Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate

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Al-Saidi" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background The use of anchors fixed in sandy soil is currently pioneering, especially in fixing the sides of excavations or marine structures, and even in engineering structures exposed to lateral loads. Therefore, there is a need to use improvements to develop the bearing capacity of anchors, whether single or group, or even if their burial depth is shallow or deep, as is the case with other engineering structures. Method A physical model was used in this experimental research to study the behavior of anchors individually and collectively in sandy soil and how to change the critical depth of burial from shallow depth to deep depth individually and collectively with anchors in addition to the upward bearing capacity in the soil without improvement and also using electronic measuring devices to measure the vertical displacement, and then using bituminous emulsion and recording the values of the uplift bearing capacity of the anchors and comparing them with natural soil. Results In this paper model tests were carried out by using single and line groups square anchor plates (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) in sandy soil with (30) different embedded ratio (H/D) test to understand the behavior of the anchor plate in sandy soils depending upon on the transition from shallow to deep anchor, also to obtain the transitional depth by which the anchor acts as a shallow or deep while in loading state. Depending on the tests the critical depth in the line group ranges from (5D) to (6D), while using a single anchor the critical depth is approximately more than (5D). The other (10) tests were carried out for improving the soil around the anchor by emulsion asphalt at depth (2D) & (6D) shallow and deep respectively. The optimum ratio of the emulsion asphalt was from (4-6)% by direct shear and unconfined pressure tests. The ultimate capacity was improved at high ratio for shallow single anchor than deep single anchor. The use of asphalt emulsion with a 21-day curing period resulted in an increase in the uplift capacity of both the individual anchors and the group. On the other hand, the uplift capacity of the anchor was increased with the use of asphalt emulsion with a 21-day curing period. Furthermore, the uplift capacity of the individual anchor was lower than that of the group of anchors, while the improvement in the shallow anchors resulted in a higher increase in uplift capacity than the deep anchors. Conclusions After conducting laboratory experiments on sandy soil with anchors installed in it and at different depths, it was found that there is a critical depth for the anchors at which the depth moves from shallow to deep. Also, the improvement with bituminous emulsion led to an increase in the load-bearing capacity of the anchors when lifting. 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F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Ali Rafea Muhammed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8759-9934 1 , A’amal A. Al-Saidi 1 Ali Rafea Muhammed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8759-9934 1 , A’amal A. Al-Saidi 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jan 2026 Author details Author details 1 Civil Engineering, University of Baghdad Department of Civil Engineering, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq Ali Rafea Muhammed Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing A’amal A. Al-Saidi Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Fallujah Multidisciplinary Science and Innovation gateway. Abstract Background The use of anchors fixed in sandy soil is currently pioneering, especially in fixing the sides of excavations or marine structures, and even in engineering structures exposed to lateral loads. Therefore, there is a need to use improvements to develop the bearing capacity of anchors, whether single or group, or even if their burial depth is shallow or deep, as is the case with other engineering structures. Method A physical model was used in this experimental research to study the behavior of anchors individually and collectively in sandy soil and how to change the critical depth of burial from shallow depth to deep depth individually and collectively with anchors in addition to the upward bearing capacity in the soil without improvement and also using electronic measuring devices to measure the vertical displacement, and then using bituminous emulsion and recording the values of the uplift bearing capacity of the anchors and comparing them with natural soil. Results In this paper model tests were carried out by using single and line groups square anchor plates (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) in sandy soil with (30) different embedded ratio (H/D) test to understand the behavior of the anchor plate in sandy soils depending upon on the transition from shallow to deep anchor, also to obtain the transitional depth by which the anchor acts as a shallow or deep while in loading state. Depending on the tests the critical depth in the line group ranges from (5D) to (6D), while using a single anchor the critical depth is approximately more than (5D). The other (10) tests were carried out for improving the soil around the anchor by emulsion asphalt at depth (2D) & (6D) shallow and deep respectively. The optimum ratio of the emulsion asphalt was from (4-6)% by direct shear and unconfined pressure tests. The ultimate capacity was improved at high ratio for shallow single anchor than deep single anchor. The use of asphalt emulsion with a 21-day curing period resulted in an increase in the uplift capacity of both the individual anchors and the group. On the other hand, the uplift capacity of the anchor was increased with the use of asphalt emulsion with a 21-day curing period. Furthermore, the uplift capacity of the individual anchor was lower than that of the group of anchors, while the improvement in the shallow anchors resulted in a higher increase in uplift capacity than the deep anchors. Conclusions After conducting laboratory experiments on sandy soil with anchors installed in it and at different depths, it was found that there is a critical depth for the anchors at which the depth moves from shallow to deep. Also, the improvement with bituminous emulsion led to an increase in the load-bearing capacity of the anchors when lifting. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Anchor plate, Shallow and deep, Group anchor plate, Critical depth, Emulsion Asphalt. Corresponding Author(s) Ali Rafea Muhammed ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Ali Rafea Muhammed Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 Muhammed AR and Al-Saidi AA. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Muhammed AR and Al-Saidi AA. Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 ) First published: 24 Jan 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 ) Latest published: 24 Jan 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 ) 1. Introduction Anchor plates have been widely used in transferring the load from the super-structure to the weak soil, TV towers, large suspension bridges, aircraft, and other structures have a short construction time. 2 , 4 A comprehensive research has been introduced to test the pullout bearing capacity of anchor plates by using different research methods, such as theoretical studies, 3 , 4 numerical simulations, 5 , 6 and model texts. 7 , 8 It seems to improve the conditions of the subsoil that would be used with the anchor plate. 9 compared the results that were predicted by different theoretical theories for shallow anchors and obtained a wide disparity. 10 they have been compared their experimental results in a deep anchors tests with the theoretical results for Meyerhof (1973) and Ovesen (1964), they obtained a large difference, especially in the case of dense sand. The boundaries between a shallow and a deep anchor plate expressed as a critical embedment ratio. Many researchers 11 showed that the critical embedment ratio (H/B)cr. different from (2.5 to 9) depending upon anchors geometry and relative density of the soil. The group was taken with (S = 4D) C/C and acts as a large anchor (single anchor). 12 The sandy soil has been improved by much research such as enhancing the bearing capacity of the sandy soil by reinforcing the soil by Geogrid layers and finding the optimum embedment depth. 32 – 34 The increase of (z/B) above 1.5 has no effect on the bearing capacity. 13 While improving the loose sandy soil by the same material, the results for the bearing capacity increase by (21%) at one layer and (47.5%) for two layers. 14 On the other hand 15 stabilized the dune sand by cement kiln dust CKD the results of the tests showed that angle of internal friction and shear strength decreased and became almost constant after (14) day of the curing. Also the existing water with sandy soil affects more than the gravel. 16 , 17 considered the sand soil as improved material in clayey soil 23 by using the numerical analysis for the transition (critical) embedded ratio from shallow (breakaway) to deep (no breakaway) equal (H/D = 2.5) in dynamic loading embedded plate anchor (DEPLA). From the previous experimental studies 24 – 28 that indicated the length difference between the shallow and depth anchor plate in a static loading, depth that anchor transits from shallow to depth it’s a critical depth with consideration to the embedded ratio(H/B). Many other studies have concluded an approximately (H/B = 6) at which the anchor transit from shallow to deep. Another conclusion for the phenomenon 29 that found the surface failure related to the shape of ground level when the anchor plate that subjected to loading, if the surface failure extend to the ground level will be a shallow anchor, while the deep anchor will be such as a balloon shape and didn’t extend to the ground surface. Whilst 30 searched that by depending upon the relative density for the soil in very loose sand and very soft clay be at depth (2D), for stiff clay (5D) and (10D) in very dense sand 31 showed the critical depth (H/B = 5) as a transitional ratio 32 suggested the critical depth in a soft clay depending on the size, shape of the anchor and the soil parameters in strip anchors (H/B = 3), and for circular anchors (H/B = 1.75). As a result the critical depth depends upon the angle of internal friction, unit weight and relative density of the soil. 2. Physical model and experimental work By using a steel container (850*850*850) mm with a unique glass face to observe the failure mode of the anchor. The scale effect of the physical model depending on the modified Soil cone Theory 18 as shown in ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Physical model test. While used in the test steel anchor with square plate (D), (3x3) cm with different embedded depth (H). At each anchor bar there is a welded screw to facilitate connection with the load cell and the electrical lever to lift the anchor plate and also another screw between the load cell and the electrical lever. The line groups (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) welded each group by horizontal steel bar with (S = 4D) as shown in ( Figure 2 ). Figure 2. Welded line groups square anchor plate. The vertical displacements were recorded by two electronics (Lvdt) as shown in ( Figure 3 ). Figure 3. Electronic (Lvdt). 3. Soil and emulsion asphalt properties Soil that’s used in the experimental work carried out from the Annajaf sea region. Standard laboratory physical and chemical tests for the soil have been established according to ASTM. Grain size distribution method Sieve analysis test was performed according to the 19 (ASTM. D422). The results of the sieve analysis test are listed in Table 1 . Table 1. Sieve analysis results. C u C c Soil classification 3.16 0.69 Poorly Graded Sandy Soil Proctor test method 20 (ASTM. D 698). This test is performed according to specification ASTM D 698 From the curve of the compaction the maximum dry density is 17.74 kN/m 3 . Unit weight of soil in place of a field unit weight is carried out by the sand-cone method 21 (ASTM. D 1556). The test was conducted in the site of the soil is Najaf sea area and the unit weight and water content of the soil in the site are 15.51 kN/m 3 and 2% respectively. Direct shear test three samples were tested in shear box test under normal stresses of (15.7, 31.4 and 54.9 kN/m 2 ) by using ASTM D3080. The cohesion and angle of internal friction of soil are 0 kN/m 2 and Ø = 31 deg. Table 2 shows the chemical properties of the soil. Table 2. The results of the chemical tests. No. Test The results % 1 Gypsum/CaSo4.2H2o 5.96 2 So3 2.8 3 T.D.S 3.45 4 Organic material 5.7 5 E.c. 7.1 6 PH 6.9 The soil has been prepared in the physical model by using a raining method to obtain a loose state for the sandy soil with a calculated height with a loose unit weight as shown in ( Figure 4 ). Figure 4. Influence Falling height on relative density. And analyze the above data by using the SPSS program and depending on many modes of analysis and the most accurate higher regression (R = 0.984) as shown in the analysis data in the below Table 3 . (1) H = 0.946 ∗ Dr % + 0.013 ∗ Dr % 2 − 1.001 Table 3. Model summary and parameter estimates. Dependent variable: Height Equation Model summary Parameter estimates R square F df1 df2 Sig. Constant b1 b2 Linear .977 341.676 1 8 .000 -5.612 1.491 Quadratic .984 214.473 2 7 .000 -1.001 .946 .013 Compound .937 118.406 1 8 .000 4.712 1.073 Power .965 221.800 1 8 .000 .703 1.170 Where H: falling height in CM So at Ø = 30, the Dr% = 35%, then H = 48 cm according to Equation (1) . The below Table 4 shows the physical Properties for the emulsion asphalt. Table 4. Properties of the emulsion asphalt. Property Value Density 1.02 cm/gm 3 Viscosity 45 SSF Asphalte % 55%-65% Particle charge + ve 4. Experimental work After installation the set up the anchor plate is tested by uplift loading using an electrical lever and load cell to measure the load capacity and Lvdt to record the average vertical displacement until the anchor plate reaches the failure state as shown in ( Figure 5 ). Figure 5. Installation the set up. The load that the anchor plate failed at conceded a maximum load and which before it less than the failure load. Each test is repeated at least four times with a difference less than 5% for considering the results of each test. Every test was embedded at depths (2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D & 8D) and loading till failure in single and line groups square anchor plates (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) in sandy soil. The bed of the sandy soil at depth 30 cm inside the model and below the tip of the anchor and the remaining layers with 10 cm depth for each layer as shown ( Figure 6 ). Figure 6. Divisions of layer for soil. 5. Results and discussion 5.1 Effect the single square anchor plate on the critical depth Depending upon the results of the test that performed for the single anchor plate at depths (2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D & 8D) noticed that the critical depth Hcr not clear when plotting the results as curves because the square anchor plate (3x3) cm considering small size, but can recognize the H. cr from the curves in ( Figure 7 ) its approximately more than (5D). Figure 7. Effect of single anchor plate on critical depth. On the other hand the failure surface of the anchor has a rectangular shape as shown in ( Figure 8 ) as the friction theory. 22 The up lift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases. Figure 8. Shape of the failure surface for single anchor plate. 5.2 Effect the line groups square anchor plate on the critical depth When installation the line groups anchor the behaviour of the critical depth be more clear with the increase number of the anchor plates in the group the depths of the anchor plate separated shallow from deep anchor plates and the separation was at the depth approximately more than (5D), because the group anchor palate increase the areas contact of the plates with the particles soil more than using single plate. This phenomenon helps in observation of the testing results on the curves. Also the failure surfaces of the line groups acts as a rectangular depending on the friction theory 22 as shown in ( Figure 9 ). The up lift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases. Figure 9. Shape of the failure surface for group anchor plate. 5.3 Effect the line groups on the critical depth similar to Baker & Kondner, 1966 On the other hand, increasing the number of the anchor plates causes an increase in the critical depth. That’s mean these groups tend to densification the soil during loading, because 1 observed the critical depth equal to (6D) in dense sand and (5D) in loose soil while in this test medium soil used with more than (5D) critical depth but with increasing the anchor plates the critical depth approach to the (6D) as shown in the curves in ( Figure 10 ). Also the effect of group anchor proportionally to the increase of the resistance to the uplift stress as shown in ( Figure 11 ). The increasing of the number for the anchor plate leads to increase the resistance to the uplift stress because the applied loads will distribute equally on the group anchor plate instead of the single anchor; that distribution minimizes the applied load on the unique anchor. The difference between shallow and deep depth for anchors subjected to an upward force is in the form of deformation of the soil surface when the anchor is pulled upward. In shallow anchors, the deformation is present on the outer surface of the soil, while in deep anchors, the failure form is on the surface within the outer surface of the soil. Figure 10. A. Two line group B. Three line group C. Four line group D. Five line group. Figure 11. Effect of the anchor plate on the uplift stress resistance. This increases the resistance because the group anchor tends to act as a large single anchor plate because in the test the spacing was close (S = 4D(B)). 12 5.4 Improved the soil by Emulsion asphalt for shallow and deep single and group anchors By using direct shear test and unconfined pressure test for different ratio from the soil and emulsion (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)% and the optimum ratio for the internal friction and the cohesion were (4)%. At this ratio maximum value of the internal friction and best cohesion value, because after this ratio the values of the internal friction decrease while the cohesion increases but this increment corresponds to decreasing the internal friction as shown in ( Figure 12 ). Figure 12. Direct shear and unconfined pressure tests at 7 days. On the other hand the results of the friction and the cohesion at 21 days curing as shown in ( Figure 13 ). Mechanism of Bitumen’s effect on the sand mixture that increases cohesion (C) when bitumen is added, it coats the sand grains and forms viscous bonds between them. These bonds increase tensile and shear resistance (higher cohesion). While decreasing the friction angle (φ), bitumen reduces the surface roughness of the grains, weakening their mechanical interlocking. The higher the bitumen content, the more slippery the grains become (lower φ). After improving the soil around the anchor plate with the mixture at depth (2D) and (6D) and width (D), for curing 7 days and 21 days. The below curves show the improving ratio with respect to the natural soil ( Figure 14 ) and ( Figure 15 ). Figure 13. Direct shear and unconfined pressure tests at 21 days. Figure 14. Improving ratio by the mixture at 7 days. Figure 15. Improving ratio by the mixture at 21 days. And the difference in improving ratio between 7 days and 21 days is more in single shallow anchor than group deep anchor. Because in shallow single anchors the lifting capacity is low when tested without soil improvement compared to the deep anchor group, so when improving the capacity is logically higher on the less durable side, while the deep anchor group has a higher capacity in natural soil than the rest of the models, so the improvement percentage is lower than the rest. As shown in ( Figure 16 ). Figure 16. The difference in improvement rate between 7 days and 21 days. 5. Conclusions The critical depth of the anchor plate increases with the densification of the soil. The critical depth separated clearly in the group anchor more than the single anchor. The close spacing between the anchors try to make the behaviour of the group anchor as a large single anchor at S = 4D. The increasing number of the anchor plate increases in the uplift resistance and decreases in the vertical displacement. The failure surface with the soil of the anchor plate as a rectangular shape like the friction theory. The optimum ratio for the improving was 4% because after this ratio the values of the internal friction decrease while the cohesion increases but this increment corresponds to decreasing the internal friction. The improving ratio in the shallow anchor higher than in the deep anchor. The improvement rate was higher when the asphalt emulsion was used with a cure for 21 days than when the emulsion was used for 7 days, and the improvement rate was also smaller in the deep anchor group than in the shallow single anchor. Ethics approval In this research, ethical approvals were not required because the research was conducted on purely engineering materials, inanimate materials that are not inherently ethical. Nevertheless, the research complies with the requirements of engineering research. Consent to publish All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication. Data availability This study relies on results generated by a mathematical statistical program, and this data is presented in the tables and figures of this research. Other data is also included within the mathematical figures that illustrate the mathematical behavior of the tests. And the Dataset in https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30964792 . 35 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Baker WH, Konder RL: Pullout Load Capacity of a Circular Earth Anchor Buried in Sand. Highw. Res. Rec. 1965; 108 : 1–10. Reference Source 2. Kurniadi R, Roy A, Maitra S, et al. : Uplift mechanism of horizontal circular plate anchors under varying drainage conditions in sand. Comput. Geotech. April 2025; 180 : 107062. Publisher Full Text 3. Zahra AA, Gabr MA, Rahman MS: Uplift Capacity of Plate Anchors in Saturated Clays: Analyses with Different Constitutive Models. International Journal of Geomechanics. April 2016; 16 : 4015053. Publisher Full Text 4. Ganesh R, Sahoo JP: Seismic stability of obliquely loaded circular plate anchors. Ocean Eng. December 2020; 217 : 107856. Publisher Full Text 5. Al Hakeem N, Aubeny C: Numerical modeling of keying of vertically installed plate anchor in sand. 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Niroumand KAH, Kassim KA: Uplift response of circular plates as symmetrical anchor plates in loose sand. Geomechanics and Engineering. April 2014; 6 : 321–340. Publisher Full Text 12. Larnach WJ, Mcmullan DJ: Behaviour of inclined groups of plate anchors in dry sand.1 January 1975. Publisher Full Text 13. Al-Mosawe MJ, Al-Saidi AA, Jawad FW: Improvement of soil using geogrids to resist eccentric loads. J. Eng. December 2008; 14 : 3198–3208. Publisher Full Text 14. Al-Mosawe MJ, Al Saidi AA, Jawad FW: Bearing capacity of Square footing on geogrid-reinforced loose sand to resist eccentric load. J. Eng. June 2010; 16 : 4990–4999. Publisher Full Text 15. Albusoda BS, Salem LAK: Stabilization of Dune Sand by Using Cement Kiln Dust (CKD). Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering-International Scientific. 2012; 2 : 131–143. 16. Makki OM, Al-Mutairee HMK: Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Structural Rubcrete Mixes. Int. J. Eng. 2022; 35 : 1744–17511. Publisher Full Text 17. Abbas HO: Laboratory Study on Reinforced Expansive Soil with Granular Pile Anchors. Int. J. Eng. July 2020; 33 : 1167–1172. Publisher Full Text 18. Daibil AR, Al-Saidi AA: The Soil-Anchors System Theories and Improvement: A Review Study. J. Eng. July 2025; 31 : 167–197. Publisher Full Text 19. A. D422: Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size. 20. A. D. 698: Standard test method for proctor test method. 21. A. D. 1556: Standard test method for density and unit weight of soil in place by the sand-cone method. 22. Das BM, Shukla SK: Earth Anchors. J. Ross Publishing; Second ed. 2013. 23. Guadin C, O’Loughlin CD, Randolph MF, et al. : Advances in offshore and Onshore anchoring solutions. Aust. Geomech. 2014; 49 : 59–71. 24. Das BM: Development in Geotechnical Engineering. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 1990. 25. Ilamparuthi EA, Dickin EA, Muthukrisnaiah K: Experimental investigation of the uplift behaviour of circle plate anchors embedded in sand. Can. Geotech. J. June 2002; 39 : 648–664. Publisher Full Text 26. Merifield RS, Sloan SW: The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils. Can. Geotech. J. August 2006; 43 : 852–868. Publisher Full Text 27. Su W, Fragaszy J: Uplift Testing of Model Anchors. J. Geotech. Eng. September 1988; 114 : 961–983. Publisher Full Text Reference Source 28. Baker WH, Konder RL: Pullout load capacity of a circular earth anchor buried in sand.1966. Reference Source 29. Merifield RS, Pearce A, Yu HS, et al. : Stability of anchor plates. Australian Geomechanics Journal. 1999; 34 : 55–63. 30. Vesic AS: Breakout resistance of objects embedded in ocean bottom. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division. 1971; 97 : 1183–1205. Publisher Full Text 31. Clemence SP, Veesaert CJ: Dynamic pullout resistance of anchors in sand. Proceedings of 1977 International Conferaence Symposium on Soil-Structure Interaction. Roorkee, India: pp. 389–397. 32. Bachay HA, Al-Saidi AA: The Optimum Reinforcement Layer Number for Soil under the Ring Footing Subjected to Inclined Load. J. Eng. December 2022; 28 : 18–33. Publisher Full Text 33. Al-Mosawe MJ, Al-Saidi AA: BEARING CAPACITY OF SQUARE FOOTING ON GEOGRID-REINFORCED LOOSE SAND TO RESIST ECCENTRIC LOAD. J. Eng. June 2010; 16 : 4990–4999. Publisher Full Text 34. Ali JUM, Al-Saidi AA: Optimum Reinforcement Depth Ratio for Sandy Soil Enhancementto Support Ring Footing Subjected to a Combinationof Inclined-Eccentric Load. J. Eng. November 2023; 29 : 95–108. Publisher Full Text 35. Daibil AR, Al-Saidi AA: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate. Dataset. figshare. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Civil Engineering, University of Baghdad Department of Civil Engineering, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq Ali Rafea Muhammed Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing A’amal A. Al-Saidi Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 24 Jan 2026, 15:112 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 Copyright © 2026 Muhammed AR and Al-Saidi AA. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Muhammed AR and Al-Saidi AA. Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176079.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jan 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mushtaq M. Reviewer Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r466733 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-466733 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Mar 2026 Mansha Mushtaq , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, China Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r466733 The manuscript investigates the uplift capacity of single and grouped square plate anchors embedded in sandy soil improved with emulsion asphalt. A series of laboratory model tests were conducted for anchors installed at different embedment ratios, and the effect of ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript investigates the uplift capacity of single and grouped square plate anchors embedded in sandy soil improved with emulsion asphalt. A series of laboratory model tests were conducted for anchors installed at different embedment ratios, and the effect of asphalt treatment on the uplift resistance of sand was examined. The study also attempts to identify the critical embedment depth corresponding to the transition from shallow (breakaway) to deep (no-breakaway) anchor behavior and compares the performance of single and grouped anchor configurations. The topic is relevant to geotechnical engineering, however, the manuscript has several technical and methodological weaknesses that limit the reliability and scientific contribution of the study. The research gap and novelty are not clearly articulated, the experimental program is insufficiently described, and the interpretation of the results remains largely qualitative. As a result, the manuscript does not currently provide a technically robust or reproducible investigation of anchor uplift behavior in improved soils. Recommendations: Improve the technical writing, and overall clarity of the manuscript, as the current presentation makes several sections difficult to interpret. Clearly define and justify the method used to determine the critical embedment depth. Provide justification for the model scale and demonstrate that boundary effects do not influence the results. Present detailed geotechnical characterization of the asphalt-treated sand through standard laboratory tests. Analyze anchor group behavior using established concepts such as group efficiency and interaction effects. Provide a clear and structured description of the experimental program, including a comprehensive test matrix and consistent notation. Strengthen the discussion by comparing the results with existing theoretical and experimental studies on plate anchor behavior. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Geotechnical engineering, numerical modeling foundation engineering, unsaturated soil mechanics, stability analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mushtaq M. Reviewer Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r466733 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-466733 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Rahman N. Reviewer Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r455234 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-455234 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 17 Feb 2026 Nibir Rahman , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r455234 1. I selected “Partly” because, although the general methodology and experimental framework are presented, the manuscript lacks clarity in several sections, particularly in the explanation of critical depth determination, uplift stress calculation, and interpretation of results. Additionally, the discussion does not ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. I selected “Partly” because, although the general methodology and experimental framework are presented, the manuscript lacks clarity in several sections, particularly in the explanation of critical depth determination, uplift stress calculation, and interpretation of results. Additionally, the discussion does not adequately engage with recent literature on anchors in cohesionless soils, and several relevant and up-to-date studies are not cited for validation or comparison. Therefore, while the core idea is understandable, both the presentation quality and the integration of current research require significant improvement. 3. I selected “Partly” because the manuscript provides general information about the experimental setup, soil preparation, embedment depths, and testing procedure; however, several important details are missing or insufficiently explained. In particular, the criteria used to determine critical depth, the exact method of uplift stress calculation, the improvement ratio formulation, and some aspects of the regression analysis are not described clearly enough to allow full replication. Additional clarification and more precise methodological descriptions are required to ensure reproducibility. 6. I selected " No ".Before drawing conclusions, I recommend providing a justification for the selection of the optimum bitumen percentage and for shallow versus deep anchors. The results in Figs. 14-16 show little to no difference, so this requires clear explanation to support the conclusions drawn from these results. Detailed review: The manuscript addresses an important topic related to the uplift capacity of anchor plates in sandy soil and soil improvement using emulsion asphalt. However, the current version suffers from major issues related to clarity, grammar, technical consistency, interpretation of results, and presentation quality. Please clearly define all symbols at their first appearance in the manuscript, including (H/B)cr, (S = 4D) C/C, and (z/B), and provide a clear explanation of their physical meaning and engineering significance to ensure readability and technical clarity. The manuscript frequently refers to “shallow” and “deep” anchors without providing a clear definition; please include a concise explanation specifying the embedment ratio (H/B or H/D) that distinguishes shallow from deep anchors and describe the corresponding failure mechanisms (surface failure versus subsurface/bulging failure). The statement “The increase of (z/B) above 1.5 has no effect on the bearing capacity” requires clarification: do you mean bearing capacity or uplift (pull-out) capacity? If bearing capacity is correct, please justify its relevance to a study focused on uplift behavior and maintain consistent terminology throughout the manuscript. The novelty of the study is not clearly stated; please explicitly identify the research gaps in previous studies and clearly explain how the present work addresses those gaps and contributes new knowledge to the field. The Introduction section is unclear and requires substantial rewriting; please remove irrelevant information, improve logical flow, clearly present the research gap, and explicitly state the novelty and objectives of the current study. The manuscript contains numerous grammatical and structural errors, particularly in the methodology and results sections; the long paragraph beginning with “Some sentences are grammatically incorrect and requires revisions; For example: "The scale effect of the physical model depending on the modified Soil Cone Theory (18) as shown in (Figure 1); While used in the test steel anchor with square plate (D), (3x3) cm with different embedded depth (H); Proctor test method20 (ASTM. D 698). This test is performed according to specification ASTM D 698 From the curve of the compaction the maximum dry density is 17.74 kN/m3; Direct shear test three samples were tested in shear box test under normal stresses of (15.7, 31.4 and 54.9 kN/m2) by using ASTM D3080; Influence Falling height on relative density; And analyze the above data by using the SPSS program and depending on many modes of analysis and the most accurate higher regression (R = 0.984) as shown in the analysis data in the below Table 3; After installation the set up the anchor plate is tested by uplift loading using an electrical lever and load cell to measure the load capacity and Lvdt to record the average vertical displacement until the anchor plate reaches the failure state as shown in (Figure 5); The load that the anchor plate failed at conceded a maximum load and which before it less than the failure load. Each test is repeated at least four times with a difference of less than 5% for considering the results of each test. Every test was embedded at depths (2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D & 8D) and loading till failure in single and line groups square anchor plates (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) in sandy soil. The bed of the sandy soil at depth 30 cm inside the model and below the tip of the anchor and the remaining layers with 10 cm depth for each layer as shown (Figure 6); When installation the line groups anchor the behaviour of the critical depth be more clear with the increase number of the anchor plates in the group the depths of the anchor plate separated shallow from deep anchor plates and the separation was at the depth approximately more than (5D), because the group anchor palate increase the areas contact of the plates with the particles soil more than using single plate. This phenomenon helps in observation of the testing results on the curves. Also the failure surfaces of the line groups acts as a rectangular depending on the friction theory22 as shown in (Figure 9). The up lift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases; Effect the line groups on the critical depth similar to Baker & Kondner, 1966; ” requires complete rewriting for clarity, proper sentence structure, and technical accuracy, and professional English editing is strongly recommended. Please correct and properly format the chemical notations in Table 2 as follows: Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), SO₃, and pH, ensuring consistent capitalization and scientific notation throughout the manuscript. In the regression analysis section, it should be R² instead of R, and the regression results would be better presented graphically rather than only in Table 3; please also clearly explain the regression model and its relevance to the study. Please standardize units (e.g., use “cm” instead of “CM”), correct spelling errors such as “Asphalte” to “Asphalt,” rewrite the captions for Figures 5 and 6 for grammatical correctness, and revise the heading “Effect of the single square anchor plate on the critical depth” to proper academic English. The determination of critical depth (H cr ) is not clearly explained; please provide a clear and rational method for identifying H cr from the load-displacement curves, including the specific criterion used (e.g., change in slope, failure surface observation, or displacement threshold). The statement “The uplift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases” should be revised for grammar (uplift, not up lift) and supported with quantitative results and engineering reasoning rather than general statements; please provide an explanation and comparison with previous studies. The statement regarding failure surfaces acting as rectangular “depending on friction theory” requires clarification; please define what is meant by friction theory, provide theoretical background, and explain how your experimental results validate or support this theory. The discussion of uplift resistance increasing with embedment depth is presented qualitatively; please provide quantitative comparisons (e.g., percentage increase, numerical differences) and explain the underlying soil mechanics principles responsible for this behavior. In Figure 10A, the differences between H = 2D, 3D, and 4D and between H = 5D, 6D, 7D, and 8D appear minimal; additionally, in Figure 10C, H = 3D shows lower displacement than H = 4D, which requires explanation and justification. Figure 11 is missing axis titles and does not clearly specify the embedment depth used; please explain how uplift stress was calculated and clarify the apparent discrepancy between the reported load values and the corresponding stress values shown in the figure. Figures 12-16 require improvement; please remove informal symbols such as “@,” add missing axis labels, present cohesion and internal friction angle in separate figures, clarify how the enhancement ratio was calculated, explain any negative values shown in Figure 16, and justify why 4% asphalt was selected as the optimum when cohesion continues to increase beyond this value. The results in Figs. 14-16 show minimal differences between shallow and deep anchors. The manuscript should provide an explanation for this observation, such as the influence of soil strength, column geometry, or load transfer mechanisms, to justify why depth has little effect on the measured response. Some recent studies on anchors in cohesionless soil should be cited and discussed to validate and justify the observed results and to allow meaningful comparison; for example, Effect of anchor geometry on uplift resistance of plate anchor in sloping terrain ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116498 ) provides relevant insights into uplift behavior that could strengthen the discussion and contextualize the findings of the current study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Hassan M, Rahman N, Rokonuzzaman M, Rahman S: Effect of anchor geometry on uplift resistance of plate anchor in sloping terrain. Ocean Engineering . 2024; 292 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Anchor foundation, ground improvement, soil stabilization, numerical modeling I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Rahman N. Reviewer Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r455234 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-455234 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 24 Jan 26 read read Nibir Rahman , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh Mansha Mushtaq , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India; Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mushtaq M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Mar 2026 | for Version 1 Mansha Mushtaq , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing, China 0 Views copyright © 2026 Mushtaq M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript investigates the uplift capacity of single and grouped square plate anchors embedded in sandy soil improved with emulsion asphalt. A series of laboratory model tests were conducted for anchors installed at different embedment ratios, and the effect of asphalt treatment on the uplift resistance of sand was examined. The study also attempts to identify the critical embedment depth corresponding to the transition from shallow (breakaway) to deep (no-breakaway) anchor behavior and compares the performance of single and grouped anchor configurations. The topic is relevant to geotechnical engineering, however, the manuscript has several technical and methodological weaknesses that limit the reliability and scientific contribution of the study. The research gap and novelty are not clearly articulated, the experimental program is insufficiently described, and the interpretation of the results remains largely qualitative. As a result, the manuscript does not currently provide a technically robust or reproducible investigation of anchor uplift behavior in improved soils. Recommendations: Improve the technical writing, and overall clarity of the manuscript, as the current presentation makes several sections difficult to interpret. Clearly define and justify the method used to determine the critical embedment depth. Provide justification for the model scale and demonstrate that boundary effects do not influence the results. Present detailed geotechnical characterization of the asphalt-treated sand through standard laboratory tests. Analyze anchor group behavior using established concepts such as group efficiency and interaction effects. Provide a clear and structured description of the experimental program, including a comprehensive test matrix and consistent notation. Strengthen the discussion by comparing the results with existing theoretical and experimental studies on plate anchor behavior. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Geotechnical engineering, numerical modeling foundation engineering, unsaturated soil mechanics, stability analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mushtaq M. Peer Review Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r466733) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-466733 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Rahman N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 17 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Nibir Rahman , Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh 0 Views copyright © 2026 Rahman N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. I selected “Partly” because, although the general methodology and experimental framework are presented, the manuscript lacks clarity in several sections, particularly in the explanation of critical depth determination, uplift stress calculation, and interpretation of results. Additionally, the discussion does not adequately engage with recent literature on anchors in cohesionless soils, and several relevant and up-to-date studies are not cited for validation or comparison. Therefore, while the core idea is understandable, both the presentation quality and the integration of current research require significant improvement. 3. I selected “Partly” because the manuscript provides general information about the experimental setup, soil preparation, embedment depths, and testing procedure; however, several important details are missing or insufficiently explained. In particular, the criteria used to determine critical depth, the exact method of uplift stress calculation, the improvement ratio formulation, and some aspects of the regression analysis are not described clearly enough to allow full replication. Additional clarification and more precise methodological descriptions are required to ensure reproducibility. 6. I selected " No ".Before drawing conclusions, I recommend providing a justification for the selection of the optimum bitumen percentage and for shallow versus deep anchors. The results in Figs. 14-16 show little to no difference, so this requires clear explanation to support the conclusions drawn from these results. Detailed review: The manuscript addresses an important topic related to the uplift capacity of anchor plates in sandy soil and soil improvement using emulsion asphalt. However, the current version suffers from major issues related to clarity, grammar, technical consistency, interpretation of results, and presentation quality. Please clearly define all symbols at their first appearance in the manuscript, including (H/B)cr, (S = 4D) C/C, and (z/B), and provide a clear explanation of their physical meaning and engineering significance to ensure readability and technical clarity. The manuscript frequently refers to “shallow” and “deep” anchors without providing a clear definition; please include a concise explanation specifying the embedment ratio (H/B or H/D) that distinguishes shallow from deep anchors and describe the corresponding failure mechanisms (surface failure versus subsurface/bulging failure). The statement “The increase of (z/B) above 1.5 has no effect on the bearing capacity” requires clarification: do you mean bearing capacity or uplift (pull-out) capacity? If bearing capacity is correct, please justify its relevance to a study focused on uplift behavior and maintain consistent terminology throughout the manuscript. The novelty of the study is not clearly stated; please explicitly identify the research gaps in previous studies and clearly explain how the present work addresses those gaps and contributes new knowledge to the field. The Introduction section is unclear and requires substantial rewriting; please remove irrelevant information, improve logical flow, clearly present the research gap, and explicitly state the novelty and objectives of the current study. The manuscript contains numerous grammatical and structural errors, particularly in the methodology and results sections; the long paragraph beginning with “Some sentences are grammatically incorrect and requires revisions; For example: "The scale effect of the physical model depending on the modified Soil Cone Theory (18) as shown in (Figure 1); While used in the test steel anchor with square plate (D), (3x3) cm with different embedded depth (H); Proctor test method20 (ASTM. D 698). This test is performed according to specification ASTM D 698 From the curve of the compaction the maximum dry density is 17.74 kN/m3; Direct shear test three samples were tested in shear box test under normal stresses of (15.7, 31.4 and 54.9 kN/m2) by using ASTM D3080; Influence Falling height on relative density; And analyze the above data by using the SPSS program and depending on many modes of analysis and the most accurate higher regression (R = 0.984) as shown in the analysis data in the below Table 3; After installation the set up the anchor plate is tested by uplift loading using an electrical lever and load cell to measure the load capacity and Lvdt to record the average vertical displacement until the anchor plate reaches the failure state as shown in (Figure 5); The load that the anchor plate failed at conceded a maximum load and which before it less than the failure load. Each test is repeated at least four times with a difference of less than 5% for considering the results of each test. Every test was embedded at depths (2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D & 8D) and loading till failure in single and line groups square anchor plates (1x2), (1x3), (1x4) & (1x5) in sandy soil. The bed of the sandy soil at depth 30 cm inside the model and below the tip of the anchor and the remaining layers with 10 cm depth for each layer as shown (Figure 6); When installation the line groups anchor the behaviour of the critical depth be more clear with the increase number of the anchor plates in the group the depths of the anchor plate separated shallow from deep anchor plates and the separation was at the depth approximately more than (5D), because the group anchor palate increase the areas contact of the plates with the particles soil more than using single plate. This phenomenon helps in observation of the testing results on the curves. Also the failure surfaces of the line groups acts as a rectangular depending on the friction theory22 as shown in (Figure 9). The up lift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases; Effect the line groups on the critical depth similar to Baker & Kondner, 1966; ” requires complete rewriting for clarity, proper sentence structure, and technical accuracy, and professional English editing is strongly recommended. Please correct and properly format the chemical notations in Table 2 as follows: Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), SO₃, and pH, ensuring consistent capitalization and scientific notation throughout the manuscript. In the regression analysis section, it should be R² instead of R, and the regression results would be better presented graphically rather than only in Table 3; please also clearly explain the regression model and its relevance to the study. Please standardize units (e.g., use “cm” instead of “CM”), correct spelling errors such as “Asphalte” to “Asphalt,” rewrite the captions for Figures 5 and 6 for grammatical correctness, and revise the heading “Effect of the single square anchor plate on the critical depth” to proper academic English. The determination of critical depth (H cr ) is not clearly explained; please provide a clear and rational method for identifying H cr from the load-displacement curves, including the specific criterion used (e.g., change in slope, failure surface observation, or displacement threshold). The statement “The uplift resistance of the anchor plate increases with increase of the embedded depth and the vertical displacement decreases” should be revised for grammar (uplift, not up lift) and supported with quantitative results and engineering reasoning rather than general statements; please provide an explanation and comparison with previous studies. The statement regarding failure surfaces acting as rectangular “depending on friction theory” requires clarification; please define what is meant by friction theory, provide theoretical background, and explain how your experimental results validate or support this theory. The discussion of uplift resistance increasing with embedment depth is presented qualitatively; please provide quantitative comparisons (e.g., percentage increase, numerical differences) and explain the underlying soil mechanics principles responsible for this behavior. In Figure 10A, the differences between H = 2D, 3D, and 4D and between H = 5D, 6D, 7D, and 8D appear minimal; additionally, in Figure 10C, H = 3D shows lower displacement than H = 4D, which requires explanation and justification. Figure 11 is missing axis titles and does not clearly specify the embedment depth used; please explain how uplift stress was calculated and clarify the apparent discrepancy between the reported load values and the corresponding stress values shown in the figure. Figures 12-16 require improvement; please remove informal symbols such as “@,” add missing axis labels, present cohesion and internal friction angle in separate figures, clarify how the enhancement ratio was calculated, explain any negative values shown in Figure 16, and justify why 4% asphalt was selected as the optimum when cohesion continues to increase beyond this value. The results in Figs. 14-16 show minimal differences between shallow and deep anchors. The manuscript should provide an explanation for this observation, such as the influence of soil strength, column geometry, or load transfer mechanisms, to justify why depth has little effect on the measured response. Some recent studies on anchors in cohesionless soil should be cited and discussed to validate and justify the observed results and to allow meaningful comparison; for example, Effect of anchor geometry on uplift resistance of plate anchor in sloping terrain ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116498 ) provides relevant insights into uplift behavior that could strengthen the discussion and contextualize the findings of the current study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Hassan M, Rahman N, Rokonuzzaman M, Rahman S: Effect of anchor geometry on uplift resistance of plate anchor in sloping terrain. Ocean Engineering . 2024; 292 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Anchor foundation, ground improvement, soil stabilization, numerical modeling I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Rahman N. Peer Review Report For: Experimental study For improving sandy soil against uplift capacity by Emulsion Asphalt for Anchor plate [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :112 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.194109.r455234) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-112/v1#referee-response-455234 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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