A Study on The Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Tea Industry under The Pressure of China’s Tea Inventory

A Study on The Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Tea Industry under The Pressure of China’s Tea Inventory | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Study on The Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Tea Industry under The Pressure of China’s Tea Inventory Chengxiu Fu, Zhaoqing Mao, Qing Zhang, Shengtao Xu, Jida Yang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Yunnan Province is the important tea-producing area in China and the world, and the tea industry is an important part of Yunnan’s agricultural economy. In the face of domestic tea inventory pressure, it is very important to study the sustainable development of the Yunnan tea industry. This study clarifies the current situation of tea supply and consumption in China; investigates the tea garden area, tea production, and tea export volume in China and Yunnan Province; analyzes the data of domestic primary tea and finished tea production, consumption, and inventory from 2018 to 2023; and highlights the problems of inventory pressure and structural imbalance in the product supply side of China's tea industry. On this basis, it is proposed that the development of the ecological tea industry and the utilization of diversified tea resources are paths to sustainable development of the tea industry in Yunnan Province. These ideas are proposed in four aspects: the construction of ecological tea gardens, the development of a technology system for an ecological tea industry, staying up to date with the new tea consumption market, and expanding the production of functional terminal tea goods. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Socioeconomic scenarios Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Sustainability tea inventory Yunnan tea industry sustainable development Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction At present, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world and one of the most important cash crops in the world. Tea is grown in more than 60 countries around the world, mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America [ 1 ]; its cultivation provides a livelihood for millions of small farmers. China is the world's most important tea producer. According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and the International Tea Commission (ITC), since 2022, China has produced more than 50% of the world's total tea, and the area of tea plantations exceeds 60% of the world’s total tea plantation area. China is the hometown of tea, and Yunnan Province is the origin of the world’s tea [ 2 ]. Yunnan Province is located in the southwest of China, which is the most abundant ancient tea tree region and contains the largest area of ancient tea gardens in the world [ 3 ]. Its tea garden area and tea production have long ranked first in the country. Tea production in Yunnan Province plays an important role in China and in the world tea industry. In 2022, there were six countries with a total tea-planting area of more than 100 thousand hectares. Yunnan Province has a tea garden area of 530.51 thousand hectares, accounting for 9.97% and 15.63% of the global and national tea garden areas, respectively. Compared with the world’s tea-producing countries, it is second only to India; in terms of production, Yunnan’s tea production is 533.9 thousand tons, accounting for 8.43% and 15.73% of global and national tea production, respectively. Compared with the world’s tea-producing countries, it is second only to Kenya. It is clear that the tea industry in Yunnan Province has an important position in the global and Chinese tea industry and is important for improving farmers' income and developing the economy of the agricultural industry. However, in recent years, a growth in global tea production greater than the market demand has created a surplus of finished tea products on the international market and a low price for commercial tea [ 4 ]. This has generated great pressure on the sustainable production of tea in the world’s major tea-producing areas and countries. China, in particular, as the world’s largest tea producer, increased tea production from 2616.4 thousand tons to 3541 thousand tons from 2018 to 2023. During this period, tea exports remained in the range of 350 thousand tons to 375 thousand tons, with no significant improvement. During the same period, tea consumption in the domestic market increased by only 493.5 thousand tons. As a result, we must ask two questions: Is China’s tea production saturated? If it is indeed saturated, then how can Yunnan, as an important tea-producing area in China and the world, achieve sustainable development? 2. Analytical framework The basis of this study is to clarify the current situation of China’s tea supply and consumption. The goal is to study the sustainable development of tea in Yunnan Province on the basis of this data analysis. 2.1. Data The data for this study originated from the International Tea Committee, the China Bureau of Statistics, and from two national and provincial tea industry associations: the China Tea Circulation Association and the Yunnan Tea Circulation Association. The data cover 2018 to 2023 and mainly include the tea garden area, tea yield, domestic sales, import volume, and export volume. The tea garden area includes the total tea garden area and the tea-picking area. The tea-picking area refers to the area picked in the tea-planting area. Tea yield includes primary tea yield and finished tea yield. The area of tea plantations in Yunnan, in China, and in the world, from 2018 to 2023, is shown in Fig. 1 . The tea garden area in Yunnan increased from 466.58 thousand ha to 530.53 thousand ha, and the tea garden area in China expanded from 2985.80 thousand ha to 3433.17 thousand ha. The International Tea Committee has not yet announced the global tea garden area in 2023. The global tea garden area in 2022 was 5320.00 thousand ha, an increase of 430.00 thousand ha compared with the area in 2018. In the same period, China’s tea garden area increased by 406.91 thousand ha, accounting for 94.63% of the worldwide tea garden area increment. Therefore, it is clear that the increase in the worldwide tea garden area from 2018 to 2023 was mainly driven by the increase in China’s tea garden area. Tea production in Yunnan, in China, and in the world, from 2018 to 2023, is shown in Fig. 2. Yunnan’s tea production increased from 423,300 tons to 557,000 tons, an increase of 133,700 tons. During the same period, China’s tea production increased from 2.6164 million tons to 3.5411 million tons, an increase of 924,700 tons. According to the data of the International Tea Committee, worldwide tea production increased from 5.967 million tons to 6.604 million tons from 2018 to 2023, an increase of 637,000 tons. Thus, the increase in worldwide tea production was lower than the increase in China’s tea production. This was mainly due to drought, the worldwide economic recession, and the effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on tea plantation workers. Tea production in India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and other major tea-producing countries decreased to varying degrees [ 5 ][ 6 ][ 7 ]. In terms of tea exports, in 2023, Yunnan Province and China's tea export volumes were 4.2 thousand tons and 367.5 thousand tons, respectively, accounting for 0.24% and 21.16% of the world’s tea export volume. In recent years, China's tea export volume was the highest in 2022, reaching 375.2 thousand tons, but it accounted for only 20.63% of the global tea export volume in that year. In 2019, Yunnan Province’s tea export volume accounted for the highest proportion of the global tea export volume, with 0.42% of the world’s tea exports and 8 thousand tons of export in that year. In general, the proportion of Yunnan and China’s tea exports to world tea exports is much lower than the proportion of their tea production to global tea production, as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Tea exports from Yunnan, from China, and worldwide. 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Yunnan (thousand tons) 7.11 7.96 6.67 4.88 4.47 4.25 China (thousand tons) 364.74 366.56 348.81 369.35 375.20 367.54 worldwide (thousand tons) 1854.00 1895.00 1822.00 1923.00 1819.00 1736.70 2.2. Data analysis This study aims to focus on whether China’s tea production is saturated; thus, it is necessary to determine the production, consumption, and inventory of primary tea and finished tea in the world, in China, and in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2023. Primary tea is a product of fresh tea leaves after initial processing. It is the raw material for making tea products such as dark tea, green tea, and black tea. Finished tea, also known as refined tea, is a general term for the refined products of primary tea [ 8 ], which can be directly used in commodity trade and in consumption. 2.2.1. Stock level of primary tea Measuring the inventory of primary tea can directly determine how much tea production in a tea garden is not processed into commercial tea and placed in a warehouse every year. This is an important indicator of China’s tea inventory. According to customs’ statistics, China’s imported tea is basically finished tea; therefore, China’s stock of raw tea can be determined by subtracting the amount of finished tea consumed from the total supply of primary tea. The initial stock of primary tea and the yield of primary tea constitute the supply of primary tea. At the same time, the proportion of the primary tea inventory is used to reflect the level of the primary tea inventory, that is, the proportion of the primary tea inventory at the end of the period and the annual supply of primary tea. The formula is as follows: inventory ratio = inventory/total output. In the above equation, EI pt is the final inventory of primary tea, IP pt is the proportion of the final inventory of primary tea, BI pt is the initial inventory of primary tea, Y pt is the yield of primary tea, and C pt is the consumption of finished tea. 2.2.2. Inventory of finished tea The inventory of finished tea is the quantity of unsold finished tea. According to the basic constraint equation of the supply and demand balance model of agricultural products in the Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the inventory of finished tea at the end of the period is used to represent the annual inventory level of finished tea. The sum of the inventory of finished tea at the beginning of the period, the output of finished tea, and the import volume is the annual supply of finished tea. The annual supply of finished tea minus the total domestic sales and export volume is the final inventory of finished tea [ 9 ]. At the same time, the proportion of the finished tea inventory is used to compare the level of the finished tea inventory in different years, that is, the proportion of finished tea inventory at the end of the period and the annual supply of finished tea. The formula is as follows: In the above formula, EI t is the inventory of finished tea at the end of the period, IP pt is the proportion of finished tea at the end of the period, BI t is the inventory of finished tea at the beginning of the period, Y t is the output of finished tea, It is the import volume of finished tea, C t is the total domestic sales of finished tea, and E t is the export volume of tea. 3. Results and Analysis 3.1. The stock level of primary tea As shown in Fig. 3 , during the period from 2018 to 2020, the inventory of primary tea in China was maintained at 0.5 thousand and below, and the proportion of the primary tea inventory at the end of the period remained at 0.02% and below. Since 2021, the inventory of primary tea in China has exceeded 100 thousand tons, accounting for 3.20% of the total inventory at the end of the period. Since then, the inventory of dry tea in China has been increasing. By 2022, the inventory of primary tea reached 262.6 thousand tons, accounting for 7.63% of the total inventory at the end of the period. In 2023, this inventory reached its highest level in recent years. The inventory of primary tea and the proportion of the inventory at the end of the period were 507 thousand tons and 13.33%, respectively. We note that the basic reason for the increase in the primary tea inventory at the end of the period is that the annual output of primary tea is higher than the consumption of finished tea. From 2018 to 2023, the annual output of primary tea and the consumption of finished tea maintained an increasing trend. The consumption of finished tea increased from 2616.1 thousand tons to 3296.7 thousand tons, with an average annual growth rate of 5.95%. However, the annual output of primary tea increased by 7.86%. In 2018, the annual output of dry tea was 2616.4 million tons, which was only 0.3 thousand tons more than the consumption of finished tea. However, by 2023, the annual output of primary tea had reached 3541.1 thousand tons, which was 244.4 thousand tons more than the consumption of finished tea in the same period. 3.2. The stock level of finished tea Compared with primary tea, the inventory of finished tea is greater. As shown in Fig. 4 , in 2018, the final national inventory of finished tea was 820.96 thousand tons. By 2023, the final inventory of finished tea had increased to 3196.09 thousand tons, an increase of 289.31% compared to 2018. Similarly, the proportion of the finished tea inventory at the end of the period also increased, from 26.52% in 2018 to 53.56% in 2023. It must be pointed out that the key factor for the increase in the final inventory of finished tea is that the increase in domestic tea production is greater than the increase in domestic tea consumption. As shown in Fig. 5 , from 2018 to 2023, domestic tea consumption continued to increase, from 1910.50 thousand tons to 2404.00 thousand tons, and tea consumption increased by 493.50 thousand tons. However, the increase in domestic tea production was even higher, from 2616.10 thousand tons to 3296.70 thousand tons, and the output increased by 680.60 thousand tons. 3.3. Overview of tea consumption Before expounding on the current situation of China’s tea consumption, it is necessary to clarify the source of China’s tea production increase. In recent years, the main tea-producing areas in China have attached importance to controlling the growth of the tea garden area, and the increase in new tea garden area has continued to narrow. At the same time, the warm and dry climate characteristics of the main tea-producing areas are obvious. In addition, the continuous drought in winter and spring in the tea areas of southwestern China, southern China, and north of the Yangtze River has led to a slight decrease in spring tea production. However, due to the abundant rain in summer, the tea production in summer and autumn has increased significantly, which is the main factor for the continuous growth in tea production throughout the year [ 10 ]. At present, China’s tea market can be divided into a market for traditional tea drinks and a market for new tea drinks. Traditional teas include the six major types of tea,such as green tea, black tea, dark tea, and so on. Because spring tea had the best taste qualities [ 11 ][ 12 ][ 13 ], Chinese consumers prefer to drink spring tea. Summer and autumn teas are less attractive, and among the six major tea types, spring tea is consumed most frequently. Specifically, in terms of the supply and demand for the six major tea categories, as shown in Table 2 , the production of green tea and black tea in 2023 accounted for 57.91% and 14.7%, respectively, of the total national output, totaling 72.61%, but the total domestic sales of green tea and black tea have shown a downward trend. Dark tea, oolong tea, and yellow tea accounted for 13.7%, 10.0%, and 0.7%, respectively, of the total output, totaling 24.40%, but consumer demand is on the rise, especially for yellow tea. In China, consumer demand for yellow tea is 72.73% higher than it was in 2022 [ 10 ]. In recent years, there has been an explosive growth in the new tea drink market. In 2023, there were more than 500,000 new tea shops, their annual output value was CNY 170 billion, and a total of 300 thousand tons of primary tea and finished tea was sold by these shops [ 14 ]. More importantly, through innovative beverage forms and marketing methods, new tea drinks have enabled more young people to understand more traditional Chinese tea through the process of new tea consumption, and this has promoted the consumption of traditional finished tea by young people. Table 2 Production and consumption of the six major types of tea 2022 2023 Production (thousand tons) Consumption (thousand tons) Production (thousand tons) Consumption (thousand tons) green Tea 1853.80 1311.00 1934.00 1289.00 black tea 482.00 381.00 491.20 379.00 dark tea 426.30 364.00 458.00 378.00 oolong Tea 311.30 248.00 332.80 256.00 white tea 94.50 81.00 100.20 83.00 yellow tea 13.00 11.00 23.30 19.00 3.4. Results: China’s tea industry has inventory pressure and product supply-side structural imbalance Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of China’s tea supply and demand, it can be determined that the domestic consumption and supply of tea have maintained an upward trend, but the consumption is lower than the supply. Compared with other tea-producing countries, China’s tea export volume is at a low level, and the international market expansion is insufficient. There is a certain imbalance between the production supply and market consumption demand for finished tea such as green tea and black tea, and there is a structural imbalance on the supply side of these products. Tea consumption is insufficient, and per capita tea consumption is low. In short, as a result of the increasing stock of primary tea and finished tea, China’s tea industry faces greater inventory pressure. 4. Suggestions for the sustainable development of Yunnan’s tea industry Yunnan Province is an important part of China’s tea industry, and the current situation of China’s tea industry also has a significant impact on Yunnan’s tea industry. We have made it clear that China’s tea industry is facing greater inventory pressure. Thus, as the most important economic crop and agricultural product from Yunnan Province, it is very important to maintain high-quality sustainable development in the tea industry. At the same time, the high-quality sustainable development of Yunnan’s tea industry can provide an important reference for the high-quality sustainable development of other tea-producing areas in China. Before proposing suggestions for the sustainable development of the tea industry in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to clarify the following. The tea garden area and tea production in Yunnan Province have increased in recent years, but the annual growth rate has been decreasing. The development of ecological green tea in Yunnan Province ranks among the top in the country, mainly reflected in green and organic certification. The main tea products in Yunnan Province are Pu’er tea, green tea, and black tea. Yunnan Province is the only place in the world where Pu’er tea is produced. In the past ten years, the consumption of Pu’er tea in China has been high, and it is exported to Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members, and multiple countries of the European Union [ 15 ]. Therefore, based on the actual situation of the Yunnan tea industry and the inventory pressure faced by the domestic tea industry, we believe that the development of an ecological tea industry and the utilization of diversified tea resources are the best paths for the sustainable development of the Yunnan tea industry. 4.1. Overall planning from “tea garden area expansion” to “ecological tea garden construction” In 2017, Yunnan Province issued the “Notice of Action Plan for the Development of Tea Industry in Yunnan Province” [ 16 ]. This plan called for "zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, [for the tea industry] to vigorously promote the construction of demonstration counties of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers and green high-yield and high-efficiency demonstration counties, and for the building of high-efficiency and high-quality ecological tea gardens in the whole province." With this, the strategy of creating ecological tea gardens began in Yunnan Province. This was based on the transformation and upgrading of the demands of China’s population for a demand for food and clothing to a demand for nutrition and health, the oversupply of the global tea market, and the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the tea industry in achieving high-quality development. Prior to this, due to the low management efficiency of tea gardens and the lack of demonstration and promotion of green planting technology, tea gardens relied too heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Although tea production has increased, soil acidification and photosynthesis of tea trees have weakened [ 17 ]. Tea is also frequently unable to be exported because of excessive pesticide residues [ 18 ]. Promoting the development of an ecological tea industry in Yunnan Province is not only a key path for the sustainable development of the tea industry but also an important channel to achieve high quality tea, increase tea prices, and increase farmers' income. To promote the construction of ecological tea gardens in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to change conventional conceptions and pursue the economic benefits of the tea industry. We should not blindly rely on expanding the area of tea gardens. We should promote the construction of green and organic tea gardens. Ecological tea gardens can provide high-quality ecological tea products that not only have a high market unit price but also improve carbon sequestration [ 19 ]. At the same time, local functional departments strengthen ecological certification services and support tea farmers, cooperatives, and tea enterprises to carry out green tea garden, organic tea garden, green agriculture, and organic product certification. 4.2. Strengthen science and technology to build a technology system for an ecological tea industry Science and technology are the pillars of an ecological tea industry. Similar to the tea production area, the construction of ecological tea gardens should be based on the geographical information of the tea garden, soil, water quality, and climatic conditions of the ecological environment, planting technology, and other factors. Research should be carried out on the environmental conditions and ecological factors of the tea production area in Yunnan Province to determine the suitable areas, marginal areas, and unsuitable areas for the development of ecological tea agriculture in Yunnan Province. Aiming at meeting the nutrient demand of ecological tea and the supply of soil nutrients, simple production technology and supporting facilities such as biochar utilization, and straw resource utilization were studied, and a formula of special organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer was formed and applied in the industry to solve the problem of the soil’s nutrient supply for ecological tea. Aiming at the prevention and control of pests and diseases in ecological tea production, based on the outbreak mechanism of key pests and diseases in tea gardens, the green prevention and control technology of key pests and diseases in organic agriculture was constructed from the perspective of resistance mechanisms and laws of occurrence. This includes screening and the innovative construction of a compound ecosystem for organic tea gardens, carried out according to local conditions, and including such strategies as forest–tea–poultry compound planting, tea–legume crops, tea–green manure planting, straw mulching of tea gardens, and other new compound ecological planting modes. Finally, various tea-producing areas in Yunnan Province should coordinate diverse resources and encourage and support functional departments and new business entities to demonstrate and promote green production technology according to local conditions. 4.3. Supply-side structural adjustment and follow-up on the new tea consumption market Compared with other tea-producing areas in China, Yunnan Province is dominated by large-leaf tea species, while medium-leaf species and small-leaf species account for a relatively small proportion of the total number of tea plants. Other tea-producing areas in China are mainly characterized by medium-leaf species and small-leaf species. After Yunnan big-leaf tea is refined, most of the finished tea that is produced is Pu 'er tea, green tea, or black tea. In analyses of the general attributes of tea consumption in China, it has been found that the output of green tea and black tea exceeds 70% of the total output of finished tea, but the total domestic sales of green tea and black tea have shown a downward trend. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out structural adjustment on the supply side of Yunnan tea products to control or reduce the solid form of “leaf” in Pu 'er tea, green tea, black tea, and other teas and make—through physical processing—traditional finished tea that enters the consumer market in the form of instant tea, tea-concentrate juice, superfine tea powder, and bagged tea. These highly processed tea products can not only expand the way in which tea is drunk but also improve the efficiency of tea resource utilization. Taking instant tea as an example, the processing technology mainly includes the technology used in the extraction process and the concentration process. The extraction methods include hot water extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave heating extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The concentration methods include vacuum evaporation concentration, freeze concentration, and membrane concentration [ 20 ]. After more than ten years of development, this technology is now stable and mature. Because instant tea can be drunk rapidly and conveniently, it can be drunk alongside various types of food. In addition, consumers' demand for nutrition and health care is increasing. Instant tea products rich in theanine, catechins, and theaflavins have developed rapidly in the domestic consumer market [ 21 ]. 4.4. Strengthen the application of biochemical technology and expand the tea functional terminal products The functional end products of tea are prepared by integrating advanced technology and processing technology in the fields of biochemical engineering, separation and purification engineering, food engineering, preparation engineering, etc. [ 22 ]. The functional components of tea, such as tea polyphenols, theanine, theaflavins, tea polysaccharides, tea saponins, and caffeine, are separated and prepared for high value-added functional end products such as natural medicines, health foods, food additives, daily chemicals, plant protective agents, and building material additives [ 23 ][ 24 ][ 25 ][ 26 ]. For example, theanine, as a promising reactive chemical species (RCS) scavenger, can reduce the risk of various chronic diseases; as a result, it may constitute a dietary supplement that could be added to tea during processing [ 27 ]. Tea pigments have shown a positive effect in maintaining muscle health [ 28 ]. The organic compounds of Yunnan large-leaf tea are rich, and the content is much higher than that in small-leaf tea in other provinces in China [ 29 ]. Therefore, Yunnan tea has more advantages in the development of tea functional terminal products than the tea from other areas. At present, Yunnan tea derivative products include tea perfume, lip balm made from tea seed oil, hand cream made from tea polyphenol, conditioner made from tea tree essence, masks made from alpine tea flower, face soap and cosmetics made from tea amino acid, as well as washing bags made from tea powder, tea-based hand sanitizer, functional tea toothpaste, and other daily chemical products [ 30 ]. Some progress has been made in functional terminal products [ 29 ], but the cultivation enterprise is insufficient, the production of high value-added functional terminal products is low, and the advantages of tea resources have not been brought into full play. In 2017, the consumption of tea raw materials for deep processing of tea in China accounted for about 6–7% of the total output; in Japan, it accounted for over 40% of the total output during the same period. According to this ratio, the tea production in 2023 will be about 396.24 ~ 462.28 thousand tons. If the consumption of raw materials for the deep processing of tea in Yunnan can reach 40%, an additional 222.8 thousand tons of tea can be consumed in Yunnan. Similarly, an additional 1416.44 thousand tons would be consumed across China. 5. Conclusions This study examined the sustainable development of Yunnan tea considering the current state of China’s tea industry. In this study, we described the current situation of the tea garden area, tea production, export volume, and import volume; analyzed the inventory level of dry tea and the inventory of finished tea and the general situation of tea consumption; and carried out quantitative and qualitative analyses on the supply of and demand for tea in China. It is clear that there is inventory pressure in China’s tea industry, which is mainly reflected in a structural imbalance on the supply side for tea products. Yunnan, as an important tea-producing area for China and the world, is very important in the maintenance of high-quality sustainable development. Promoting the construction of ecological tea gardens, improving the technical systems of an ecological tea industry, adjusting the supply-side structure of tea products, and expanding the functional end products of tea are effective ways to ensure the income of farmers and to achieve the utilization of diversified tea resources under the current inventory pressure of China and the global tea industry. Declarations Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.C. and M.Z.; methodology, F.C. and Q.Z.; software, S.X.; validation, S.X. and J.Y.; formal analysis, L.S. and Y.Y.; investigation, F.C., M.Z.,L.Z., and Y.Y; resources, Y.Y.; data curation, J.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, F.C. and M.Z.; writing—review and editing, F.C. and L.S.; supervision, S.X. and Q.Z.; project administration, Q.Z.; funding acquisition, Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files:raw data.XLS. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the financial support from Yunnan Science and Technology Mission (202202AE090029 and 202204BI090019); the Provincial Xingdian Talent Program “Young Talent” Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2019-246); the Natural Science Foundation of China (31600349); and the earmarked fund for CARS (CARS-31-22). A special “thank you” is also extended to the reviewers. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References Pandey, A. K. et al. How the global tea industry copes with fungal diseases–challenges and opportunities. J . 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Tea Bus. 41 (04), 153–157 (2019). (In Chinese) .. Zhang, W. et al. Tea polyphenols (TP): a promising natural additive for the manufacture of multifunctional active food packaging films. J. Crit. Reviews Food Sci. Nutr. 63 (2), 288–301 (2022). Liu, Z. H. The Development Process and Trend of Chinese Tea Comprehensive Processing Industry. J. J. Tea Sci. 39 (02), 115–122 (2019). (In Chinese) .. Allameh, M. & Orsat, V. Optimization of extraction conditions for the maximum recovery of L-theanine from tea leaves: Comparison of black, green, and white tea. J. JSFA Rep. 3 (12), 655–662 (2023). Wang, J. et al. Recent progress in the preparation of theaflavins: Synthesis, extraction and purification. J . J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1 , 1–10 (2024). Gong, W. et al. Optimisation of saponin extraction conditions with Camellia sinensis var. assamica seed and its application for a natural detergent. J . J. Sci. Food. Agric. 98 (6), 2312–2319 (2018). Saha, U., Gupta, P. & Singh, M. L-Theanine an Astounding Amino Acid in Tea, Its Synthesis and Health Benefits: A Review. J. Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev. 33 (2), 21–32 (2024). Xu, J. et al. Current understanding and future perspectives on the extraction, structures, and regulation of muscle function of tea pigments. J. Crit. Reviews Food Sci. Nutr. 63 (33), 11522–11544 (2023). Suen, Z. C. & Yang, C. L. C. Antioxidant capacity and major polyphenol composition of teas as affected by geographical location, plantation elevation and leaf grade. J . Food Chem. 244 , 109–119 (2018). Wu, J. J. Yunnan ancient tea thyme has beauty derivatives, and college youth gold ideas make intangible cultural heritage rejuvenate into the homes of ordinary people.16 September 2023. (In Chinese).Available online: https://news.ecust.edu.cn/2023/0905/c160a175511/page.htm.(In Chinese). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4946923","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":360596410,"identity":"6b9b4a65-6ff5-46af-9cc0-30c0f2d8aad2","order_by":0,"name":"Chengxiu Fu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfv7mgw8SDP7L2bc3EKlFcsaxZIMPFczGBjwHiNRi0JBjJjjjDHPiBokEYrUwHDBj5m1jY9wu+XjjDYYam2iCWsyZG9Ie87bxMFvOTiu2YDiWlttASItlw4HjxrxtEmwMt3PMJBgbDhPWYnAgsU2at82Ah+HmGaK1JLNJzjiTIGFwg4dILcBAZgYG8gEDyR6gXxKI8Qs/f/9HYFQeqO9nP7zxxocaG8JaUBxJdNQgaSFVxygYBaNgFIwMAAB8wEJ3CID+ewAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengxiu","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":360596411,"identity":"bc4a680e-cdc0-4988-a26a-c43593a4e0d5","order_by":1,"name":"Zhaoqing Mao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Economy and Information, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaoqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Mao","suffix":""},{"id":360596412,"identity":"4911f931-76b6-418e-ae85-95398e2833fe","order_by":2,"name":"Qing Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":360596413,"identity":"654bb3b3-be80-4c6f-9cfc-267c48f27df1","order_by":3,"name":"Shengtao Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shengtao","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":360596414,"identity":"957b0a63-d34e-4516-9502-4fd841ce78f0","order_by":4,"name":"Jida Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jida","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":360596415,"identity":"9d4e1f94-e17f-4a45-ba6d-8d0041ad522f","order_by":5,"name":"Shufang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shufang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":360596416,"identity":"f1284ced-0f8d-42b2-9761-d40919da26f3","order_by":6,"name":"Yuan Yuan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Agricultural Economy and Information, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences;","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-20 18:10:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65879562,"identity":"25aa0f4f-25d1-480d-81c8-120191c84740","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:30:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTea plantation area in Yunnan, in China, and worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/7f7b7bcb3f5b63b367c1b74e.png"},{"id":65879039,"identity":"37a1b1d2-7793-4a4e-a004-3d9291cef257","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:22:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79996,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTea production in Yunnan, in China, and worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/267fa3e5e63b8290ff49c9f5.png"},{"id":65879043,"identity":"8a0beb18-01d0-48a4-bb8f-707d84869b10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:22:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInventory situation of Chinese primary tea.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/d26fd252baad9281012c6fb2.png"},{"id":65879045,"identity":"b2485870-ce6d-42f8-a8cd-434b62eae094","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:22:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupply and demand situation for finished tea in China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/c7e6e5f9f81f794daabb3b9b.png"},{"id":65879563,"identity":"29619d92-34f8-4670-9421-4a08ba4209d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:30:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTea production and consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/53b76126bb5825f3aa55df8d.png"},{"id":67115458,"identity":"07abb5dc-0e45-49bc-b3f3-ebdda6f80cb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 10:23:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1038370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/28eb1270-082c-485f-bba0-d67f6b39858f.pdf"},{"id":65879041,"identity":"953aa8f0-cdaa-4d6f-8870-536200ce1eea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:22:01","extension":"xls","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":120320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dataanalysis.xls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/d4984c2de3e3726293594ce1.xls"},{"id":65879046,"identity":"e106aedf-79d8-4ed4-a8ab-0ae5c6e05a40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-04 01:22:07","extension":"xls","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":69120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rawdata.xls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4946923/v1/b351c4a675b059294c777632.xls"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Study on The Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Tea Industry under The Pressure of China’s Tea Inventory","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt present, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world and one of the most important cash crops in the world. Tea is grown in more than 60 countries around the world, mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]; its cultivation provides a livelihood for millions of small farmers. China is the world's most important tea producer. According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and the International Tea Commission (ITC), since 2022, China has produced more than 50% of the world's total tea, and the area of tea plantations exceeds 60% of the world\u0026rsquo;s total tea plantation area. China is the hometown of tea, and Yunnan Province is the origin of the world\u0026rsquo;s tea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Yunnan Province is located in the southwest of China, which is the most abundant ancient tea tree region and contains the largest area of ancient tea gardens in the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Its tea garden area and tea production have long ranked first in the country. Tea production in Yunnan Province plays an important role in China and in the world tea industry. In 2022, there were six countries with a total tea-planting area of more than 100 thousand hectares. Yunnan Province has a tea garden area of 530.51 thousand hectares, accounting for 9.97% and 15.63% of the global and national tea garden areas, respectively. Compared with the world\u0026rsquo;s tea-producing countries, it is second only to India; in terms of production, Yunnan\u0026rsquo;s tea production is 533.9 thousand tons, accounting for 8.43% and 15.73% of global and national tea production, respectively. Compared with the world\u0026rsquo;s tea-producing countries, it is second only to Kenya.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is clear that the tea industry in Yunnan Province has an important position in the global and Chinese tea industry and is important for improving farmers' income and developing the economy of the agricultural industry. However, in recent years, a growth in global tea production greater than the market demand has created a surplus of finished tea products on the international market and a low price for commercial tea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This has generated great pressure on the sustainable production of tea in the world\u0026rsquo;s major tea-producing areas and countries. China, in particular, as the world\u0026rsquo;s largest tea producer, increased tea production from 2616.4 thousand tons to 3541 thousand tons from 2018 to 2023. During this period, tea exports remained in the range of 350 thousand tons to 375 thousand tons, with no significant improvement. During the same period, tea consumption in the domestic market increased by only 493.5 thousand tons. As a result, we must ask two questions: Is China\u0026rsquo;s tea production saturated? If it is indeed saturated, then how can Yunnan, as an important tea-producing area in China and the world, achieve sustainable development?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Analytical framework","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe basis of this study is to clarify the current situation of China\u0026rsquo;s tea supply and consumption. The goal is to study the sustainable development of tea in Yunnan Province on the basis of this data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data for this study originated from the International Tea Committee, the China Bureau of Statistics, and from two national and provincial tea industry associations: the China Tea Circulation Association and the Yunnan Tea Circulation Association. The data cover 2018 to 2023 and mainly include the tea garden area, tea yield, domestic sales, import volume, and export volume. The tea garden area includes the total tea garden area and the tea-picking area. The tea-picking area refers to the area picked in the tea-planting area. Tea yield includes primary tea yield and finished tea yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe area of tea plantations in Yunnan, in China, and in the world, from 2018 to 2023, is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The tea garden area in Yunnan increased from 466.58 thousand ha to 530.53 thousand ha, and the tea garden area in China expanded from 2985.80 thousand ha to 3433.17 thousand ha. The International Tea Committee has not yet announced the global tea garden area in 2023. The global tea garden area in 2022 was 5320.00 thousand ha, an increase of 430.00 thousand ha compared with the area in 2018. In the same period, China\u0026rsquo;s tea garden area increased by 406.91 thousand ha, accounting for 94.63% of the worldwide tea garden area increment. Therefore, it is clear that the increase in the worldwide tea garden area from 2018 to 2023 was mainly driven by the increase in China\u0026rsquo;s tea garden area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTea production in Yunnan, in China, and in the world, from 2018 to 2023, is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2. Yunnan\u0026rsquo;s tea production increased from 423,300 tons to 557,000 tons, an increase of 133,700 tons. During the same period, China\u0026rsquo;s tea production increased from 2.6164\u0026nbsp;million tons to 3.5411\u0026nbsp;million tons, an increase of 924,700 tons. According to the data of the International Tea Committee, worldwide tea production increased from 5.967\u0026nbsp;million tons to 6.604\u0026nbsp;million tons from 2018 to 2023, an increase of 637,000 tons. Thus, the increase in worldwide tea production was lower than the increase in China\u0026rsquo;s tea production. This was mainly due to drought, the worldwide economic recession, and the effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on tea plantation workers. Tea production in India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and other major tea-producing countries decreased to varying degrees [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn terms of tea exports, in 2023, Yunnan Province and China\u0026apos;s tea export volumes were 4.2 thousand tons and 367.5 thousand tons, respectively, accounting for 0.24% and 21.16% of the world\u0026rsquo;s tea export volume. In recent years, China\u0026apos;s tea export volume was the highest in 2022, reaching 375.2 thousand tons, but it accounted for only 20.63% of the global tea export volume in that year. In 2019, Yunnan Province\u0026rsquo;s tea export volume accounted for the highest proportion of the global tea export volume, with 0.42% of the world\u0026rsquo;s tea exports and 8 thousand tons of export in that year. In general, the proportion of Yunnan and China\u0026rsquo;s tea exports to world tea exports is much lower than the proportion of their tea production to global tea production, as shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTea exports from Yunnan, from China, and worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYunnan (thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina (thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eworldwide (thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1854.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1895.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1822.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1923.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1819.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1736.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to focus on whether China\u0026rsquo;s tea production is saturated; thus, it is necessary to determine the production, consumption, and inventory of primary tea and finished tea in the world, in China, and in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2023. Primary tea is a product of fresh tea leaves after initial processing. It is the raw material for making tea products such as dark tea, green tea, and black tea. Finished tea, also known as refined tea, is a general term for the refined products of primary tea [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], which can be directly used in commodity trade and in consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Stock level of primary tea\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasuring the inventory of primary tea can directly determine how much tea production in a tea garden is not processed into commercial tea and placed in a warehouse every year. This is an important indicator of China\u0026rsquo;s tea inventory. According to customs\u0026rsquo; statistics, China\u0026rsquo;s imported tea is basically finished tea; therefore, China\u0026rsquo;s stock of raw tea can be determined by subtracting the amount of finished tea consumed from the total supply of primary tea. The initial stock of primary tea and the yield of primary tea constitute the supply of primary tea. At the same time, the proportion of the primary tea inventory is used to reflect the level of the primary tea inventory, that is, the proportion of the primary tea inventory at the end of the period and the annual supply of primary tea. The formula is as follows: inventory ratio\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;inventory/total output.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the above equation, \u003cem\u003eEI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the final inventory of primary tea, \u003cem\u003eIP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the proportion of the final inventory of primary tea, \u003cem\u003eBI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the initial inventory of primary tea, \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the yield of primary tea, and \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the consumption of finished tea.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Inventory of finished tea\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe inventory of finished tea is the quantity of unsold finished tea. According to the basic constraint equation of the supply and demand balance model of agricultural products in the Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the inventory of finished tea at the end of the period is used to represent the annual inventory level of finished tea. The sum of the inventory of finished tea at the beginning of the period, the output of finished tea, and the import volume is the annual supply of finished tea. The annual supply of finished tea minus the total domestic sales and export volume is the final inventory of finished tea [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. At the same time, the proportion of the finished tea inventory is used to compare the level of the finished tea inventory in different years, that is, the proportion of finished tea inventory at the end of the period and the annual supply of finished tea. The formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the above formula, \u003cem\u003eEI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the inventory of finished tea at the end of the period, \u003cem\u003eIP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ept\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the proportion of finished tea at the end of the period, \u003cem\u003eBI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the inventory of finished tea at the beginning of the period, \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the output of finished tea, It is the import volume of finished tea, \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the total domestic sales of finished tea, and \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the export volume of tea.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Analysis","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. The stock level of primary tea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, during the period from 2018 to 2020, the inventory of primary tea in China was maintained at 0.5 thousand and below, and the proportion of the primary tea inventory at the end of the period remained at 0.02% and below. Since 2021, the inventory of primary tea in China has exceeded 100 thousand tons, accounting for 3.20% of the total inventory at the end of the period. Since then, the inventory of dry tea in China has been increasing. By 2022, the inventory of primary tea reached 262.6 thousand tons, accounting for 7.63% of the total inventory at the end of the period. In 2023, this inventory reached its highest level in recent years. The inventory of primary tea and the proportion of the inventory at the end of the period were 507 thousand tons and 13.33%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe note that the basic reason for the increase in the primary tea inventory at the end of the period is that the annual output of primary tea is higher than the consumption of finished tea. From 2018 to 2023, the annual output of primary tea and the consumption of finished tea maintained an increasing trend. The consumption of finished tea increased from 2616.1 thousand tons to 3296.7 thousand tons, with an average annual growth rate of 5.95%. However, the annual output of primary tea increased by 7.86%. In 2018, the annual output of dry tea was 2616.4\u0026nbsp;million tons, which was only 0.3 thousand tons more than the consumption of finished tea. However, by 2023, the annual output of primary tea had reached 3541.1 thousand tons, which was 244.4 thousand tons more than the consumption of finished tea in the same period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. The stock level of finished tea\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with primary tea, the inventory of finished tea is greater. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, in 2018, the final national inventory of finished tea was 820.96 thousand tons. By 2023, the final inventory of finished tea had increased to 3196.09 thousand tons, an increase of 289.31% compared to 2018. Similarly, the proportion of the finished tea inventory at the end of the period also increased, from 26.52% in 2018 to 53.56% in 2023. It must be pointed out that the key factor for the increase in the final inventory of finished tea is that the increase in domestic tea production is greater than the increase in domestic tea consumption. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, from 2018 to 2023, domestic tea consumption continued to increase, from 1910.50 thousand tons to 2404.00 thousand tons, and tea consumption increased by 493.50 thousand tons. However, the increase in domestic tea production was even higher, from 2616.10 thousand tons to 3296.70 thousand tons, and the output increased by 680.60 thousand tons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Overview of tea consumption\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore expounding on the current situation of China\u0026rsquo;s tea consumption, it is necessary to clarify the source of China\u0026rsquo;s tea production increase. In recent years, the main tea-producing areas in China have attached importance to controlling the growth of the tea garden area, and the increase in new tea garden area has continued to narrow. At the same time, the warm and dry climate characteristics of the main tea-producing areas are obvious. In addition, the continuous drought in winter and spring in the tea areas of southwestern China, southern China, and north of the Yangtze River has led to a slight decrease in spring tea production. However, due to the abundant rain in summer, the tea production in summer and autumn has increased significantly, which is the main factor for the continuous growth in tea production throughout the year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt present, China\u0026rsquo;s tea market can be divided into a market for traditional tea drinks and a market for new tea drinks. Traditional teas include the six major types of tea,such as green tea, black tea, dark tea, and so on. Because spring tea had the best taste qualities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], Chinese consumers prefer to drink spring tea. Summer and autumn teas are less attractive, and among the six major tea types, spring tea is consumed most frequently. Specifically, in terms of the supply and demand for the six major tea categories, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the production of green tea and black tea in 2023 accounted for 57.91% and 14.7%, respectively, of the total national output, totaling 72.61%, but the total domestic sales of green tea and black tea have shown a downward trend. Dark tea, oolong tea, and yellow tea accounted for 13.7%, 10.0%, and 0.7%, respectively, of the total output, totaling 24.40%, but consumer demand is on the rise, especially for yellow tea. In China, consumer demand for yellow tea is 72.73% higher than it was in 2022 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, there has been an explosive growth in the new tea drink market. In 2023, there were more than 500,000 new tea shops, their annual output value was CNY 170\u0026nbsp;billion, and a total of 300 thousand tons of primary tea and finished tea was sold by these shops [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. More importantly, through innovative beverage forms and marketing methods, new tea drinks have enabled more young people to understand more traditional Chinese tea through the process of new tea consumption, and this has promoted the consumption of traditional finished tea by young people.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction and consumption of the six major types of tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(thousand tons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egreen Tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1853.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1311.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1934.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1289.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblack tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e482.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e491.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edark tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoolong Tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhite tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyellow tea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Results: China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry has inventory pressure and product supply-side structural imbalance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of China\u0026rsquo;s tea supply and demand, it can be determined that the domestic consumption and supply of tea have maintained an upward trend, but the consumption is lower than the supply. Compared with other tea-producing countries, China\u0026rsquo;s tea export volume is at a low level, and the international market expansion is insufficient. There is a certain imbalance between the production supply and market consumption demand for finished tea such as green tea and black tea, and there is a structural imbalance on the supply side of these products. Tea consumption is insufficient, and per capita tea consumption is low. In short, as a result of the increasing stock of primary tea and finished tea, China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry faces greater inventory pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Suggestions for the sustainable development of Yunnan’s tea industry","content":"\u003cp\u003eYunnan Province is an important part of China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry, and the current situation of China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry also has a significant impact on Yunnan\u0026rsquo;s tea industry. We have made it clear that China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry is facing greater inventory pressure. Thus, as the most important economic crop and agricultural product from Yunnan Province, it is very important to maintain high-quality sustainable development in the tea industry. At the same time, the high-quality sustainable development of Yunnan\u0026rsquo;s tea industry can provide an important reference for the high-quality sustainable development of other tea-producing areas in China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore proposing suggestions for the sustainable development of the tea industry in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to clarify the following.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tea garden area and tea production in Yunnan Province have increased in recent years, but the annual growth rate has been decreasing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of ecological green tea in Yunnan Province ranks among the top in the country, mainly reflected in green and organic certification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main tea products in Yunnan Province are Pu\u0026rsquo;er tea, green tea, and black tea. Yunnan Province is the only place in the world where Pu\u0026rsquo;er tea is produced. In the past ten years, the consumption of Pu\u0026rsquo;er tea in China has been high, and it is exported to Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members, and multiple countries of the European Union [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, based on the actual situation of the Yunnan tea industry and the inventory pressure faced by the domestic tea industry, we believe that the development of an ecological tea industry and the utilization of diversified tea resources are the best paths for the sustainable development of the Yunnan tea industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Overall planning from \u0026ldquo;tea garden area expansion\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;ecological tea garden construction\u0026rdquo;\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2017, Yunnan Province issued the \u0026ldquo;Notice of Action Plan for the Development of Tea Industry in Yunnan Province\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This plan called for \"zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, [for the tea industry] to vigorously promote the construction of demonstration counties of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers and green high-yield and high-efficiency demonstration counties, and for the building of high-efficiency and high-quality ecological tea gardens in the whole province.\" With this, the strategy of creating ecological tea gardens began in Yunnan Province. This was based on the transformation and upgrading of the demands of China\u0026rsquo;s population for a demand for food and clothing to a demand for nutrition and health, the oversupply of the global tea market, and the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the tea industry in achieving high-quality development. Prior to this, due to the low management efficiency of tea gardens and the lack of demonstration and promotion of green planting technology, tea gardens relied too heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Although tea production has increased, soil acidification and photosynthesis of tea trees have weakened [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Tea is also frequently unable to be exported because of excessive pesticide residues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Promoting the development of an ecological tea industry in Yunnan Province is not only a key path for the sustainable development of the tea industry but also an important channel to achieve high quality tea, increase tea prices, and increase farmers' income. To promote the construction of ecological tea gardens in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to change conventional conceptions and pursue the economic benefits of the tea industry. We should not blindly rely on expanding the area of tea gardens. We should promote the construction of green and organic tea gardens. Ecological tea gardens can provide high-quality ecological tea products that not only have a high market unit price but also improve carbon sequestration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. At the same time, local functional departments strengthen ecological certification services and support tea farmers, cooperatives, and tea enterprises to carry out green tea garden, organic tea garden, green agriculture, and organic product certification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Strengthen science and technology to build a technology system for an ecological tea industry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience and technology are the pillars of an ecological tea industry. Similar to the tea production area, the construction of ecological tea gardens should be based on the geographical information of the tea garden, soil, water quality, and climatic conditions of the ecological environment, planting technology, and other factors. Research should be carried out on the environmental conditions and ecological factors of the tea production area in Yunnan Province to determine the suitable areas, marginal areas, and unsuitable areas for the development of ecological tea agriculture in Yunnan Province. Aiming at meeting the nutrient demand of ecological tea and the supply of soil nutrients, simple production technology and supporting facilities such as biochar utilization, and straw resource utilization were studied, and a formula of special organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer was formed and applied in the industry to solve the problem of the soil\u0026rsquo;s nutrient supply for ecological tea. Aiming at the prevention and control of pests and diseases in ecological tea production, based on the outbreak mechanism of key pests and diseases in tea gardens, the green prevention and control technology of key pests and diseases in organic agriculture was constructed from the perspective of resistance mechanisms and laws of occurrence. This includes screening and the innovative construction of a compound ecosystem for organic tea gardens, carried out according to local conditions, and including such strategies as forest\u0026ndash;tea\u0026ndash;poultry compound planting, tea\u0026ndash;legume crops, tea\u0026ndash;green manure planting, straw mulching of tea gardens, and other new compound ecological planting modes. Finally, various tea-producing areas in Yunnan Province should coordinate diverse resources and encourage and support functional departments and new business entities to demonstrate and promote green production technology according to local conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Supply-side structural adjustment and follow-up on the new tea consumption market\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with other tea-producing areas in China, Yunnan Province is dominated by large-leaf tea species, while medium-leaf species and small-leaf species account for a relatively small proportion of the total number of tea plants. Other tea-producing areas in China are mainly characterized by medium-leaf species and small-leaf species. After Yunnan big-leaf tea is refined, most of the finished tea that is produced is Pu 'er tea, green tea, or black tea. In analyses of the general attributes of tea consumption in China, it has been found that the output of green tea and black tea exceeds 70% of the total output of finished tea, but the total domestic sales of green tea and black tea have shown a downward trend. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out structural adjustment on the supply side of Yunnan tea products to control or reduce the solid form of \u0026ldquo;leaf\u0026rdquo; in Pu 'er tea, green tea, black tea, and other teas and make\u0026mdash;through physical processing\u0026mdash;traditional finished tea that enters the consumer market in the form of instant tea, tea-concentrate juice, superfine tea powder, and bagged tea. These highly processed tea products can not only expand the way in which tea is drunk but also improve the efficiency of tea resource utilization. Taking instant tea as an example, the processing technology mainly includes the technology used in the extraction process and the concentration process. The extraction methods include hot water extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave heating extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The concentration methods include vacuum evaporation concentration, freeze concentration, and membrane concentration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. After more than ten years of development, this technology is now stable and mature. Because instant tea can be drunk rapidly and conveniently, it can be drunk alongside various types of food. In addition, consumers' demand for nutrition and health care is increasing. Instant tea products rich in theanine, catechins, and theaflavins have developed rapidly in the domestic consumer market [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Strengthen the application of biochemical technology and expand the tea functional terminal products\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe functional end products of tea are prepared by integrating advanced technology and processing technology in the fields of biochemical engineering, separation and purification engineering, food engineering, preparation engineering, etc. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The functional components of tea, such as tea polyphenols, theanine, theaflavins, tea polysaccharides, tea saponins, and caffeine, are separated and prepared for high value-added functional end products such as natural medicines, health foods, food additives, daily chemicals, plant protective agents, and building material additives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, theanine, as a promising reactive chemical species (RCS) scavenger, can reduce the risk of various chronic diseases; as a result, it may constitute a dietary supplement that could be added to tea during processing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Tea pigments have shown a positive effect in maintaining muscle health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The organic compounds of Yunnan large-leaf tea are rich, and the content is much higher than that in small-leaf tea in other provinces in China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, Yunnan tea has more advantages in the development of tea functional terminal products than the tea from other areas. At present, Yunnan tea derivative products include tea perfume, lip balm made from tea seed oil, hand cream made from tea polyphenol, conditioner made from tea tree essence, masks made from alpine tea flower, face soap and cosmetics made from tea amino acid, as well as washing bags made from tea powder, tea-based hand sanitizer, functional tea toothpaste, and other daily chemical products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Some progress has been made in functional terminal products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], but the cultivation enterprise is insufficient, the production of high value-added functional terminal products is low, and the advantages of tea resources have not been brought into full play. In 2017, the consumption of tea raw materials for deep processing of tea in China accounted for about 6\u0026ndash;7% of the total output; in Japan, it accounted for over 40% of the total output during the same period. According to this ratio, the tea production in 2023 will be about 396.24\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;462.28 thousand tons. If the consumption of raw materials for the deep processing of tea in Yunnan can reach 40%, an additional 222.8 thousand tons of tea can be consumed in Yunnan. Similarly, an additional 1416.44 thousand tons would be consumed across China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the sustainable development of Yunnan tea considering the current state of China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry. In this study, we described the current situation of the tea garden area, tea production, export volume, and import volume; analyzed the inventory level of dry tea and the inventory of finished tea and the general situation of tea consumption; and carried out quantitative and qualitative analyses on the supply of and demand for tea in China. It is clear that there is inventory pressure in China\u0026rsquo;s tea industry, which is mainly reflected in a structural imbalance on the supply side for tea products. Yunnan, as an important tea-producing area for China and the world, is very important in the maintenance of high-quality sustainable development. Promoting the construction of ecological tea gardens, improving the technical systems of an ecological tea industry, adjusting the supply-side structure of tea products, and expanding the functional end products of tea are effective ways to ensure the income of farmers and to achieve the utilization of diversified tea resources under the current inventory pressure of China and the global tea industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, F.C. and M.Z.; methodology, F.C. and Q.Z.; software, S.X.; validation, S.X. and J.Y.; formal analysis, L.S. and Y.Y.; investigation, F.C., M.Z.,L.Z., and Y.Y; resources, Y.Y.; data curation, J.Y.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, F.C. and M.Z.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, F.C. and L.S.; supervision, S.X. and Q.Z.; project administration, Q.Z.; funding acquisition, Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis\u0026nbsp;research\u0026nbsp;received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files:raw data.XLS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors acknowledge the financial support from Yunnan Science and Technology Mission (202202AE090029 and 202204BI090019); the Provincial Xingdian Talent Program \u0026ldquo;Young Talent\u0026rdquo; Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2019-246); the Natural Science Foundation of China (31600349); and the earmarked fund for CARS (CARS-31-22). A special \u0026ldquo;thank you\u0026rdquo; is also extended to the reviewers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePandey, A. K. et al. How the global tea industry copes with fungal diseases\u0026ndash;challenges and opportunities.\u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePlant Dis.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e105\u003c/b\u003e (7), 1868\u0026ndash;1879 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJia, C. X. Z., Long, Y. L. \u0026amp; Xu, G. F. Discussion on Relationship Between Ancient Tea Tree Value and CulturaSelf-. \u003cem\u003eJ. J. Southwest. 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Antioxidant capacity and major polyphenol composition of teas as affected by geographical location, plantation elevation and leaf grade.\u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eFood Chem.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e244\u003c/b\u003e, 109\u0026ndash;119 (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu, J. J. Yunnan ancient tea thyme has beauty derivatives, and college youth gold ideas make intangible cultural heritage rejuvenate into the homes of ordinary people.16 September 2023. (In Chinese).Available online: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://news.ecust.edu.cn/2023/0905/c160a175511/page.htm.(In\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://news.ecust.edu.cn/2023/0905/c160a175511/page.htm.(In\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003eChinese).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"tea inventory, Yunnan, tea industry, sustainable development","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eYunnan Province is the important tea-producing area in China and the world, and the tea industry is an important part of Yunnan\u0026rsquo;s agricultural economy. In the face of domestic tea inventory pressure, it is very important to study the sustainable development of the Yunnan tea industry. This study clarifies the current situation of tea supply and consumption in China; investigates the tea garden area, tea production, and tea export volume in China and Yunnan Province; analyzes the data of domestic primary tea and finished tea production, consumption, and inventory from 2018 to 2023; and highlights the problems of inventory pressure and structural imbalance in the product supply side of China's tea industry. On this basis, it is proposed that the development of the ecological tea industry and the utilization of diversified tea resources are paths to sustainable development of the tea industry in Yunnan Province. These ideas are proposed in four aspects: the construction of ecological tea gardens, the development of a technology system for an ecological tea industry, staying up to date with the new tea consumption market, and expanding the production of functional terminal tea goods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Study on The Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Tea Industry under The Pressure of China’s Tea Inventory","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-04 01:21:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946923/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5f7acd57-53de-4e60-b5b3-717aa0dc98ad","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":38360230,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Socioeconomic scenarios"},{"id":38360231,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Sustainability"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T10:23:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-04 01:21:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4946923","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4946923","identity":"rs-4946923","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}