a systematic random sampling method. Additionally, official speeches and the TV news have been incorporated into the corpus to the extent of theoretical saturation and existence 1 . In this study, we have conducted a thorough analysis of the metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions associated with hopelessness and hopefulness. From a quantitative point of view, the token frequency of these constructions has been determined over the five selected decades in order to ascertain the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society using the statistical tools of mean and relative frequency. Notably, the token frequency has been defined as the number of linguistic elements that appear in a given corpus (Croft, 2003; Haspelmath, 2008). Furthermore, the cognitive model of Iranians regarding hope has been presented from a qualitative standpoint, elucidating how Iranians conceptualize the concepts of hopelessness and hopefulness over the fifty-year period through the analysis of aforementioned linguistic constructions. 4. Findings In this study, the metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions under investigation are derived from the corpus comprising of movies, stories, TV news, and official speeches. Efforts are made to systematically classify these constructions into distinct categories in order to measure their respective token frequency. The results are presented in tables based on conceptual source domains and the entrenched constructions schemas in each decade. Furthermore, some figures are employed to depict the total frequency of metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions over a period of five decades revealing the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness. Given the infeasibility of presenting the entire dataset, only some examples are provided for each subset of the corpus. Specifically, three metaphorical instances are included to indicate hopelessness, while two metaphorical ones are provided for hopefulness. In addition, one non-metaphorical construction example is given for hopelessness and hopefulness. 4-1. Movies Movies are one of the best available sources for examining the language, culture, and social conditions of a society. This is due to the fact that movies reflect the social reality of a given particular time of a society. In fact, nothing is as valuable as the analysis of the movies produced and displayed in a society, in addition to field research, for penetrating the inner layers of a community (Jarvie, 1970:103). This is the reason why movies are included within the selected subsets of the corpus in this study. In this paper, the convention for citing movies involves first providing the title of the movie, followed by the specific time in the movie when the linguistic material is attested. Some examples of metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions encoding hopelessness and hopefulness in movies are provided below: HOPELESSNESS IS INABILITY 4) Be xodā sangin=e barā=m ne-mi-tun=am To God heavy=be.PRS.3SG for=POSS.1SG NEG-IND-able=1SG vāqean ne-mi-keš=am really NEG-IND-pull=1SG ‘I swear to God, it is difficult for me, I cannot really tolerate.’ (Kandu, 1975, 00:23:41) HOPELESSNESS IS DEATH 5) man āxar az dast=et degh-marg mi-š=am 1SG end PREP hand=POSS.2SG agonizing-death IND-become=1SG ‘Eventually, I will die an agonizing death because of you.’ (Šiyār-e 143, 2013, 00:32:11) HOPELESSNESS IS CAPTIVITY 6) hame=ye donyā čāhār-divāri=ye all=EZ world four-wall=be.PRS.3SG ‘The whole world is a walled enclosure.’ (Eterāz, 1999, 00:05:26) HOPEFULNESS IS REFUGE 7) tufān harif=e man nist vaghti storm opponent=EZ 1SG not-be.PRS.3SG when to nāxodā=i 2SG helmsman=be.PRS.2SG ‘I do not have to worry about any storms when you are my helmsman.’ (Dar Emtedād-e Šab, 1977, 00:05:13) HOPEFULNESS IS OBJECT 8) če xub=e del-ā=mun az omid what good=be.PRS.3SG heart-PL=POSS.1PL PREP hope por=e full=be.PRS.3SG ‘It is great that we are filled with hope’ (Santuri, 2010, 00:08:40) [heyf ‘alack’=e [X] INF ] NP ‘hopelessness’ 9) heyf=e dust-dāštan=e kas=i ke šāyestegi=ye alack=EZ lilke-have=EZ someone=REL who worthiness=EZ dust-dāštan=o na-dār=e like-have=OM NEG-have=be.PRS.3SG ‘It is unfortunate to love someone who does not deserve being loved’ (Dar Emtedād-e Šab, 1977, 00:32:12) [[X] CL enšālā / enšālā [X] CL ] ‘hopefulness’ 10) enšālāh be pāy=e ham pir š=id God-willing PREP foot=EZ each-other old become=PRS.2SG ‘God willing, may you grow old together’ (Ghermez, 1999, 00:28:28) In table 1, one can find the frequency analysis of the source domains for metaphors of hopelessness and hopefulness in the movies spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s: Table 1 . Source domains for conceptual metaphors of Hopelessness and hopefulness in movies Decades Source Domains 1970s: Decade of Revolution 1980s: Decade of War 1990s: Decade of Reconstruction 2000s: Decade of Reformation 2010s: Decade of post-reformation Total Total Relative Frequency HOPELESSNESS Inability 35 15 44 40 52 186 17.81% Lack of Possession 12 19 21 44 33 129 12.35% Destruction 6 13 17 31 52 119 11.39% Death 18 17 29 17 20 101 9.67% Stagnation 5 7 25 35 20 92 8.81% Malaise 9 10 19 22 31 91 8.71% Loneliness 24 8 7 11 23 73 7% Loss of ownership 3 8 10 21 9 51 4.88% Captivity 4 5 11 16 6 42 4.02% End 1 9 6 6 4 26 2.49% Lack of refuge 3 2 4 2 12 23 2.20% Burning 4 3 3 3 5 18 1.72% Old age 0 0 14 3 0 17 1.62% Darkness 4 3 2 6 1 16 1.53% Animal 0 0 1 8 6 15 1.43% Downward 2 1 2 3 6 14 1.34% Object 2 1 0 0 4 7 0.67% Tear 1 2 0 1 1 5 0.47% Losing 0 0 0 2 3 5 0.47% Incurability 1 1 1 1 0 4 0.38% Proper Noun 3 0 0 0 0 3 0.28% Backward 1 0 1 0 1 3 0.28% Cold 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.19% Bitterness 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.19% HOPEFULNESS Dynamism 8 8 9 1 1 27 22.5% Object 5 3 6 2 2 18 15% Possession 5 2 5 1 1 14 11.66% Health 3 2 3 1 0 9 7.5% Non-loneliness 2 2 2 1 1 8 6.69% Medicine 2 1 1 2 0 6 5% Refuge 1 0 3 0 2 6 5% Life 0 3 2 0 0 5 4.16% Upward 0 0 2 0 3 5 4.16% Capability 0 0 1 3 0 4 3.33% Freedom 0 0 2 1 1 4 3.33% Breathing 2 1 0 0 0 3 2.5% Forward 0 1 2 0 0 3 2.5% Light 0 0 1 1 1 3 2.5% Youthfulness 0 0 1 1 0 2 1.66% Wakefulness 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.83% Victory 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.83% Beginning 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.83% As evidenced by the table above, the prevailing source domain for metaphors of hopelessness in the movies from the 1970s to the 2010s is ‘inability’. Specifically, during the decades of revolution and reconstruction, the concept of ‘inability’ had the highest frequency of occurrence, while in the decades of war and reformation; it was the ‘lack of possession’ that dominated. In the post-reformation era, people's perception of the society and themselves regarding hopelessness is characterized by ‘destruction’ and ‘inability.’ In the same way, the analysis of hopefulness metaphors in movies over the past five decades indicates that over the three decades of revolution, war, and reconstruction, the concept of hopefulness has been most commonly expressed in terms of ‘dynamism’, and it also plays the role of the most frequent source domain of hopefulness conceptualization in movies from 1970s to 2010s, as well. However, in the decade of reformation, the dominant perspective on hopefulness in Iranian society was centered on the concept of ‘capability’ and in the following decade, i.e. the post-reformation era, on the ‘upward’ schema. Table NO. 2 exhibits the token frequency of non-metaphorical constructions encoding hopelessness and hopefulness over the fifty-year period: Table 2 . Non-metaphorical constructions of hopelessness and hopefulness in movies Decades Non-metaphorical constructions 1970s: Decade of Revolution 1980s: Decade of War 1990s: Decade of Reconstruction 2000s: Decade of Reformation 2010s: Decade of post-reformation Total Relative Frequency HOPELESSNESS [mote'asef(am) ‘to be sorry’ ke ‘that’[X] CL ] 1 0 0 1 0 2 66.67% [heyf=e ‘alack’ [X] INF ] NP 1 0 0 0 0 1 33.33% HOPEFULNESS [[X] CL enšālā ‘God willing’ /enšālā [X] CL ] 3 0 8 3 4 18 32.14% [xodā ‘God’ [X] CL (na)konad ‘may (not) grant it’ / xodā (na)konad [X] CL ] 5 0 3 1 0 9 16.12% [del=e ‘heart of’ [X] NP xāstan ‘want’ [X] CL ] 0 4 4 1 0 9 16.07% [elāhi ‘oh God’ [X] CL ] 1 2 0 3 2 8 14.28% [[X] NP dust-dāštan ‘to like’ [X] CL ] 0 3 2 0 0 5 8.92% [omid=e ‘hope of’ [X] NP be / be omid=e [X] NP ] 0 1 1 0 1 3 5.35% [[X] NP rā bebin ‘see’ [X] CL ] 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.78% [del=e ‘heart of’ [X] NP xoš budan ‘to be happy’ [X] CL ] 1 0 0 0 0 1 1.78% [[X] NP fekr-kardan ‘to think’ [X] CL ] 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.78% [[X] NP ārezu-dāštan ‘to wish’ [X] CL ] 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.78% Based on the preceding table, constructions encoding the emotion of "hopelessness" are rare. However, similar hopefulness constructions with the more or less meaning of ‘God will do something for people’ are employed in the corpus. In this regard, the construction "[[X] enšālā / enšālā [X]]" is the most frequent one. Furthermore, this trend applies to all decades except for the 1980s. In the 1980s, there was a higher inclination to use constructions indicating the meaning ‘wish for events to occur without an attributed agent’, such as [del=e ‘heart of’ [X] NP xāstan ‘want’ [X] CL ], which exemplifies this use. Table NO. 3 summarizes the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions in the selected movies from the 1970s to the 2010s: Table 3 . Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the movies from the 1970s to the 2010s Decades Hopelessness hopefulness Difference of frequencies 1970s: Decade of Revolution 140 41 99 1980s: Decade of war 123 35 88 1990s: Decade of reconstruction 217 58 159 2000s: Decade of Reformation 275 22 253 2010s: Decade Post-reformation 289 19 270 Total 1044 175 869 As the table above illustrates, it is evident that in all decades, the frequency of hopelessness is consistently higher than that of hopefulness. Therefore, the difference between the two frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness effectively demonstrates the rate of hopelessness over time. Based on the table above, the figure NO. 3 provides a visual representation of the changing rates of hopelessness and hopefulness: As the above figure indicates, it is apparent that there has been an increasing trend of hopelessness over time in the Iranian society. However, despite the prevalence of war, governmental monitoring in production of movies starting from late 1970s (Rasekh-Mahand et al, 2017; Heydari, 2016) has contributed to a slightly lower level of hopelessness during the following decade. Another factor that contributed to the relatively lower level of hopelessness in this era was the prevailing themes in the Iranian war cinema shaped by a revolutionary perspective, grounded in religious and nationalistic ideologies; the fundamental components of this perspective are martyrdom, victimhood, seeking justice, resistance, and self-sacrifice, as outlined by Ashrafi (2017). All of these components, except victimhood, convey a sense of hopefulness in the movies of that era and, indeed, in Iranian society as a whole. On the other hand, throughout the other decades following the 1980, Iranians have demonstrated an increasing sense of hopelessness. 4-2. Stories Stories usually reflect the social, political, and cultural issues of a society, since artistic works are often inspired by their surrounding environment. In fact, works of fiction, including novels, are considered among the most important written sources for studying and understanding the social conditions of any given society. Therefore, one of the subsets of the corpus the written one in the study is the most widely read stories. The followings represent some corresponding examples: HOPELESSNESS IS DARKNESS 11) če zolmat=i dar rāh ast what black=INDF PREP way be.PRS.3GS ‘What darkness awaits?’ (Shojai, 1989:39) HOPELESSNESS IS BITTERNESS 12 )zendegi be xiyār mi-mān=ad tah=aš life PREP cucumber IND-like=PRS.3SG bottom=POSS.3SG talx ast bitter be.PRS.3SG ‘Life is similar to cucumbers, its bottom is bitter.’ (Moradi-Kermani, 2014:9) HOPELESSNESS IS ANIMAL 13) nā-omidi bar del=e yek-ā-yek=e=šān NEG-hopefulness PREP heart=EZ one-by-one=EZ=POSS.3PL čang zad scratch beat.PST.3SG ‘Hopelessness scratched their hearts one by one.’ (Sarshar , 1978:45) HOPEFULNESS IS LIGHT 14) ye lahze nur=e omid=i tu del=am INDF moment light=EZ hopefulness=INDF PREP heart=POSS.1SG rošan šod shine become.PST.3SG ‘For a moment, a light of hopefulness shone in my heart.’ (Moadab-Pur, 1999:58) HOPEFULNESS IS FREEDOM 15) in ghafas rā baršekan this cage OM break.IMP.PRS.2SG ‘Break open this cage.’ (Shahdadi, 1978:5) [badbaxtāne ‘unfortunately’ [X] CL ] ‘hopelessness’ 16) badbaxtāne dahan=aš lagh ast unfortunately mouth=POSS.3SG loose be.PRS.3SG ‘Unfortunately, he has a loose tongue.’ (Alavi, 1978:179) [xodā ‘God’ [X] NP (na)konad ‘does (not)’ / xodā ‘God’ (na)konad ‘does (not)’ [X] CL ] ‘hopefulness’ 17) xodā kon=e zud-tar šafā peydā kon=e God do=PRS.3SG soon-COM healing find do=PRS.3SG ‘God willing, may he find healing as soon as possible.’ (Ahmadzadeh, 2005:164) The table presented below displays the token frequency for each metaphorical source domain codifying the emotions of hopelessness and hopefulness in works of fiction over a fifty-year period, from the 1970s to 2010s: Table 4 . Source domains for conceptual metaphors of Hopelessness and hopefulness in stories Decades Source Domains 1970s: Decade of Revolution 1980s: Decade of War 1990s: Decade of Reconstruction 2000s: Decade of Reformation 2010s: Decade of post-reformation Total Total Relative Frequency HOPELESSNESS Inability 61 42 100 77 74 354 16.37% Destruction 17 56 48 67 85 273 12.62% Lack of Possession 15 34 69 47 55 220 10.17% Death 14 59 71 29 47 220 10.17% Malaise 22 45 46 39 47 199 9.20% Stagnation 6 33 55 33 66 193 8.92% Loneliness 28 21 21 34 44 148 6.84% Captivity 15 11 23 31 35 115 5.31% Loss of ownership 4 8 28 6 16 62 2.86% Object 8 7 10 6 18 49 2.26% Lack of refuge 8 13 3 2 19 45 2.08% Burning 3 11 19 5 6 44 2.26% Tear 4 15 6 4 9 38 1.75% End 3 5 8 7 10 33 1.52% Downward 2 3 14 6 7 32 1.48% Darkness 4 5 5 8 8 30 1.38% Animal 1 0 2 9 8 20 0.92% Bitterness 6 2 1 0 8 17 0.78% Backward 3 2 0 10 1 16 0.74% Losing 9 0 2 1 1 13 0.60% Old age 0 9 0 1 1 11 0.50% Cold 0 4 1 2 4 11 0.50% Suffocation 5 4 1 0 0 10 0.46% Proper Noun 0 0 3 2 0 5 0.23% Incurability 1 1 0 1 1 4 0.18% HOPEFULNESS Object 10 23 14 14 25 86 31.04% Dynamism 15 6 24 3 2 50 18.05% Non-loneliness 7 7 7 3 0 24 8.66% Life 7 3 7 1 4 22 7.94% Possession 4 4 4 4 4 20 7.22% Refuge 4 9 5 0 0 18 6.49% Health 6 2 4 0 2 14 5.05% Light 1 6 4 0 2 13 4.74% Freedom 5 1 2 1 1 10 3.61% Upward 1 1 2 1 0 5 1.80% Capability 2 0 0 1 0 3 1.08% Warmth 0 0 0 1 1 2 0.72% Breathing 0 0 1 0 1 2 0.72% Youthfulness 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.72% Animal 1 0 0 1 0 2 0.72% Beginning 0 1 0 1 0 2 0.72% Forward 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.36% Sweetness 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.36% The table above demonstrates that the source domain of ‘inability’ is the most frequently used metaphorical concrete domain for conveying hopelessness in works of fiction, as movies, over the fifty-year period in question. Specially, during the decades of revolution, reconstruction, and reformation ‘inability’ plays a primary role in the conceptualization of hopelessness. Conversely, during the decades of war and post-reformation, the source domains of ‘death’ and ‘destruction’, respectively, emerge as the most frequent concrete domains for the conceptualization of hopelessness. As far as the metaphors of hopefulness are concerned, the results reveal that the domain of ‘object’ is the most commonly used metaphorical source domain for expressing the concept of hopefulness in works of fiction over the past fifty years. Notably, this trend holds true for all the decades except for the decades of revolution and reconstruction, during which the most frequent metaphorical source domain for encoding hopefulness is ‘dynamism’. An analysis of constructions employed to encode hopefulness in Persian stories exhibits a significantly higher frequency and variation of such constructions in comparison to those used to convey hopelessness, as is clearly shown in the table below: Table 5. Non-metaphorical constructions of hopelessness and hopefulness in stories Decades Non-metapho- rical constructions 1970s: Decade of Revolution 1980s: Decade of War 1990s: Decade of Reconstruction 2000s: Decade of Reformation 2010s: Decade of post-reformation Total Relative Frequency HOPELESSNESS [heyf ‘alack’ ke ‘that’ [X] CL ] NP 0 2 0 3 1 6 66.66% [badbaxtāne ‘unfortunately’ [X] CL ] 3 0 0 0 0 3 33.33% HOPEFULNESS [xodā ‘God’ [X] CL (na)konad ‘may (not) grant it’ / xodā (na)konad [X] CL ] 12 10 39 8 5 74 33.18% [del=e ‘heart of’ [X] NP xāstan ‘want’ [X] CL ] 16 16 11 5 4 52 23.31% [omid(=e) (be) ‘hope of’ [X] NP be / be omid=e [X] NP ] 3 5 2 4 13 27 12.10% [[X] CL enšālā ‘God willing’ /enšālā [X] CL ] 5 11 2 3 1 22 9.86% [elāhi ‘oh God’ [X] CL ] 2 3 10 0 7 22 9.86% [[X] NP ārezu-dāštan (ke) ‘to wish (that)’ [X] CL ] 0 3 7 5 3 18 8.07% [del=e ‘heart of’ [X] NP xoš budan (ke) ‘to be happy (that)’ [X] CL ] 0 1 2 0 1 4 1.79% [kāš [X] CL ] 1 1 0 1 0 3 1.34% [be del=e [X] NP barāt-šodan [X] CL ] 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.44% The presented table indicates that non-metaphorical constructions chiefly reflect a reliance on the belief that a task will be performed by God on behalf of the individual, as evidenced by the highest frequency of the [xodā ‘God’ [X] CL (na)konad ‘may (not) grant it’ / xodā (na)konad [X] CL ] construction used to encode hopefulness. Indeed, this belief is most evident in the decades of reconstruction, reformation, and post-reformation. However, during the decades of revolution and war, individuals express a desire for external intervention beyond the realm of God. The table below provides an overview of the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the selected stories from the 1970s to the 2010s: Table 6 . Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the stories from the 1970s to the 2010s Decades Hopelessness hopefulness Difference of frequencies 1970s: Decade of Revolution 241 105 136 1980s: Decade of war 390 113 227 1990s: Decade of reconstruction 535 149 386 2000s: Decade of Reformation 428 58 370 2010s: Decade Post-reformation 571 76 495 Total 2165 501 1614 Based on the above table, in spite of fluctuations over time, the token frequency of hopelessness consistently exceeds that of hopefulness, indicating a persistent prevalence of hopelessness. The disparity between the frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness provides an effective measure of the changing rates of hopelessness over time. The following diagram provides a visual representation of these fluctuations: The diagram above demonstrates that Iranian society has exhibited a growing sense of hopelessness over time in the stories surveyed, spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s. Notably, as a consequence of the reformation atmosphere, a slight decrease in the state of hopelessness can be discerned in society during the decade of 2000s. 4-3. Official speeches and TV news The final subset of the corpus belongs to the official speeches and news broadcasts, which are considered as valuable sources for this study due to their ability to reflect prevailing issues and concerns within the society. Consequently, this section conducts an examination of the language used in the national news and official speeches over time, up to the point of theoretical saturation. The subsequent examples are drawn from this subset of the corpus: HOPELESSNESS IS OLDNESS 17) kešvar pir xāh=ad šod country old want=PST.3SG be.PST.3SG ‘The country will become old.’ HOPELESSNESS IS BACKWARD 18) ne-mi=x ā h=im dar gozašte be-mān=im NEG-IND=want=1PL PREP past SBJV-stay=PRS.1PL ‘We do not want to stay in the past.’ HOPELESSNESS IS STAGNATION 19) yek niru=i injā xāb raft-e va INDF.ART force=INDF here asleep go.PST.3GS-PTCP and ghāfel ast unaware be.PRS.3SG ‘A force is sleeping here and unaware’ HOPEFULLNESS IS FORWARD 20) ir ā n emruz neg ā h=e be ā yande d ā r=ad Iran today look=EZ PREP future have=PRS.3SG ‘Iran is looking towards the future today.’ HOPEFULLNESS IS BEGINNING 21) fasl=e jadid=i dar rav ā bet=e ir ā n b ā jah ā n chapter=EZ new=INDF PREP relations=EZ Iran PREP world ā ghaz šod-eh ast begin be.PST.3SG-PTCP be.PRS.3SG ‘A new chapter has begun in Iran's relations with the world.’ [[X] CL enšālā / enšālā [X] CL ] ‘hopefulness’ 22) enšāalāh dar in mamlekat ra=ye aksariyat God-willing PREP this country vote=EZ majority hokm-farmā be-šav=ad dominant SBJV-become=PRS.3GS ‘God willing, in this country, the majority's vote will be dominant.’ The token frequencies of the source domains for hopelessness and hopefulness conceptual metaphors in official speeches and the TV news, from the 1970s to the 2010s, can be observed in the following table: Table 7 . Source domains for conceptual metaphors of hopelessness and hopefulness in official speeches and TV news Decades Source Domains 1970s: Decade of Revolution 1980s: Decade of War 1990s: Decade of Reconstruction 2000s: Decade of Reformation 2010s: Decade of post-reformation Total Total Relative Frequency HOPELESSNESS Captivity 5 4 6 6 4 25 18.79% Destruction 0 6 0 9 8 23 17.29% Death 0 5 2 1 14 22 16.54% Malaise 2 3 0 3 4 12 9.02% Downward 0 1 0 2 7 10 7.51% Object 2 2 0 1 2 7 5.26% Bitterness 0 1 0 2 4 7 5.26% Loss of ownership 0 3 0 3 0 6 4.51% End 0 5 0 0 0 5 3.75% Stagnation 0 1 0 0 3 4 3% Backward 1 1 0 0 2 4 3% Lack of Possession 0 0 0 0 2 2 1.50% Darkness 1 1 0 0 0 2 1.50% Inability 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.75% Burning 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.75% Old age 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.75% Cold 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.75% HOPEFULNESS Object 1 6 2 1 3 13 28.26% Dynamism 6 1 5 0 1 13 28.26% Light 0 1 1 1 2 5 10.86% Freedom 1 1 3 0 0 5 10.86% Upward 2 0 3 0 0 5 10.86% Wakefulness 0 0 0 1 1 2 4.34% Forward 0 0 0 0 2 2 4.34% Beginning 0 0 0 0 1 1 2.17% The above table exhibits noteworthy patterns in the conceptualization of hopelessness in official speeches and TV news from 1970s to 2010s. Specifically, the source domain ‘captivity’ emerges as the most frequently used concrete domain in order to encode hopelessness. This tendency is particularly at work during the decades of revolution and reconstruction. Contrarily, in the decades of war and reformation, the domain of ‘destruction’ assumes a prominent role in the conceptualization of hopelessness. Notably, in the post-reformation era, the concrete domain of ‘death’ demonstrates the highest token frequency for conveying the sense of hopelessness. The aforementioned table provides obvious evidence that hopefulness is chiefly conceptualized using the domains of ‘dynamism’ and ‘object’. This pattern is particularly conspicuous during the decades of revolution and reconstruction for the domain of ‘dynamism’, and in the war and post-reformation decades for the domain of ‘object’. It is remarkable that during the era of reformation, almost concrete domains encoding hopefulness exhibit an almost equal token frequency. In the news and official speeches, only one instance of non-metaphorical construction of hopefulness "[enšālā [X] CL ]" is identified during the 1970s. The following table indicates the fluctuating rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the TV news and official speeches spanning the period from the 1970s to 2010s: Table 8 . Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the official speeches and TV news from the 1970s to the 2010s Decades Hopelessness hopefulness Difference of frequencies 1970s: Decade of Revolution 10 11 +1 1980s: Decade of war 35 9 26 1990s: Decade of reconstruction 8 14 +6 2000s: Decade of Reformation 28 3 25 2010s: Decade Post-reformation 51 10 41 Total 132 47 85 In the table above, it is apparent that in contrast to the other subsets of the corpus, the token frequency of hopefulness surpasses that of hopelessness in TV news and official speeches during the 1970s and the 1990s. Therefore, the difference in frequency numbers presented in the table indicates the rate of hopelessness for each decade, excluding these decades which are denoted with a "+" symbol to show the rate of hopefulness in those periods. Conversely, the diagram below portrays the hopelessness rate with a green line; notably, these two decades indicate a negative value, signifying the lack of hopelessness and the existence of hopefulness. According to the diagram depicted above, a noticeable degree of hopefulness is visible within society during two decades, namely the 1970s and 1990s. This can be ascribed to the influence of revolutionary movements and reconstruction efforts, respectively. However, in the residual decades, a clear presence and increase of hopelessness can be observed. 5. Discussion In the preceding section, an illustration was provided regarding the fluctuating rates of hopelessness and hopefulness observed across all subsets of the corpus, including movies, stories, official speeches, and TV news. Nevertheless, the hypothesis brought up in the study, which asserts that "Iranians presently are experiencing significantly greater levels of hopelessness compared to the past," is not convincingly supported or refuted. Consequently, the following figure (6) presents a comprehensive representation of the cumulative token frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness metaphors, as well as non-metaphorical constructions, within each decade for the three subsets of the corpus. In every decade, there is an evident prevalence of hopelessness over hopefulness, as illustrated by the token frequency analysis. The difference between these two concepts is quantified by the numerical value depicted by the green line, signifying the magnitude of hopelessness. In the light of the aforementioned figure, the Iranian society has undergone a highly remarkable and consistent trend of increasing hopelessness over the past five decades. Therefore, the hypothesis put forth by the study is strongly supported. Various factors, including economic difficulties, cultural issues, sanctions, class disparities, and some more, have directed the Iranian society towards a state of hopelessness. In order to present the comprehensive cognitive model of Iranians concerning hopelessness and hopefulness, it is imperative that we acquire the total token frequencies of source domains for metaphors and linguistic construction schemas used to encode hopelessness and hopefulness throughout the entire corpus. Such an endeavor will facilitate a deeper understanding of how Iranians conceptualize hope. This can be achieved by making use of the tables presented in the preceding sections. In this regard, Iranians conceptualize hopelessness through the notion of ‘inability’, while hopefulness is characterized by ‘object’ and the ‘reliance on another entity’. 6. Conclusions In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness within the Iranian society, spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s, employing a cognitive linguistic perspective. In order to achieve this, we analyzed an extensive corpus, encompassing top-grossing movies, best-selling books, as well as the TV news broadcasts and speeches delivered by officials in each decade. Through examining the token frequency of metaphors and linguistic constructions associated with hopelessness and hopefulness in each era, we discovered a pervasive and notably increasing sense of hopelessness experienced by the Iranian society during this timeframe. Furthermore, our research shed light on the cognitive conceptualization of hopelessness among Iranians, where the more concrete source domain of ‘inability’ was employed to encode hopelessness, representing a perceived lack of capability or competence. In contrast, the conceptual framework of hopefulness codification is characterized by the cognitive elements of an ‘object’ and the ‘reliance on another entity’. This framework illustrates that hopefulness is regarded as something tangible, exemplified by its existence, occupation, and possession, while also relying on external entities for support. Abbreviations ART = article; COM = comparative; EZ = Ezafe; IND = indicative; INDF = indefinite; NEG = negative; OM = object marker; PRS= present; PST = past; PTCP = participle; PL = plural; POSS= possessive; PREP = preposition; REL = relativizer; SG = singular; SBJV = subjunctive; 1 = first person; 2 = second person; 3 = third person. 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Death Studies, 39 (7), 442–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.970300 Footnotes The names of the movies and stories used as sources in the corpus have been compiled in the Appendix. However, in order to protect the privacy of the individuals who delivered the speeches, their names have been withheld. Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4001235 Supplementary Files Appendix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4001235","formattedTitle":"Hopefulness and hopelessness rate in Iranian society: a cognitive view","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is supposed that Iranians are currently experiencing considerably much more hopelessness than in the past. This emotion of hopelessness, negative expectations towards the future (Beck et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e) and inability to provide gratification (Akhtar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) is the primary cause of daily suicides and suicidal ideations (Beck et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Wetzel et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Fergusson et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Troister et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the widespread occurrence of depression in society, the prevalence of lethargy among individuals, and the loss of self-esteem are some of the other hopelessness consequences (Fergusson et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Nolen-Hoeksema \u0026amp; Hilt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tandon \u0026amp; Solomon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Henceforth, the ingrained hypothesis among Iranians and scholars suggesting significant increase in hopelessness through time within the Iranian society necessitates this investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its remarkable importance, a limited amount of literature is available on hopelessness in various fields of study. For example, psychoanalytic literature directly related to hopelessness is extremely scarce (Akhtar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e:9; 2017:114). In fact, the term \"hopelessness\" appears only twice in the entire corpus of Freud's work (Guttman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, within the field of linguistics, there is a dearth of research specifically focused on the topic hope. Within the realm of natural language, this topic has not been examined in Persian; however, there are a constrained number of studies within the domain of Persian literary language (Ghavam \u0026amp; Hashemi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Noorian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Iranzadeh \u0026amp; Arsh-Akmal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Qobadi \u0026amp; Kolahchian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Naseri \u0026amp; Ghoreishi, 2013). Likewise, the investigation of hopelessness and hopefulness in natural language has not received prominent attention from researchers in languages other than Persian, with the exception of a few synchronic studies (Lakoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Quigley \u0026amp; Christianson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Tissari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Šarič, 2020). Moreover, it should be noted that the study of hope in the literary genre of other languages has been also the topic of scholarly attention (for example see Ruiz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Cairns, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, this study seemingly represents the first research endeavor that seeks to examine the concepts of hopelessness and hopefulness as well as their evolution dynamics within Iranian society in modern times using non-literary Persian.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a particular sense, language serves as a mirror which reflects the characteristics of a society. In fact, as language is the result of human cognition and social interactions (Langacker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), every frequent concept in a society is usually encoded in language. For instance, the prevailing emotional state of a society, whether it is one of hopelessness or hopefulness, can be conveyed through language. As a matter of fact, by means of linguistic examination of these concepts, we can achieve a deeper and thorough comprehension of their operational and evolutionary dynamics within a society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese encoded concepts are manifested in linguistic constructions, in other words, the conventionalized pairings of form and function (Goldberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e:3), whether metaphorical or non-metaphorical. Due to the fact that emotions are frequently abstract in nature, language often makes use of conceptual metaphors to facilitate their comprehension. Indeed, concrete domains are employed to conceptualize abstract domains. In addition to conceptual metaphors, specific non-metaphorical constructions are used to encode emotions. In this study, the token frequency of such metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions pertaining to emotions, including hopelessness and hopefulness, represents a valuable metric for investigating the rate of emotions in a particular society both at a given time and through time. Besides, conducting a qualitative analysis of these constructions provides valuable insights into the cognitive model of hope among Iranians. Accordingly, the present research is constructed upon the theoretical foundations of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as propounded by K\u0026ouml;vecses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and the framework of Construction Grammar.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Construction Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor Theory","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present section is dedicated to a comprehensive discussion of two concepts, namely Construction Grammar and Conceptual Metaphor, with the aim of illustrating how language encodes diverse concepts. The discourse initiates with an exposition on the Construction Grammar, followed by an analysis of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2-1. Construction Grammar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the span of more than three decades, a noticeable increase in the interest towards language approaches that are based on construction has been observed (for example Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 2005; Goldberg, 2006; Hilpert, 2008; Goldberg \u0026amp; Herbst, 2021; Meshkinfam et al, 2022). All the constructionist approaches are subsumed under the overarching term of Construction Grammar. Therefore, at present there does not exist one single Construction Grammar (Hoffmann \u0026amp; Trousdale, 2011:4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Construction Grammar functions on the assumption that all levels of grammar encompass constructions. By construction, we refer to the conventionalized pairings of form and meaning (Hoffmann \u0026amp; Trousdale, 2011:2; Goldberg \u0026amp; Herbst, 2021:285). The subsequent figure exemplifies a construction:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll constructionist take all levels of grammatical description to involve a structured default inheritance network of constructions (Goldberg, 2006:215). The constructions are not merely listed; however, they constitute a structured inventory within the mental framework of the speakers (Croft \u0026amp; Cruse 2004:262-265). In order to provide a concrete instance, a morphological construction can be demonstrated using the following structure (Booij, 2010:2):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) [[x]\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e er]\u003csub\u003eN\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lsquo;one who Vs\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstructions can be classified into two distinct categories: metaphorical and non-metaphorical. The former can be identified by means of the Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse, which was presented by Pragglejaz (2007). The method (MIP) involves the following procedure (Pragglejaz, 2007:3):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Read the entire text\u0026ndash;discourse to establish a general understanding of the meaning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Determine the lexical units in the text\u0026ndash;discourse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(a) For each lexical unit in the text, establish its meaning in context, that is, how it applies to an entity, relation, or attribute in the situation evoked by the text (contextual meaning). Take into account what comes before and after the lexical unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) For each lexical unit, determine if it has a more basic contemporary meaning in other contexts than the one in the given context. Basic meanings are not necessarily the most frequent meanings of the lexical unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c) If the lexical unit has a more basic current\u0026ndash;contemporary meaning in other contexts than the given context, decide whether the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic meaning but can be understood in comparison with it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. If yes, mark the lexical unit as metaphorical, otherwise, as non-metaphorical.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe forthcoming section will illuminate the mechanism of metaphorical constructions, which are discussed within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2-2. Conceptual Metaphor Theory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetaphor constitutes a fundamental area of inquiry within the field of cognitive linguistics. By conceptual metaphor, we mean a set of correspondences between a more physical source domain and a more abstract target domain (Lakoff \u0026amp; Johnason, 1980; K\u0026ouml;vecses, 2002; 2010; 2020). In effect, a domain transfer, from more tangible to more abstract, takes place on the basis of shared or akin semantic characteristics. Accordingly, a conceptual metaphor denotes the comprehension of a given concept or domain in relation to another. The mechanism by which conceptual metaphor operates can be demonstrated by figure (2) as follows:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK\u0026ouml;vecses (2020:47) construes the conceptual metaphor as consisting of four distinct levels: the image schema, domain, frame, and mental space. In order to explain this notion, he employs a part of Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare as an example and expounds upon each level of love conceptualization as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;\u0026lsquo;Shall I compare thee to a summer\u0026rsquo;s day?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThou art more lovely and more temperate: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRough winds do shake the darling buds of May, \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnd summer\u0026rsquo;s lease hath all too short a date; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1- Image schema:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINTENSITY IS HEAT / COLD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2- Domain:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEMOTION IS TEMPERATURE: INTENSITY OF EMOTION IS DEGREE OF HEAT / COLD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3- Frame:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLOVE IS FIRE: LOVE\u0026rsquo;S INTENSITY IS THE DEGREE OF HEAT OF FIRE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4- Mental space:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTHE FLUCTUATION IN THE INTENSITY OF THE POET\u0026rsquo;S LOVE IS THE FLUCTUATION IN THE DEGREE OF A SUMMER DAY\u0026rsquo;S HEAT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sentences presented below serve as other examples of the conceptual metaphor:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) I \u003cem\u003edemolished\u003c/em\u003e his argument (ARGUMENT IS WAR) (Lakoff \u0026amp; Johnson 1980:5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) I don\u0026apos;t \u003cem\u003ehave\u003c/em\u003e the time to \u003cem\u003egive out\u003c/em\u003e (TIME IS MONEY) (Lakoff \u0026amp; Johnson 1980:8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study endeavors to employ the aforementioned theoretical frameworks to identify and analyze metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions pertaining to hopelessness and hopefulness within the selected corpus of this study, expounded upon in the subsequent section, in order to determine the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society through time and also the cognitive model of hope within the Iranian population over the course of time. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study aims to investigate the changing rate and cognitive model of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society across the passage of time through language based on a selected corpus. The analysis will encompass a period spanning five decades, during which the concept of hope has undergone considerable changes in the corpus. The selected decades have been chosen on the basis of their socio-political events and are the primary focus of the investigation, as outlined below: \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 1990s: Decade of reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- 2010s: Decade of post-reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe corpus for this study includes a selection of 6 best-selling stories and movies from each decade, with a total of 30 for each category, obtained using a systematic random sampling method. Additionally, official speeches and the TV news have been incorporated into the corpus to the extent of theoretical saturation and existence\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we have conducted a thorough analysis of the metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions associated with hopelessness and hopefulness. From a quantitative point of view, the token frequency of these constructions has been determined over the five selected decades in order to ascertain the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society using the statistical tools of mean and relative frequency. Notably, the token frequency has been defined as the number of linguistic elements that appear in a given corpus (Croft, 2003; Haspelmath, 2008). Furthermore, the cognitive model of Iranians regarding hope has been presented from a qualitative standpoint, elucidating how Iranians conceptualize the concepts of hopelessness and hopefulness over the fifty-year period through the analysis of aforementioned linguistic constructions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions under investigation are derived from the corpus comprising of movies, stories, TV news, and official speeches. Efforts are made to systematically classify these constructions into distinct categories in order to measure their respective token frequency. The results are presented in tables based on conceptual source domains and the entrenched constructions schemas in each decade. Furthermore, some figures are employed to depict the total frequency of metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions over a period of five decades revealing the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness. Given the infeasibility of presenting the entire dataset, only some examples are provided for each subset of the corpus. Specifically, three metaphorical instances are included to indicate hopelessness, while two metaphorical ones are provided for hopefulness. In addition, one non-metaphorical construction example is given for hopelessness and hopefulness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4-1. Movies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMovies are one of the best available sources for examining the language, culture, and social conditions of a society. This is due to the fact that movies reflect the social reality of a given particular time of a society. In fact, nothing is as valuable as the analysis of the movies produced and displayed in a society, in addition to field research, for penetrating the inner layers of a community (Jarvie, 1970:103). This is the reason why movies are included within the selected subsets of the corpus in this study. In this paper, the convention for citing movies involves first providing the title of the movie, followed by the specific time in the movie when the linguistic material is attested. Some examples of metaphors and non-metaphorical constructions encoding hopelessness and hopefulness in movies are provided below:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS INABILITY\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4) Be \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; xodā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;sangin=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;barā=m \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ne-mi-tun=am \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; God \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;heavy=be.PRS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;for=POSS.1SG \u0026nbsp;NEG-IND-able=1SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003evāqean \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ne-mi-ke\u0026scaron;=am\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ereally \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;NEG-IND-pull=1SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;I swear to God, it is difficult for me, I cannot really tolerate.\u0026rsquo; (Kandu, 1975, 00:23:41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS DEATH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5) man \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;āxar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; az \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dast=et \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;degh-marg \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; mi-\u0026scaron;=am\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; end \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;hand=POSS.2SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; agonizing-death \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;IND-become=1SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Eventually, I will die an agonizing death because of you.\u0026rsquo; (\u0026Scaron;iyār-e 143, 2013, 00:32:11)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS CAPTIVITY\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6) hame=ye \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;donyā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;čāhār-divāri=ye\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;all=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; world \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; four-wall=be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026lsquo;The whole world is a walled enclosure.\u0026rsquo; (Eterāz, 1999, 00:05:26) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULNESS IS REFUGE\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7) tufān \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; harif=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;man \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; nist \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; vaghti \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estorm \u0026nbsp;opponent=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;not-be.PRS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; when \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eto \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;nāxodā=i\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; helmsman=be.PRS.2SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;I do not have to worry about any storms when you are my helmsman.\u0026rsquo; (Dar Emtedād-e \u0026Scaron;ab, 1977, 00:05:13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULNESS IS OBJECT\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8) če \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; xub=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;del-ā=mun \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;az \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; omid \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhat \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; good=be.PRS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;heart-PL=POSS.1PL \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;hope \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003epor=e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efull=be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;It is great that we are filled with hope\u0026rsquo; (Santuri, 2010, 00:08:40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e[heyf \u0026lsquo;alack\u0026rsquo;=e [X]\u003csub\u003eINF\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lsquo;hopelessness\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9) heyf=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dust-dā\u0026scaron;tan=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; kas=i \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ke \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026scaron;āyestegi=ye\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ealack=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; lilke-have=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;someone=REL \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; who \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; worthiness=EZ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edust-dā\u0026scaron;tan=o \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;na-dār=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elike-have=OM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; NEG-have=be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;It is unfortunate to love someone who does not deserve being loved\u0026rsquo; (Dar Emtedād-e \u0026Scaron;ab, 1977, 00:32:12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e en\u0026scaron;ālā / en\u0026scaron;ālā [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e] \u0026lsquo;hopefulness\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e10) en\u0026scaron;ālāh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;pāy=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ham \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;pir \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026scaron;=id\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGod-willing \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;foot=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;each-other \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;old \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; become=PRS.2SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;God willing, may you grow old together\u0026rsquo; (Ghermez, 1999, 00:28:28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn table 1, one can find the frequency analysis of the source domains for metaphors of hopelessness and hopefulness in the movies spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e. Source domains for conceptual metaphors of Hopelessness and hopefulness in movies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Decades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Source \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Domains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of Reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade of\u0026nbsp;post-reformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Relative Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPELESSNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Possession\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDestruction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.39%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStagnation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.71%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of ownership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of refuge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDarkness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDownward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLosing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncurability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProper Noun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBackward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCold\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBitterness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPEFULNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDynamism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePossession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.66%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-loneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.69%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefuge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreathing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYouthfulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWakefulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVictory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeginning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs evidenced by the table above, the prevailing source domain for metaphors of hopelessness in the movies from the 1970s to the 2010s is \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo;. Specifically, during the decades of revolution and reconstruction, the concept of \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo; had the highest frequency of occurrence, while in the decades of war and reformation; it was the \u0026lsquo;lack of possession\u0026rsquo; that dominated. In the post-reformation era, people\u0026apos;s perception of the society and themselves regarding hopelessness is characterized by \u0026lsquo;destruction\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;inability.\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the same way, the analysis of hopefulness metaphors in movies over the past five decades indicates that over the three decades of revolution, war, and reconstruction, the concept of hopefulness has been most commonly expressed in terms of \u0026lsquo;dynamism\u0026rsquo;, and it also plays the role of the most frequent source domain of hopefulness conceptualization in movies from 1970s to 2010s, as well. However, in the decade of reformation, the dominant perspective on hopefulness in Iranian society was centered on the concept of \u0026lsquo;capability\u0026rsquo; and in the following decade, i.e. the post-reformation era, on the \u0026lsquo;upward\u0026rsquo; schema. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable NO. 2 exhibits the token frequency of non-metaphorical constructions encoding hopelessness and hopefulness over the fifty-year period: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Non-metaphorical constructions of hopelessness and hopefulness in movies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Decades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Non-metaphorical constructions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of Reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade of\u0026nbsp;post-reformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPELESSNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[mote\u0026apos;asef(am) \u0026lsquo;to be sorry\u0026rsquo; ke \u0026lsquo;that\u0026rsquo;[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.67%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[heyf=e \u0026lsquo;alack\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eINF\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPEFULNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e en\u0026scaron;ālā \u0026lsquo;God willing\u0026rsquo; /en\u0026scaron;ālā \u0026nbsp;[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[xodā \u0026lsquo;God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e (na)konad \u0026lsquo;may (not) grant it\u0026rsquo; / xodā (na)konad [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[del=e \u0026lsquo;heart of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e xāstan \u0026lsquo;want\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.07%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[elāhi \u0026lsquo;oh God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e dust-dā\u0026scaron;tan \u0026lsquo;to like\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.92%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;[omid=e \u0026lsquo;hope of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e be / be omid=e [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e rā bebin \u0026lsquo;see\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[del=e \u0026lsquo;heart of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e xo\u0026scaron; budan \u0026lsquo;to be happy\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e fekr-kardan \u0026lsquo;to think\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e ārezu-dā\u0026scaron;tan \u0026lsquo;to wish\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the preceding table, constructions encoding the emotion of \u0026quot;hopelessness\u0026quot; are rare. However, similar hopefulness constructions with the more or less meaning of \u0026lsquo;God will do something for people\u0026rsquo; are employed in the corpus. In this regard, the construction \u0026quot;[[X] en\u0026scaron;ālā / en\u0026scaron;ālā [X]]\u0026quot; is the most frequent one.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, this trend applies to all decades except for the 1980s. In the 1980s, there was a higher inclination to use constructions indicating the meaning \u0026lsquo;wish for events to occur without an attributed agent\u0026rsquo;, such as [del=e \u0026lsquo;heart of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e xāstan \u0026lsquo;want\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e], which exemplifies this use. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable NO. 3 summarizes the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness metaphorical and non-metaphorical constructions in the selected movies from the 1970s to the 2010s:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e. Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the movies from the 1970s to the 2010s\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHopelessness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehopefulness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference of frequencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of war\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade Post-reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the table above illustrates, it is evident that in all decades, the frequency of hopelessness is consistently higher than that of hopefulness. Therefore, the difference between the two frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness effectively demonstrates the rate of hopelessness over time. Based on the table above, the figure NO. 3 provides a visual representation of the changing rates of hopelessness and hopefulness: \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the above figure indicates, it is apparent that there has been an increasing trend of hopelessness over time in the Iranian society. However, despite the prevalence of war, governmental monitoring in production of movies starting from late 1970s (Rasekh-Mahand et al, 2017; Heydari, 2016) has contributed to a slightly lower level of hopelessness during the following decade. Another factor that contributed to the relatively lower level of hopelessness in this era was the prevailing themes in the Iranian war cinema shaped by a revolutionary perspective, grounded in religious and nationalistic ideologies; the fundamental components of this perspective are martyrdom, victimhood, seeking justice, resistance, and self-sacrifice, as outlined by Ashrafi (2017). All of these components, except victimhood, convey a sense of hopefulness in the movies of that era and, indeed, in Iranian society as a whole. On the other hand, throughout the other decades following the 1980, Iranians have demonstrated an increasing sense of hopelessness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4-2. Stories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStories usually reflect the social, political, and cultural issues of a society, since artistic works are often inspired by their surrounding environment. In fact, works of fiction, including novels, are considered among the most important written sources for studying and understanding the social conditions of any given society. Therefore, one of the subsets of the corpus the written one in the study is the most widely read stories. The followings represent some corresponding examples:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS DARKNESS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11) če \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; zolmat=i \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;dar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; rāh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ast\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhat \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; black=INDF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;way \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;be.PRS.3GS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;What darkness awaits?\u0026rsquo; (Shojai, 1989:39)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS BITTERNESS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12 )zendegi \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;xiyār \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;mi-mān=ad \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; tah=a\u0026scaron; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elife \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;cucumber \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;IND-like=PRS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;bottom=POSS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etalx \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ast\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebitter \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Life is similar to cucumbers, its bottom is bitter.\u0026rsquo; (Moradi-Kermani, 2014:9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS ANIMAL\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e13) nā-omidi \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; bar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; del=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; yek-ā-yek=e=\u0026scaron;ān\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNEG-hopefulness \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;heart=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; one-by-one=EZ=POSS.3PL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ečang \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; zad\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003escratch \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; beat.PST.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Hopelessness scratched their hearts one by one.\u0026rsquo; (Sarshar\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e 1978:45)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULNESS IS LIGHT\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14) ye \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; lahze \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;nur=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; omid=i \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;tu \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; del=am \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINDF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; moment \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;light=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; hopefulness=INDF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;heart=POSS.1SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ero\u0026scaron;an \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026scaron;od\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eshine \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; become.PST.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;For a moment, a light of hopefulness shone in my heart.\u0026rsquo; (Moadab-Pur, 1999:58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULNESS IS FREEDOM\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e15) in \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ghafas \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; rā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; bar\u0026scaron;ekan \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethis \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;cage \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; OM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;break.IMP.PRS.2SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Break open this cage.\u0026rsquo; (Shahdadi, 1978:5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e[badbaxtāne \u0026lsquo;unfortunately\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e] \u0026lsquo;hopelessness\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16) badbaxtāne \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;dahan=a\u0026scaron; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; lagh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ast\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eunfortunately \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; mouth=POSS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;loose \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Unfortunately, he has a loose tongue.\u0026rsquo; (Alavi, 1978:179)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e[xodā \u0026lsquo;God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e (na)konad \u0026lsquo;does (not)\u0026rsquo; / xodā \u0026lsquo;God\u0026rsquo; (na)konad \u0026lsquo;does (not)\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u0026nbsp;\u0026lsquo;hopefulness\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17) xodā \u0026nbsp; kon=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;zud-tar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026scaron;afā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; peydā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;kon=e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGod \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; do=PRS.3SG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; soon-COM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; healing \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; find \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;do=PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;God willing, may he find healing as soon as possible.\u0026rsquo; (Ahmadzadeh, 2005:164)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table presented below displays the token frequency for each metaphorical source domain codifying the emotions of hopelessness and hopefulness in works of fiction over a fifty-year period, from the 1970s to 2010s:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Source domains for conceptual metaphors of Hopelessness and hopefulness in stories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Decades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource Domains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of Reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade of\u0026nbsp;post-reformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Relative Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPELESSNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.37%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDestruction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Possession\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.17%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.17%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStagnation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.92%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoneliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of ownership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of refuge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e0.46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProper Noun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncurability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCapability\u003c/p\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeginning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweetness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table above demonstrates that the source domain of \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo; is the most frequently used metaphorical concrete domain for conveying hopelessness in works of fiction, as movies, over the fifty-year period in question. Specially, during the decades of revolution, reconstruction, and reformation \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo; plays a primary role in the conceptualization of hopelessness. Conversely, during the decades of war and post-reformation, the source domains of \u0026lsquo;death\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;destruction\u0026rsquo;, respectively, emerge as the most frequent concrete domains for the conceptualization of hopelessness. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs far as the metaphors of hopefulness are concerned, the results reveal that the domain of \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo; is the most commonly used metaphorical source domain for expressing the concept of hopefulness in works of fiction over the past fifty years. Notably, this trend holds true for all the decades except for the decades of revolution and reconstruction, during which the most frequent metaphorical source domain for encoding hopefulness is \u0026lsquo;dynamism\u0026rsquo;. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of constructions employed to encode hopefulness in Persian stories exhibits a significantly higher frequency and variation of such constructions in comparison to those used to convey hopelessness, as is clearly shown in the table below:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Non-metaphorical constructions of hopelessness and hopefulness in stories\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Decades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Non-metapho-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erical constructions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of Reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade of\u0026nbsp;post-reformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPELESSNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[heyf \u0026lsquo;alack\u0026rsquo; ke \u0026lsquo;that\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.66%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[badbaxtāne \u0026lsquo;unfortunately\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPEFULNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[xodā \u0026lsquo;God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e (na)konad \u0026lsquo;may (not) grant it\u0026rsquo; / xodā (na)konad [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[del=e \u0026lsquo;heart of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e xāstan \u0026lsquo;want\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.31%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;[omid(=e) (be) \u0026lsquo;hope of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e be / be omid=e [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e en\u0026scaron;ālā \u0026lsquo;God willing\u0026rsquo; /en\u0026scaron;ālā \u0026nbsp;[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[elāhi \u0026lsquo;oh God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e ārezu-dā\u0026scaron;tan (ke) \u0026lsquo;to wish (that)\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.07%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[del=e \u0026lsquo;heart of\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e xo\u0026scaron; budan (ke) \u0026lsquo;to be happy (that)\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[kā\u0026scaron; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.77319587628866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[be del=e [X]\u003csub\u003eNP\u003c/sub\u003e barāt-\u0026scaron;odan [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presented table indicates that non-metaphorical constructions chiefly reflect a reliance on the belief that a task will be performed by God on behalf of the individual, as evidenced by the highest frequency of the [xodā \u0026lsquo;God\u0026rsquo; [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e (na)konad \u0026lsquo;may (not) grant it\u0026rsquo; / xodā (na)konad [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e] construction used to encode hopefulness. Indeed, this belief is most evident in the decades of reconstruction, reformation, and post-reformation. However, during the decades of revolution and war, individuals express a desire for external intervention beyond the realm of God. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe table below provides an overview of the rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the selected stories from the 1970s to the 2010s:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e. Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the stories from the 1970s to the 2010s\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHopelessness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehopefulness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference of frequencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of war\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade Post-reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above table, in spite of fluctuations over time, the token frequency of hopelessness consistently exceeds that of hopefulness, indicating a persistent prevalence of hopelessness. The disparity between the frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness provides an effective measure of the changing rates of hopelessness over time. The following diagram provides a visual representation of these fluctuations:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagram above demonstrates that Iranian society has exhibited a growing sense of hopelessness over time in the stories surveyed, spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s. Notably, as a consequence of the reformation atmosphere, a slight decrease in the state of hopelessness can be discerned in society during the decade of 2000s. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4-3. Official speeches and TV news\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final subset of the corpus belongs to the official speeches and news broadcasts, which are considered as valuable sources for this study due to their ability to reflect prevailing issues and concerns within the society. Consequently, this section conducts an examination of the language used in the national news and official speeches over time, up to the point of theoretical saturation. The subsequent examples are drawn from this subset of the corpus:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS OLDNESS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17) ke\u0026scaron;var \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; pir \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;xāh=ad \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026scaron;od\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecountry \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; old \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; want=PST.3SG be.PST.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;The country will become old.\u0026rsquo; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS BACKWARD\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e18) ne-mi=x\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eh=im \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;dar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; goza\u0026scaron;te \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;be-mān=im\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNEG-IND=want=1PL \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;past \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; SBJV-stay=PRS.1PL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;We do not want to stay in the past.\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPELESSNESS IS STAGNATION\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e19) yek \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;niru=i \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; injā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;xāb \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; raft-e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; va \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINDF.ART \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;force=INDF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;here \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; asleep \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;go.PST.3GS-PTCP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; and\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eghāfel \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ast\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eunaware \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;A force is sleeping here and unaware\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULLNESS IS FORWARD\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e20) ir\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; emruz \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;neg\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eh=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;be \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyande\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003er=ad\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIran \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;today \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; look=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;future \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;have=PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Iran is looking towards the future today.\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHOPEFULLNESS IS BEGINNING\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e21) fasl=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; jadid=i \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; rav\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebet=e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ir\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; b\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; jah\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echapter=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;new=INDF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;relations=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Iran \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;world\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eā\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eghaz \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026scaron;od-eh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; ast\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebegin \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;be.PST.3SG-PTCP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be.PRS.3SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;A new chapter has begun in Iran\u0026apos;s relations with the world.\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e[[X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e en\u0026scaron;ālā / en\u0026scaron;ālā [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e] \u0026lsquo;hopefulness\u0026rsquo;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e22) en\u0026scaron;āalāh \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dar \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; in \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; mamlekat \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;ra=ye \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;aksariyat \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGod-willing \u0026nbsp;PREP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;this \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;country \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;vote=EZ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; majority\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ehokm-farmā \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; be-\u0026scaron;av=ad\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edominant \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; SBJV-become=PRS.3GS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;God willing, in this country, the majority\u0026apos;s vote will be dominant.\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe token frequencies of the source domains for hopelessness and hopefulness conceptual metaphors in official speeches and the TV news, from the 1970s to the 2010s, can be observed in the following table:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e. Source domains for conceptual metaphors of hopelessness and hopefulness in official speeches and TV news\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource Domains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of War\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of Reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade of\u0026nbsp;post-reformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Relative Frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPELESSNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.79%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDestruction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.29%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.54%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDownward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBitterness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss of ownership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStagnation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBackward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Possession\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDarkness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCold\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOPEFULNESS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDynamism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWakefulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForward\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeginning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe above table exhibits noteworthy patterns in the conceptualization of hopelessness in official speeches and TV news from 1970s to 2010s. Specifically, the source domain \u0026lsquo;captivity\u0026rsquo; emerges as the most frequently used concrete domain in order to encode hopelessness. This tendency is particularly at work during the decades of revolution and reconstruction. Contrarily, in the decades of war and reformation, the domain of \u0026lsquo;destruction\u0026rsquo; assumes a prominent role in the conceptualization of hopelessness. Notably, in the post-reformation era, the concrete domain of \u0026lsquo;death\u0026rsquo; demonstrates the highest token frequency for conveying the sense of hopelessness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aforementioned table provides obvious evidence that hopefulness is chiefly conceptualized using the domains of \u0026lsquo;dynamism\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo;. This pattern is particularly conspicuous during the decades of revolution and reconstruction for the domain of \u0026lsquo;dynamism\u0026rsquo;, and in the war and post-reformation decades for the domain of \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo;. It is remarkable that during the era of reformation, almost concrete domains encoding hopefulness exhibit an almost equal token frequency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the news and official speeches, only one instance of non-metaphorical construction of hopefulness \u0026quot;[en\u0026scaron;ālā [X]\u003csub\u003eCL\u003c/sub\u003e]\u0026quot; is identified during the 1970s. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following table indicates the fluctuating rate of hopelessness and hopefulness in the TV news and official speeches spanning the period from the 1970s to 2010s:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e. Hopelessness and hopefulness frequencies in the official speeches and TV news from the 1970s to the 2010s\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHopelessness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehopefulness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference of frequencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1970s: Decade of Revolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980s: Decade of war\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990s: Decade of reconstruction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000s: Decade of Reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010s: Decade Post-reformation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the table above, it is apparent that in contrast to the other subsets of the corpus, the token frequency of hopefulness surpasses that of hopelessness in TV news and official speeches during the 1970s and the 1990s. Therefore, the difference in frequency numbers presented in the table indicates the rate of hopelessness for each decade, excluding these decades which are denoted with a \u0026quot;+\u0026quot; symbol to show the rate of hopefulness in those periods. Conversely, the diagram below portrays the hopelessness rate with a green line; notably, these two decades indicate a negative value, signifying the lack of hopelessness and the existence of hopefulness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the diagram depicted above, a noticeable degree of hopefulness is visible within society during two decades, namely the 1970s and 1990s. This can be ascribed to the influence of revolutionary movements and reconstruction efforts, respectively. However, in the residual decades, a clear presence and increase of hopelessness can be observed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the preceding section, an illustration was provided regarding the fluctuating rates of hopelessness and hopefulness observed across all subsets of the corpus, including movies, stories, official speeches, and TV news. Nevertheless, the hypothesis brought up in the study, which asserts that \"Iranians presently are experiencing significantly greater levels of hopelessness compared to the past,\" is not convincingly supported or refuted. Consequently, the following figure (6) presents a comprehensive representation of the cumulative token frequencies of hopelessness and hopefulness metaphors, as well as non-metaphorical constructions, within each decade for the three subsets of the corpus. In every decade, there is an evident prevalence of hopelessness over hopefulness, as illustrated by the token frequency analysis. The difference between these two concepts is quantified by the numerical value depicted by the green line, signifying the magnitude of hopelessness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the light of the aforementioned figure, the Iranian society has undergone a highly remarkable and consistent trend of increasing hopelessness over the past five decades. Therefore, the hypothesis put forth by the study is strongly supported. Various factors, including economic difficulties, cultural issues, sanctions, class disparities, and some more, have directed the Iranian society towards a state of hopelessness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to present the comprehensive cognitive model of Iranians concerning hopelessness and hopefulness, it is imperative that we acquire the total token frequencies of source domains for metaphors and linguistic construction schemas used to encode hopelessness and hopefulness throughout the entire corpus. Such an endeavor will facilitate a deeper understanding of how Iranians conceptualize hope. This can be achieved by making use of the tables presented in the preceding sections. In this regard, Iranians conceptualize hopelessness through the notion of \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo;, while hopefulness is characterized by \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo; and the \u0026lsquo;reliance on another entity\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the changing rate of hopelessness and hopefulness within the Iranian society, spanning from the 1970s to the 2010s, employing a cognitive linguistic perspective. In order to achieve this, we analyzed an extensive corpus, encompassing top-grossing movies, best-selling books, as well as the TV news broadcasts and speeches delivered by officials in each decade. Through examining the token frequency of metaphors and linguistic constructions associated with hopelessness and hopefulness in each era, we discovered a pervasive and notably increasing sense of hopelessness experienced by the Iranian society during this timeframe. Furthermore, our research shed light on the cognitive conceptualization of hopelessness among Iranians, where the more concrete source domain of \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo; was employed to encode hopelessness, representing a perceived lack of capability or competence. In contrast, the conceptual framework of hopefulness codification is characterized by the cognitive elements of an \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo; and the \u0026lsquo;reliance on another entity\u0026rsquo;. This framework illustrates that hopefulness is regarded as something tangible, exemplified by its existence, occupation, and possession, while also relying on external entities for support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eART = article; COM = comparative; EZ = Ezafe; IND = indicative; INDF = indefinite; NEG = negative; OM = object marker; PRS= present; PST = past; PTCP = participle; PL = plural; POSS= possessive; PREP = preposition; REL = relativizer; SG = singular; SBJV = subjunctive; 1 = first person; 2 = second person; 3 = third person.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4001235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth authors whose names appear on the submission made substantial contributions to the design of the work and analysis of the data. 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Beck Hopelessness Scale: Psychometric properties among rural Chinese suicide attempters and non-attempters. Death Studies, 39 (7), 442\u0026ndash;446. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.970300\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/07481187.2014.970300\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e The names of the movies and stories used as sources in the corpus have been compiled in the Appendix. However, in order to protect the privacy of the individuals who delivered the speeches, their names have been withheld.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hope, conceptual metaphor, Construction Grammar, Iranian society, Modern Persian","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3887143/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3887143/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper seeks to demonstrate the rate and cognitive model of hopelessness and hopefulness in the Iranian society over a period of five decades spanning from the 1970s up until the 2010s, in response to the perspective that Iranians are currently experiencing more hopelessness than in the past. The prevailing emotions within a society, including but not limited to hopelessness and hopefulness, could be reflected through language. In fact, these two, alongside others, are encoded in language using cognitive mechanisms such as the conceptual metaphor and linguistic construction. Based on the written and spoken corpus encompassing movies, novels, news broadcasts, official speeches and the models employed, namely K\u0026ouml;vecses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and the findings of Construction Grammar, it can be observed that hopefulness and hopelessness have exhibited a fluctuating pattern in every subset of the corpus over the mentioned five decades. The rationale for selecting these five decades is associated with pivotal political and social events, such as the Islamic revolution of Iran, the Iran-Iraq war, the reconstruction period, the reformation decade, and the post-reformation era. The results illustrate that the emotion of hopelessness has significantly and consistently increased in the Iranian society over the fifty-year period. Moreover, regarding the cognitive model of hope, it is worth mentioning that Iranians consider \"hopelessness\" as \u0026lsquo;inability\u0026rsquo; and contrast it with \"hopefulness\" which is conceptualized by \u0026lsquo;object\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;reliance on another entity\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hopefulness and hopelessness rate in Iranian society: a cognitive view","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-25 21:21:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3887143/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0830e5fd-d776-40a1-b221-29931c5a7bf4","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-25T21:21:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-25 21:21:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3887143","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3887143","identity":"rs-3887143","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}