A Multi-Modal Dataset for Automated Phenological Stage Mapping in Actinidia chinensis

A Multi-Modal Dataset for Automated Phenological Stage Mapping in Actinidia chinensis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Data Note A Multi-Modal Dataset for Automated Phenological Stage Mapping in Actinidia chinensis Isabel Pinheiro, Pedro Moura, Leandro Rodrigues, Germano Moreira, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Phenological monitoring of Actinidia chinensis is critical for optimising operational costs and yield prediction. However, current manual assessment methods are time-consuming, making them impractical for large-scale precision agriculture applications. Most existing phenological datasets focus exclusively on image data without spatial validation. The Multi-Modal Actinidia chinensis Phenology Dataset is composed of (i) 1 665 annotated images of phenological stages from bud to fruit set and (ii) georeferenced videos with systematic manual ground truth of spatial stage distributions. The dataset employs an adapted 17-class BBCH system that consolidates visually similar stages, excludes problematic categories, and introduces generic structural classes to address practical annotation difficulties. Additionally, the data is organised hierarchically across various plant structures, genders, and phenological stages. The annotated images offer versatility for a range of applications, including training data for computer vision models to detect phenological stages. Furthermore, the georeferenced videos facilitate the validation of automated counting algorithms. This combined approach enables plant-level detection accuracy and provides an illustrative methodology for spatial validation that users can extend to additional orchards, promoting the development and benchmarking of automated phenological monitoring systems for precision agriculture applications in kiwifruit production. Agricultural Engineering Agronomy Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9097249","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Data Note","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":604631208,"identity":"3de8cfc6-e2e5-45e4-8798-fe3539877c9a","order_by":0,"name":"Isabel Pinheiro","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-0980","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isabel","middleName":"","lastName":"Pinheiro","suffix":""},{"id":604631209,"identity":"33c56298-d6e0-4e46-b98e-4920fe84fdb9","order_by":1,"name":"Pedro Moura","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3898-9841","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pedro","middleName":"","lastName":"Moura","suffix":""},{"id":604631210,"identity":"443f3201-8c7b-4eb5-818f-27c40b406a4b","order_by":2,"name":"Leandro Rodrigues","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-2481","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leandro","middleName":"","lastName":"Rodrigues","suffix":""},{"id":604631211,"identity":"0c56d28c-6a74-48ce-b049-63a66c34f858","order_by":3,"name":"Germano Moreira","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-8267","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Germano","middleName":"","lastName":"Moreira","suffix":""},{"id":604631212,"identity":"822f5b61-bd3d-4b19-abaa-4b97fc73298a","order_by":4,"name":"Rui Manuel Coutinho","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-2224","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rui","middleName":"Manuel","lastName":"Coutinho","suffix":""},{"id":604631213,"identity":"19bc1b03-4f57-4dce-afce-1c20681387d3","order_by":5,"name":"Francisco Terra","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2807-2506","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisco","middleName":"","lastName":"Terra","suffix":""},{"id":604631214,"identity":"601c0132-54d0-4a69-8f4c-92bc58e8e9b9","order_by":6,"name":"António Valente","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-1298","institution":"School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"António","middleName":"","lastName":"Valente","suffix":""},{"id":604631215,"identity":"2fc7762c-050a-48a5-83e3-159d7fec4b5a","order_by":7,"name":"Mário Cunha","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-324X","institution":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mário","middleName":"","lastName":"Cunha","suffix":""},{"id":604631216,"identity":"ed771283-3308-4599-bb1e-8d3658b8bcff","order_by":8,"name":"Filipe Neves dos Santos","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8486-6113","institution":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Filipe","middleName":"Neves dos","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-11 18:04:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104780914,"identity":"a4bac728-9e00-4633-b1a4-92beb6307759","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:54:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3218766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20260311PrePrintMultiModalActinidiaChinensisPhenologyDataset.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097249/v1_covered_5950643c-3003-49a6-b273-d8c6f7d39e9b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Multi-Modal Dataset for Automated Phenological Stage Mapping in \u003cem\u003eActinidia chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC)","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePhenological monitoring of \u003cem\u003eActinidia chinensis\u003c/em\u003e is critical for optimising operational costs and yield prediction. However, current manual assessment methods are time-consuming, making them impractical for large-scale precision agriculture applications. Most existing phenological datasets focus exclusively on image data without spatial validation. The Multi-Modal \u003cem\u003eActinidia chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Phenology Dataset is composed of (i) 1 665 annotated images of phenological stages from bud to fruit set and (ii) georeferenced videos with systematic manual ground truth of spatial stage distributions. The dataset employs an adapted 17-class BBCH system that consolidates visually similar stages, excludes problematic categories, and introduces generic structural classes to address practical annotation difficulties. Additionally, the data is organised hierarchically across various plant structures, genders, and phenological stages. The annotated images offer versatility for a range of applications, including training data for computer vision models to detect phenological stages. Furthermore, the georeferenced videos facilitate the validation of automated counting algorithms. This combined approach enables plant-level detection accuracy and provides an illustrative methodology for spatial validation that users can extend to additional orchards, promoting the development and benchmarking of automated phenological monitoring systems for precision agriculture applications in kiwifruit production.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Multi-Modal Dataset for Automated Phenological Stage Mapping in Actinidia chinensis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-13 02:58:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097249/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"39331d81-f958-4858-8df6-0cd73175fea4","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":64348915,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"},{"id":64348916,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-13T02:58:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-13 02:58:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9097249","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9097249","identity":"rs-9097249","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}