Radionuclide activity in soil samples at a site from Atomic Lake to the neighbor winter camps of Sarapan and Zhanan at the boundary of the southeast part of Semipalatinsk test site

Radionuclide activity in soil samples at a site from Atomic Lake to the neighbor winter camps of Sarapan and Zhanan at the boundary of the southeast part of Semipalatinsk test site | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Radionuclide activity in soil samples at a site from Atomic Lake to the neighbor winter camps of Sarapan and Zhanan at the boundary of the southeast part of Semipalatinsk test site Murzalimova Assel, Kabysheva Zhanar, Bergeneva Nurgul, Zubova Olga, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this investigation we studied the content of some extremely dangerous radionuclides ( 137 Cs, 90 Sr, 241 Am, 239+240 Pu) in soil samples taken around "Atomic lake" moving from the explosion crater by 4 terrains. Selected sampling terrains pass through the wintering grounds of Sarapan and Zhanan located at the south-east part of the former Semipalatinsk test site (STS). The research results have shown that soil samples near "Atomic lake" have a wide range of radionuclide activity values: 137 Cs from 6.8 to 4500 Bq/kg, 90 Sr from < 8 to 4300 Bq/kg, 241 Am from 1 to 350 Bq/kg, 239+240 Pu from 7 to 1800 Bq/kg. The highest radioactivity levels are found in soil samples near "Atomic lake". The content of 241 Am is within the admissible limit values, whereas the content of 137 Cs and 239+240 Pu exceeds the regulated values at some sampling places. The coefficient of variation of radionuclides content in studied soils has high values: 137 Cs (240%), 90 Sr (193%), 241 Am (225%), and 239 + 240 Pu (225%). This fact shows a high degree of the results scatter, which is most likely associated with a high activity of soils near "Atomic Lake". Semipalatinsk test site radionuclides winter camps soil cesium strontium plutonium americium Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction During the Cold War, the Central Asian region provided the Soviet nuclear weapons program for the extraction of uranium ores and the production of military materials for ground and underground tests. Kazakhstan is a particularly illustrative example. About 70% of all nuclear tests of the former USSR were performed on the territory of Kazakhstan from 1949 to 1989. Most of them, including 113 air and ground explosions, were carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site (STS) (Grosche 2002 ; Duyssembaev et. al 2014 ). The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS) in the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of 16 sites in the world where nuclear devices were tested. The SNTS, covering an area about 18,000 sq. km, is located in northeastern Kazakhstan (77° to 79° E and 49°–51° N). Between 1949 and 1989, 456 atomic bomb tests were performed at the SNTS (Michailov 1996 ). After the STS closure in 1991, settlements appeared here, herds of horses and flocks of sheep began to graze on territory of STS, which determined the need to assess the radiological consequences of radioactive contamination of the Semipalatinsk test site (STS) area for the population living on its territory (Kakimov et. al 2016 ; Apsalikov et al. 2019 ). Based on the use of a set of models describing the behavior of long-living radionuclides in grassland ecosystems of STS, conservative estimates of accumulating these radionuclides in animal products were carried out. The calculation results showed that when grazing horses and sheep in the most polluted areas of STS, concentrations of long-living radionuclides in products (milk and meat) can exceed normative standards established in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Apsalikov et al. 1982). In light of this, the task of ensuring the safety of human economic activities is important, which requires the assessment and forecast of radiological situation. The environment and human protection from the influence of residual and secondary radioactivity is the main aspect in solving STS problems. It is necessary to carry out additional works on consequence evaluation of radionuclide contamination of STS followed by the development of recommendations on the use of lands in terms of radiological safety. This calls for the scientific development and practical implementation of methods and ways insuring the evaluation of the degree of impact of radioactive contamination of the soil and vegetation cover on the population living here (Gorin et al. 2020 ; Zhexenayeva et al. 2020 ). To solve these problems, the most acceptable approach is the carrying out of radioecological monitoring of the STS territory. The main task of radioecological monitoring is the development of unified information space that can be formed using the modern geoinformation technologies (Abisheva et al. 2020 ). At present, the mass media are discussing the proposal of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan on transfer of STS land to agriculture. One of these territories are territories of the Sarapan and Zhanan wintering grounds, which are already actively used by local farmers for grazing livestock and hay harvesting. Several families of shepherds live on these lands in summer. It is known that no nuclear tests were carried out on the studied part of test site; however, the Balapan test site is located near this territory (Murzalimova et al. 2019 ). The Balapan area to the South-East of SNTS (780 km 2 , site of 105 underground nuclear bomb tests) may be the receptor of much of the SNTS radionuclide contamination, including the “Experimental Field” where 86 atmospheric nuclear tests and 30 above ground tests were conducted (Howard et al. 2004 ). This is because the dominant wind direction is from the West to the East and because the underground water tends to run from West to East (from the “Experimental field” towards the Balapan area (Artem’ev 2011 ). The chosen study sites are located along the axis of the prominent wind direction and groundwater flow. Artificial water reservoir, called Atomic lake, appeared on the territory of the former nuclear ground as a result of underground nuclear explosion at the confluence of the Shagan and Aschisu rivers on January 15, 1965. As a result of the experiment, a funnel with a depth of more than 100 m and a diameter of 400 m was formed which was then filled with flood waters. The explosion was carried out as part of a study on the industrial use of underground nuclear explosions with the release of soil for the development of artificial water reservoirs in arid regions of the country, as well as channels for transferring the waters of northern rivers to the southern regions (Timonova et al, 2020 ). During the radioecological studies of the water environment of the nuclear ground, significant contamination of the Shagan river with radioactive products of nuclear explosions was detected. It is also indicated that the maximum values of tritium in the river waters are detected at 4.7 kilometers from Atomic lake, which is more than 50 times higher than the permissible level for drinking water; as the distance increases, the level of contamination decreases (Gorlachev et al. 2020 ; Timonova et al. 2020 ). It should be noted that during underground nuclear explosions in wells with a typical radiation situation, the largest part of radioactivity remains in the epicenter of the explosion under the ground, only a small part of it comes the surface in the form of inert gases (Dzhambaev et al. 2020; Ayunov et al. 2017 ). However, taking into account the rather long contact of radionuclides and, in particular, plutonium-239 + 240 formed as a result of these experiments with the soil, it is possible to accept with confidence the establishment of all physical equilibria in the soil. Such areas make it possible to determine important quantitative characteristics of the migration ability of studied radionuclides in the soil. When planning the study of the area under investigation, the following factors were considered: the existing data on the content of studied radionuclides in the soil of the area under investigation; the survey grid with 1x1 km cell proposed by the IAEA expert group; the unified principles of forming radioactive contamination after nuclear tests. The purpose of this work is to study the content and distribution of the activity of some artificial radionuclides in the soil from Atomic Lake to the wintering grounds of Sarapan and Zhanan whose territories are actively used for agricultural purposes. Materials and methods In the present work, the southeast part of the former Semipalatinsk test site (STS), including a part of Balapan technical site was surveyed. Based on the above factors, the areal study of the studied territory was carried out on a grid with a step of 1 km with coordinate measuring at each chosen sampling point, radiometric survey and soil sampling from an area of 10 × 10 cm and a depth of 5 cm. Soil sampling was carried out during a fiel expedition in July 2018. The map of the studied STS site and the soil and vegetation sampling points, as well as their location are shown in Fig. 1 . In order to give a preliminary evaluation of radiation condition of the research territory of Semipalatinsk test site, the exposure dose rate was measured at 30 points on the surface and at a height of 1 m from the soil surface according to the recommendations "Measurement methodology. Gosstandart, 1993, inv. No. 92" by the calibrated dosimeter "SINTEX". The arithmetic mean value of 5 measurements of exposure dose rate was taken as statistically reliable. Measurements were also carried out using a Harwell Instrument dosimeter with a counting window area of 100 cm 2 . The MKS-01R1 device was also used for the same purposes. Inaccuracy of the used measuring instruments was ± 20%. Soil samples were analyzed in the research laboratory of the National Nuclear Center (Kurchatov, Kazakhstan). Analyses for measuring the radionuclide specific activities in the environmental samples were carried out in accordance with standardized methodological guidelines (Plutonium-238,239,240, Enterprise standard, 1993; Activity of radionuclides in bulk samples, 1991 ) on proven equipment. Determination of specific activity of 137 Cs and 241 Am radionuclides was carried out on Canberra GX-2020 γ-spectrometer; 90 Sr and 239 + 240 Pu - radiochemical separation followed by measurement of Canberra α-spectrometer (model 7401), respectively. Results and discussion Features of the radionuclides behavior in the soil-plant system is the important stage of ecological evaluation of the territory near Atomic Lake in particular and Semipalatinsk test site as a whole. In the chosen areas around Atomic Lake, soil samples were taken by 4 terrains moving from the explosion crater. The chosen terrains for sampling pass through wintering grounds located near Atomic Lake. The map-scheme of sampling points is shown in Fig. 2 . According to scientific data, the main contamination of the soil cover, concentrated near Atomic Lake, occurred because of radioactive soil release around the explosion epicenter (Vintró, et al., 2009 ; Mitchell, et al., 2005 ). Table 1 presents data on gamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical analysis of the soil. Table 1 Gamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical analysis data for soil samples near Atomic Lake, Bq/kg. Terrain point number 137 Cs 90 Sr 241 Am 239+240 Pu 1 1/1 4500 ± 15 4300 ± 50 350 ± 1 1800 ± 30 1/2 1360 ± 15 4100 ± 50 130 ± 1 450 ± 30 1/3 310 ± 5 1500 ± 30 15.8 ± 0.6 110 ± 15 1/4 250 ± 3 900 ± 20 5.0 ± 0.5 220 ± 20 1/5 59 ± 3 110 ± 10 39.8 ± 1.0 230 ± 20 1/6 41 ± 1 25 ± 6 28.2 ± 1.3 210 ± 10 1/7 42 ± 1 < 8 1.1 ± 0.3 8 ± 1 1/8 37 ± 2 21 ± 5 5.8 ± 0.8 32 ± 2 2 2/1 1200 ± 10 1650 ± 30 250 ± 05 190 ± 15 2/2 885 ± 5 750 ± 30 50 ± 05 300 ± 15 2/3 25 ± 1 32 ± 5 3.4 ± 0.4 17 ± 1 2/4 25 ± 1 13 ± 5 7.6 ± 0.8 76 ± 3 2/5 20 ± 1 17 ± 5 2.5 ± 0.4 7 ± 1 2/6 18 ± 1 < 9 1.9 ± 0.4 10 ± 1 2/7 15 ± 1 24 ± 7 4.1 ± 0.5 85 ± 4 2/8 11 ± 1 18 ± 5 3.1 ± 0.4 9.1 ± 1 3 3/1 860 ± 5 950 ± 20 3.4 ± 0.6 89.8 ± 7 3/2 11.4 ± 0.6 15.2 ± 5.3 3.3 ± 0.4 7.8 ± 0.6 3/3 9.2 ± 0.9 14.5 ± 4.6 2.9 ± 0.52 14.9 ± 1.1 3/4 11.2 ± 1.1 < 6.4 1.0 ± 0.4 19.1 ± 1.2 3/5 8.7 ± 0.8 10.4 ± 5.1 1.8 ± 0.5 16.0 ± 0.9 3/6 10.8 ± 0.6 13.4 ± 4.9 2.9 ± 0.52 15.0 ± 0.9 3/7 8.9 ± 0.9 13 ± 5 5.6 ± 0.5 10 ± 1 3/8 6.8 ± 0.8 11.5 ± 4.1 4.4 ± 0.7 25.7 ± 50 4 4/1 1450 ± 5 1200 ± 30 75 ± 1 210 ± 15 4/2 140 ± 1 490 ± 10 8.7 ± 0.3 40 ± 0.44 4/3 120 ± 3 150 ± 10 30.1 ± 0.9 110 ± 10 4/4 30 ± 1 47 ± 6 26.1 ± 0.8 170 ± 10 4/5 11 ± 1 16 ± 5 3.2 ± 0.5 14.9 ± 1 4/6 11 ± 1 15 ± 5 1.4 ± 0.5 13.5 ± 1 4/7 27 ± 1 < 8 4.7 ± 0.7 18 ± 1 4/8 26 ± 1 57 ± 7 6.1 ± 0.5 26 ± 2 Analysis of Table 1 shows that the heterogeneity of radionuclide contamination is high in the studied territory the distribution is clearly uneven. This significantly complicates evaluation and interpretation. For example, in samples near Atomic lake, the values of radionuclide activities vary greatly: 137 Cs from 6.8 to 4500 Bq/kg, 90 Sr from < 8 to 4300 Bq/kg, 241 Am from 1 to 350 Bq/kg, 239+240 Pu from 7 to 1800 Bq/kg. The highest radioactivity levels are found in soil samples near Atomic Lake. The concentration of Cs-137 radionuclide in settlements at other boundaries of STS are given in Sakaguchi et al. ( 2006 ), Yamamoto et al. ( 2004 ), Evseeva et al. ( 2012 ). Thus, Priest et al. ( 2002 ) reported that the average concentration of Cs-137 in Sarzhal village (situated close to the southeast border of SNTS) was 27.0 Bq/kg. Sakaguchi et al. ( 2006 ), studied the radiological situation in Dolon, Mostik, Cheremushka and Budene Settlements located northeast of SNTS and observed that Cs-137 content in soil varied from 140 Bq/m 2 to 10 310 Bq/m 2 (from 0.57 Bq/kg to 42.0 Bq/kg). Yamamoto et al. ( 2004 ) analyzed the concentration of Cs-137 in soil sampled from the settlements, around the SNTS, which varied from 170 to 13 600 Bq/m 2 (0.69 Bq/kg to 55.77 Bq/kg). For more information on the distribution of radionuclides in the soil, the variational and statistical indicators, given in Table 2 , were calculated based on the data obtained. Table 2 Variation and statistical indicators of the distribution of radionuclide activity in the soil near Atomic Lake Indicators 137 Cs 90 Sr 241 Am 239+240 Pu Arithmetic mean 361 515 34 142 Median 27 23 4.9 29 Thickest value 11 13 - - Mean square deviation 865 1074 76 321 Coefficient of variation,% 240 193 225 225 Coefficient of asymmetry 4 3 3 5 Kurtosis coefficient 17 6 11 25 Level of global precipitation [14] 15.2 9.4 0.2–0.4 0.34–0.59 Note: "-" thickest value was not calculated Table of variation and statistical indicators shows that values of the central trend indicators are different. The arithmetic mean is higher than the median for all studied radionuclides; this indicates that the data distribution does not apply to the normal distribution law. The thickest value was calculated for 137 Cs and 90 Sr, its value is lower than the median value. The modal value for 241 Am and 239+240 Pu was not calculated most likely due to the presence of multi-modality in sampling for these radionuclides. The analysis of central trends indicates the absence of belonging the available data to the normal distribution law. The coefficient of variation of radionuclides content in studied soils has high values: 137 Cs (240%), 90 Sr (193%), 241 Am (225%), and 239 + 240 Pu (225%). This fact shows a high degree of the results scatter, which is most likely associated with a high activity of soils near "Atomic Lake". The analysis of the degree of kurtosis and asymmetry indicates the asymmetry of studied data distribution for all radionuclides. With symmetric normal distribution, both coefficients are equal to zero; in this case, they have positive values. The main conclusions of the analysis of variational and statistical indicators of the radionuclides content in soils near Atomic Lake are: Overestimated arithmetic mean values compared to median value High data variability Positive values of the degree of asymmetry and kurtosis All the above mentioned indicates that the studied data distribution is most likely lognormal. To clarify the results of variation and statistical processing, distribution histograms of specific radioactivity of studied radionuclides in the soil samples taken near Atomic Lake were constructed (Fig. 2 ). Figure 3 shows the frequency distribution of soil samples according to the contamination level of 137 Cs and 90 Sr. It is apparent that in the bulk of soil samples, specific radioactivity varies within different limits: In 80% of samples, the content of 137 Cs is from 7 to 756 Bq/kg; In 73% of samples, the content of 90 Sr is from 3 to 719 Bq/kg. Conclusions obtained when analyzing the variational and statistical indicators (Table 2 ) are confirmed by obtained distribution histograms. They show the uneven distribution of the soil samples number by the level of specific radioactivity of 137 Cs and 90 Sr. The frequency distribution is not symmetrical, with the allocation of isolated highly active groups of samples 137 Cs: 3751–4500 Bq / kg; 90 Sr: 3584–4300 Bq/kg, which includes about 7% of samples. These samples are characterized by their proximity to Atomic Lake. The obtained distribution histograms of 137 Cs and 90 Sr are visually close to the lognormal distribution, in particular, they have clear left-sided asymmetry, pointed kurtosis and high scatter. Figure 4 shows the frequency distribution of the soil samples according to the contamination level of 241 Am and 239+240 Pu. It is apparent that in the bulk of soil samples, specific radioactivity varies within different limits: In 87% of samples, the content of 241 Am is from 1 to 59Bq/kg; In 93% of samples, the content of is from 7 to 306 Bq/kg. For all the studied radionuclides in the soil, it is characteristic that only individual samples are highly active, on average about 5%. The constructed distribution histograms of 241 Am and 239+240 Pu in the soil are similar to those of 137 Cs and 90 Sr. The frequency distribution for these radionuclides is close to lognormal. The constructed scattering histograms reliably represent distribution features of studied radionuclides in the soil. They visually show the unevenness of radioactive contamination of the soil in the studied territory. The important characteristic indicating the features of radioactive contamination of the soil is the comparison of the obtained data on specific radioactivity with the level of global fallouts (Kvasnikova et al. 2008 ; Evseeva et al. 2012 ). After conducting atmospheric and ground-based nuclear tests, anthropogenic radionuclides entered the atmosphere, where they formed an average level of radioactivity, which was relatively distributed throughout the globe. The values of average specific radioactivity of global fallouts for 241 Am, 239+240 Pu, 137 Cs and 90 Sr are presented in Table 2 . It can be seen from it that the soil of the study area has an excess relative to the level of global fallouts. Conclusion As a result of this study, increased concentrations of 239+240 Pu and 137 Cs isotopes near Atomic lake, exceeding the maximum permissible values, were found in a part of the south-eastern district of the STS and the neighbor wintering grounds of Zhanan and Sarapan. Some points of the studied area of STS show the levels of contamination with artificial radionuclides that correspond too much higher concentrations, which can lead to radiological consequences, despite the fact that a significant part of the region, including the territory of STS itself, is characterized by radiation contamination close to background levels. Declarations The authors emphasize that they have no financial or non-financial interests directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Conflicts of interests The authors have no conflicts of interest Author Contribution A.M. conceived and designed the study, collected and processed material, and edited the manuscript.Z.K. contributed to the study conception and design.N.B. processed the material.O.Z. wrote the manuscript text.A.B. collected material. References Abisheva MT, Monayenko VN, Khlebnikova EP (2020) Environmental mapping of radiation-hazardous areas. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 941(1): 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/941/1/012008 Activity of radionuclides in bulk samples (1991) Measurement technique with γ-spectrometer: MI 2143–91. NPO VNIIFTRI. - Introduction. 1998-06-02. Reg. No. 5.06.001.98. Moskow Apsalikov KN, Lipikhina A, Grosche B, Belikhina T, Ostroumova E, Shinkarev S, Stepanenko V, Muldagaliev T, Yoshinaga S, Zhunussova T, Hoshi M (2019) The State Scientific Automated Medical Registry, Kazakhstan: an important resource for low-dose radiation health research. 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J Anim Behav Biometeorol 8:152–159. https://doi.org/10.31893/JABB.20020 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7622707","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":525969954,"identity":"dfedf4eb-d6e9-4a76-a795-9fdd1a02fe4d","order_by":0,"name":"Murzalimova 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city","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Blix","middleName":"","lastName":"Aigerim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-15 16:23:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93139088,"identity":"26e5eaf1-2ebf-4da9-9d24-76d0cf55d6d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 12:48:12","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":874491,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Murzalimovafinalarticle.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/9b6b5c6544b53585863ff015.docx"},{"id":93139089,"identity":"35ffb5d4-d1e6-4656-b47c-969aa1e34221","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 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12:48:12","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":93708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"16f13c77d1ce411997a63d797f4cb8c51structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/dc9f6d096d98ef7a0145fda6.xml"},{"id":93141050,"identity":"92977da8-aa93-4772-9ec5-c6a5923b6419","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 13:04:12","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/071bb2192557751575245a72.html"},{"id":93140382,"identity":"aca07ad1-47d8-498a-9839-fa1023b80ece","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 12:56:12","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":389203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation plan of agricultural lands and points of radioecological inspection of the Sarapan and Zhanan wintering grounds located on the border of the southeastern part of the former Semipalatinsk test site\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/fd8c51c7847947efd4d82f95.png"},{"id":93139085,"identity":"cde82d6e-9fb6-41aa-ac8f-27fda3947217","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 12:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":338031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap-scheme of soil sampling near Atomic Lake\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/bf0b5f1e7664934e7917889a.png"},{"id":93140383,"identity":"b8e53466-15b8-4e78-ad58-a200c11a4afb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 12:56:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs (a) and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr (b) in the soil samples depending on their specific radioactivity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/1d677dec7f85c14c10aafd0e.png"},{"id":93139086,"identity":"7962e906-03a3-4e94-b47b-6b46b937f1d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 12:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency distribution of \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm (a) and \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu (b) in the soil samples depending on their specific radioactivity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/568a12ecc4e6f54090786cd9.png"},{"id":93831439,"identity":"7b4ab36a-a5f2-4311-8a2b-930c2e22621b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-18 09:01:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1742084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7622707/v1/4836a1fb-8df1-4d73-a5d9-f25e99e0807f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Radionuclide activity in soil samples at a site from Atomic Lake to the neighbor winter camps of Sarapan and Zhanan at the boundary of the southeast part of Semipalatinsk test site","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Cold War, the Central Asian region provided the Soviet nuclear weapons program for the extraction of uranium ores and the production of military materials for ground and underground tests. Kazakhstan is a particularly illustrative example. About 70% of all nuclear tests of the former USSR were performed on the territory of Kazakhstan from 1949 to 1989. Most of them, including 113 air and ground explosions, were carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site (STS) (Grosche \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Duyssembaev et. al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS) in the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of 16 sites in the world where nuclear devices were tested. The SNTS, covering an area about 18,000 sq. km, is located in northeastern Kazakhstan (77\u0026deg; to 79\u0026deg; E and 49\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;51\u0026deg; N). Between 1949 and 1989, 456 atomic bomb tests were performed at the SNTS (Michailov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the STS closure in 1991, settlements appeared here, herds of horses and flocks of sheep began to graze on territory of STS, which determined the need to assess the radiological consequences of radioactive contamination of the Semipalatinsk test site (STS) area for the population living on its territory (Kakimov et. al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Apsalikov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the use of a set of models describing the behavior of long-living radionuclides in grassland ecosystems of STS, conservative estimates of accumulating these radionuclides in animal products were carried out. The calculation results showed that when grazing horses and sheep in the most polluted areas of STS, concentrations of long-living radionuclides in products (milk and meat) can exceed normative standards established in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Apsalikov et al. 1982).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn light of this, the task of ensuring the safety of human economic activities is important, which requires the assessment and forecast of radiological situation. The environment and human protection from the influence of residual and secondary radioactivity is the main aspect in solving STS problems. It is necessary to carry out additional works on consequence evaluation of radionuclide contamination of STS followed by the development of recommendations on the use of lands in terms of radiological safety. This calls for the scientific development and practical implementation of methods and ways insuring the evaluation of the degree of impact of radioactive contamination of the soil and vegetation cover on the population living here (Gorin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Zhexenayeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo solve these problems, the most acceptable approach is the carrying out of radioecological monitoring of the STS territory. The main task of radioecological monitoring is the development of unified information space that can be formed using the modern geoinformation technologies (Abisheva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt present, the mass media are discussing the proposal of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan on transfer of STS land to agriculture. One of these territories are territories of the Sarapan and Zhanan wintering grounds, which are already actively used by local farmers for grazing livestock and hay harvesting. Several families of shepherds live on these lands in summer. It is known that no nuclear tests were carried out on the studied part of test site; however, the Balapan test site is located near this territory (Murzalimova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The Balapan area to the South-East of SNTS (780 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, site of 105 underground nuclear bomb tests) may be the receptor of much of the SNTS radionuclide contamination, including the \u0026ldquo;Experimental Field\u0026rdquo; where 86 atmospheric nuclear tests and 30 above ground tests were conducted (Howard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). This is because the dominant wind direction is from the West to the East and because the underground water tends to run from West to East (from the \u0026ldquo;Experimental field\u0026rdquo; towards the Balapan area (Artem\u0026rsquo;ev \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The chosen study sites are located along the axis of the prominent wind direction and groundwater flow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtificial water reservoir, called Atomic lake, appeared on the territory of the former nuclear ground as a result of underground nuclear explosion at the confluence of the Shagan and Aschisu rivers on January 15, 1965. As a result of the experiment, a funnel with a depth of more than 100 m and a diameter of 400 m was formed which was then filled with flood waters. The explosion was carried out as part of a study on the industrial use of underground nuclear explosions with the release of soil for the development of artificial water reservoirs in arid regions of the country, as well as channels for transferring the waters of northern rivers to the southern regions (Timonova et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). During the radioecological studies of the water environment of the nuclear ground, significant contamination of the Shagan river with radioactive products of nuclear explosions was detected. It is also indicated that the maximum values of tritium in the river waters are detected at 4.7 kilometers from Atomic lake, which is more than 50 times higher than the permissible level for drinking water; as the distance increases, the level of contamination decreases (Gorlachev et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Timonova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that during underground nuclear explosions in wells with a typical radiation situation, the largest part of radioactivity remains in the epicenter of the explosion under the ground, only a small part of it comes the surface in the form of inert gases (Dzhambaev et al. 2020; Ayunov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, taking into account the rather long contact of radionuclides and, in particular, plutonium-239\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;240 formed as a result of these experiments with the soil, it is possible to accept with confidence the establishment of all physical equilibria in the soil. Such areas make it possible to determine important quantitative characteristics of the migration ability of studied radionuclides in the soil.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen planning the study of the area under investigation, the following factors were considered:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe existing data on the content of studied radionuclides in the soil of the area under investigation;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe survey grid with 1x1 km cell proposed by the IAEA expert group;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe unified principles of forming radioactive contamination after nuclear tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this work is to study the content and distribution of the activity of some artificial radionuclides in the soil from Atomic Lake to the wintering grounds of Sarapan and Zhanan whose territories are actively used for agricultural purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present work, \u003cb\u003ethe southeast part of the former\u003c/b\u003e Semipalatinsk test site (STS), including a part of Balapan technical site was surveyed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the above factors, the areal study of the studied territory was carried out on a grid with a step of 1 km with coordinate measuring at each chosen sampling point, radiometric survey and soil sampling from an area of 10 \u0026times; 10 cm and a depth of 5 cm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil sampling was carried out during a fiel expedition in July 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe map of the studied STS site and the soil and vegetation sampling points, as well as their location are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to give a preliminary evaluation of radiation condition of the research territory of Semipalatinsk test site, the exposure dose rate was measured at 30 points on the surface and at a height of 1 m from the soil surface according to the recommendations \"Measurement methodology. Gosstandart, 1993, inv. No. 92\" by the calibrated dosimeter \"SINTEX\". The arithmetic mean value of 5 measurements of exposure dose rate was taken as statistically reliable. Measurements were also carried out using a Harwell Instrument dosimeter with a counting window area of 100 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The MKS-01R1 device was also used for the same purposes. Inaccuracy of the used measuring instruments was \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil samples were analyzed in the research laboratory of the National Nuclear Center (Kurchatov, Kazakhstan). Analyses for measuring the radionuclide specific activities in the environmental samples were carried out in accordance with standardized methodological guidelines (Plutonium-238,239,240, Enterprise standard, 1993; Activity of radionuclides in bulk samples, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e) on proven equipment. Determination of specific activity of \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm radionuclides was carried out on Canberra GX-2020 γ-spectrometer; \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr and \u003csup\u003e239 + 240\u003c/sup\u003ePu - radiochemical separation followed by measurement of Canberra α-spectrometer (model 7401), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFeatures of the radionuclides behavior in the soil-plant system is the important stage of ecological evaluation of the territory near Atomic Lake in particular and Semipalatinsk test site as a whole. In the chosen areas around Atomic Lake, soil samples were taken by 4 terrains moving from the explosion crater. The chosen terrains for sampling pass through wintering grounds located near Atomic Lake. The map-scheme of sampling points is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to scientific data, the main contamination of the soil cover, concentrated near Atomic Lake, occurred because of radioactive soil release around the explosion epicenter (Vintr\u0026oacute;, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Mitchell, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents data on gamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical analysis of the soil.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGamma-ray spectrometry and radiochemical analysis data for soil samples near Atomic Lake, Bq/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTerrain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoint number\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1800\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1360\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1650\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e885\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e860\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e490\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows that the heterogeneity of radionuclide contamination is high in the studied territory the distribution is clearly uneven. This significantly complicates evaluation and interpretation. For example, in samples near Atomic lake, the values of radionuclide activities vary greatly: \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs from 6.8 to 4500 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr from \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8 to 4300 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm from 1 to 350 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu from 7 to 1800 Bq/kg. The highest radioactivity levels are found in soil samples near Atomic Lake. The concentration of Cs-137 radionuclide in settlements at other boundaries of STS are given in Sakaguchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), Yamamoto et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), Evseeva et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, Priest et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the average concentration of Cs-137 in Sarzhal village (situated close to the southeast border of SNTS) was 27.0 Bq/kg. Sakaguchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), studied the radiological situation in Dolon, Mostik, Cheremushka and Budene Settlements located northeast of SNTS and observed that Cs-137 content in soil varied from 140 Bq/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e to 10 310 Bq/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (from 0.57 Bq/kg to 42.0 Bq/kg). Yamamoto et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) analyzed the concentration of Cs-137 in soil sampled from the settlements, around the SNTS, which varied from 170 to 13 600 Bq/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (0.69 Bq/kg to 55.77 Bq/kg).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information on the distribution of radionuclides in the soil, the variational and statistical indicators, given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, were calculated based on the data obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariation and statistical indicators of the distribution of radionuclide activity in the soil near Atomic Lake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArithmetic mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThickest value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean square deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient of variation,%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient of asymmetry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKurtosis coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of global precipitation [14]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026ndash;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote: \"-\" thickest value was not calculated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable of variation and statistical indicators shows that values of the central trend indicators are different. The arithmetic mean is higher than the median for all studied radionuclides; this indicates that the data distribution does not apply to the normal distribution law. The thickest value was calculated for \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr, its value is lower than the median value. The modal value for \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm and \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu was not calculated most likely due to the presence of multi-modality in sampling for these radionuclides. The analysis of central trends indicates the absence of belonging the available data to the normal distribution law.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe coefficient of variation of radionuclides content in studied soils has high values: \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs (240%), \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr (193%), \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm (225%), and \u003csup\u003e239 + 240\u003c/sup\u003ePu (225%). This fact shows a high degree of the results scatter, which is most likely associated with a high activity of soils near \"Atomic Lake\".\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the degree of kurtosis and asymmetry indicates the asymmetry of studied data distribution for all radionuclides. With symmetric normal distribution, both coefficients are equal to zero; in this case, they have positive values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main conclusions of the analysis of variational and statistical indicators of the radionuclides content in soils near Atomic Lake are:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverestimated arithmetic mean values compared to median value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh data variability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive values of the degree of asymmetry and kurtosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the above mentioned indicates that the studied data distribution is most likely lognormal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo clarify the results of variation and statistical processing, distribution histograms of specific radioactivity of studied radionuclides in the soil samples taken near Atomic Lake were constructed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the frequency distribution of soil samples according to the contamination level \u003csup\u003eof 137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr. It is apparent that in the bulk of soil samples, specific radioactivity varies within different limits:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 80% of samples, the content of \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs is from 7 to 756 Bq/kg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 73% of samples, the content of \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr is from 3 to 719 Bq/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusions obtained when analyzing the variational and statistical indicators (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) are confirmed by obtained distribution histograms. They show the uneven distribution of the soil samples number by the level of specific radioactivity \u003csup\u003eof 137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr. The frequency distribution is not symmetrical, with the allocation of isolated highly active groups of samples \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs: 3751\u0026ndash;4500 Bq / kg; \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr: 3584\u0026ndash;4300 Bq/kg, which includes about 7% of samples. These samples are characterized by their proximity to Atomic Lake.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained distribution histograms \u003csup\u003eof 137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr are visually close to the lognormal distribution, in particular, they have clear left-sided asymmetry, pointed kurtosis and high scatter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the frequency distribution of the soil samples according to the contamination level of \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm and \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu. It is apparent that in the bulk of soil samples, specific radioactivity varies within different limits:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 87% of samples, the content of \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm is from 1 to 59Bq/kg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 93% of samples, the content of is from 7 to 306 Bq/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor all the studied radionuclides in the soil, it is characteristic that only individual samples are highly active, on average about 5%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe constructed distribution histograms \u003csup\u003eof 241\u003c/sup\u003eAm and \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu in the soil are similar to \u003csup\u003ethose of 137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr. The frequency distribution for these radionuclides is close to lognormal. The constructed scattering histograms reliably represent distribution features of studied radionuclides in the soil. They visually show the unevenness of radioactive contamination of the soil in the studied territory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe important characteristic indicating the features of radioactive contamination of the soil is the comparison of the obtained data on specific radioactivity with the level of global fallouts (Kvasnikova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Evseeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). After conducting atmospheric and ground-based nuclear tests, anthropogenic radionuclides entered the atmosphere, where they formed an average level of radioactivity, which was relatively distributed throughout the globe. The values of average specific radioactivity of global fallouts for \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm, \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu, \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen from it that the soil of the study area has an excess relative to the level of global fallouts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result of this study, increased concentrations of \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu and \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs isotopes near Atomic lake, exceeding the maximum permissible values, were found in a part of the south-eastern district of the STS and the neighbor wintering grounds of Zhanan and Sarapan. Some points of the studied area of STS show the levels of contamination with artificial radionuclides that correspond too much higher concentrations, which can lead to radiological consequences, despite the fact that a significant part of the region, including the territory of STS itself, is characterized by radiation contamination close to background levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors emphasize that they have no financial or non-financial interests directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.M. conceived and designed the study, collected and processed material, and edited the manuscript.Z.K. contributed to the study conception and design.N.B. processed the material.O.Z. wrote the manuscript text.A.B. collected material.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbisheva MT, Monayenko VN, Khlebnikova EP (2020) Environmental mapping of radiation-hazardous areas. \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering\u003c/em\u003e 941(1): 012008. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/941/1/012008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1757-899X/941/1/012008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eActivity of radionuclides in bulk samples (1991) Measurement technique with γ-spectrometer: MI 2143\u0026ndash;91. 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J Anim Behav Biometeorol 8:152\u0026ndash;159. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31893/JABB.20020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.31893/JABB.20020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Semipalatinsk test site, radionuclides, winter camps, soil, cesium, strontium, plutonium, americium","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this investigation we studied the content of some extremely dangerous radionuclides (\u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs, \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr, \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm, \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu) in soil samples taken around \"Atomic lake\" moving from the explosion crater by 4 terrains. Selected sampling terrains pass through the wintering grounds of Sarapan and Zhanan located at the south-east part of the former Semipalatinsk test site (STS). The research results have shown that soil samples near \"Atomic lake\" have a wide range of radionuclide activity values: \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs from 6.8 to 4500 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr from \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8 to 4300 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm from 1 to 350 Bq/kg, \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu from 7 to 1800 Bq/kg. The highest radioactivity levels are found in soil samples near \"Atomic lake\". The content of \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm is within the admissible limit values, whereas the content of \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs and \u003csup\u003e239+240\u003c/sup\u003ePu exceeds the regulated values at some sampling places. The coefficient of variation of radionuclides content in studied soils has high values: \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs (240%), \u003csup\u003e90\u003c/sup\u003eSr (193%), \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm (225%), and \u003csup\u003e239 + 240\u003c/sup\u003ePu (225%). This fact shows a high degree of the results scatter, which is most likely associated with a high activity of soils near \"Atomic Lake\".\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Radionuclide activity in soil samples at a site from Atomic Lake to the neighbor winter camps of Sarapan and Zhanan at the boundary of the southeast part of Semipalatinsk test site","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-09 12:48:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7622707/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8a7f538-d5e2-4d69-b7d7-8dbd4b6030ca","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-18T08:53:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-09 12:48:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7622707","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7622707","identity":"rs-7622707","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}