Auditing Post Conflict Electric Power Supply Reliability Challenges: A Case Study of Low Voltage Distribution Networks in Aksum, Northern Ethiopia

Auditing Post Conflict Electric Power Supply Reliability Challenges: A Case Study of Low Voltage Distribution Networks in Aksum, Northern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Auditing Post Conflict Electric Power Supply Reliability Challenges: A Case Study of Low Voltage Distribution Networks in Aksum, Northern Ethiopia Hagos Gebrekidan Berhe, Milkias Birhanu Tuka, Gebrehewot Miruts Kebedew This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7456768/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Conflicts in different regions of the world has made significant consequences on electric power supply appliances. This study is conducted in Aksum’s Ethiopia Low voltage (LV) electric supply lines using reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, and EENS, before, during, and post conflict. Accordingly, findings indicate severe reliability problems occurred due to the conflict which caused power interruption (forced and operational), infrastructure damage, displacement of skilled engineers, and poor recovery efforts. The study introduced a mixed-auditing mechanism, historical power outage data analysis, and performance based evaluation reliability indices. Results indicate that before the conflict relatively stable power supply, with manageable outage durations and energy losses. However, during the two year conflict (2020–2022) an average SAIDI value peaked at 1,626.4 hours, CAIDI flowed to 2,507.31 hours, and EENS intensified to 10,480.52 MWh, reflecting significant disruptions. Six months post-conflict, significant recovery efforts improved these metrics, though supply stability challenges persist. The resulted reliability the post conflict reliability indices exceeds international benchmarks, with SAIDI over 1–5 hours, SAIFI above 0.5, and CAIDI at 1–2 hours. Despite post- conflict improvements, high SAIFI values show supply instability. Strengthen infrastructure, improve maintenance, and enhance auditioning for reliable power. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Electric power supply Power distribution reliability Post-conflict recovery Low voltage feeder line reliability indices Energy infrastructure challenges Power reliability auditing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table.pdf Datasetsusedduringstudy.xlsx Researchterminalreport1Copy.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 26 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7456768","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":527245977,"identity":"8939dc25-1655-45fe-91c3-db7eb2843410","order_by":0,"name":"Hagos Gebrekidan 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distribution reliability, Post-conflict recovery, Low voltage feeder line, reliability indices, Energy infrastructure challenges, Power reliability auditing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7456768/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7456768/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eConflicts in different regions of the world has made significant consequences on electric power supply appliances. This study is conducted in Aksum\u0026rsquo;s Ethiopia Low voltage (LV) electric supply lines using reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, and EENS, before, during, and post conflict. Accordingly, findings indicate severe reliability problems occurred due to the conflict which caused power interruption (forced and operational), infrastructure damage, displacement of skilled engineers, and poor recovery efforts. The study introduced a mixed-auditing mechanism, historical power outage data analysis, and performance based evaluation reliability indices. Results indicate that before the conflict relatively stable power supply, with manageable outage durations and energy losses. However, during the two year conflict (2020\u0026ndash;2022) an average SAIDI value peaked at 1,626.4 hours, CAIDI flowed to 2,507.31 hours, and EENS intensified to 10,480.52 MWh, reflecting significant disruptions. Six months post-conflict, significant recovery efforts improved these metrics, though supply stability challenges persist. The resulted reliability the post conflict reliability indices exceeds international benchmarks, with SAIDI over 1\u0026ndash;5 hours, SAIFI above 0.5, and CAIDI at 1\u0026ndash;2 hours. Despite post- conflict improvements, high SAIFI values show supply instability. Strengthen infrastructure, improve maintenance, and enhance auditioning for reliable power.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Auditing Post Conflict Electric Power Supply Reliability Challenges: A Case Study of Low Voltage Distribution Networks in Aksum, Northern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-10 19:06:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7456768/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-13T05:49:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T04:55:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T16:42:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T11:12:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19042890999946682512187052591740524385","date":"2025-10-01T20:47:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188573051720905115222468857201436693709","date":"2025-10-01T08:16:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"166898238882079852412436492918813507021","date":"2025-09-29T16:22:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"216172683810029889352599360656678565897","date":"2025-09-29T12:13:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41793018042110921461641940773367383552","date":"2025-09-29T10:01:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124011505686570318015797678936501014751","date":"2025-09-29T08:04:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T07:55:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T07:52:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T07:17:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T13:52:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-24T13:48:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d429bb64-e700-4cdb-974d-c560033cb970","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":56045596,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":56045597,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:11:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7456768","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35599-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-09 15:59:31","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-10 19:06:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-35599-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35599-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7456768","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7456768","identity":"rs-7456768","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}