A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon

A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon Lisandru Capai, Giovanni Begliomini, Basile Kamgang, Souand Mohamed Ali, and 15 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Tick-borne Jingmenviruses are becoming an increasing arbovirus concern due to the rising number of reported infections in humans and animals, as well as their wide geographic distribution. The involvement of other hematophagous arthropods as vectors of Jingmenviruses is still unknown. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled in two different biotopes in Cameroon (Yaoundé and Garoua) during the rainy and the dry seasons in 2022 and 2023. Metatranscriptomics Next Generation Sequencing was conducted using Illumina technology. Viral sequences detection revealed the presence of several contigs with high sequence identity to a human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) previously discovered in plasma from an individual from Yaoundé, Cameroon. A draft viral genome was constituted for each Jingmenvirus-positive samples. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were used to position mosquito-associated viruses within the diversity of Jingmenviruses. Statistical analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence of infected mosquitoes and the effect of different variables (region, season, year, mosquito species) on Jingmenvirus detection. Results HdJV was identified during the dry and the rainy seasons in 4 species of mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus , Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex wansoni from Yaoundé, and Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Garoua. The overall prevalence of HdJV-infected mosquitoes was estimated to 0.90% [0.41–1.69]; and the unique variable significantly associated with HdJV detection was the sampling area: Yaoundé showed the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95–4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01–0.79]). Mosquito-associated Jingmenviruses shared a high nucleotide identity (between 98.64–100% according to the segment) and clustered in the same clade in the phylogenetic analysis, that they belong to the same viral species circulating in different mosquito species. The viral genome shared between 96.4% and 98.9% nucleotide identity with a HdJV detected in the plasma of a patient suffering from febrile illness originating from the same area, suggesting the possible involvement of mosquitoes as vectors of arboviral Jingmenviruses in human infections. Conclusions This finding provides new insights into the ecology and transmission dynamics of Jingmenviruses, highlighting mosquitoes as potential vectors, alongside ticks, in the zoonotic transmission of this virus group. Jingmenvirus Mosquitoes vector-borne diseases NGS Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Jingmenviruses represent a growing concern amid the increasing number of reports of infection in humans and animals, their large geographic distribution and their broad host range ( 1 ). Jingmenviruses are a group of positive-strand RNA viruses - not yet classified by the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - that have a segmented RNA genome ( 1 ) consisted of four to five segments that encode for up to seven structural proteins and two non-structural proteins, the latter sharing significant similarities with the non-structural proteins (NS2B/NS3 and NS5) of flaviviruses ( 2 – 5 ). Jingmenviruses are classified into two phylogenetic clades, typically referred as the “tick -associated” clade (that contains many vertebrate-associated Jingmenviruses, including the human pathogen Alongshan virus ( 6 ) and the “insect-associated” clade. The first Jingmenvirus was first reported in 2014, with the discovery of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) from Rhipicephalus microplus ticks collected in China ( 2 ). Since then, tick-associated Jingmenviruses close to the initial JMTV strain has been detected in numerous tick species ( 2 , 7 – 11 ), in mosquitoes ( 2 , 12 ), but also in vertebrates including cattle (MH133314.1) ( 13 ), monkey ( 14 ), rodents ( 9 , 15 ), tortoise (ON158817.1) and humans with a history of tick bite (MN218697.1) ( 16 ). Serological tests have confirmed human exposure to JMTV in China ( 17 ). A low seroprevalence was also suggested in France ( 18 ). Other tick-associated Jingmenviruses, distant from the prototype JMTV strain identified in R. microplus , were discovered in mosquitoes, deer, bats, sheep, cattle, and in humans with febrile illness ( 6 ) which suggest that several viral species from the tick-associated clade are tick-borne arboviruses with zoonotic potential ( 18 – 21 ). In contrast, Jingmenviruses from the “insect-associated” clade are generally considered as insect-specific viruses. These insect-associated Jingmenviruses have been detected in a broad range of invertebrates including mosquito, fly, flea, aphid, cricket, biting midge, and scorpion, but also in fungi and plants. The prototype strain of this clade, Guaico Culex Virus (GCXV), was isolated from pools of Culex mosquitoes collected in the Americas between 2008 and 2012 ( 14 ) but the virus was unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines or in intracranially inoculated new-born mice, suggesting a restriction of the virus to its mosquito host ( 22 ). Recently, the genome of a new Jingmenvirus strain belonging to the insect-associated clade was successfully assembled from the plasma of a 29-year-old HIV-1 and HBV-positive individual from Cameroon (Yaoundé region) ( 23 ). Despite the fact that Orf et al. could not demonstrate that the pathogenicity was due to this Jingmenvirus strain, the study was the first report of an “insect-associated” Jingmenvirus in vertebrates ( 23 ), suggesting that Jingmenviruses from the insect-associated clade could also infect vertebrates. The closest genomes of this new human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) was the Shuangao insect virus 7 (SAIV7) isolated from a pool of flying insects from eastern China ( 24 ). The overall low identity between HdJV and SAIV7 (only 77% nucleotide identity of the conserved NSP1 coding for the viral polymerase) ( 5 ) indicated that HdJV constitutes a new species of Jingmenvirus. The initial discovery of HdJV reported a segmented genome constituted of four segments, but recent re-analysis of the sequencing data revealed the presence of a fifth segment, named segment 2–2, that appears to be much more conserved (93–99% nucleotide identity between HdJV and SAIV7) compared to other segments ( 5 ). The vector of HdJV had not been identified. Herein, we report the detection and assembly of viral sequences with over 99% amino acid identity to HdJV in several mosquito species collected in Cameroon in 2022 and 2023, suggesting that mosquitoes may potentially constitute the missing vector host of HdJV. Methods a) Sampling plan and identification of mosquito species Mosquitoes were collected in two different geographical areas in Cameroon: Garoua and Yaoundé. Yaoundé is the capital city of the country, located in the Centre region. It has a sub-equatorial Guinean climate with two distinct dry and rainy seasons, and with forest vegetation. Garoua is the capital of the North region. It has a tropical Sudanian climate with one rainy season which extends from May to November and predominantly savannah vegetation. Mosquito collections were conducted over a two-year period (2022–2023) during both the dry and rainy seasons. Oral consent was obtained from the concession owners at each location. Mosquitoes were collected from around ten animal shelters (cattle, goats or sheep), using a Pokopack aspirator and/or a CDC light trap supplemented with CO₂. Mosquito collections were also performed in livestock markets and abattoirs. The Prokopack aspirator was used to collect resting mosquitoes indoors and in surrounding vegetation. The CDC light trap was used to collect questing mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were anaesthetized by cooling and morphologically identified on an ice block using a magnifying glass. They were then pooled by species, season, and collection site with up to ten specimens per minipool. Monospecific pools were labelled and stored in liquid nitrogen in the field before being transferred at − 80°C in the laboratory until further experiments. b) Pooling and RNA Extraction Minipools of mosquitoes were homogenized with 500 µL of PBS using a MagnaLyser version 1.1 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at 6,000 rpm for 1 min. Shreds were centrifuged for 2 min at 12,000× g and 4°C, then 167 µL of supernatant was transferred to 835 µL of RNA later solution (Invitrogen). The mixture was incubated overnight at 4°C and stored at − 80°C until shipment to Institut Pasteur in Paris. One hundred and forty-five minipools of female mosquitoes (representing a total of 1,075 female mosquitoes) were combined into 43 large pools according to the mosquito species, the season and the collection site to a maximum of 80 mosquitoes per large pool. Total RNA was extracted from the 43 large pools of mosquitoes in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory using the Maxwell RSC simply RNA tissue kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA extracts were quantified with the Qubit RNA High sensitivity assay (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and analyzed using an Agilent BioAnalyzer RNA pico chip (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany). Large pools were labelled according to the location (“Y” for Yaoundé and “G” for Garoua), species (“Aa”, “Ag”, “Cq” and “Cw” for Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae s.l. , Culex quinquefasciatus , and Culex wansoni respectively), year of sampling (“22” and “23” for 2022 and 2023), and season (“D” and “R” for the dry and rainy season respectively). Replicates were labelled “.1” and “.2” if more than one large pool with the same location, species, year and seasonal characteristics were sequenced. c) NGS Library Preparation and Sequencing Sequencing libraries were prepared using the SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-seq kit v3-Pico input mammalian kit (Takara Bio, San Jose, CA, USA). The quantity of RNA input, the duration of heat fragmentation, and the final amplification were adapted according to each sample RNA profile. Quantification and quality controls of the libraries were verified by the Qubit DNA High sensitivity assay (Invitrogen) and the Bioanalyzer DNA High Sensitivity chips (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany), respectively. Sequencing was carried out on the Illumina NextSeq 2000 devices in a paired-ends 2 × 100 bp format, to achieve approximately 50 million reads for each library. d) Viral assignment Raw reads were processed with an in-house bioinformatics pipeline (Microseek ( 25 )) that allows for quality check, read trimming, de novo assembly, and uses a series of BLAST-based similarity search, primarily against a curated protein reference viral database (RVDB-prot) for sensitive viral sequences detection ( 25 , 26 ). This virome analysis revealed the presence of contigs with high identity to Jingmenvirus sp. strain Cameroon/U172471/201 (Human-derived Jingmenvirus, HdJV) in several samples. Sequenced reads were mapped against HdJV reference genome sequences (OQ835732, Seg1; OQ835733, Seg2; OQ835734, Seg3; OQ835735, Seg4; BK070268, Seg2-2) using Bowtie2 ( 27 ) and QIAGEN CLC Workbench (Version 23) in order to extract a consensus sequence per sample. e) Alignment and Phylogenetic analysis Consensus sequences from each positive pool were manually verified using QIAGEN CLC Workbench (Version 23) before being aligned with other consensus sequences and 4 closely related viruses to verify the accuracy of each consensus. Because of the high nucleotide identity of the sequences generated from individual samples, a consensus genome was produced from all positive samples. The predicted protein NS5/NS5-like sequence was aligned using MAFFT ( 28 ) to all NS5/NS5-like protein sequences of all known Jingmenvirus species (23 species) and some closely related species ( 1 ). The alignment obtained was trimmed using trimAl, a tool for automated alignment trimming (Version 1.4.1) ( 29 ) for follow-up phylogenetic analyses. All phylogenetic trees were built using PhyML with Smart Model Selection (Version 1.8.1) ( 30 ). The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the GTR + G model of nucleotides substitution. Tree topology was evaluated by the bootstrap method (1000 replicates). Trees were edited with iTol (Version 7.2) and were midpoint rooted when no outgroup was identified. f) Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were performed using R software (R version 4.4.2) within the RStudio environment (version 2025.0.5). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for mosquito species, regions, seasons, and collection years. Categorical data were summarized as percentages. Associations between the presence of Jingmenvirus and the different variables were assessed using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. The pooled prevalence for variable pool size and perfect tests was calculated using Epitools ( 31 ). This method estimates prevalence and confidence limits for variable pool sizes and assumes 100% test sensitivity and specificity ( 32 ). Results As part of a metagenomics analysis aiming at deciphering the virome composition of mosquitoes from Cameroon, we identified eight contigs with length ranging from 313 to 1,359 nucleotides that had predicted protein homology with Jingmenvirus sp. strain Cameroon/U172471/201 (Human-derived Jingmenvirus, HdJV) and amino acid identity ranging from 98.6–100%. HdJV-related reads were detected in abundance in 6 pools of mosquitoes, with sequences covering at least three genome segments (Table 1 ). These samples corresponded to pools of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and Culex wansoni collected in Yaoundé during the two seasons (rainy and dry) of the two years of collect (2022 and 2023) (Table 1 ). Traces (no more than two reads) of HdJV were detected in two more samples, including a pool of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Garoua (Table 1 ). No Jingmenvirus sequence was detected in the following mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Aedes vittatus, Culex duttoni, Culex rubinotus, Culex tritaeniarynchus and Mansonia africana. However, among these additional mosquito species, only Aedes aegypti and Culex tritaeniarynchus were sampled in Yaoundé. Table 1 Description of positive pools for Jingmenvirus detection according to the different consensus by segment. ND: not detected Sample code Species Mosquitoes Region Season Year Number of mosquitoes by pool Consensus length / Read count Total Read count S1 2955 bp S2 1,603 bp S3 2,671 bp S4 2,585 bp S2-2 1,693 bp Aa_Y_D_22 Aedes albopictus Yaounde Dry 2022 17 33 / 1 467 / 8 712 / 15 424 / 14 ND 38 Ag_G_R_23 Anopheles gambiae s.l. Garoua Rainy 2023 10 ND ND 180 / 2 ND ND 2 Cq_Y_D_22.1 Culex quinquefasciatus Yaounde Dry 2022 69 451 / 14 293 / 12 930 / 22 213 / 3 ND 51 Cq_Y_D_22.2 Culex quinquefasciatus Yaounde Dry 2022 76 1,354 / 24 958 / 20 1,409 / 31 954 / 29 ND 104 Cq_Y_R_22.1 Culex quinquefasciatus Yaounde Rainy 2022 76 ND ND 593 / 13 179 / 3 ND 23 Cq_Y_R_22.2 Culex quinquefasciatus Yaounde Rainy 2022 80 ND ND ND 181 / 2 ND 2 Cq_Y_R_23 Culex quinquefasciatus Yaounde Rainy 2023 22 2,765 / 238 1,371 / 56 2,256 / 180 2,199 / 177 ND 651 Cw_Y_D_22 Culex wansoni Yaounde Dry 2022 2 2,084 / 47 911 / 28 2,206 / 90 1,607 / 56 91 / 2 223 The overall pooled prevalence of mosquito-associated Jingmenvirus (MaJV) was estimated to 0.90% [0.41–1.69] (Table 2 ). In Culex quinquefasciatus that was sampled more often than any other mosquito species (N = 29 pools), the overall pooled prevalence was estimated to 0.59% [0.21–1.28] but reached 1.69% [0.59–3.82] when considering only mosquitoes sampled in Yaoundé (5/8 pools positive, Table 2 ). The unique variable significantly associated with MaJV detection was the sampling area, Yaoundé showing the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95–4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01–0.79]) (p-value = 0.001, Table 2 ). Table 2 Positivity rate of pools for MaJV detection according to the different variables, univariate analysis and pooled prevalence of MaJV. n = number of positive pools; N = overall number of pools by variables; % = the detection rate Variables MaJV detection p-value Pooled prevalence of MaJV n N % Species Aedes aegypti 0 4 0 0.43 0 Aedes albopictus 1 2 50.0 10.56 [0.56–55.31] Aedes vittatus 0 1 0 0 Anopheles gambiae s.l. 1 2 50.0 21.32 [1.11–89.5] Culex duttoni 0 1 0 0 Culex quinquefasciatus 5 29 17.2 0.59 [0.21–1.28] Culex quinquefasciatus (from Yaoundé) 5 8 62.5 1.69 [0.59–3.82] Culex rubinotus 0 1 0 0 Culex tritaeniarynchus 0 1 0 0 Culex wansoni 1 1 100 / Mansonia africana 0 1 0 0 Season Dry 4 21 19.0 0.99 0.85 [0.26–1.99] Rainy 4 22 18.2 0.96 [0.30–2.25] Areas Yaounde 7 15 46.7 0.001 2.29 [0.95–4.68] Garoua 1 28 3.6 0.18 [0.01–0.79] Year 2022 6 16 37.5 0.057 1.24 [0.49–2.55] 2023 2 27 7.4 0.76 [0.19–1.97] Overall 8 43 18.6 / 0.90 [0.41–1.69] The genome coverage of each segment of MaJV is presented in Fig. 1 for all eight positive pools. Samples from Culex wansoni (Cw_Y_D_22) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Cq_Y_D_22.2) showed the highest genome coverage. Of note, traces of segment 2–2 were only detected in C. wansoni . Consensus sequences generated from individual samples showed 98.8 to 100% nucleotide identity (Supplemental Fig. 1). Phylogenetic analyses performed at the nucleotide level confirmed that viral sequences originating from different samples belonged to the same clade (Fig. 2 ). Knowing that the eight strains of MaJV sequences represent the same viral species, reads belonging to each segment were combined to assemble a single consensus genome of MaJV (Supplemental Fig. 2; Genbank: PV953369, PV953370, PV953371, PV953372). MaJV genome segments presented with 96.4 to 98.9% nucleotide identity to HdJV (Supplemental Fig. 1). The coverage percentage for each segment ranged from 93.4–98.1%. Phylogenetic analysis of Jingmenviruses’ viral polymerase confirmed that MaJV (PV953369.1) clusters very closely to HdJV (OQ835732.1) and is distinct from other insect-associated Jingmenviruses (Fig. 3 ). At the root of the clade formed by MaJV and HdJV is placed Shuangao insect virus 7 (SAIV7). Supported by a high bootstrap value, viruses of the same clade were detected in cat fleas from USA, China and in caddisflies from Australia distant from tick-associated Jingmenviruses. Discussion The present study represents the first detection of a Jingmenvirus in mosquitoes from Cameroon, significantly expanding the known geographical distribution and host range of this viral group. Phylogenetic analyses of the viral polymerase revealed that the Mosquito-associated Jingmenvirus (MaJV) sequences fall within the “insect-associated” Jingmenvirus clade. Most strikingly, MaJV presents very high nucleotide identity to the HdJV initially discovered within human plasma sample from Yaoundé ( 33 ). With 96.4 to 98.9% nucleotide identity depending on the segments, the two viruses could be considered as different strains of the same species. These results strongly suggest the potential transmission of HdJV from mosquitoes to humans. Considering that MaJV (and its human counterpart) belong to the insect-associated Jingmenvirus clade, that clade may no longer be restricted to insects. The detection of MaJV in mosquito species known for their vectorial capacity ( 34 – 37 ) underscores the importance of evaluating the zoonotic transmission risk of HdJV and the potential role of mosquitoes as vectors of this novel arbovirus.. The ecological diversity of HdJV and its potential for widespread distribution within several mosquito species within the region further support its zoonotic potential. Interestingly, the MaJV strain was detected in diverse mosquito species (i.e. Aedes albopictus , Anopheles gambiae s.l. , Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex wansoni ) suggesting that these mosquitoes could have been infected during blood feeding onto a common viremic vertebrate host. Indeed, Aedes albopictus feeds predominantly on mammalian hosts, including humans (upper to 80%), cats, dogs and more rarely birds ( 38 – 40 ). Culex quinquefasciatus , like the other species of Culex mosquitoes, is a typical ornithophilic mosquito, but opportunistically bites dogs, humans, and sometimes other mammals ( 41 – 43 ). Anopheles gambiae s.l. is considered as the world's most important malaria vector and is well‑established as highly anthropophilic ( 44 – 46 ). Similarly, vector competence studies should be conducted to assess the infection rate, dissemination and transmission of this virus by different mosquito species and to determine if one mosquito species constitute the main vector of HdJV while the others might be accidentally infected during blood feeding onto a viremic host. MaJV was mostly detected in Yaoundé, during both the dry and the rainy seasons in 2022 and 2023. The overall pooled prevalence of MaJV was estimated at 0.90% [0.41–1.69] in our study. The same high order of pooled prevalence (around 0 to 1%) were observed for other flaviviruses including in endemic regions for their circulation ( 47 – 49 ). The prevalence was significantly higher in Yaoundé (2.29% [0.95–4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01–0.79]) indicating geographical variation in virus prevalence. This is particularly evident for Culex quinquefasciatus species for which no positive pool was found among the 21 originating from Garoua whereas MaJV was detected in 5 of the 8 pools from Yaoundé. In our study, MaJV detection was not related to seasonality, which conflicts with the existing literature. Indeed, temperature is one of the most important environmental factor affecting biological processes of mosquitoes, including their interactions with viruses and susceptibility to pathogen infection ( 50 , 51 ). Given the limited number of samples per mosquito species, the relatively small number of pools with MaJV, and that our screening focused only on two sites, these measures remain preliminary and further studies are needed to determine the extent of the host range of MaJV, its geographic distribution and the impact of seasonality on MaJV circulation. Further research is now necessary to assess the zoonotic potential of MaJV through a combination of experimental infection studies and epidemiological surveillance. It should be noted that the detection of HdJV in plasma of an immunocompromised patient could reflect the low infectivity of this virus to humans. Moreover, numerous viruses have been shown to establish persistent infections and prolonged viral shedding in immunocompromised individuals ( 52 – 54 ). This phenomenon is well-characterized not only for SARS-CoV-2 but also for a wide range of other viral pathogens ( 55 ). The understanding of viral evolution and mutational dynamics within these hosts, as well as the potential global implications, is essential particularly considering the growing population of immunocompromised patients worldwide ( 56 ). Of note, serological investigations may be employed to assess human exposure within Cameroon, with a particular focus on Yaoundé where the virus prevalence appears to be higher. Monitoring the circulation of MaJV in vectors, potential animal hosts, and humans will be crucial for understanding the risk that this virus represents to public health and implementing evidence-based control measures. Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to all field workers and concession owners for their collaboration. Funding Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01AI151758. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Availability of data and materials Sequences of the four segment of the virus Genbank accession number: PV953369, PV953370, PV953371, PV953372. Authors’ contribution AA: Investigation; Supervision. BK: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Investigation; Supervision; Writing –review & editing. CK: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. CM: Investigation; Methodology. CYN: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. FYS: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Writing –review & editing. GB: Investigation; Formal analysis; Writing – original draft preparation GDE: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. GLM: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. LC: Investigation; Data Curation; Formal analysis; Software; Visualization; Writing – original draft preparation; Writing – review and editing. LM: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. NMD: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Supervision; Project administration; Investigation; Software; Formal analysis; Writing – original draft preparation; Writing – review and editing. PATN: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Investigation; Supervision; Project administration; Writing –review & editing. RN: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Supervision; Project administration RP: Investigation; Methodology. SMA: Conceptualization; Methodology; Data Curation; Formal analysis ST: Methodology; Software; Formal analysis; Writing – review and editing. TB: Data curation; Formal analysis; Software; Writing –review & editing. VK: Investigation; Methodology. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not concerned. References Colmant AMG, Charrel RN, Coutard B. Jingmenviruses: Ubiquitous, understudied, segmented flavi-like viruses. Front Microbiol. 10 oct 2022;13. Qin XC, Shi M, Tian JH, Lin XD, Gao DY, He JR, et al. A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 6 mai 2014;111(18):6744‑9. Simmonds P, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, et al. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol. 1 janv 2017;98(1):2‑3. LIU L, DONG H, CHEN H, ZHANG J, LING H, LI Z, et al. Flavivirus RNA cap methyltransferase: structure, function, and inhibition. Front Biol. 1 août 2010;5(4):286‑303. 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Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses. J Virol. 15 janv 2016;90(2):659‑69. Pérot P, Bigot T, Temmam S, Regnault B, Eloit M. Microseek: A Protein-Based Metagenomic Pipeline for Virus Diagnostic and Discovery. Viruses. 8 sept 2022;14(9):1990. Bigot T, Temmam S, Pérot P, Eloit M. RVDB-prot, a reference viral protein database and its HMM profiles. F1000Research. 2019;8:530. Langmead B, Wilks C, Antonescu V, Charles R. Scaling read aligners to hundreds of threads on general-purpose processors. Bioinformatics. 1 févr 2019;35(3):421‑32. Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Mol Biol Evol. 1 avr 2013;30(4):772‑80. Capella-Gutiérrez S, Silla-Martínez JM, Gabaldón T. trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics. 1 août 2009;25(15):1972‑3. SMS: Smart Model Selection in PhyML | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic [Internet]. [cité 14 mai 2025]. Disponible sur: https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/9/2422/3788860?login=true Epitools - Pooled prevalence for variable pool size and ... [Internet]. [cité 14 mai 2025]. Disponible sur: https://epitools.ausvet.com.au/ppvariablepoolsize Williams CJ, Moffitt CM. Estimation of Pathogen Prevalence in Pooled Samples Using Maximum Likelihood Methods and Open‐Source Software. J Aquat Anim Health. 1 déc 2005;17(4):386‑91. Orf GS, Olivo A, Harris B, Weiss SL, Achari A, Yu G, et al. Metagenomic Detection of Divergent Insect- and Bat-Associated Viruses in Plasma from Two African Individuals Enrolled in Blood-Borne Surveillance. Viruses. avr 2023;15(4):1022. da Moura AJF, Tomaz F, Melo T, Seixas G, Sousa CA, Pinto J. Vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus from Santiago Island, Cape Verde, to West Nile Virus: exploring the potential effect of the vector native Wolbachia. 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Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Urban and Rural Contexts within Rome Province, Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis Larchmt N. 1 juill 2009;10:291‑4. Kamgang B, Nchoutpouen E, Simard F, Paupy C. Notes on the blood-feeding behavior of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. déc 2012;5(1). Guinn A, Su T, Thieme J, Cheng ML, Brown MQ, Thiemann T. Characterization of the Blood-Feeding Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in San Bernardino County, California. J Med Entomol. 1 sept 2022;59(5):1756‑65. Alencar J, Silva JDS, De Oliveira LCM, Marcondes CB, Morone F, Lorosa ES. Feeding Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) From Eastern Santa Catarina State, Brazil. J Med Entomol. 1 juill 2012;49(4):952‑4. Julian EGR, Bradley JB, Jose AFA, Maria ALP, Wilberth ACC, Luis FFF, et al. Host-feeding preference of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Yucatan State, Mexico. J Insect Sci. 1 janv 2010;10(1):32. Tuno N, Kjaerandsen J, Badu K, Kruppa T. Blood-Feeding Behavior of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles melas in Ghana, Western Africa. J Med Entomol. 1 janv 2010;47(1):28‑31. Scott TW, Takken W. Feeding strategies of anthropophilic mosquitoes result in increased risk of pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol. 1 mars 2012;28(3):114‑21. Arega A, Animut A, Massebo F. Blood feeding patterns of malaria mosquitoes collected using pit shelters and clay pots in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Malar J. 28 mai 2025;24(1):169. Rahayu A, Saraswati U, Supriyati E, Kumalawati DA, Hermantara R, Rovik A, et al. Prevalence and Distribution of Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta City before Deployment of Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti. Int J Environ Res Public Health. mai 2019;16(10):1742. Pham Thi KL, Briant L, Gavotte L, Labbe P, Perriat-Sanguinet M, Cornillot E, et al. Incidence of dengue and chikungunya viruses in mosquitoes and human patients in border provinces of Vietnam. Parasit Vectors. 9 nov 2017;10:556. Maneerattanasak S, Ngamprasertchai T, Tun YM, Ruenroengbun N, Auewarakul P, Boonnak K. Prevalence of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya virus infections among mosquitoes in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 1 nov 2024; Field EN, Smith RC. Seasonality influences key physiological components contributing to Culex pipiens vector competence. Front Insect Sci. 25 mai 2023;3:1144072. Alto BW, Bettinardi D. Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 6 mars 2013;88(3):497‑505. Magiorkinis G. On the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of variants of concern. Trends Microbiol. janv 2023;31(1):5‑8. Raglow Z, Surie D, Chappell JD, Zhu Y, Martin ET, Kwon JH, et al. SARS-CoV-2 shedding and evolution in patients who were immunocompromised during the omicron period: a multicentre, prospective analysis. Lancet Microbe. 1 mars 2024;5(3):e235‑46. Corey L, Beyrer C, Cohen MS, Michael NL, Bedford T, Rolland M. SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Patients with Immunosuppression. N Engl J Med. 4 août 2021;385(6):562‑6. Raglow Z, Lauring AS. Virus evolution in prolonged infections of immunocompromised individuals. Clin Chem. 3 janv 2025;71(1):109‑18. Martinson ML, Lapham J. Prevalence of Immunosuppression Among US Adults. JAMA. 12 mars 2024;331(10):880‑2. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementFigureS1.pdf Supplementary information Supplemental figure 1 Pairwise comparison of nucleotide sequences generated by sample and segment (S1 to S4), with the human-derived Jingmenvirus (OQ835732-35), the Shuangao virus insect virus 7 (MW314686-89). The upper comparison is the percent identity, and the lower comparison is the number of nucleotide variations. SupplementFigureS2.pdf Supplemental figure 2 Mapping of all positive samples reads on the HdJV genomic segments OQ835735, OQ835734, OQ835733, OQ835732, BK070268. SupplementaryTable1.docx Supplementary Table 1 Name, accession numbers of the four consensus sequences generated from our different positive samples and comparison with the HaJV sequences of reference Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Parasites & Vectors → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7347858","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":511134572,"identity":"d432bbb7-a419-4aa6-b3fb-2fedc5d679e6","order_by":0,"name":"Lisandru Capai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lisandru","middleName":"","lastName":"Capai","suffix":""},{"id":511134573,"identity":"d31eebd8-1c29-4552-be18-5369cc92d1c5","order_by":1,"name":"Giovanni Begliomini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giovanni","middleName":"","lastName":"Begliomini","suffix":""},{"id":511134574,"identity":"da481246-45ba-4415-92aa-908d94790fc9","order_by":2,"name":"Basile Kamgang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Basile","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamgang","suffix":""},{"id":511134575,"identity":"b22d0981-3aef-449c-a400-caa4d87c81fe","order_by":3,"name":"Souand Mohamed Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Souand","middleName":"Mohamed","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":511134576,"identity":"bc255b73-fbd8-40db-9e32-11ccd11663f4","order_by":4,"name":"Sarah Temmam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sarah","middleName":"","lastName":"Temmam","suffix":""},{"id":511134577,"identity":"1054c45f-9876-4489-bbd2-85a48f1c91c0","order_by":5,"name":"Thomas Bigot","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Bigot","suffix":""},{"id":511134578,"identity":"3dc2d5fd-f505-4bcb-af89-737e9ed556ff","order_by":6,"name":"Gisèle Liliane Machuetum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centre Pasteur du Cameroun","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gisèle","middleName":"Liliane","lastName":"Machuetum","suffix":""},{"id":511134579,"identity":"d491fe3e-2a2d-498c-bd55-c167eb4ba6e0","order_by":7,"name":"Christophe R. 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15:24:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-07111-4","type":"published","date":"2025-12-15T15:58:21+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90908989,"identity":"8cb9d085-42c8-4696-8626-44d3942f43ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:28:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage coverage of the reference sequences for the eight positive pools (Human-derived Jingmenvirus OQ835732- OQ835735 and BK070268)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/db62e5dfa73b12cd62a74b52.png"},{"id":90910235,"identity":"f688e456-7e3a-4100-ba48-25600cee0b7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:36:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":580822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic trees of the different positive pools’ consensus using a maximum likelihood analysis for the segment 1 to 4 Jingmenviruses nucleotide sequences (PhyML 3.0). The phylogenetic tree was built using the Model of nucleotides substitution: GTR, gamma distributed with bootstraps (branch labels) and midpoint rooted using iTol (Version 7.2).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/b04bff6d16fb96ac68cf9845.jpg"},{"id":90910233,"identity":"d64e6f35-4e28-49b5-beaf-b76908150751","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:36:34","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":977811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaximum likelihood analysis of segment 1 Jingmenviruses amino acid sequences of RDRP/NS5/NS5-like gene was realized using PhyML 3.0. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Model of nucleotides substitution: GTR, gamma distributed with bootstraps (branch labels) and midpoint rooted using iTol (Version 7.2). Sequences are color-coded according to their origin: tick-associated viruses are shown in yellow, insect-associated viruses in green, and sequences from environmental or unclassified sources in blue. Two sequences of particular interest are highlighted one in orange, corresponding to the Jingmenvirus strain detected from a mosquito in Cameroon (MaJV of this study PV953369.1), and one in pink, representing a previously reported Jingmenvirus sequence from a human plasma sample collected in Cameroon in 2017 (GenBank accession OQ835732.1).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/b50625edb8019035646c3bf4.jpg"},{"id":98815086,"identity":"0736a268-d326-4aed-b679-ae969818db21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:13:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2527137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/811efee6-b615-484c-9fc7-5f5823f0d80b.pdf"},{"id":90910227,"identity":"7e29b733-0706-4d89-8852-4967efccfea6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:36:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":47377,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplemental figure 1\u003c/strong\u003e Pairwise comparison of nucleotide sequences generated by sample and segment (S1 to S4), with the human-derived Jingmenvirus (OQ835732-35), the Shuangao virus insect virus 7 (MW314686-89). The upper comparison is the percent identity, and the lower comparison is the number of nucleotide variations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementFigureS1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/bfabce9e447d399db9eb858e.pdf"},{"id":90911917,"identity":"cdf56802-a5b4-4e3f-925c-25abe29558b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:44:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":389514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplemental figure 2\u003c/strong\u003e Mapping of all positive samples reads on the HdJV genomic segments OQ835735, OQ835734, OQ835733, OQ835732, BK070268.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementFigureS2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/52b5d5ac0f44c53c84d6943c.pdf"},{"id":90911918,"identity":"f909725e-1e46-4e27-b007-703646eabc76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 13:44:34","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 1 \u003c/strong\u003eName, accession numbers of the four consensus sequences generated from our different positive samples and comparison with the HaJV sequences of reference\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7347858/v1/d160c1f9fe537030ab3e4641.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eJingmenviruses represent a growing concern amid the increasing number of reports of infection in humans and animals, their large geographic distribution and their broad host range (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Jingmenviruses are a group of positive-strand RNA viruses - not yet classified by the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - that have a segmented RNA genome (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) consisted of four to five segments that encode for up to seven structural proteins and two non-structural proteins, the latter sharing significant similarities with the non-structural proteins (NS2B/NS3 and NS5) of flaviviruses (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Jingmenviruses are classified into two phylogenetic clades, typically referred as the “tick -associated” clade (that contains many vertebrate-associated Jingmenviruses, including the human pathogen Alongshan virus (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) and the “insect-associated” clade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first Jingmenvirus was first reported in 2014, with the discovery of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) from \u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus microplus\u003c/em\u003e ticks collected in China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Since then, tick-associated Jingmenviruses close to the initial JMTV strain has been detected in numerous tick species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), in mosquitoes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), but also in vertebrates including cattle (MH133314.1) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), monkey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), rodents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), tortoise (ON158817.1) and humans with a history of tick bite (MN218697.1) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Serological tests have confirmed human exposure to JMTV in China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). A low seroprevalence was also suggested in France (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Other tick-associated Jingmenviruses, distant from the prototype JMTV strain identified in \u003cem\u003eR. microplus\u003c/em\u003e, were discovered in mosquitoes, deer, bats, sheep, cattle, and in humans with febrile illness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) which suggest that several viral species from the tick-associated clade are tick-borne arboviruses with zoonotic potential (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Jingmenviruses from the “insect-associated” clade are generally considered as insect-specific viruses. These insect-associated Jingmenviruses have been detected in a broad range of invertebrates including mosquito, fly, flea, aphid, cricket, biting midge, and scorpion, but also in fungi and plants. The prototype strain of this clade, Guaico Culex Virus (GCXV), was isolated from pools of Culex mosquitoes collected in the Americas between 2008 and 2012 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) but the virus was unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines or in intracranially inoculated new-born mice, suggesting a restriction of the virus to its mosquito host (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecently, the genome of a new Jingmenvirus strain belonging to the insect-associated clade was successfully assembled from the plasma of a 29-year-old HIV-1 and HBV-positive individual from Cameroon (Yaoundé region) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the fact that Orf \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e could not demonstrate that the pathogenicity was due to this Jingmenvirus strain, the study was the first report of an “insect-associated” Jingmenvirus in vertebrates (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that Jingmenviruses from the insect-associated clade could also infect vertebrates. The closest genomes of this new human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) was the Shuangao insect virus 7 (SAIV7) isolated from a pool of flying insects from eastern China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The overall low identity between HdJV and SAIV7 (only 77% nucleotide identity of the conserved NSP1 coding for the viral polymerase) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that HdJV constitutes a new species of Jingmenvirus. The initial discovery of HdJV reported a segmented genome constituted of four segments, but recent re-analysis of the sequencing data revealed the presence of a fifth segment, named segment 2–2, that appears to be much more conserved (93–99% nucleotide identity between HdJV and SAIV7) compared to other segments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vector of HdJV had not been identified. Herein, we report the detection and assembly of viral sequences with over 99% amino acid identity to HdJV in several mosquito species collected in Cameroon in 2022 and 2023, suggesting that mosquitoes may potentially constitute the missing vector host of HdJV.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003ea) Sampling plan and identification of mosquito species\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eMosquitoes were collected in two different geographical areas in Cameroon: Garoua and Yaoundé. Yaoundé is the capital city of the country, located in the Centre region. It has a sub-equatorial Guinean climate with two distinct dry and rainy seasons, and with forest vegetation. Garoua is the capital of the North region. It has a tropical Sudanian climate with one rainy season which extends from May to November and predominantly savannah vegetation. Mosquito collections were conducted over a two-year period (2022–2023) during both the dry and rainy seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral consent was obtained from the concession owners at each location. Mosquitoes were collected from around ten animal shelters (cattle, goats or sheep), using a Pokopack aspirator and/or a CDC light trap supplemented with CO₂. Mosquito collections were also performed in livestock markets and abattoirs. The Prokopack aspirator was used to collect resting mosquitoes indoors and in surrounding vegetation. The CDC light trap was used to collect questing mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were anaesthetized by cooling and morphologically identified on an ice block using a magnifying glass. They were then pooled by species, season, and collection site with up to ten specimens per minipool. Monospecific pools were labelled and stored in liquid nitrogen in the field before being transferred at − 80°C in the laboratory until further experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eb) Pooling and RNA Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinipools of mosquitoes were homogenized with 500 µL of PBS using a MagnaLyser version 1.1 (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) at 6,000 rpm for 1 min. Shreds were centrifuged for 2 min at 12,000× g and 4°C, then 167 µL of supernatant was transferred to 835 µL of RNA later solution (Invitrogen). The mixture was incubated overnight at 4°C and stored at − 80°C until shipment to Institut Pasteur in Paris. One hundred and forty-five minipools of female mosquitoes (representing a total of 1,075 female mosquitoes) were combined into 43 large pools according to the mosquito species, the season and the collection site to a maximum of 80 mosquitoes per large pool. Total RNA was extracted from the 43 large pools of mosquitoes in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory using the Maxwell RSC simply RNA tissue kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA extracts were quantified with the Qubit RNA High sensitivity assay (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and analyzed using an Agilent BioAnalyzer RNA pico chip (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarge pools were labelled according to the location (“Y” for Yaoundé and “G” for Garoua), species (“Aa”, “Ag”, “Cq” and “Cw” for \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e respectively), year of sampling (“22” and “23” for 2022 and 2023), and season (“D” and “R” for the dry and rainy season respectively). Replicates were labelled “.1” and “.2” if more than one large pool with the same location, species, year and seasonal characteristics were sequenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ec) NGS Library Preparation and Sequencing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequencing libraries were prepared using the SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-seq kit v3-Pico input mammalian kit (Takara Bio, San Jose, CA, USA). The quantity of RNA input, the duration of heat fragmentation, and the final amplification were adapted according to each sample RNA profile. Quantification and quality controls of the libraries were verified by the Qubit DNA High sensitivity assay (Invitrogen) and the Bioanalyzer DNA High Sensitivity chips (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany), respectively. Sequencing was carried out on the Illumina NextSeq 2000 devices in a paired-ends 2 × 100 bp format, to achieve approximately 50\u0026nbsp;million reads for each library.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ed) Viral assignment\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw reads were processed with an in-house bioinformatics pipeline (Microseek (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)) that allows for quality check, read trimming, \u003cem\u003ede novo\u003c/em\u003e assembly, and uses a series of BLAST-based similarity search, primarily against a curated protein reference viral database (RVDB-prot) for sensitive viral sequences detection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). This virome analysis revealed the presence of contigs with high identity to Jingmenvirus sp. strain Cameroon/U172471/201 (Human-derived Jingmenvirus, HdJV) in several samples. Sequenced reads were mapped against HdJV reference genome sequences (OQ835732, Seg1; OQ835733, Seg2; OQ835734, Seg3; OQ835735, Seg4; BK070268, Seg2-2) using Bowtie2 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) and QIAGEN CLC Workbench (Version 23) in order to extract a consensus sequence per sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ee) Alignment and Phylogenetic analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsensus sequences from each positive pool were manually verified using QIAGEN CLC Workbench (Version 23) before being aligned with other consensus sequences and 4 closely related viruses to verify the accuracy of each consensus. Because of the high nucleotide identity of the sequences generated from individual samples, a consensus genome was produced from all positive samples. The predicted protein NS5/NS5-like sequence was aligned using MAFFT (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) to all NS5/NS5-like protein sequences of all known Jingmenvirus species (23 species) and some closely related species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The alignment obtained was trimmed using trimAl, a tool for automated alignment trimming (Version 1.4.1) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) for follow-up phylogenetic analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll phylogenetic trees were built using PhyML with Smart Model Selection (Version 1.8.1) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the GTR + G model of nucleotides substitution. Tree topology was evaluated by the bootstrap method (1000 replicates). Trees were edited with iTol (Version 7.2) and were midpoint rooted when no outgroup was identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ef) Statistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using R software (R version 4.4.2) within the RStudio environment (version 2025.0.5). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for mosquito species, regions, seasons, and collection years. Categorical data were summarized as percentages. Associations between the presence of Jingmenvirus and the different variables were assessed using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance was defined as p \u0026lt; 0.05. The pooled prevalence for variable pool size and perfect tests was calculated using Epitools (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). This method estimates prevalence and confidence limits for variable pool sizes and assumes 100% test sensitivity and specificity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs part of a metagenomics analysis aiming at deciphering the virome composition of mosquitoes from Cameroon, we identified eight contigs with length ranging from 313 to 1,359 nucleotides that had predicted protein homology with Jingmenvirus sp. strain Cameroon/U172471/201 (Human-derived Jingmenvirus, HdJV) and amino acid identity ranging from 98.6\u0026ndash;100%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHdJV-related reads were detected in abundance in 6 pools of mosquitoes, with sequences covering at least three genome segments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These samples corresponded to pools of \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e collected in Yaound\u0026eacute; during the two seasons (rainy and dry) of the two years of collect (2022 and 2023) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Traces (no more than two reads) of HdJV were detected in two more samples, including a pool of \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e from Garoua (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). No Jingmenvirus sequence was detected in the following mosquito species: \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti, Aedes vittatus, Culex duttoni, Culex rubinotus, Culex tritaeniarynchus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMansonia africana.\u003c/em\u003e However, among these additional mosquito species, only \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulex tritaeniarynchus\u003c/em\u003e were sampled in Yaound\u0026eacute;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of positive pools for Jingmenvirus detection according to the different consensus by segment. ND: not detected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"16\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample code\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies Mosquitoes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of mosquitoes by pool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsensus length / Read count\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Read count\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2955 bp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,603 bp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,671 bp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,585 bp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS2-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,693 bp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAa_Y_D_22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 / 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e467 / 8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e712 / 15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e424 / 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAg_G_R_23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaroua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 / 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCq_Y_D_22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e451 / 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293 / 12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e930 / 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213 / 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCq_Y_D_22.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,354 / 24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e958 / 20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,409 / 31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e954 / 29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCq_Y_R_22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e593 / 13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179 / 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCq_Y_R_22.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181 / 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCq_Y_R_23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,765 / 238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,371 / 56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,256 / 180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,199 / 177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCw_Y_D_22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,084 / 47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e911 / 28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,206 / 90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,607 / 56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 / 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall pooled prevalence of mosquito-associated Jingmenvirus (MaJV) was estimated to 0.90% [0.41\u0026ndash;1.69] (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e that was sampled more often than any other mosquito species (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29 pools), the overall pooled prevalence was estimated to 0.59% [0.21\u0026ndash;1.28] but reached 1.69% [0.59\u0026ndash;3.82] when considering only mosquitoes sampled in Yaound\u0026eacute; (5/8 pools positive, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The unique variable significantly associated with MaJV detection was the sampling area, Yaound\u0026eacute; showing the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95\u0026ndash;4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01\u0026ndash;0.79]) (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositivity rate of pools for MaJV detection according to the different variables, univariate analysis and pooled prevalence of MaJV. n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of positive pools; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;overall number of pools by variables; % = the detection rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaJV detection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePooled prevalence of MaJV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.56 [0.56\u0026ndash;55.31]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes vittatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.32 [1.11\u0026ndash;89.5]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex duttoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59 [0.21\u0026ndash;1.28]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus (from Yaound\u0026eacute;)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69 [0.59\u0026ndash;3.82]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex rubinotus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex tritaeniarynchus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMansonia africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85 [0.26\u0026ndash;1.99]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96 [0.30\u0026ndash;2.25]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAreas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYaounde\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29 [0.95\u0026ndash;4.68]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaroua\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18 [0.01\u0026ndash;0.79]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24 [0.49\u0026ndash;2.55]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76 [0.19\u0026ndash;1.97]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90 [0.41\u0026ndash;1.69]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genome coverage of each segment of MaJV is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for all eight positive pools. Samples from \u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e (Cw_Y_D_22) and \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e (Cq_Y_D_22.2) showed the highest genome coverage. Of note, traces of segment 2\u0026ndash;2 were only detected in \u003cem\u003eC. wansoni\u003c/em\u003e. Consensus sequences generated from individual samples showed 98.8 to 100% nucleotide identity (Supplemental Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Phylogenetic analyses performed at the nucleotide level confirmed that viral sequences originating from different samples belonged to the same clade (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowing that the eight strains of MaJV sequences represent the same viral species, reads belonging to each segment were combined to assemble a single consensus genome of MaJV (Supplemental Fig.\u0026nbsp;2; Genbank: PV953369, PV953370, PV953371, PV953372). MaJV genome segments presented with 96.4 to 98.9% nucleotide identity to HdJV (Supplemental Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The coverage percentage for each segment ranged from 93.4\u0026ndash;98.1%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of Jingmenviruses\u0026rsquo; viral polymerase confirmed that MaJV (PV953369.1) clusters very closely to HdJV (OQ835732.1) and is distinct from other insect-associated Jingmenviruses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). At the root of the clade formed by MaJV and HdJV is placed Shuangao insect virus 7 (SAIV7). Supported by a high bootstrap value, viruses of the same clade were detected in cat fleas from USA, China and in caddisflies from Australia distant from tick-associated Jingmenviruses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study represents the first detection of a Jingmenvirus in mosquitoes from Cameroon, significantly expanding the known geographical distribution and host range of this viral group. Phylogenetic analyses of the viral polymerase revealed that the Mosquito-associated Jingmenvirus (MaJV) sequences fall within the \u0026ldquo;insect-associated\u0026rdquo; Jingmenvirus clade. Most strikingly, MaJV presents very high nucleotide identity to the HdJV initially discovered within human plasma sample from Yaound\u0026eacute; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). With 96.4 to 98.9% nucleotide identity depending on the segments, the two viruses could be considered as different strains of the same species. These results strongly suggest the potential transmission of HdJV from mosquitoes to humans. Considering that MaJV (and its human counterpart) belong to the insect-associated Jingmenvirus clade, that clade may no longer be restricted to insects. The detection of MaJV in mosquito species known for their vectorial capacity (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35 CR36\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e) underscores the importance of evaluating the zoonotic transmission risk of HdJV and the potential role of mosquitoes as vectors of this novel arbovirus..\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ecological diversity of HdJV and its potential for widespread distribution within several mosquito species within the region further support its zoonotic potential. Interestingly, the MaJV strain was detected in diverse mosquito species (i.e. \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e) suggesting that these mosquitoes could have been infected during blood feeding onto a common viremic vertebrate host. Indeed, \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e feeds predominantly on mammalian hosts, including humans (upper to 80%), cats, dogs and more rarely birds (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, like the other species of \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, is a typical ornithophilic mosquito, but opportunistically bites dogs, humans, and sometimes other mammals (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR42\" citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e is considered as the world's most important malaria vector and is well‑established as highly anthropophilic (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR45\" citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, vector competence studies should be conducted to assess the infection rate, dissemination and transmission of this virus by different mosquito species and to determine if one mosquito species constitute the main vector of HdJV while the others might be accidentally infected during blood feeding onto a viremic host.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaJV was mostly detected in Yaound\u0026eacute;, during both the dry and the rainy seasons in 2022 and 2023. The overall pooled prevalence of MaJV was estimated at 0.90% [0.41\u0026ndash;1.69] in our study. The same high order of pooled prevalence (around 0 to 1%) were observed for other flaviviruses including in endemic regions for their circulation (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR48\" citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e). The prevalence was significantly higher in Yaound\u0026eacute; (2.29% [0.95\u0026ndash;4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01\u0026ndash;0.79]) indicating geographical variation in virus prevalence. This is particularly evident for \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e species for which no positive pool was found among the 21 originating from Garoua whereas MaJV was detected in 5 of the 8 pools from Yaound\u0026eacute;. In our study, MaJV detection was not related to seasonality, which conflicts with the existing literature. Indeed, temperature is one of the most important environmental factor affecting biological processes of mosquitoes, including their interactions with viruses and susceptibility to pathogen infection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Given the limited number of samples per mosquito species, the relatively small number of pools with MaJV, and that our screening focused only on two sites, these measures remain preliminary and further studies are needed to determine the extent of the host range of MaJV, its geographic distribution and the impact of seasonality on MaJV circulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther research is now necessary to assess the zoonotic potential of MaJV through a combination of experimental infection studies and epidemiological surveillance. It should be noted that the detection of HdJV in plasma of an immunocompromised patient could reflect the low infectivity of this virus to humans. Moreover, numerous viruses have been shown to establish persistent infections and prolonged viral shedding in immunocompromised individuals (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR53\" citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon is well-characterized not only for SARS-CoV-2 but also for a wide range of other viral pathogens (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e). The understanding of viral evolution and mutational dynamics within these hosts, as well as the potential global implications, is essential particularly considering the growing population of immunocompromised patients worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e). Of note, serological investigations may be employed to assess human exposure within Cameroon, with a particular focus on Yaound\u0026eacute; where the virus prevalence appears to be higher. Monitoring the circulation of MaJV in vectors, potential animal hosts, and humans will be crucial for understanding the risk that this virus represents to public health and implementing evidence-based control measures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to all field workers and concession owners for their collaboration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01AI151758. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSequences of the four segment of the virus Genbank accession number: PV953369, PV953370, PV953371, PV953372.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAA: Investigation; Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBK: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Investigation; Supervision; Writing \u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCK: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCM: Investigation; Methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCYN: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFYS: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology; Writing \u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGB: Investigation; Formal analysis; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft preparation \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGDE: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGLM: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLC: Investigation; Data Curation; Formal analysis; Software; Visualization; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft preparation; Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLM: Data curation; Investigation; Methodology. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNMD: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Supervision; Project administration; Investigation; Software; Formal analysis; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft preparation; Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePATN: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Investigation; Supervision; Project administration; Writing \u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRN: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization; Supervision; Project administration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRP: Investigation; Methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMA: Conceptualization; Methodology; Data Curation; Formal analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eST: Methodology; Software; Formal analysis; Writing \u0026ndash; review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB: Data curation; Formal analysis; Software; Writing \u0026ndash;review \u0026amp; editing. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVK: Investigation; Methodology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot concerned.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColmant AMG, Charrel RN, Coutard B. 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Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 1 nov 2024;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eField EN, Smith RC. Seasonality influences key physiological components contributing to Culex pipiens vector competence. Front Insect Sci. 25 mai 2023;3:1144072.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlto BW, Bettinardi D. Temperature and Dengue Virus Infection in Mosquitoes: Independent Effects on the Immature and Adult Stages. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 6 mars 2013;88(3):497‑505.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagiorkinis G. On the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of variants of concern. Trends Microbiol. janv 2023;31(1):5‑8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaglow Z, Surie D, Chappell JD, Zhu Y, Martin ET, Kwon JH, et al. SARS-CoV-2 shedding and evolution in patients who were immunocompromised during the omicron period: a multicentre, prospective analysis. Lancet Microbe. 1 mars 2024;5(3):e235‑46.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorey L, Beyrer C, Cohen MS, Michael NL, Bedford T, Rolland M. SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Patients with Immunosuppression. N Engl J Med. 4 ao\u0026ucirc;t 2021;385(6):562‑6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaglow Z, Lauring AS. Virus evolution in prolonged infections of immunocompromised individuals. Clin Chem. 3 janv 2025;71(1):109‑18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartinson ML, Lapham J. Prevalence of Immunosuppression Among US Adults. JAMA. 12 mars 2024;331(10):880‑2. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Jingmenvirus, Mosquitoes, vector-borne diseases, NGS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTick-borne Jingmenviruses are becoming an increasing arbovirus concern due to the rising number of reported infections in humans and animals, as well as their wide geographic distribution. The involvement of other hematophagous arthropods as vectors of Jingmenviruses is still unknown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMosquitoes were sampled in two different biotopes in Cameroon (Yaound\u0026eacute; and Garoua) during the rainy and the dry seasons in 2022 and 2023. Metatranscriptomics Next Generation Sequencing was conducted using Illumina technology. Viral sequences detection revealed the presence of several contigs with high sequence identity to a human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) previously discovered in plasma from an individual from Yaound\u0026eacute;, Cameroon. A draft viral genome was constituted for each Jingmenvirus-positive samples. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were used to position mosquito-associated viruses within the diversity of Jingmenviruses. Statistical analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence of infected mosquitoes and the effect of different variables (region, season, year, mosquito species) on Jingmenvirus detection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHdJV was identified during the dry and the rainy seasons in 4 species of mosquitoes: \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCulex quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCulex wansoni\u003c/em\u003e from Yaound\u0026eacute;, and \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae s.l.\u003c/em\u003e from Garoua. The overall prevalence of HdJV-infected mosquitoes was estimated to 0.90% [0.41\u0026ndash;1.69]; and the unique variable significantly associated with HdJV detection was the sampling area: Yaound\u0026eacute; showed the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95\u0026ndash;4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01\u0026ndash;0.79]). Mosquito-associated Jingmenviruses shared a high nucleotide identity (between 98.64\u0026ndash;100% according to the segment) and clustered in the same clade in the phylogenetic analysis, that they belong to the same viral species circulating in different mosquito species. The viral genome shared between 96.4% and 98.9% nucleotide identity with a HdJV detected in the plasma of a patient suffering from febrile illness originating from the same area, suggesting the possible involvement of mosquitoes as vectors of arboviral Jingmenviruses in human infections.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis finding provides new insights into the ecology and transmission dynamics of Jingmenviruses, highlighting mosquitoes as potential vectors, alongside ticks, in the zoonotic transmission of this virus group.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-09 13:28:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7347858/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-02T13:17:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-01T15:10:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-23T01:02:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T12:51:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"249319971283238217295497711906926015506","date":"2025-09-17T09:53:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144333812158400030728177985159770651515","date":"2025-09-15T19:03:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180029241735055110603685065010437798943","date":"2025-09-04T07:28:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T02:51:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-16T19:01:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T05:47:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","date":"2025-08-11T15:18:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"653e174c-17ed-4725-bdae-ba357eb73ba7","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:09:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7347858","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-07111-4","journal":{"identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-15 15:58:21","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-09 13:28:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13071-025-07111-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-07111-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7347858","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7347858","identity":"rs-7347858","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}