Analysis of Visual and Architectural Cohesion at Putra Mosque: Investigation of Engineering Design's Influence on Spatial and Functional Experience

Analysis of Visual and Architectural Cohesion at Putra Mosque: Investigation of Engineering Design's Influence on Spatial and Functional Experience | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Visual and Architectural Cohesion at Putra Mosque: Investigation of Engineering Design's Influence on Spatial and Functional Experience Anfal Hamodat, Mazlan Tahir This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study examines the visual and architectural integration at Malaysia's Putra Mosque, emphasizing how engineering design influences spatial and functional experiences. Integrating traditional and contemporary design elements, the mosque promotes psychological well-being and visual appeal. An analytical-descriptive approach, incorporating tools like Google Earth imagery, virtual exploration, visitor surveys, and field observations, underpins the investigation. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Excel, revealing enhanced spatial and psychological experiences derived from the mosque’s design elements, such as natural lighting, open spaces, and lake views. The findings are situated within the broader context of Islamic architectural practices, offering recommendations for optimizing design features to reinforce functional and visual harmony Putra Mosque spatial experience with visual architectural harmony Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction The Putra Mosque exemplifies a harmonious blend of modern and traditional architectural paradigms, addressing challenges in spatial transitions, thermal comfort, and visual aesthetics. As a national and religious landmark, the mosque highlights Malaysia's commitment to architectural innovation, balancing cultural identity and modernity. Enhancing visitor attendance at religious and national events necessitates a design strategy that integrates natural and architectural elements to facilitate mobility and amplify the spiritual ambiance. 2. Literature Review 1. Integration of Visual and Functional Elements o Prior research emphasizes the equilibrium between vertical and horizontal components to create seamless transitions between spaces (Asif et al., 2019). o Islamic geometric patterns, as integral components of mosque architecture, enable a visual connection between interior and exterior environments (Nashalji & Saradj, 2024). o The Putra Mosque in Malaysia exemplifies this integration through an architectural design that harmonizes ancient legacy with contemporary innovation, enhancing visitors' psychological and visual experience. Prior study emphasizes the need of equilibrating vertical and horizontal aspects to create seamless space transitions, but it may overlook environmental and social issues. Islamic geometric patterns can connect indoor and outdoor spaces, yet they may be seen as a traditional design that doesn't meet modern practical needs or user psychology. 2. Cultural and Spiritual Identity o The use of Arabic calligraphy and geometric ornamentation extends beyond aesthetics, promoting a profound spiritual and cultural identity (Baydoun et al., 2024). o Incorporation of natural elements, such as water features and vegetation, aligns with Islamic principles of environmental stewardship (Dini et al., 2023). Arabic calligraphy and geometric decoration promote spiritual and cultural identity, but they should be modernized to reflect modern culture. Islam's environmental principles allow for the use of water and plants, although excess can cause maintenance issues and harm the site's sustainability. 3. Environmental Sustainability o Biomimetic design approaches, focusing on natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort, have been effectively applied to optimize mosque environments (Badarnah, 2017). o The Putra Mosque exemplifies an adept architectural response to environmental considerations with expansive windows, open arches, and vistas of the lake, providing thermal and visual comfort along with a unique spatial experience. Biometric methods like natural lighting and ventilation are good for environmental sustainability, but climate can limit their efficiency. The Putra mosque's environmental design was commendable, but its long-term influence must be considered. 4. Sensory and psychological dimensions: o Studies indicate that aesthetic lighting and social contact are the primary determinants affecting spatial perception and human behavior. The Putra Mosque embodies these concepts through the incorporation of natural light, expansive areas, and transitional passageways, so augmenting psychological comfort and facilitating social interaction. (Wei et al., 2024) o Researchers advocate for the enhancement of spatial and architectural efficacy in mosques to elevate visitors' sensory and psychological experiences, achievable at the Putra Mosque through the refinement of functional and visual linkages. Studies that emphasis the importance of aesthetic lighting and social communication in promoting psychological comfort and social interaction are valuable for sensory and psychological dimensions, but they should also examine how these elements vary across cultures and religions. 5. Comparative Insights o Mosques such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque and Istiqlal Mosque illustrate the global emphasis on functional and aesthetic integration. Comparative studies highlight unique adaptations of these principles in various cultural and geographic contexts (Aryanti & Achmadi, 2024). Comparative studies of mosques like Sheikh Zayed Mosque and Independence Mosque adapting to functional and aesthetic principles in different contexts provide rich insights, but they may benefit from a deeper analysis of how these adaptations affect daily use and maintain these places as living cultural and spiritual centres. Table 1: Summarize of studies (researcher) Study Main theme Methodology Key results Asif 2019 Balancing vertical and horizontal pieces for smooth space transitions. Analysis of architecture and function Balancing aids vision and function. Dini 2023 Functional and aesthetic integration with nature. Spatial Analysis Environmental integration boosts spatial performance. Utaberta 2020 Modern architecture's promotion of religious sites. Architectural methodology analysis Mosques promote religious tourism. Aryanti 2024 Engineering design affects religious and cultural identity. Case study Design fosters religious and cultural identification. Nashalji 2024 Promote identity using Islamic engineering. Analysis of Engineering Inscriptions Geometric patterns enhance vision. Ali 2023 For harmony, internal and outdoor spaces must complement. Analysis of interior and exterior design Harmony between inside and out boosts comfort. Baydoun2024 Arabic calligraphy promotes spiritual and cultural identity. Expert interviews and qualitative analysis Spiritual identity is enhanced by Arabic calligraphy. Table 2: Global Mosque Summary of Relationships between Design Variables and Functional and Visual Performance (Researcher Source) Independent Variable Dependent Variable Relationship Explained Example Visual and architectural integration Enhancing architectural beauty Visual and engineering elements are balanced to improve the mosque's look. Sheikh Zayed Mosque: visual and engineering harmony. (Azmi & Kandar, 2019; Mahmoud, 2020) Outdoor Space Design Improved optical flow Outdoor spaces with intelligent design create a clear visual connection between indoors and out. Hassan II Mosque: Design outdoor squares to achieve smooth visual flow.(Metwally, 2021) Spatial Experience Improve user experience User comfort and clarity are enhanced by intelligent space arrangement. Sultan Mosque: Visual and practical comfort organization.(Ali & Mustafa, 2023b) Visual Guidance Improved spatial movement Intelligent optical guiding makes indoor-outdoor movement easy. Istiqlal, Jakarta Mosque: straightforward design guides worshippers.(Kadioglu et al., 2024) Decorative Elements Enhancing architectural identity Islamic imagery and inscriptions promote the mosque's culture and architecture. Islamic wall and ceiling decorations at Sheikh Zayed Mosque.(Azmi & Kandar, 2019) 3. Methodology An analytical-descriptive approach was adopted to explore the interplay of engineering, visual, and functional elements in the mosque’s design. 1. Data Collection Tools : o Google Earth Imagery : Used to analyze spatial configurations, geometric patterns, and external transitions. o Virtual Tours : Examined indoor-outdoor interactions, focusing on key design elements like domes, windows, and passageways. o Surveys : A Likert-scale questionnaire was distributed to 50 visitors, covering topics such as visual integration, natural lighting, mobility, and the psychological impact of the design. o Field Observations : Complemented virtual tools by observing visitor behaviors and movement patterns. 2. Data Analysis : o Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, identifying key factors contributing to spatial experiences through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). o Qualitative insights were derived from field observations, which contextualized statistical findings within the physical and experiential realities of the mosque. 2.1 Approach to research: This study uses an analytical descriptive technique to analyses the impact of engineering, functional, and visual components on the spatial experience at the Putra Mosque in Malaysia. This method uses quantitative and qualitative analysis to understand spatial, visual, and functional linkages by focusing on spatial integration. 2.2 Data Collection Tools: To ensure accurate and complete data collection, multiple tools have been used: Google Earth satellite images: Examine outdoor spaces, roadways, and paths' geometric distribution. Identifying internal-external transitions. As mentioned in table (4) Virtual tours: Examine indoor-outdoor interaction. Explore engineering and visual guidance via virtual tours. As mentioned in table (3) Questionnaire: A legalized Likert Scale questionnaire was employed. The questionnaire was given to 50 visitors as mentioned in table (5). The questionnaire covered essential topics: Visual and architectural integration. The comfort of function. Thermal comfort and natural light. Track and navigate efficiently. Space's spiritual and psychological effects. 2.3 Analyzing Data: Quantitative Analysis: Analyze responses to questionnaires in SPSS and Excel. PCA for spatial experiment factor identification. We discovered 5 major parameters that explained 60.8% of data variation. As mentioned in table (5) Qualitative Analysis: Use field observations to improve architectural-visual relationships. Examine Google Earth images and tours. As mentioned in table (4) 2.4 Research Phase: Phase I: Engineering, Functional, and Visual Analysis: Study engineering features like main dome, passageways, and windows. Assess pathway and transition career performance. Check interior-exterior visual connection through windows and lake views. As mentioned in table (3) Phase 2: Integration: Create an integrative framework from engineering, functional, and visual analysis. Find ways to harmonies pieces for an integrated and sustainable spatial experience. Analysis of design elements' visual and environmental impacts. As mentioned in table (5) 2.5 Analytical Pathway: Gather field and virtual data (satellite images, virtual tours, surveys). SPSS/Excel quant analytics. Virtual tours and field observations for qualitative data analysis. As mentioned in table (4) Perform a thorough integration analysis. Comparing results to previous studies to draw conclusions. 2.6 Moral Issues Step: Obtain participant consent before completing the questionnaire. Maintain personal data confidentiality. Scientific research ethics compliance with international and institutional requirements. 4. Results 3.1 Engineering, Functional, Visual Analysis Engineering Analysis: Balance spaces and blocks. Direct spiritual and visual path to centre dome. Harmonizes passageways and windows for indoor-outdoor flow. According to table (3) Function Analysis : Create efficient paths. Make shade breaks comfy. Functionally arrange areas. According to table (4) Visual Analysis: Lake views are improved by large windows. Dome axial elements focus optically. Visually balanced indoor and outdoor environments. According to table (4) Integrating Analysis: Engineering, functional, and visual elements should be merged for spatial experience. Use lakes and green spaces to balance the environment. Blend natural light and ventilation. As mentioned in table (5) 3.2 Questionnaire: Data Source : A questionnaire was employed to gather data regarding visual integration, design effect, natural lighting, mobility, and spiritual impact. The spatial and visual design of the Putra Mosque and its effects on visitors were analyzed. A 50-person questionnaire was utilized to identify key strengths and limitations. As mentioned in table (5) - Statistical Analysis Method: Analyzing key elements identified through PCA that affect various factors. - Five principal factors were identified through Eigenvalue and Scree Plot analysis. These factors accounted for 60.8% of the variance in the data, suggesting a valid interpretation. - Findings and implications: Factor I: This section analyses the impact of visual and architectural design on spatial experience. Optical integration, design effects, and lake interactions. The variation ratio is interpreted as 15.9%. The element indicates that the mosque's visual and architectural relationship with the landscape significantly influences visitors' spatial experience. Recommendations: Improve visuals to achieve harmony. Improve visual access to lakes and surrounding landscapes. Factor II: The environment and natural illumination significantly influence functional comfort. Solar influence, fenestration impact, daylighting. The variation ratio is interpreted as 13.3%. The presence of natural lighting and sunlight improves the mosque's visual and environmental comfort. Recommendations: The redesign of windows enhances the distribution of illumination. Regulate sunlight and temperature using modern techniques. Factor III: Comfort of seating and natural environment Variables associated include seated comfort, plant influence, and shadowed comfort. The variation ratio is interpreted as 11.7%. This aspect entails the arrangement of seating and the incorporation of plants to improve the overall ambiance. It is advisable to offer seating that is accommodating for visitors. Incorporate vegetation and allocate shadows appropriately. Factor IV: Efficiency and Mobility of Mosques Transparent gearbox, straightforward navigation, and efficient pathways. The variation ratio is interpreted as 11.0%. This aspect reflects the efficiency of movement within the mosque, encompassing signal clarity, route expansion, and accessibility. Recommendations: Enhanced signage for mosques. Mitigate barriers and optimize route capacity. Factor V: The spiritual and emotional effects on visitors. Associated variables: spiritual influence, fulfilled needs. The variance is interpreted as 8.9%. This aspect signifies the visitor's spiritual experience and the mosque's capacity to fulfil their needs. Suggestions: Establish a spiritual ambiance using soft lighting. Ensure the provision of lighting and designated rest areas. Total explanatory variation refers to the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that can be accounted for by the independent variables in a statistical model. The total interpreted variation is 60.8%. The five criteria effectively account for most data disparities, thereby supporting their validity for evidence-based decision-making. - Conclusion of the general questionnaire: Improving visitors' experience in mosques depends on visual and architectural integration; natural light is therefore rather important in reaching environmental comfort. Comfortable resting places and shaded areas that guarantee relaxation as well as clear, barrier-free itineraries that enable seamless mobility inside spaces help to affect visitor satisfaction levels. Moreover, improving the spiritual environment is the careful placement of lighting and basic design elements. Dependency on natural lighting must be strengthened and better utilized to attain effective visual clarity to establish architectural and visual harmony with the outside ocean. While clear drawings help to control internal movement, the use of plant shadows also greatly influences the ambiance and generates a cozy environment. Finally, the peaceful design and cozy amenities provide a spiritual element that accentuates the mosque's utilitarian and aesthetic purposes as well as the visitor's experience. 5. Results and Discussion 1. Engineering and Visual Analysis ■ Dome and Axial Alignment : The mosque’s central dome serves as a visual anchor, enhancing spatial harmony. Axial elements guide movement and visual focus, creating a cohesive spatial experience. ■ Natural Integration : Large windows and open arches provide unobstructed views of the lake, enhancing ventilation and promoting visual continuity between indoor and outdoor spaces. 2. Functional Layout ■ Efficient pathways and shaded rest areas facilitate seamless movement and provide comfort. Seating arrangements strategically placed near water features offer contemplative spaces for visitors. 3. Statistical Insights ■ Factor I : Visual and architectural design significantly impact spatial experiences (15.9% variance). ■ Factor II : The influence of natural illumination on functional comfort accounts for 13.3% of the variance. ■ Factor V : Spiritual ambiance contributes 8.9% of the overall experiential variance. 4. Comparative Analysis ■ Comparisons with mosques such as Hassan II Mosque and Sultan Mosque reveal shared principles of visual and functional harmony, albeit with distinct regional adaptations. Previous study Point of Similarity with Search Results Point of Difference from Search Results Asif et 2019 Integration of engineering and visual design to achieve functional and visual comfort. The study focused on analyzing individual elements separately, while the research focused on integrating elements to achieve comprehensive experience. Dini 2023 Highlight the tourist importance of mosques as a religious and architectural destination. The research focused on the relationship between visual, environmental and tourism elements, while the previous study focused only on the tourist side. Utaberta 2020 Combine traditional and modern elements in architectural design. The research focused on balancing inside and out in terms of visual vision and psychological comfort, while the study focused on technical elements. Aryanti 2024 Use design to integrate national and functional identity. The research focused on the psychological and spiritual impact of design, while the study focused on national identity. Nashalji 2024 Integration of engineering decorations and visual elements to achieve an integrated experience. The research focused on the psychological and spiritual impact of ornaments, while the study focused on the aesthetic and engineering aspect only. Baydoun 2024 Employing Arabic lines and decorations to promote spiritual and architectural identity. The research focused on integrating lines and visual elements to achieve an integrated psychological and spiritual experience. Ali & Mustafa, 2023 Improve mobility and functional distribution between indoor and outdoor spaces. The research focused on the impact of functional distribution on psychological and spiritual comfort, while the study focused on the engineering aspect only. Comparison with previous studies (researcher) 6. Discussion The analysis showed that Putra Mosque's architectural and visual integration enhances visitors' spatial and spiritual experience, with natural lighting, shaded areas, and visual integration with the external environment. However, movement management during peak periods, visibility of indoor-outdoor transitions, and the lack of rest places at several crucial points have presented serious issues. Visual pleasure and easy mobility were also linked in the findings. Visitors' happiness with the architectural design increases with transfer efficiency and visibility. In contrast, corridor congestion and poor lighting lowered overall satisfaction. While the mosque performs well visually and functionally, addressing traffic management challenges, increasing transfer visibility, and increasing break points can improve spatial and visual integration, leading to a more efficient and comfortable visitor experience. Challenges and Recommendations - Challenges ■ Peak-Time Management : Visitor congestion during events reduces mobility and overall satisfaction. ■ Wayfinding Limitations : Insufficient signage hinders smooth navigation. ■ Rest Area Scarcity : Limited shaded and seating areas detract from visitor comfort. - Recommendations ■ Enhance visual and physical accessibility to natural elements, particularly lake views and gardens. ■ Develop advanced lighting solutions to optimize natural and artificial illumination. ■ Implement clear and visually integrated signage to improve navigation. ■ Expand shaded areas and seating arrangements at key transitional points. - Future Directions : ■ Putra Mosque plans to develop smart lighting and advanced adaptation systems that are compatible with local climates and promote ongoing studies on integrating indoor and outdoor environments for an integrated spatial experience. The mosque's thermal and overall performance should be improved with sustainable building materials to improve its environmental efficiency and long-term sustainability. 7. Conclusion The Putra Mosque demonstrates a sophisticated integration of engineering, functional, and aesthetic dimensions, setting a benchmark in modern Islamic architecture. The study highlights how its design elements—natural lighting, spatial transitions, and geometric patterns—contribute to a cohesive and sustainable visitor experience. Addressing challenges related to crowd management, navigation, and visitor comfort can further enhance its functionality and appeal. This research offers a comprehensive framework for applying similar principles to other architectural projects, reinforcing the interplay of tradition, modernity, and environmental stewardship in Islamic design. Declarations - Author Contribution Status: Anfal Hamodat, the first author, designed research, created the theoretical and methodological framework, collected field data using questionnaires, analyzed satellite images and virtual tours, and did statistical analysis using SPSS and Excel. He wrote the manuscript's first draft. Author II, Mazlan M. Tahir, organized the study, gave academic guidance, analyzed results and analysis, and checked the final manuscript for scientific integrity and accuracy. The authors jointly examined and approved the paper's scientific accuracy and integrity. - Conflict of Interest Statement: There is no conflict of interest in publishing this research. - Data Access Statement The study comprised Google Earth picture analysis, participant questionnaires, and statistical analysis. Some questionnaire questions are missing. The author can answer specific enquiries. - Ethics Statement: This study did not need ethical approval because it only analyzed Google Earth photos and anonymous questionnaire data. Before filling out questionnaires, participants gave consent, and all data was kept confidential. - Funding Report: The researchers initiated this research, which was unfounded. References Ali, L. A., & Mustafa, F. A. (2023a). Mosque Morphological Analysis: The Impact of Indoor Spatial–Volumetric Visibility on Worshipers’ Visual Comfort. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 15 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310376 Ali, L. A., & Mustafa, F. A. (2023b). Mosque Morphological Analysis: The Impact of Indoor Spatial–Volumetric Visibility on Worshipers’ Visual Comfort. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 15 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310376 Ariff, A. S., Husin, N. E., & Bakar, A. A. (2012). THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERNAL THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MAIN PRAYER OF PUTRA MOSQUE, PUTRAJAYA. Seminar Proceeding, UMRAN2012: GREEN WAVE, KAED, IIUM , 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282650986 Aryanti, T., & Achmadi, A. (2024). Framing and Visualising Nationhood: Istiqlal Mosque and the Interiority of the Independence Square, Jakarta. Interiority , 7 (2), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i2.375 Asif, N., Utaberta, N., & Sarram, A. (2019). Architectural Styles of Malaysian Mosque: Suitability In Compact Urban Settings. MATEC Web of Conferences , 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/2019 Azmi, N. A., & Kandar, M. Z. (2019). Factors contributing in the design of environmentally sustainable mosques. Journal of Building Engineering , 23 , 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2019.01.024 Badarnah, L. (2017). Form Follows Environment: Biomimetic Approaches to Building Envelope Design for Environmental Adaptation. Buildings 2017, Vol. 7, Page 40 , 7 (2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS7020040 Baydoun, Z., Norishah, T., Baydoun, R., & Adam, M. (2024). Placement Principles of Islamic Calligraphy in Architecture: Insights from the Al-Hambra and Al-Azem Palaces. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072025 Dini, A. M., Salih, S. A., Ismail, S., Asif, N., & Sabil, A. (2023). Principle of Privacy in Islamic Architectural Design Context: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences , 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i9/18435 Hiçsönmezler, İ., Üniversitesi, Y., Fakültesi, M., Dalı, A., Arzu, T., Kunduracı, C., Fatma, T., Ek, İ., Bavuru, T., & Özet, G. (2023). The Perception of Spatial Atmosphere in Traditional and Modern Mosques in Aesthetic Context : Spatial Atmosphere in Traditional/Modern Mosques. Tasarim + Kuram , 19 (38), 16–39. https://doi.org/10.59215/TASARIMKURAM.2023.370 Īle, U. (2021). Visual-spatial dimensions of modern residential buildings, experience of the Nordic region. Landscape Architecture and Art , 18 (18), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2021.18.01 Kadioglu, S., Kadioglu, Y. K., Catapano, I., & Satriabhawana, M. T. (2024). Sustainable Architecture Implementation of Mosque in Indonesia (Case Study: Mosque Istiqlal, Jakarta). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 1404 (1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012016 Khan, M. R. B., Pasupuleti, J., & Jidin, R. (2020). Technical and Economic Analysis of Floating PV System for Putra Mosque in Malaysia. 2020 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, SCOReD 2020 , 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCORED50371.2020.9250936 Mahmoud, R. A. (2020). Islamic Arches Are Source of Contemporary Architectural Creativity at the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanities , 26 (6), 102–116. https://doi.org/DOI:10.21608/mjaf.2020.23729.1507 Metwally, E. (2021). Achieving the Visual Perception and Gestalt Psychology in Sultan Hassan Mosque Building. Open Journal of Applied Sciences , 11 (01), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2021.111003 Nashalji, M. S., & Saradj, F. M. (2024). A Recognition Technique for the Generative Tessellations of Geometric Patterns in Islamic Architectural Ornaments; Case Study: Southern Iwan of the Grand Mosque of Varamin. Buildings 2024, Vol. 14, Page 2723 , 14 (9), 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS14092723 Utaberta, N., Sabil, A., & Asif, N. (2020). Re-Discovering the Ingenuity of Contemporary Malaysian Mosques’ Architecturral Characterisitic As One of the Prime Symbol of South-Asian Islamic Tourism Hub. KnE Social Sciences , 4 (9), 446-455–446–455. https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V4I9.7343 Wei, W., Xu, W., & Hong, M. (2024). Differentiated Impacts of Indoor and Outdoor Fitness Environments on Residents’ Activity Intensity: A Perspective on Homo Urbanicus. Buildings 2024, Vol. 14, Page 3323 , 14 (10), 3323. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS14103323 Tables Tables 3 to 5 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables35.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6378965","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":439150152,"identity":"030b3cb0-e0e7-4b57-b08f-11472dc0c669","order_by":0,"name":"Anfal Hamodat","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcMD+AsMGBuYGBgAyMcgNmAIQHOgmglXgubBIoWXIB/djPjhwQGO3v59tNp1TwV2+TkZyQ2MHwoO8zAx56AVYvEncPMEgkMycyMPbnbbvOcuW1scCOxgXHGucMMbDwPsFtzI/8AUAszGzMDUAtv2+3EDRKJDcy8bUAtEthtkb+RzPwjgaGeh43/7bZikJb5QIcx/8WjxeBGMkjqsASPRO42ZpCWBqDDmBnxaDEEarFIMDhuICHxdrPkHJBfzjxsONhzLp0Hl1/kgA678aGi2l6+P3fjhzcVt+Xk25MPPvhRZg1kYLcF6jw0/gEg5mGAxRcpgAwto2AUjIJRMBwBAA6QWocadhGtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Mosul","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anfal","middleName":"","lastName":"Hamodat","suffix":""},{"id":439150155,"identity":"e97ae75b-e405-4978-a399-01328a9938c9","order_by":1,"name":"Mazlan Tahir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mazlan","middleName":"","lastName":"Tahir","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-04 22:38:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80119674,"identity":"15b2fa2a-187f-414f-9670-9a557ecd4aed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 07:13:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePutra Mosque\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6378965/v1/ab8db76cdf405356a70bfd8a.png"},{"id":84250693,"identity":"fc80aea5-d51c-4cca-a388-0206546dc84d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-09 18:16:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1201336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6378965/v1/ce056656-6b9b-4910-a374-604a55e06647.pdf"},{"id":80119673,"identity":"58a58709-7130-401d-82a9-3d72852293cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 07:13:49","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4193325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables35.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6378965/v1/c7ac0ea6213574fead065daf.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Visual and Architectural Cohesion at Putra Mosque: Investigation of Engineering Design's Influence on Spatial and Functional Experience","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Putra Mosque exemplifies a harmonious blend of modern and traditional architectural paradigms, addressing challenges in spatial transitions, thermal comfort, and visual aesthetics. As a national and religious landmark, the mosque highlights Malaysia's commitment to architectural innovation, balancing cultural identity and modernity. Enhancing visitor attendance at religious and national events necessitates a design strategy that integrates natural and architectural elements to facilitate mobility and amplify the spiritual ambiance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tLiterature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cstrong\u003eIntegration of Visual and Functional Elements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Prior research emphasizes the equilibrium between vertical and horizontal components to create seamless transitions between spaces (Asif et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Islamic geometric patterns, as integral components of mosque architecture, enable a visual connection between interior and exterior environments (Nashalji \u0026amp; Saradj, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo The Putra Mosque in Malaysia exemplifies this integration through an architectural design that harmonizes ancient legacy with contemporary innovation, enhancing visitors' psychological and visual experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior study emphasizes the need of equilibrating vertical and horizontal aspects to create seamless space transitions, but it may overlook environmental and social issues. Islamic geometric patterns can connect indoor and outdoor spaces, yet they may be seen as a traditional design that doesn't meet modern practical needs or user psychology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cstrong\u003eCultural and Spiritual Identity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo The use of Arabic calligraphy and geometric ornamentation extends beyond aesthetics, promoting a profound spiritual and cultural identity (Baydoun et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Incorporation of natural elements, such as water features and vegetation, aligns with Islamic principles of environmental stewardship (Dini et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArabic calligraphy and geometric decoration promote spiritual and cultural identity, but they should be modernized to reflect modern culture. Islam's environmental principles allow for the use of water and plants, although excess can cause maintenance issues and harm the site's sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Sustainability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Biomimetic design approaches, focusing on natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort, have been effectively applied to optimize mosque environments (Badarnah, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo The Putra Mosque exemplifies an adept architectural response to environmental considerations with expansive windows, open arches, and vistas of the lake, providing thermal and visual comfort along with a unique spatial experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiometric methods like natural lighting and ventilation are good for environmental sustainability, but climate can limit their efficiency. The Putra mosque's environmental design was commendable, but its long-term influence must be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Sensory and psychological dimensions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Studies indicate that aesthetic lighting and social contact are the primary determinants affecting spatial perception and human behavior. The Putra Mosque embodies these concepts through the incorporation of natural light, expansive areas, and transitional passageways, so augmenting psychological comfort and facilitating social interaction. (Wei et al., 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Researchers advocate for the enhancement of spatial and architectural efficacy in mosques to elevate visitors' sensory and psychological experiences, achievable at the Putra Mosque through the refinement of functional and visual linkages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies that emphasis the importance of aesthetic lighting and social communication in promoting psychological comfort and social interaction are valuable for sensory and psychological dimensions, but they should also examine how these elements vary across cultures and religions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u003cstrong\u003eComparative Insights\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Mosques such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque and Istiqlal Mosque illustrate the global emphasis on functional and aesthetic integration. Comparative studies highlight unique adaptations of these principles in various cultural and geographic contexts (Aryanti \u0026amp; Achmadi, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparative studies of mosques like Sheikh Zayed Mosque and Independence Mosque adapting to functional and aesthetic principles in different contexts provide rich insights, but they may benefit from a deeper analysis of how these adaptations affect daily use and maintain these places as living cultural and spiritual centres.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Summarize of studies (researcher)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain theme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethodology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsif 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalancing vertical and horizontal pieces for smooth space transitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of architecture and function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalancing aids vision and function.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDini 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional and aesthetic integration with nature.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpatial Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental integration boosts spatial performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtaberta 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModern architecture\u0026apos;s promotion of religious sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArchitectural methodology analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMosques promote religious tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAryanti 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngineering design affects religious and cultural identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesign fosters religious and cultural identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNashalji 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePromote identity using Islamic engineering.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Engineering Inscriptions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeometric patterns enhance vision.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAli 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor harmony, internal and outdoor spaces must complement.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of interior and exterior design\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarmony between inside and out boosts comfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaydoun2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArabic calligraphy promotes spiritual and cultural identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpert interviews and qualitative analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiritual identity is enhanced by Arabic calligraphy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Global Mosque Summary of Relationships between Design Variables and Functional and Visual Performance (Researcher Source)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationship Explained\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual and architectural integration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnhancing architectural beauty\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual and engineering elements are balanced to improve the mosque\u0026apos;s look.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSheikh Zayed Mosque: visual and engineering harmony. (Azmi \u0026amp; Kandar, 2019; Mahmoud, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutdoor Space Design\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved optical flow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutdoor spaces with intelligent design create a clear visual connection between indoors and out.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHassan II Mosque: Design outdoor squares to achieve smooth visual flow.(Metwally, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpatial Experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprove user experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUser comfort and clarity are enhanced by intelligent space arrangement.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSultan Mosque: Visual and practical comfort organization.(Ali \u0026amp; Mustafa, 2023b)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved spatial movement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntelligent optical guiding makes indoor-outdoor movement easy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIstiqlal, Jakarta Mosque: straightforward design guides worshippers.(Kadioglu et al., 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecorative Elements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnhancing architectural identity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslamic imagery and inscriptions promote the mosque\u0026apos;s culture and architecture.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslamic wall and ceiling decorations at Sheikh Zayed Mosque.(Azmi \u0026amp; Kandar, 2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.\tMethodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn analytical-descriptive approach was adopted to explore the interplay of engineering, visual, and functional elements in the mosque’s design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo \u003cstrong\u003eGoogle Earth Imagery\u003c/strong\u003e: Used to analyze spatial configurations, geometric patterns, and external transitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo \u003cstrong\u003eVirtual Tours\u003c/strong\u003e: Examined indoor-outdoor interactions, focusing on key design elements like domes, windows, and passageways.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo \u003cstrong\u003eSurveys\u003c/strong\u003e: A Likert-scale questionnaire was distributed to 50 visitors, covering topics such as visual integration, natural lighting, mobility, and the psychological impact of the design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo \u003cstrong\u003eField Observations\u003c/strong\u003e: Complemented virtual tools by observing visitor behaviors and movement patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, identifying key factors contributing to spatial experiences through Principal Component Analysis (PCA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Qualitative insights were derived from field observations, which contextualized statistical findings within the physical and experiential realities of the mosque.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Approach to research:\u003c/strong\u003e This study uses an analytical descriptive technique to analyses the impact of engineering, functional, and visual components on the spatial experience at the Putra Mosque in Malaysia. This method uses quantitative and qualitative analysis to understand spatial, visual, and functional linkages by focusing on spatial integration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Data Collection Tools:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTo ensure accurate and complete data collection, multiple tools have been used:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoogle Earth satellite images:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExamine outdoor spaces, roadways, and paths' geometric distribution. Identifying internal-external transitions. As mentioned in table (4)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVirtual tours:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eExamine indoor-outdoor interaction. Explore engineering and visual guidance via virtual tours. As mentioned in table (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaire:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA legalized Likert Scale questionnaire was employed. The questionnaire was given to 50 visitors as mentioned in table (5). The questionnaire covered essential topics:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisual and architectural integration. The comfort of function. Thermal comfort and natural light. Track and navigate efficiently. Space's spiritual and psychological effects.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analyzing Data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantitative Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e Analyze responses to questionnaires in SPSS and Excel. PCA for spatial experiment factor identification. We discovered 5 major parameters that explained 60.8% of data variation. As mentioned in table (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eQualitative Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e Use field observations to improve architectural-visual relationships.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Examine Google Earth images and tours. As mentioned in table (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Research Phase:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhase I: Engineering, Functional, and Visual Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eStudy engineering features like main dome, passageways, and windows. \u0026nbsp;Assess pathway and transition career performance. Check interior-exterior visual connection through windows and lake views. As mentioned in table (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Phase 2: Integration: Create\u003c/strong\u003e an integrative framework from engineering, functional, and visual analysis. Find ways to harmonies pieces for an integrated and sustainable spatial experience.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Analysis of design elements' visual and environmental impacts. As mentioned in table (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Analytical Pathway:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGather field and virtual data (satellite images, virtual tours, surveys). SPSS/Excel quant analytics. Virtual tours and field observations for qualitative data analysis. As mentioned in table (4) Perform a thorough integration analysis. \u0026nbsp; Comparing results to previous studies to draw conclusions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Moral Issues Step:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eObtain participant consent before completing the questionnaire. Maintain personal data confidentiality. \u0026nbsp; Scientific research ethics compliance with international and institutional requirements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.\tResults","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Engineering, Functional, Visual Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEngineering Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBalance spaces and blocks. Direct spiritual and visual path to centre dome. Harmonizes passageways and windows for indoor-outdoor flow. According to table (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Create efficient paths. Make shade breaks comfy. Functionally arrange areas. According to table (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVisual Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLake views are improved by large windows. Dome axial elements focus optically. Visually balanced indoor and outdoor environments. According to table (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrating Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEngineering, functional, and visual elements should be merged for spatial experience. Use lakes and green spaces to balance the environment. Blend natural light and ventilation. As mentioned in table (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Questionnaire:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Source\u003c/strong\u003e: A questionnaire was employed to gather data regarding visual integration, design effect, natural lighting, mobility, and spiritual impact. The spatial and visual design of the Putra Mosque and its effects on visitors were analyzed. A 50-person questionnaire was utilized to identify key strengths and limitations. As mentioned in table (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis Method:\u003c/strong\u003e Analyzing key elements identified through PCA that affect various factors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Five principal factors were identified through Eigenvalue and Scree Plot analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;These factors accounted for 60.8% of the variance in the data, suggesting a valid interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eFindings and implications:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor I:\u003c/strong\u003e This section analyses the impact of visual and architectural design on spatial experience. Optical integration, design effects, and lake interactions. The variation ratio is interpreted as 15.9%.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The element indicates that the mosque's visual and architectural relationship with the landscape significantly influences visitors' spatial experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations:\u003c/strong\u003e Improve visuals to achieve harmony. Improve visual access to lakes and surrounding landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor II:\u003c/strong\u003e The environment and natural illumination significantly influence functional comfort.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Solar influence, fenestration impact, daylighting. The variation ratio is interpreted as 13.3%. The presence of natural lighting and sunlight improves the mosque's visual and environmental comfort.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations:\u003c/strong\u003e The redesign of windows enhances the distribution of illumination. Regulate sunlight and temperature using modern techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor III:\u003c/strong\u003e Comfort of seating and natural environment Variables associated include seated comfort, plant influence, and shadowed comfort. The variation ratio is interpreted as 11.7%.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This aspect entails the arrangement of seating and the incorporation of plants to improve the overall ambiance. It is advisable to offer seating that is accommodating for visitors. Incorporate vegetation and allocate shadows appropriately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor IV:\u003c/strong\u003e Efficiency and Mobility of Mosques Transparent gearbox, straightforward navigation, and efficient pathways. The variation ratio is interpreted as 11.0%. This aspect reflects the efficiency of movement within the mosque, encompassing signal clarity, route expansion, and accessibility.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations:\u003c/strong\u003e Enhanced signage for mosques. Mitigate barriers and optimize route capacity.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor V:\u003c/strong\u003e The spiritual and emotional effects on visitors. Associated variables: spiritual influence, fulfilled needs. The variance is interpreted as 8.9%. This aspect signifies the visitor's spiritual experience and the mosque's capacity to fulfil their needs. Suggestions: Establish a spiritual ambiance using soft lighting. Ensure the provision of lighting and designated rest areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal explanatory variation refers to the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that can be accounted for by the independent variables in a statistical model. The total interpreted variation is 60.8%.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe five criteria effectively account for most data disparities, thereby supporting their validity for evidence-based decision-making.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eConclusion of the general questionnaire:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving visitors' experience in mosques depends on visual and architectural integration; natural light is therefore rather important in reaching environmental comfort. Comfortable resting places and shaded areas that guarantee relaxation as well as clear, barrier-free itineraries that enable seamless mobility inside spaces help to affect visitor satisfaction levels. Moreover, improving the spiritual environment is the careful placement of lighting and basic design elements. Dependency on natural lighting must be strengthened and better utilized to attain effective visual clarity to establish architectural and visual harmony with the outside ocean. While clear drawings help to control internal movement, the use of plant shadows also greatly influences the ambiance and generates a cozy environment. Finally, the peaceful design and cozy amenities provide a spiritual element that accentuates the mosque's utilitarian and aesthetic purposes as well as the visitor's experience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.\tResults and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cstrong\u003eEngineering and Visual Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eDome and Axial Alignment\u003c/strong\u003e: The mosque\u0026rsquo;s central dome serves as a visual anchor, enhancing spatial harmony. Axial elements guide movement and visual focus, creating a cohesive spatial experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eNatural Integration\u003c/strong\u003e: Large windows and open arches provide unobstructed views of the lake, enhancing ventilation and promoting visual continuity between indoor and outdoor spaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cstrong\u003eFunctional Layout\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Efficient pathways and shaded rest areas facilitate seamless movement and provide comfort. Seating arrangements strategically placed near water features offer contemplative spaces for visitors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Insights\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eFactor I\u003c/strong\u003e: Visual and architectural design significantly impact spatial experiences (15.9% variance).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eFactor II\u003c/strong\u003e: The influence of natural illumination on functional comfort accounts for 13.3% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eFactor V\u003c/strong\u003e: Spiritual ambiance contributes 8.9% of the overall experiential variance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u003cstrong\u003eComparative Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Comparisons with mosques such as Hassan II Mosque and Sultan Mosque reveal shared principles of visual and functional harmony, albeit with distinct regional adaptations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoint of Similarity with Search Results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoint of Difference from Search Results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsif et 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntegration of engineering and visual design to achieve functional and visual comfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study focused on analyzing individual elements separately, while the research focused on integrating elements to achieve comprehensive experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDini 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighlight the tourist importance of mosques as a religious and architectural destination.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on the relationship between visual, environmental and tourism elements, while the previous study focused only on the tourist side.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtaberta 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombine traditional and modern elements in architectural design.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on balancing inside and out in terms of visual vision and psychological comfort, while the study focused on technical elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAryanti 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse design to integrate national and functional identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on the psychological and spiritual impact of design, while the study focused on national identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNashalji 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntegration of engineering decorations and visual elements to achieve an integrated experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on the psychological and spiritual impact of ornaments, while the study focused on the aesthetic and engineering aspect only.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaydoun\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmploying Arabic lines and decorations to promote spiritual and architectural identity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on integrating lines and visual elements to achieve an integrated psychological and spiritual experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAli \u0026amp; Mustafa, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprove mobility and functional distribution between indoor and outdoor spaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe research focused on the impact of functional distribution on psychological and spiritual comfort, while the study focused on the engineering aspect only.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 554px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison with previous studies (researcher)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"6.\tDiscussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis showed that Putra Mosque\u0026apos;s architectural and visual integration enhances visitors\u0026apos; spatial and spiritual experience, with natural lighting, shaded areas, and visual integration with the external environment. However, movement management during peak periods, visibility of indoor-outdoor transitions, and the lack of rest places at several crucial points have presented serious issues.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisual pleasure and easy mobility were also linked in the findings. Visitors\u0026apos; happiness with the architectural design increases with transfer efficiency and visibility. In contrast, corridor congestion and poor lighting lowered overall satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the mosque performs well visually and functionally, addressing traffic management challenges, increasing transfer visibility, and increasing break points can improve spatial and visual integration, leading to a more efficient and comfortable visitor experience.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChallenges and Recommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eChallenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003ePeak-Time Management\u003c/strong\u003e: Visitor congestion during events reduces mobility and overall satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eWayfinding Limitations\u003c/strong\u003e: Insufficient signage hinders smooth navigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u003cstrong\u003eRest Area Scarcity\u003c/strong\u003e: Limited shaded and seating areas detract from visitor comfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Enhance visual and physical accessibility to natural elements, particularly lake views and gardens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Develop advanced lighting solutions to optimize natural and artificial illumination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Implement clear and visually integrated signage to improve navigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ Expand shaded areas and seating arrangements at key transitional points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eFuture Directions\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e■ \u0026nbsp;Putra Mosque plans to develop smart lighting and advanced adaptation systems that are compatible with local climates and promote ongoing studies on integrating indoor and outdoor environments for an integrated spatial experience. The mosque\u0026apos;s thermal and overall performance should be improved with sustainable building materials to improve its environmental efficiency and long-term sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7.\tConclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Putra Mosque demonstrates a sophisticated integration of engineering, functional, and aesthetic dimensions, setting a benchmark in modern Islamic architecture. The study highlights how its design elements—natural lighting, spatial transitions, and geometric patterns—contribute to a cohesive and sustainable visitor experience. Addressing challenges related to crowd management, navigation, and visitor comfort can further enhance its functionality and appeal. This research offers a comprehensive framework for applying similar principles to other architectural projects, reinforcing the interplay of tradition, modernity, and environmental stewardship in Islamic design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution Status:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnfal Hamodat, the first author, designed research, created the theoretical and methodological framework, collected field data using questionnaires, analyzed satellite images and virtual tours, and did statistical analysis using SPSS and Excel. He wrote the manuscript's first draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor II, Mazlan M. Tahir, organized the study, gave academic guidance, analyzed results and analysis, and checked the final manuscript for scientific integrity and accuracy.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors jointly examined and approved the paper's scientific accuracy and integrity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest in publishing this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eData Access Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The study comprised Google Earth picture analysis, participant questionnaires, and statistical analysis. Some questionnaire questions are missing. The author can answer specific enquiries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study did not need ethical approval because it only analyzed Google Earth photos and anonymous questionnaire data. Before filling out questionnaires, participants gave consent, and all data was kept confidential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003eFunding Report:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers initiated this research, which was unfounded.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAli, L. A., \u0026amp; Mustafa, F. A. (2023a). Mosque Morphological Analysis: The Impact of Indoor Spatial\u0026ndash;Volumetric Visibility on Worshipers\u0026rsquo; Visual Comfort. \u003cem\u003eSustainability (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310376\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAli, L. A., \u0026amp; Mustafa, F. A. (2023b). Mosque Morphological Analysis: The Impact of Indoor Spatial\u0026ndash;Volumetric Visibility on Worshipers\u0026rsquo; Visual Comfort. \u003cem\u003eSustainability (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310376\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAriff, A. S., Husin, N. E., \u0026amp; Bakar, A. A. (2012). THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERNAL THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MAIN PRAYER OF PUTRA MOSQUE, PUTRAJAYA. \u003cem\u003eSeminar Proceeding, UMRAN2012: GREEN WAVE, KAED, IIUM\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282650986\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAryanti, T., \u0026amp; Achmadi, A. (2024). Framing and Visualising Nationhood: Istiqlal Mosque and the Interiority of the Independence Square, Jakarta.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInteriority\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(2), 251\u0026ndash;272. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i2.375\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAsif, N., Utaberta, N., \u0026amp; Sarram, A. (2019). Architectural Styles of Malaysian Mosque: Suitability In Compact Urban Settings. \u003cem\u003eMATEC Web of Conferences\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/2019\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAzmi, N. A., \u0026amp; Kandar, M. Z. (2019). Factors contributing in the design of environmentally sustainable mosques. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Building Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e, 27\u0026ndash;37. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2019.01.024\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBadarnah, L. (2017). Form Follows Environment: Biomimetic Approaches to Building Envelope Design for Environmental Adaptation. \u003cem\u003eBuildings 2017, Vol. 7, Page 40\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS7020040\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBaydoun, Z., Norishah, T., Baydoun, R., \u0026amp; Adam, M. (2024). Placement Principles of Islamic Calligraphy in Architecture: Insights from the Al-Hambra and Al-Azem Palaces. \u003cem\u003eBuildings 2024\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072025\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDini, A. M., Salih, S. A., Ismail, S., Asif, N., \u0026amp; Sabil, A. (2023). Principle of Privacy in Islamic Architectural Design Context: A Systematic Literature Review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(9). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i9/18435\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHi\u0026ccedil;s\u0026ouml;nmezler, İ., \u0026Uuml;niversitesi, Y., Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi, M., Dalı, A., Arzu, T., Kunduracı, C., Fatma, T., Ek, İ., Bavuru, T., \u0026amp; \u0026Ouml;zet, G. (2023). The Perception of Spatial Atmosphere in Traditional and Modern Mosques in Aesthetic Context : Spatial Atmosphere in Traditional/Modern Mosques. \u003cem\u003eTasarim + Kuram\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(38), 16\u0026ndash;39. https://doi.org/10.59215/TASARIMKURAM.2023.370\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eĪle, U. (2021). Visual-spatial dimensions of modern residential buildings, experience of the Nordic region. \u003cem\u003eLandscape Architecture and Art\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(18), 7\u0026ndash;15. https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2021.18.01\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKadioglu, S., Kadioglu, Y. K., Catapano, I., \u0026amp; Satriabhawana, M. T. (2024). Sustainable Architecture Implementation of Mosque in Indonesia (Case Study: Mosque Istiqlal, Jakarta). \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1404\u003c/em\u003e(1), 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1404/1/012016\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhan, M. R. B., Pasupuleti, J., \u0026amp; Jidin, R. (2020). Technical and Economic Analysis of Floating PV System for Putra Mosque in Malaysia. \u003cem\u003e2020 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, SCOReD 2020\u003c/em\u003e, 39\u0026ndash;44. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCORED50371.2020.9250936\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahmoud, R. A. (2020). Islamic Arches Are Source of Contemporary Architectural Creativity at the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Architecture, Arts and Humanities\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e(6), 102\u0026ndash;116. https://doi.org/DOI:10.21608/mjaf.2020.23729.1507\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetwally, E. (2021). Achieving the Visual Perception and Gestalt Psychology in Sultan Hassan Mosque Building. \u003cem\u003eOpen Journal of Applied Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(01), 21\u0026ndash;40. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2021.111003\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNashalji, M. S., \u0026amp; Saradj, F. M. (2024). A Recognition Technique for the Generative Tessellations of Geometric Patterns in Islamic Architectural Ornaments; Case Study: Southern Iwan of the Grand Mosque of Varamin. \u003cem\u003eBuildings 2024, Vol. 14, Page 2723\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(9), 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS14092723\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUtaberta, N., Sabil, A., \u0026amp; Asif, N. (2020). Re-Discovering the Ingenuity of Contemporary Malaysian Mosques\u0026rsquo; Architecturral Characterisitic As One of the Prime Symbol of South-Asian Islamic Tourism Hub. \u003cem\u003eKnE Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(9), 446-455\u0026ndash;446\u0026ndash;455. https://doi.org/10.18502/KSS.V4I9.7343\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWei, W., Xu, W., \u0026amp; Hong, M. (2024). Differentiated Impacts of Indoor and Outdoor Fitness Environments on Residents\u0026rsquo; Activity Intensity: A Perspective on Homo Urbanicus. \u003cem\u003eBuildings 2024, Vol. 14, Page 3323\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(10), 3323. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS14103323\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 3 to 5 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Putra Mosque, spatial experience with visual, architectural harmony","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the visual and architectural integration at Malaysia's Putra Mosque, emphasizing how engineering design influences spatial and functional experiences. Integrating traditional and contemporary design elements, the mosque promotes psychological well-being and visual appeal. An analytical-descriptive approach, incorporating tools like Google Earth imagery, virtual exploration, visitor surveys, and field observations, underpins the investigation. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Excel, revealing enhanced spatial and psychological experiences derived from the mosque’s design elements, such as natural lighting, open spaces, and lake views. The findings are situated within the broader context of Islamic architectural practices, offering recommendations for optimizing design features to reinforce functional and visual harmony\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Visual and Architectural Cohesion at Putra Mosque: Investigation of Engineering Design's Influence on Spatial and Functional Experience","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-08 07:13:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6378965/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cc815d1c-45aa-413e-9a6a-2d067e586a90","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-09T18:08:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-08 07:13:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6378965","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6378965","identity":"rs-6378965","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}