A wireless and fully-implantable optogenetic stimulation system for long-term monitoring of upper limb functions with sub-nerve resolution

A wireless and fully-implantable optogenetic stimulation system for long-term monitoring of upper limb functions with sub-nerve resolution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A wireless and fully-implantable optogenetic stimulation system for long-term monitoring of upper limb functions with sub-nerve resolution Su Jiang, Mingjie Zhou, Chuxiang Chen, Biao Yan, Fukui Yang, Fei Wang, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5763118/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Motor function defect caused by central or peripheral nerve injuries has become a global burden. Peripheral nerve transfer is an effective surgical method in restoring motor functions of upper limb after nerve injuries in general. However, the outcome of individual function recovery is less predictable. It is crucial to access the real-time monitoring of function improvement in the peripheral nerve level. Here, we developed a fully implantable multisite optogenetic stimulation system(FIMOSS), which is tailored for wireless, reprogrammable and long-term monitoring of peripheral nerve plexus functions. In Thy1-ChR2-EYFP mice, our system elicited diverse forelimb movements when illuminating each nerve bundle from different angles, confirming its spatial selectivity for the monitoring of precise brachial plexus functions. Furthermore, we applied FIMOSS on a nerve transfer mice model after traumatic brain injury and discovered innervation pattern of the transferred nerve to multiple forelimb muscles along with the functional compensation of adjacent nerve trunks in brachial plexus consecutively within 12 weeks after surgery, during which FIMOSS has demonstrated stable operation. Our technology enabled refined evaluation of electrophysiological and motor functions of peripheral nerve plexus, shining light upon personalized diagnosis and treatment after central or peripheral nervous system injuries or nerve surgeries. Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Nanobiotechnology/Bionanoelectronics Biological sciences/Neuroscience/Peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nerve Modulation Fully implantable Reprogrammable System Wireless Battery-free Multisite Optogenetic Stimulation Fine Motor Control Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files 2024.12.31SupplementaryInformation.docx Supplementary Information Movie.S1.mp4 Movie S1 Movie.S2.mp4 Movie S2 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5763118","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":400108631,"identity":"e2cb5523-4cab-44f4-9827-cb2aac8e1d72","order_by":0,"name":"Su 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