Evaluation of growth and chemical composition of forage consortia of grasses with tree species

Evaluation of growth and chemical composition of forage consortia of grasses with tree species | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of growth and chemical composition of forage consortia of grasses with tree species Yamid Andres Perilla Melo, Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo, Shirlenne Ferreira Silva, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Integration systems have benefits in agricultural production due to the diversification of products generated through the use of annual species with high productive potential when they are intercropped with perennial species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, production and chemical composition of forage plants. Six forage consortia were evaluated in a randomized block design with 4 replications: Gliricidia + Corn, Gliricidia + Sorghum, Pornunça + Sorghum, Pornunça + Corn, Sabiá + Sorghum, Sabiá + Corn. The consortia with Gliricidia presented a higher (p < 0.01) % of leaves and leaf/stem ratio, the Pornunça + Corn consortium presented the largest (p < 0.01) stem diameter, largest (p < 0.01) green forage mass and dry forage mass. The Sabiá + Corn consortium presented the highest (p < 0.01) dry matter content and percentage of ether extract. The Sabiá + Sorghum consortium presented the highest (p < 0.01) values ​​of Acid Detergent Fiber and Neutral Detergent Fiber. The Sabiá + Sorghum consortium presented the highest (p < 0.01) height, production of green forage mass and dry forage mass. The results can be useful to improve the biomass production of the intercropped systems. Arboreal Development Legumes Sorghum bicolor L Zea Mays Introduction Integrated agricultural production systems consist of the diversification of production, in which agricultural, livestock and forestry activities become part of the same system, in the same area, aiming to increase the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the preservation of the environment, resulting in increased production and promoting the financial stability of the producer. Thus, fulfilling the premises of being environmentally sustainable, economically profitable, technically productive and socially acceptable. The integrated system is based on the consortium, succession or rotation of annual crops, with different forage and tree species, in areas of degraded crops or pastures (Teixeira et al. 2019 ). Research on integrated systems in Northeast Brazil is still recent but has yielded very satisfactory results. The adoption of these systems, on the other hand, is very recent and requires more effective strategies for producers. An exception to this statement are the traditional models of many producers in the Forest and Agreste Zones of leaving selected tree species and remnants of forest in the pasture to provide shade for animals in strategic points of the pasture (De Albuquerque et al. 2019). Much of the boost in grain productivity is due to access to technologies currently used, such as the use of hybrids and cultivars adapted to soil and climate conditions, in addition to good practices for the efficient use of fertilizers, correctives and pesticides and conservation management systems such as direct planting and crop-livestock-forest integration. Even with this great leap in the productivity of soybean and corn crops, the region still faces major challenges in soil management and conservation and in the implementation of integrated production systems (Von Pinho et al. 2007 ). As for production models, the focus has been on the integration of adapted native or exotic elements, giving rise to models capable of increasing the sustainability of production systems (Araújo Filho and Carvalho 2001 ; Voltolini et al. 2010 ), the models may vary according to edaphoclimatic and socio-environmental issues. The most desirable characteristics in a crop intended for silage production are: high dry matter production, high soluble carbohydrate content, high digestibility, and low fiber concentration at harvest time; these characteristics are met by sorghum and corn crops, which have a high concentration of soluble carbohydrates and low buffering power at the time of cutting, which favors silage fermentation (De Paula et al. 2021; Paziani et al. 2009 ). Therefore, the harvest of the material to be ensiled must have a dry matter (DM) content between 28 and 40%; values ​​below 28% will provide undesirable fermentations, and above 40%, there will be inadequate compaction (Jobim and Nussio 2013 ). The hypothesis is that the consortium of sorghum with pornunça will present greater biomass production The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, production and chemical composition of forage plants intercropped with trees. Material and Methods The field experiment was carried out from December 2022 to June 2023 in the experimental area of ​​the Animal Science Department of the Federal University of Piauí (latitude 5° 2'33.49"S; longitude 42° 46'49.57"W) in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, with a total area of ​​1300 m 2 . The climate of the region is Aw according to the Köppen classification, hot and humid tropical with a rainy season in summer and an average temperature of 28°C (Medeiros 2019). The Teresina region has soils of medium to low fertility, high solar intensity and rainfall poorly distributed in space and time, characteristics that can interfere in the soil/plant relationship, influencing the productivity of crops mainly (Rocha 2010 ). The soil was prepared with two passes of the harrow to control invasive plants and to allow for proper planting. According to the soil analysis, it was not necessary to correct or fertilize with P, a situation that can be explained by the corrections previously made in the area, as it is an area dedicated to grazing for several years (Vilela et al. 2020 ). It was decided not to fertilize with N, as the tree species benefited from the fertilization of annual crops. Fertilization with K of 30 kg/ha, according to the soil analysis, potassium chloride was used, applied to the holes of the tree plants. Weed control was done by manual weeding using a hoe, and thinning was done immediately afterwards in order to establish the correct plant density. At the beginning of the rainy season (December 2022), the tree species Gliricidia ( Gliricidia sepium ), Sabiá ( Mimosa caesalpinifolia ) and Pornunça ( Manihot sp.) were planted at 30 cm in height with spacing of 2.0 m (plants) x 3.5 m (rows) in holes of 30 x 30 x 30 cm for a density of 1428 trees per hectare and sown between the rows with annual crops. The perennial forages were intercropped with Sorghum BRS Ponta Negra ( Sorghum bicolor L.) and Corn variety Saboroso ( Zea mays ) planted in March 2024 manually with spacing of 0.5m x 0.16m for intercropping with sorghum and 0.5m x 0.25m for intercropping with corn (Da Silva Junior 2017). Morphogenic characteristics were collected in all experimental treatments, prior to cutting for silage and 86 days after planting the annual crops, where the values ​​of plant height (AP), stem diameter (DC), proportion of leaf blade (% leaves), stem (% stem) and panicle (in sorghum) to ear (in corn) (% panicle/ear), green mass production (PMV) were recorded. To obtain these variables, eight plants per treatment were selected. AP was obtained using a tape measure, DC was measured using a caliper, % leaves, % stem and % panicle/ear, PMV were quantified using a precision scale. The biomass of perennial crops was obtained by sampling the aerial parts cut at 1 m above ground level to obtain the green mass, using a precision scale, fractionated and packaged in properly identified paper bags, which were taken to a forced ventilation oven at 65ºC, until obtaining a constant dry weight (dry biomass). Additionally, with the dry biomass data, the chemical composition of the plant and the quality of the forage were determined, by sending the samples to the Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory. The chemical composition was evaluated following the methodology of the Institute of Science and Technology of Animal Science (INCT), where the determinations of dry matter (DM) were performed in an oven without forced air ventilation (Method G-003/1), crude protein (CP) by the Kjeldahl method (Method N-001/2), crude fat (GB) by the Randall method (Method G-005/2), mineral matter by the muffle burning method (Method M-001/2), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using an autoclave, by the INCT-CA F-002/2 method, acid detergent fiber (ADF) using an autoclave, by the INCT-CA F-004/2 method, according to methodologies described by Detmann et al. ( 2012 ). Statistical Analysis The data were subjected to analysis of variance, for significance of P < 0.05. Normality was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity of variances with the Bartlett test. The growth, production and chemical composition data were analyzed with a randomized block design with six treatments and four replicates, according to the following statistical model: Yij = u + Ti + Bj + eij Where: Yij = value observed in the plot of the i-th treatment in the j-th block; µ = general mean of all experimental units; Ti = effect due to the 𝑖-th treatment in the experimental plot; B𝑗 = effect due to the 𝑗-th block in the experimental plot 𝑒𝑖𝑗 = uncontrolled random error in the plot of the 𝑖-th treatment in the 𝑗-th block. The data means were analyzed using the lsmeans command, from the GLM procedure of the SAS program, using the Tukey mean test and comparing them with significance of P<0.05. Results There was an effect of consortia (P < 0.01) for the variable’s percentage of leaves, percentage of stems and leaf/stem ratio of perennial plants. Table 1 Morphological characteristics of perennial plants in an integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M Leaves % 78.94a 77.06ab 65.12c 66.02bc 63.20c 64.64c 69.16 < 0.01** 0.02 Stem % 21.05c 22.93bc 34.87a 33.97ab 36.79a 35.35a 30.83 < 0.01** 0.02 Leaf/Stem 4.07a 3.59ab 1.87b 1.94b 1.72b 1.90b 2.51 < 0.01** 0.43 G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn; µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P < 0.05 For the variables analyzed, based on green matter, the Gliricidia + Corn and Gliricidia + Sorghum consortia showed a higher (P < 0.01) participation of leaves (77% and 78% versus 65%, 66%, 63% and 64% of Pornunça + Sorghum, Pornunça + Corn, Sabiá + Sorghum and Sabia + Corn), the Sabiá + Sorghum and Sabiá + Corn consortia showed a higher (P < 0.01) participation of stem (36% and 35%), and the Gliricidia + Corn and Gliricidia + Sorghum consortia had a higher leaf/stem ratio (P < 0.01). The best leaf/stem ratio of perennial plants was in the Gliricidia + Sorghum consortium with 4.97 followed by the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 3.59. Based on green matter, there was no effect (P > 0.05) on the percentage of leaves of annual species in the evaluated consortia, where an average of 15.47% was obtained (Table 2 ). Table 2 Morphological characteristics of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M Leaves % 15.59a 15.32a 15.77a 17.58a 14.11a 14.47a 15.47 0.189 0.00 Stem % 75.56a 32.11b 76.48a 33.71b 76.24a 31.29b 54.23 < 0.01** 0.02 leaf/stem 0.20b 0.47a 0.20b 0.53a 0.18b 0.46a 0.34 < 0.01** 0.02 Panicle/spike % 8.83b 52.55a 7.74b 48.69a 9.64b 54.23a 30.28 < 0.01** 0.02 G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn; µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P < 0.05 There was an effect (P < 0.01) for the variables of stem percentage, leaf/stem ratio and panicle/ear percentage. In general, the consortia with sorghum (G + S, P + S, Sa + S) presented a higher (P < 0.01) stem participation (76% versus 32%), and a lower (P < 0.01) panicle or ear participation (8% versus 51%) in relation to the consortia with corn (G + M, P + M, Sa + M). In the leaf/stem ratio of the annual plants, there was a difference (P < 0.01) between the two species used, where the Pornunça + Corn consortium obtained the highest value with 0.53 and the lowest value in the Sabiá + sorghum consortium with 0.18. There was no difference in the height of the perennial plants (P > 0.05), with only a lower growth of Gliricidia being evident when intercropped with corn (Table 3 ). Table 3 Production characteristics of perennial plants in an integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M Height (m) 1.92 1.70 2.26 2.41 2.50 1.97 2.13 0.051 0.18 Stem diameter (mm) 37.2ab 25.25b 35.0ab 52.5a 41.25ab 32.00ab 37.20 0.017* 4.64 PGFM (t/ha) 2.17b 1.80b 6.61ab 22.90a 7.67ab 2.83b 7.33 0.021* 4.13 PDFM (t/ha) 0.42b 0.40b 1.43ab 4.52a 2.68ab 1.11ab 1.76 0.026* 0.84 G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn; PGFM: Production of green forage mass; PDFM: Production of dry forage mass; µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P < 0.05 The Pornunça + Corn consortium presented the largest stem diameter (P < 0.05) for Pornunça with 52.50 mm, and the smallest stem diameter of the trees was in the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 25.25 mm. The Pornunça + Corn consortium presented the highest production of green forage mass (P < 0.05) for Pornunça with 22.90 t/ha, and the lowest production of green forage mass of the trees was in the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 1.80 t/ha. The Pornunça + Corn consortium presented the highest production of dry mass of forage (P < 0.05) for Pornunça with 4.52 t/ha, and the lowest production of dry mass of forage of trees was in the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 0.40 t/ha. There was a difference in plant height (P < 0.01), where the consortiums with corn presented a lower height with 1.96 m and the consortiums with sorghum 3.01 m; values ​​that may be related to the size of the plant, resulting in lower dry mass productivity in shorter and earlier materials, such as the corn used in this experiment (Table 4 ). Table 4 Production characteristics of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M Height (m) 3.07a 1.87b 2.87a 1.98b 3.11a 2.03b 2.49 < 0.01** 0.09 PGFM (t/ha) 51.89a 10.63c 35.18b 12.09c 55.06a 12.25c 29.52 < 0.01** 3.56 PDFM (t/ha) 9.46a 4.18b 6.63b 4.07b 11.14a 4.58b 6.68 < 0.01** 0.58 G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn; PGFM: Production of green forage mass; PDFM: Production of dry forage mass; µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P < 0.05 The consortium with Sabiá + Sorghum presented the highest height (P < 0.01) for Sorghum with 3.11 m, and the lowest height of annual plants was in the consortium Gliricidia + Corn with 1.87 m. The consortium with Sabiá + Sorghum presented the highest production of green mass of forage (P < 0.01) for Sorghum with 55.06 t/ha, and the lowest production of annual plants was in the consortium Pornunça + Corn with 10.63 t/ha. The consortium with Sabiá + Sorghum presented the highest production of dry mass of forage (P < 0.01) for Sorghum with 11.44 t/ha, and the lowest production of annual plants was in the consortium Pornunça + Corn with 4.07 t/ha. There was a difference in the DM content (P < 0.01) between the tree plants, with the Sabiá + Corn consortium presenting the highest value with 38.47% and the Gliricidia + Sorghum consortium the lowest value with 19.77% (Table 5 ). Table 5 Chemical composition of perennial plants in the integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M % DM 19.77b 22.18b 22.27b 20.16b 36.62a 38.47a 26.58 < 0.01** 0.01 % CP 18.78 15.96 16.46 20.01 13.69 15.15 16.67 0.072 1.45 % EE 3.13bc 2.89c 4.16abc 5.13ab 4.38abc 5.46a 4.19 < 0.01** 0.46 % NFD 58.6abc 53.10c 57.94bc 56.09bc 66.26a 62.06ab 59.01 < 0.01** 1.76 % AFD 29.74bc 25.64c 34.54abc 33.39abc 45.50a 40.01ab 34.80 < 0.01** 2.93 % ASH 3.94a 3.18a 2.97ab 3.35a 2.16bc 1.79c 2.90 < 0.01** 0.21 % DM: Dry Matter Content, % CP: Crude Protein; % EE: Ether Extract; % NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber; % ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber. G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn. µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line are statistically different by Tukey's test P < 0.05 For the chemical composition variables of perennial species in the integrated forage plant system, there was no effect on crude protein, unlike dry matter, ether extract, NDF, AFD and ash, where differences were found between the consortia evaluated (Table 6 ). Table 6 Chemical composition of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system Variable Consortia µ P Value SEM G + S G + M P + S P + M Sa + S Sa + M % DM 18.19b 40.02a 19.32b 33.52a 20.37b 37.75a 28.19 < 0.01** 0.02 % CP 10.10 7.34 7.86 7.85 8.02 6.72 7.98 0.057 0.68 % EE 2.34 2.16 2.88 2.89 2.66 2.73 2.61 0.234 0.23 % NFD 62.97a 67.35a 65.24a 50.06b 62.17a 63.80a 61.93 < 0.01** 2.29 % AFD 32.07abc 24.93bc 33.16ab 22.96c 34.96a 26.63abc 29.12 < 0.01** 2.05 % ASH 2.29 2.17 2.38 2.290 2.10 2.26 2.35 0.111 0.19 % DM: Dry Matter Content, % CP: Crude Protein; % EE: Ether Extract; % NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber; % ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber. G + M: Gliricidia + Corn; G + S: Gliricidia + Sorghum; P + S: Pornunça + Corn; P + M: Pornunça + Sorghum; Sa + S: Sabiá + Sorghum; Sa + M: Sabiá + Corn. µ: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line are statistically different by Tukey's test P < 0.05 There was a difference in the dry matter content (P < 0.01) of the consortia, where the treatments with corn presented a higher DM content (P < 0.01), where the highest value was in the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 40.02% and the lowest, in the Gliricidia + Sorghum consortium with 18.19%. The lowest DM content of corn was in the Pornunça + Corn consortium with 33% and the highest was in the Gliricidia + Corn consortium with 40.02%, values ​​that may be related to the shading of the trees in the consortium. There was an effect (P < 0.05) of the consortia on the variables %FDN and %FDA. Where corn intercropped with Pornunça presented a lower %FDN value with 50.06 and the highest in the Corn with Gliricidia consortium with 67.35%. The forage consortia evaluated did not show any difference (P > 0.05) in the ash content of the grasses (Table 6 ). Discussion The intercrops with Gliricidia (Table 1 ) have a higher proportion of leaves, an important characteristic for forages, where nutrients are found that are more easily digestible by ruminants. However, this higher proportion of stems, although it may be a survival strategy of the plant to capture light, is not desirable, since the stems contain fibers insoluble in neutral detergent, which are not digested by rumen bacteria. In general, the leaf/stem ratio, percentage of leaves, and percentage of stems of Pornunça and Sabiá present very similar values, but are lower than those of Gliricidia, which presented the highest values. The leaf/stem ratio found in the experiment for Gliricidia was higher than 1.0 reported by Bayão et al. ( 2016 ). This ratio is crucial for forage quality, since plants with a higher leaf/stem ratio tend to have less low-digestibility fiber and higher protein content, as described by Van Soest (1994). Thus, plants with a lower proportion of stems can be presented as forage with better nutritional value and indicated for forage conservation. The best leaf/stem ratio values indicate changes in the morphology of Gliricidia when it is consorted with two annual species such as corn and sorghum, a difference that can be attributed to the competition of Sorghum in the consortium and that was not evident in the other perennial species of the consortiums due to their rapid growth in the environmental conditions of the region. This uniformity of the Pornunça + Sorghum, Pornunça + Corn, Sabiá + Sorghum and Sabiá + Corn consortiums suggests that the corn and sorghum grasses do not influence the morphological characteristics of Pornunça and Sabiá, making them viable options with potential to be adopted in these integrated cultivation systems. The low participation of the sorghum panicle (Table 2 ) at the time of cutting can be explained by the fact that it is a forage sorghum and was harvested early, with a low dry matter content, and the arboreal plants did not influence this variable. The production of green and dry mass of forage of Gliricidia and Sabia is higher in the consortiums with Sorghum (Table 3 ), unlike Pornunça where the highest production is in the Pornunça + Corn consortium, which can be explained by the greater competence of sorghum due to its high growth rate. There was a difference in plant height (P < 0.01), where the consortiums with corn presented a lower height with 1.96 m and the consortiums with sorghum 3.01 m; values ​​that may be related to the size of the plant, resulting in lower dry mass productivity in shorter and earlier materials, such as the corn used in this experiment (Table 4 ). Corn productivity values ​​are lower than those reported by Von Pinho (2007) in Minas Gerais, where he indicates productions of 12 to 20 t/ha in single corn with 60,000 plants/ha in single corn cultivation. The dry matter production of Ponta Negra sorghum intercropped with Gliricidia and Sabiá obtained similar productions to Von Pinho, where he reports productions of 10 to 21 t/ha for forage sorghum with 120,000 plants/ha, however it was lower in the intercrop with Pornunça, where it presented 6.63 t/ha. The DM contents of the tree plants (Table 5 ) were lower than those reported by Voltolini et al. ( 2019 ) where Gliricidia presented 25% and Pornunça 23% of dry matter. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the crude protein variable of perennial plants, obtaining an average value of 16.67% for the forage of the different plants. Pornunça intercropped with corn presented the highest value with 20.01%, followed by Gliricidia intercropped with sorghum with 18.78%, values ​​higher than those found by Voltolini et al. ( 2019 ), where they obtained 16.6% and 15.6% respectively, and Sabiá presented the lowest value with 13.69% when intercropped with sorghum. For the ether extract, there was a difference (P < 0.05), where Sabiá with Corn had the highest value with 5.46% and Gliricidia with Corn had the lowest value with 2.89%, a value quantitatively lower than that found in the Brazilian table of food composition for ruminants (Valadares Filho et al. 2018 ). Van Soest (1994) describes that average levels of 3% fat in foods are naturally low. For the NDF (P < 0.01) and ADF (P < 0.01) variables, Sabiá + Sorghum had values ​​of 66.26 and 45.50%, being the highest compared to the other consortia. There is a correlation between NDF levels and the speed of food intake for ruminants and the ADF level interacting in the digestibility process. Comparing the values ​​found for NDF with those found by Voltolini et al. ( 2019 ), the consortia with Gliricidia and Pornunça present similar values, on the contrary, the ADF content presents lower values ​​between 13% and 22%. There was a difference in the ash content (P < 0.01), where the consortia with Sabiá were lower than the consortia with Gliricidia and Pornunça. According to Van Soest (1994), the mineral portion of the food is essential for the determination of organic matter. Therefore, the greater the mineral matter, the lower the quality of the food, meeting this criterion, Sabiá has a higher quality in organic matter, as it has a lower value of mineral matter. In the variables of chemical composition of annual plants in an integrated system of forage plants (Table 6 ), there was no difference (P > 0.05) for the variables % CP, % EE and % ash. Where the consortia Gliricidia + Sorghum, Pornunça + Sorghum and Sabiá + Sorghum presented the highest CP values ​​compared to Gliricidia + Corn, Pornunça + Corn, Sabiá + Corn, values ​​that are directly related to the characteristics of each species, in this case sorghum and corn. According to Pereira et al. ( 2019 ), a minimum of 7% Crude Protein (CP) is necessary for adequate fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and to meet the protein needs of the animals, confirming sorghum and corn as plants of interest in ruminant nutrition (NRC 2001; Von Pinho, 2007); the ether extract where the annual species consorted with Gliricidia has the lowest values ​​with 2.16% and 2.34 for corn and sorghum respectively. The ether extract, which indicates the amount of oil in the food and has a higher energy value than protein, was found in similar levels (2.16–2.89%) than the values ​​reported by Martin et al. ( 2012 ), which vary between 1.7% and 2.4%. The NDF and ADF values ​​(Table 6 ) may be caused by the effect of shading of perennial species, which increases competition for light, influencing plant fiber. In contrast, corn grew faster than Gliricidia, which has slower growth. It is interesting to note that the higher the competitive capacity for water, light and nutrients among forage grass species, the greater the reduction in grain productivity, with the competitive capacity of a plant being altered by the water regime, soil fertility, spacing, plant population, in addition to the physiological and morphological characteristics of the species itself. The highest ADF levels were observed in the sorghum plant, because as the sorghum matures, its cell walls become thicker, becoming more fibrous. This occurs because there is an increase in the deposition of cellulose and lignin, contributing to the increase in NDF and ADF levels. According to Silva and Queiroz ( 2002 ), cellulose is the main component of ADF, while hemicellulose is part of NDF and is more digestible than cellulose. It is necessary to understand that the ash percentage provides an indication of the mineral richness of the sample. Some foods of plant origin are also rich in silica, which results in a high ash content; however, this content does not have any nutritional value for the animals (Silva 2002 ). Conclusion The Pornunça + Corn and Sabiá + Sorghum consortia presented the highest forage production. Pornunça was the species with the largest stem diameter and the highest green forage mass and dry forage mass. The Sabiá + Sorghum consortium presented the highest FDA and NDF values​and Sorghum presented the highest height, green forage mass production and dry forage mass. Declarations Acknowledgements Call by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) / Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) No. 10/2023 – Process: 421110/2023-6. Author contributions All authors participate in problem identification, data collection, data analysis and write of the manuscript. Funding Call by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) / Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) No. 10/2023 – Process: 421110/2023-6. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. References Araújo Filho JA and Carvalho FC (2001) Sistemas de produção agrossilvipastoril para o semiárido nordestino. In: Carvalho, MM.; Alvim, MJ.; Carneiro, J. da C. (Eds.) Sistemas agroflorestais pecuários: opções de sustentabilidade para áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Juiz de Fora: Embrapa Gado de Leite; Brasília, DF: FAO. 2001, p. 101-110 Bayão GFV, Edvan RL, Carneiro MSDS, Freitas NE, Pereira ES., Filgueira Pacheco, Araújo, MJD (2016) Desidratação e composição química do feno de Leucena (Leucena leucocephala) e Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal , 17 , 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402016000300004 Da Silva Júnior AB., Ferreira PV, Cunha JLXL, Lira RC, de Carvalho, IDE (2017) Desempenho produtivo de genótipos de milho sob diferentes espaçamentos para a produção de silagem. Revista Ciência Agrícola , 15 (2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.28998/rca.v15i2.3034 De Albuquerque RJH, Dos Santos RD, De Souza SF, Piovezan U, Muniz EN (2022) Sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta para o Semiárido. Agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono em regiões semiáridas, Brasília, DF: Embrapa, PDF (256 p.) De Medeiros RM, Cavalcanti EP, de Medeiros Duarte JF (2020) Classificação climática de köppen para o estado do Piauí–Brasil. Revista Equador , 9 (3), 82-99 De Paula TA (2021) Produção de silagem: aspectos agronômicos e valor nutricional em regiões semiáridas-revisão sistemática. Arquivos do Mudi 25:127-154. http://doi.org/10.4025/arqmudi.v25i1.56240 Detmann E, Souza MA, Valadares Filho SC (2012) Métodos para análise de alimentos. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ciência Animal, p.214 Jobim CC, Nussio LG (2013) Princípios básicos da fermentação na ensilagem. Forragicultura–Ciência, tecnologia e gestão de recursos forrageiros. Jaboticabal: Editora FUNEP Martin TN, Vieira VDC, Menezes LFGD, Ortiz S, Bertoncelli P, Storck, L (2012) Bromatological characterization of maize genotypes for silage. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 34 , 363-370. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15271 National Research Council – NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7.ed. Washington: National Academy Press, p.362 Paziani SDF, Duarte AP, Nussio LG, Gallo PB, Bittar CMM, Zopollatto M, Reco PC (2009) Agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the corn hybrids for silage production. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38 , 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000300002 Pereira DS, Lana RDP, Carmo DLD, Costa YKSD (2019) Chemical composition and fermentative losses of mixed sugarcane and pigeon pea silage. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 41 , e43709. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.43709 Queiroz AC, Silva DJ (2002) Análise de Alimentos (Métodos Químicos e Biológicos). Universitária da UFV, Viçosa Rocha, RJDS (2010) Adubação nitrogenada em milho em semeadura direta e cultivo convencional na região Meio-Norte do Piauí Silva DJ and Queiroz AC (2002) Análise de Alimentos (Métodos Químicos e Biológicos). 3rd Edition, Imprensa. Universitária da UFV, Viçosa Teixeira NML, Carvalho G, de Araujo NRB, de Azevedo DMP, da Frota MNL, Monteiro FDC, Ribeiro M (2019) Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) nos cerrados do Piauí e do Maranhão: estratégia de produção para quatro safras ao ano só com chuvas. Documento Técnico, 19p Valadares Filho SC, Lopes SA, Silva BC, Chizzotti ML, Bissaro LZ (2018) CQBAL 4.0 Tabelas brasileiras de composição de alimentos para ruminantes Van Soest PJ (1991) Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 476 p Vilela L, Martha Junior GB, de Sousa DMG (2020) Uso eficiente de corretivos e fertilizantes em pastagens. Plantio Direto e Tecnologia agrícola. Documento Técnico, 13p Voltolini TV, Neves ALA, Guimarães Filho C, de SA, CO, Nogueira DM, Campeche DFB, de Moraes SA (2010) Alternativas alimentares e sistemas de produção animal para o semiárido brasileiro. Capítulo 6, 44p Voltolini TV, Belem KVJ, de Araújo GGL, de Moraes SA, Gois GC, Campos FS (2019) Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 40, n. 5, suplemento 1, p. 2363-2374, https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2363 Von Pinho RG, Vasconcelos RCD, Borges ID, Resende AVD (2007) Productivity and quality of the silage of corn and sorghum influenced by the time of sowing. Bragantia, 66 , 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052007000200007 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6820970","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":473203781,"identity":"6cdeb8c7-256c-479c-812e-96d4fecef883","order_by":0,"name":"Yamid Andres Perilla Melo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yamid","middleName":"Andres Perilla","lastName":"Melo","suffix":""},{"id":473203782,"identity":"9c115fcc-caf4-4107-b45a-8c8e81a7aa41","order_by":1,"name":"Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandre","middleName":"Fernandes","lastName":"Perazzo","suffix":""},{"id":473203783,"identity":"3bfba739-e4b5-40c8-82d2-5d395a1f9e8b","order_by":2,"name":"Shirlenne Ferreira Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shirlenne","middleName":"Ferreira","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":473203784,"identity":"6f95f982-7040-4c93-bfb7-de7937910e02","order_by":3,"name":"Maysa Callado Moura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maysa","middleName":"Callado","lastName":"Moura","suffix":""},{"id":473203785,"identity":"08028736-132f-4a82-b502-532c6cfc4593","order_by":4,"name":"João Paulo Matos Pessoa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"João","middleName":"Paulo Matos","lastName":"Pessoa","suffix":""},{"id":473203786,"identity":"396d1d3a-b0ca-48fa-9120-eb74410e36dc","order_by":5,"name":"Walyson Alves Araújo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walyson","middleName":"Alves","lastName":"Araújo","suffix":""},{"id":473203787,"identity":"cd2e5672-e31b-46c7-86ec-5599861db76f","order_by":6,"name":"Joana Floribella Lima Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joana","middleName":"Floribella Lima","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":473203788,"identity":"75bfc2ad-c8e7-40a8-baf4-5657ee3dbf5c","order_by":7,"name":"Ricardo Loiola Edvan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBCCuYOBnYAbSPBAuMVrOMEg2kKaFsQ2ohYFYLfzsOYafC+cdljBnZ2B88LaNIc+8gYAWyZ43xtIztx2WsGxmYDac28ZQLHOAgBaDG2kJ0rzbDtcZHGZgk+ZtY0icQchh9jfSkn/zzjksAdTC/psoLQYSycekeRvAWtiYidIicebxMWueY+lAvzA2S845J1EsQUgLf3ti822eGmsJc/7DBz+8KbPJI6gF4UIGxgaQrURrAGkZBaNgFIyCUYADAABxJjiYM/uPLQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Piauí, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ricardo","middleName":"Loiola","lastName":"Edvan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-04 13:23:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01417-z","type":"published","date":"2025-12-26T15:58:36+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99173108,"identity":"f6deeaf3-f720-407e-8e54-d7dd321bd6e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-29 16:12:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":723688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6820970/v1/a231e6e4-1dd6-4eee-a3f9-1d91bac84857.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of growth and chemical composition of forage consortia of grasses with tree species","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntegrated agricultural production systems consist of the diversification of production, in which agricultural, livestock and forestry activities become part of the same system, in the same area, aiming to increase the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the preservation of the environment, resulting in increased production and promoting the financial stability of the producer. Thus, fulfilling the premises of being environmentally sustainable, economically profitable, technically productive and socially acceptable. The integrated system is based on the consortium, succession or rotation of annual crops, with different forage and tree species, in areas of degraded crops or pastures (Teixeira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on integrated systems in Northeast Brazil is still recent but has yielded very satisfactory results. The adoption of these systems, on the other hand, is very recent and requires more effective strategies for producers. An exception to this statement are the traditional models of many producers in the Forest and Agreste Zones of leaving selected tree species and remnants of forest in the pasture to provide shade for animals in strategic points of the pasture (De Albuquerque et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuch of the boost in grain productivity is due to access to technologies currently used, such as the use of hybrids and cultivars adapted to soil and climate conditions, in addition to good practices for the efficient use of fertilizers, correctives and pesticides and conservation management systems such as direct planting and crop-livestock-forest integration. Even with this great leap in the productivity of soybean and corn crops, the region still faces major challenges in soil management and conservation and in the implementation of integrated production systems (Von Pinho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for production models, the focus has been on the integration of adapted native or exotic elements, giving rise to models capable of increasing the sustainability of production systems (Ara\u0026uacute;jo Filho and Carvalho \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Voltolini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), the models may vary according to edaphoclimatic and socio-environmental issues. The most desirable characteristics in a crop intended for silage production are: high dry matter production, high soluble carbohydrate content, high digestibility, and low fiber concentration at harvest time; these characteristics are met by sorghum and corn crops, which have a high concentration of soluble carbohydrates and low buffering power at the time of cutting, which favors silage fermentation (De Paula et al. 2021; Paziani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the harvest of the material to be ensiled must have a dry matter (DM) content between 28 and 40%; values ​​below 28% will provide undesirable fermentations, and above 40%, there will be inadequate compaction (Jobim and Nussio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The hypothesis is that the consortium of sorghum with pornun\u0026ccedil;a will present greater biomass production The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, production and chemical composition of forage plants intercropped with trees.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was carried out from December 2022 to June 2023 in the experimental area of ​​the Animal Science Department of the Federal University of Piau\u0026iacute; (latitude 5\u0026deg; 2'33.49\"S; longitude 42\u0026deg; 46'49.57\"W) in Teresina, Piau\u0026iacute;, Brazil, with a total area of ​​1300 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The climate of the region is Aw according to the K\u0026ouml;ppen classification, hot and humid tropical with a rainy season in summer and an average temperature of 28\u0026deg;C (Medeiros 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Teresina region has soils of medium to low fertility, high solar intensity and rainfall poorly distributed in space and time, characteristics that can interfere in the soil/plant relationship, influencing the productivity of crops mainly (Rocha \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The soil was prepared with two passes of the harrow to control invasive plants and to allow for proper planting. According to the soil analysis, it was not necessary to correct or fertilize with P, a situation that can be explained by the corrections previously made in the area, as it is an area dedicated to grazing for several years (Vilela et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It was decided not to fertilize with N, as the tree species benefited from the fertilization of annual crops. Fertilization with K of 30 kg/ha, according to the soil analysis, potassium chloride was used, applied to the holes of the tree plants. Weed control was done by manual weeding using a hoe, and thinning was done immediately afterwards in order to establish the correct plant density.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the rainy season (December 2022), the tree species Gliricidia (\u003cem\u003eGliricidia sepium\u003c/em\u003e), Sabi\u0026aacute; (\u003cem\u003eMimosa caesalpinifolia\u003c/em\u003e) and Pornun\u0026ccedil;a (\u003cem\u003eManihot\u003c/em\u003e sp.) were planted at 30 cm in height with spacing of 2.0 m (plants) x 3.5 m (rows) in holes of 30 x 30 x 30 cm for a density of 1428 trees per hectare and sown between the rows with annual crops. The perennial forages were intercropped with Sorghum BRS Ponta Negra (\u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e L.) and Corn variety Saboroso (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e) planted in March 2024 manually with spacing of 0.5m x 0.16m for intercropping with sorghum and 0.5m x 0.25m for intercropping with corn (Da Silva Junior 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphogenic characteristics were collected in all experimental treatments, prior to cutting for silage and 86 days after planting the annual crops, where the values ​​of plant height (AP), stem diameter (DC), proportion of leaf blade (% leaves), stem (% stem) and panicle (in sorghum) to ear (in corn) (% panicle/ear), green mass production (PMV) were recorded. To obtain these variables, eight plants per treatment were selected. AP was obtained using a tape measure, DC was measured using a caliper, % leaves, % stem and % panicle/ear, PMV were quantified using a precision scale. The biomass of perennial crops was obtained by sampling the aerial parts cut at 1 m above ground level to obtain the green mass, using a precision scale, fractionated and packaged in properly identified paper bags, which were taken to a forced ventilation oven at 65\u0026ordm;C, until obtaining a constant dry weight (dry biomass). Additionally, with the dry biomass data, the chemical composition of the plant and the quality of the forage were determined, by sending the samples to the Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition was evaluated following the methodology of the Institute of Science and Technology of Animal Science (INCT), where the determinations of dry matter (DM) were performed in an oven without forced air ventilation (Method G-003/1), crude protein (CP) by the Kjeldahl method (Method N-001/2), crude fat (GB) by the Randall method (Method G-005/2), mineral matter by the muffle burning method (Method M-001/2), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using an autoclave, by the INCT-CA F-002/2 method, acid detergent fiber (ADF) using an autoclave, by the INCT-CA F-004/2 method, according to methodologies described by Detmann et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were subjected to analysis of variance, for significance of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Normality was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity of variances with the Bartlett test. The growth, production and chemical composition data were analyzed with a randomized block design with six treatments and four replicates, according to the following statistical model:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYij\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;u\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ti\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Bj\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;eij\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: Yij\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;value observed in the plot of the i-th treatment in the j-th block; \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;general mean of all experimental units; Ti\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;effect due to the \u0026#119894;-th treatment in the experimental plot; B\u0026#119895; = effect due to the \u0026#119895;-th block in the experimental plot \u0026#119890;\u0026#119894;\u0026#119895; = uncontrolled random error in the plot of the \u0026#119894;-th treatment in the \u0026#119895;-th block. The data means were analyzed using the lsmeans command, from the GLM procedure of the SAS program, using the Tukey mean test and comparing them with significance of P\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere was an effect of consortia (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for the variable\u0026rsquo;s percentage of leaves, percentage of stems and leaf/stem ratio of perennial plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics of perennial plants in an integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.94a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.06ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.12c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.02bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.20c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.64c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.05c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.93bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.87a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.97ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.79a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.35a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf/Stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn; \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the variables analyzed, based on green matter, the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn and Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum consortia showed a higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) participation of leaves (77% and 78% versus 65%, 66%, 63% and 64% of Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum and Sabia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn), the Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum and Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn consortia showed a higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) participation of stem (36% and 35%), and the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn and Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum consortia had a higher leaf/stem ratio (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe best leaf/stem ratio of perennial plants was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum consortium with 4.97 followed by the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 3.59. Based on green matter, there was no effect (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) on the percentage of leaves of annual species in the evaluated consortia, where an average of 15.47% was obtained (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.59a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.32a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.77a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.58a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.47a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.56a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.11b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.48a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.71b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.24a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.29b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaf/stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanicle/spike %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.55a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.74b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.69a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.64b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.23a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn; \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was an effect (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for the variables of stem percentage, leaf/stem ratio and panicle/ear percentage. In general, the consortia with sorghum (G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S, P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S, Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S) presented a higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) stem participation (76% versus 32%), and a lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) panicle or ear participation (8% versus 51%) in relation to the consortia with corn (G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M, P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M, Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the leaf/stem ratio of the annual plants, there was a difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) between the two species used, where the Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium obtained the highest value with 0.53 and the lowest value in the Sabi\u0026aacute; + sorghum consortium with 0.18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no difference in the height of the perennial plants (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), with only a lower growth of Gliricidia being evident when intercropped with corn (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction characteristics of perennial plants in an integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem diameter (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.25b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.25ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGFM (t/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.61ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.90a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDFM (t/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn; PGFM: Production of green forage mass; PDFM: Production of dry forage mass; \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium presented the largest stem diameter (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for Pornun\u0026ccedil;a with 52.50 mm, and the smallest stem diameter of the trees was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 25.25 mm. The Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium presented the highest production of green forage mass (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for Pornun\u0026ccedil;a with 22.90 t/ha, and the lowest production of green forage mass of the trees was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 1.80 t/ha. The Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium presented the highest production of dry mass of forage (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for Pornun\u0026ccedil;a with 4.52 t/ha, and the lowest production of dry mass of forage of trees was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 0.40 t/ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a difference in plant height (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), where the consortiums with corn presented a lower height with 1.96 m and the consortiums with sorghum 3.01 m; values ​​that may be related to the size of the plant, resulting in lower dry mass productivity in shorter and earlier materials, such as the corn used in this experiment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProduction characteristics of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePGFM (t/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.89a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.63c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.18b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.09c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.06a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDFM (t/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.46a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn; PGFM: Production of green forage mass; PDFM: Production of dry forage mass; \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line differ statistically by Tukey test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe consortium with Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum presented the highest height (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for Sorghum with 3.11 m, and the lowest height of annual plants was in the consortium Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn with 1.87 m. The consortium with Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum presented the highest production of green mass of forage (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for Sorghum with 55.06 t/ha, and the lowest production of annual plants was in the consortium Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn with 10.63 t/ha. The consortium with Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum presented the highest production of dry mass of forage (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for Sorghum with 11.44 t/ha, and the lowest production of annual plants was in the consortium Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn with 4.07 t/ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a difference in the DM content (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) between the tree plants, with the Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn consortium presenting the highest value with 38.47% and the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum consortium the lowest value with 19.77% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of perennial plants in the integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.77b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.18b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.16b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.62a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.47a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% CP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% EE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.46a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% NFD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.10c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.94bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.09bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.26a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.06ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% AFD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.74bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.64c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.54abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.39abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.50a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.01ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% ASH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.35a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e% DM: Dry Matter Content, % CP: Crude Protein; % EE: Ether Extract; % NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber; % ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber. G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn. \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line are statistically different by Tukey's test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the chemical composition variables of perennial species in the integrated forage plant system, there was no effect on crude protein, unlike dry matter, ether extract, NDF, AFD and ash, where differences were found between the consortia evaluated (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of annual plants in an integrated forage plant system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsortia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% DM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.19b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.02a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.32b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.52a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.37b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.75a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% CP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% EE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% NFD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.97a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.35a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.24a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.06b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.17a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.80a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% AFD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.07abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.93bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.16ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.96c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.96a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.63abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% ASH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e% DM: Dry Matter Content, % CP: Crude Protein; % EE: Ether Extract; % NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber; % ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber. G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn; P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum; Sa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M: Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn. \u0026micro;: Mean; SEM: Standard error of mean. Means followed by lowercase letters in the line are statistically different by Tukey's test P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a difference in the dry matter content (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) of the consortia, where the treatments with corn presented a higher DM content (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), where the highest value was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 40.02% and the lowest, in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum consortium with 18.19%. The lowest DM content of corn was in the Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 33% and the highest was in the Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium with 40.02%, values ​​that may be related to the shading of the trees in the consortium.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was an effect (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) of the consortia on the variables %FDN and %FDA. Where corn intercropped with Pornun\u0026ccedil;a presented a lower %FDN value with 50.06 and the highest in the Corn with Gliricidia consortium with 67.35%. The forage consortia evaluated did not show any difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the ash content of the grasses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe intercrops with Gliricidia (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) have a higher proportion of leaves, an important characteristic for forages, where nutrients are found that are more easily digestible by ruminants. However, this higher proportion of stems, although it may be a survival strategy of the plant to capture light, is not desirable, since the stems contain fibers insoluble in neutral detergent, which are not digested by rumen bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the leaf/stem ratio, percentage of leaves, and percentage of stems of Pornun\u0026ccedil;a and Sabi\u0026aacute; present very similar values, but are lower than those of Gliricidia, which presented the highest values. The leaf/stem ratio found in the experiment for Gliricidia was higher than 1.0 reported by Bay\u0026atilde;o et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This ratio is crucial for forage quality, since plants with a higher leaf/stem ratio tend to have less low-digestibility fiber and higher protein content, as described by Van Soest (1994). Thus, plants with a lower proportion of stems can be presented as forage with better nutritional value and indicated for forage conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe best leaf/stem ratio values indicate changes in the morphology of Gliricidia when it is consorted with two annual species such as corn and sorghum, a difference that can be attributed to the competition of Sorghum in the consortium and that was not evident in the other perennial species of the consortiums due to their rapid growth in the environmental conditions of the region. This uniformity of the Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum and Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn consortiums suggests that the corn and sorghum grasses do not influence the morphological characteristics of Pornun\u0026ccedil;a and Sabi\u0026aacute;, making them viable options with potential to be adopted in these integrated cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe low participation of the sorghum panicle (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) at the time of cutting can be explained by the fact that it is a forage sorghum and was harvested early, with a low dry matter content, and the arboreal plants did not influence this variable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe production of green and dry mass of forage of Gliricidia and Sabia is higher in the consortiums with Sorghum (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), unlike Pornun\u0026ccedil;a where the highest production is in the Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium, which can be explained by the greater competence of sorghum due to its high growth rate. There was a difference in plant height (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), where the consortiums with corn presented a lower height with 1.96 m and the consortiums with sorghum 3.01 m; values ​​that may be related to the size of the plant, resulting in lower dry mass productivity in shorter and earlier materials, such as the corn used in this experiment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Corn productivity values ​​are lower than those reported by Von Pinho (2007) in Minas Gerais, where he indicates productions of 12 to 20 t/ha in single corn with 60,000 plants/ha in single corn cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry matter production of Ponta Negra sorghum intercropped with Gliricidia and Sabi\u0026aacute; obtained similar productions to Von Pinho, where he reports productions of 10 to 21 t/ha for forage sorghum with 120,000 plants/ha, however it was lower in the intercrop with Pornun\u0026ccedil;a, where it presented 6.63 t/ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe DM contents of the tree plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) were lower than those reported by Voltolini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) where Gliricidia presented 25% and Pornun\u0026ccedil;a 23% of dry matter. There was no difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the crude protein variable of perennial plants, obtaining an average value of 16.67% for the forage of the different plants. Pornun\u0026ccedil;a intercropped with corn presented the highest value with 20.01%, followed by Gliricidia intercropped with sorghum with 18.78%, values ​​higher than those found by Voltolini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), where they obtained 16.6% and 15.6% respectively, and Sabi\u0026aacute; presented the lowest value with 13.69% when intercropped with sorghum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the ether extract, there was a difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), where Sabi\u0026aacute; with Corn had the highest value with 5.46% and Gliricidia with Corn had the lowest value with 2.89%, a value quantitatively lower than that found in the Brazilian table of food composition for ruminants (Valadares Filho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Van Soest (1994) describes that average levels of 3% fat in foods are naturally low.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the NDF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and ADF (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) variables, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum had values ​​of 66.26 and 45.50%, being the highest compared to the other consortia. There is a correlation between NDF levels and the speed of food intake for ruminants and the ADF level interacting in the digestibility process. Comparing the values ​​found for NDF with those found by Voltolini et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), the consortia with Gliricidia and Pornun\u0026ccedil;a present similar values, on the contrary, the ADF content presents lower values ​​between 13% and 22%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a difference in the ash content (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), where the consortia with Sabi\u0026aacute; were lower than the consortia with Gliricidia and Pornun\u0026ccedil;a. According to Van Soest (1994), the mineral portion of the food is essential for the determination of organic matter. Therefore, the greater the mineral matter, the lower the quality of the food, meeting this criterion, Sabi\u0026aacute; has a higher quality in organic matter, as it has a lower value of mineral matter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the variables of chemical composition of annual plants in an integrated system of forage plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), there was no difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) for the variables % CP, % EE and % ash. Where the consortia Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum and Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum presented the highest CP values ​​compared to Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn, values ​​that are directly related to the characteristics of each species, in this case sorghum and corn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Pereira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), a minimum of 7% Crude Protein (CP) is necessary for adequate fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and to meet the protein needs of the animals, confirming sorghum and corn as plants of interest in ruminant nutrition (NRC 2001; Von Pinho, 2007); the ether extract where the annual species consorted with Gliricidia has the lowest values ​​with 2.16% and 2.34 for corn and sorghum respectively. The ether extract, which indicates the amount of oil in the food and has a higher energy value than protein, was found in similar levels (2.16\u0026ndash;2.89%) than the values ​​reported by Martin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), which vary between 1.7% and 2.4%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NDF and ADF values ​​(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) may be caused by the effect of shading of perennial species, which increases competition for light, influencing plant fiber. In contrast, corn grew faster than Gliricidia, which has slower growth. It is interesting to note that the higher the competitive capacity for water, light and nutrients among forage grass species, the greater the reduction in grain productivity, with the competitive capacity of a plant being altered by the water regime, soil fertility, spacing, plant population, in addition to the physiological and morphological characteristics of the species itself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest ADF levels were observed in the sorghum plant, because as the sorghum matures, its cell walls become thicker, becoming more fibrous. This occurs because there is an increase in the deposition of cellulose and lignin, contributing to the increase in NDF and ADF levels. According to Silva and Queiroz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), cellulose is the main component of ADF, while hemicellulose is part of NDF and is more digestible than cellulose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is necessary to understand that the ash percentage provides an indication of the mineral richness of the sample. Some foods of plant origin are also rich in silica, which results in a high ash content; however, this content does not have any nutritional value for the animals (Silva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn and Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum consortia presented the highest forage production. Pornun\u0026ccedil;a was the species with the largest stem diameter and the highest green forage mass and dry forage mass. The Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum consortium presented the highest FDA and NDF values​and Sorghum presented the highest height, green forage mass production and dry forage mass.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCall by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) / Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) No. 10/2023 \u0026ndash; Process: 421110/2023-6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e All authors participate in problem identification, data collection, data analysis and write of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCall by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) / Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) No. 10/2023 \u0026ndash; Process: 421110/2023-6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAra\u0026uacute;jo Filho JA and Carvalho FC (2001) Sistemas de produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o agrossilvipastoril para o semi\u0026aacute;rido nordestino. In: Carvalho, MM.; Alvim, MJ.; Carneiro, J. da C. (Eds.) Sistemas agroflorestais pecu\u0026aacute;rios: op\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es de sustentabilidade para \u0026aacute;reas tropicais e subtropicais. Juiz de Fora: Embrapa Gado de Leite; Bras\u0026iacute;lia, DF: FAO. 2001, p. 101-110\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBay\u0026atilde;o GFV, Edvan RL, Carneiro MSDS, Freitas NE, Pereira ES., Filgueira Pacheco, Ara\u0026uacute;jo, MJD (2016) Desidrata\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e composi\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o qu\u0026iacute;mica do feno de Leucena (Leucena leucocephala) e Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium). \u003cem\u003eRevista Brasileira de Sa\u0026uacute;de e Produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Animal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e17\u003c/em\u003e, 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402016000300004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDa Silva J\u0026uacute;nior AB., Ferreira PV, Cunha JLXL, Lira RC, de Carvalho, IDE (2017) Desempenho produtivo de gen\u0026oacute;tipos de milho sob diferentes espa\u0026ccedil;amentos para a produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de silagem. \u003cem\u003eRevista Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia Agr\u0026iacute;cola\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.28998/rca.v15i2.3034\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Albuquerque RJH, Dos Santos RD, De Souza SF, Piovezan U, Muniz EN (2022) Sistemas de integra\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o lavoura-pecu\u0026aacute;ria-floresta para o Semi\u0026aacute;rido. Agricultura de baixa emiss\u0026atilde;o de carbono em regi\u0026otilde;es semi\u0026aacute;ridas, Bras\u0026iacute;lia, DF: Embrapa, PDF (256 p.) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Medeiros RM, Cavalcanti EP, de Medeiros Duarte JF (2020) Classifica\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o clim\u0026aacute;tica de k\u0026ouml;ppen para o estado do Piau\u0026iacute;\u0026ndash;Brasil. \u003cem\u003eRevista Equador\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(3), 82-99\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Paula TA (2021) Produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de silagem: aspectos agron\u0026ocirc;micos e valor nutricional em regi\u0026otilde;es semi\u0026aacute;ridas-revis\u0026atilde;o sistem\u0026aacute;tica. Arquivos do Mudi 25:127-154. http://doi.org/10.4025/arqmudi.v25i1.56240\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetmann E, Souza MA, Valadares Filho SC (2012) M\u0026eacute;todos para an\u0026aacute;lise de alimentos. Instituto Nacional de Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia e Tecnologia de Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia Animal, p.214\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJobim CC, Nussio LG (2013) Princ\u0026iacute;pios b\u0026aacute;sicos da fermenta\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o na ensilagem. Forragicultura\u0026ndash;Ci\u0026ecirc;ncia, tecnologia e gest\u0026atilde;o de recursos forrageiros. Jaboticabal: Editora FUNEP\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartin TN, Vieira VDC, Menezes LFGD, Ortiz S, Bertoncelli P, Storck, L (2012) Bromatological characterization of maize genotypes for silage. \u003cem\u003eActa Scientiarum. Animal Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e, 363-370. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15271\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Research Council \u0026ndash; NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7.ed. Washington: National Academy Press, p.362\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaziani SDF, Duarte AP, Nussio LG, Gallo PB, Bittar CMM, Zopollatto M, Reco PC (2009) Agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the corn hybrids for silage production. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e, 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000300002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePereira DS, Lana RDP, Carmo DLD, Costa YKSD (2019) Chemical composition and fermentative losses of mixed sugarcane and pigeon pea silage. \u003cem\u003eActa Scientiarum. Animal Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e41\u003c/em\u003e, e43709. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.43709\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQueiroz AC, Silva DJ (2002) An\u0026aacute;lise de Alimentos (M\u0026eacute;todos Qu\u0026iacute;micos e Biol\u0026oacute;gicos). Universit\u0026aacute;ria da UFV, Vi\u0026ccedil;osa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRocha, RJDS (2010) Aduba\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o nitrogenada em milho em semeadura direta e cultivo convencional na regi\u0026atilde;o Meio-Norte do Piau\u0026iacute;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilva DJ and Queiroz AC (2002) An\u0026aacute;lise de Alimentos (M\u0026eacute;todos Qu\u0026iacute;micos e Biol\u0026oacute;gicos). 3rd Edition, Imprensa. Universit\u0026aacute;ria da UFV, Vi\u0026ccedil;osa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeixeira NML, Carvalho G, de Araujo NRB, de Azevedo DMP, da Frota MNL, Monteiro FDC, Ribeiro M (2019) Integra\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Lavoura-Pecu\u0026aacute;ria-Floresta (ILPF) nos cerrados do Piau\u0026iacute; e do Maranh\u0026atilde;o: estrat\u0026eacute;gia de produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o para quatro safras ao ano s\u0026oacute; com chuvas. Documento T\u0026eacute;cnico, 19p\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValadares Filho SC, Lopes SA, Silva BC, Chizzotti ML, Bissaro LZ (2018) CQBAL\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e4.0\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eTabelas brasileiras de composi\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de alimentos para ruminantes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Soest PJ (1991) Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 476 p\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVilela L, Martha Junior GB, de Sousa DMG (2020) Uso eficiente de corretivos e fertilizantes em pastagens. Plantio Direto e Tecnologia agr\u0026iacute;cola. Documento T\u0026eacute;cnico, 13p\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVoltolini TV, Neves ALA, Guimar\u0026atilde;es Filho C, de SA, CO, Nogueira DM, Campeche DFB, de Moraes SA (2010) Alternativas alimentares e sistemas de produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o animal para o semi\u0026aacute;rido brasileiro. Cap\u0026iacute;tulo 6, 44p\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVoltolini TV, Belem KVJ, de Ara\u0026uacute;jo GGL, de Moraes SA, Gois GC, Campos FS (2019) Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornun\u0026ccedil;a silages with different old man saltbush levels. Semina: Ci\u0026ecirc;ncias Agr\u0026aacute;rias, Londrina, v. 40, n. 5, suplemento 1, p. 2363-2374, https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5Supl1p2363\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVon Pinho RG, Vasconcelos RCD, Borges ID, Resende AVD (2007) Productivity and quality of the silage of corn and sorghum influenced by the time of sowing. Bragantia, \u003cem\u003e66\u003c/em\u003e, 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052007000200007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Arboreal, Development, Legumes, Sorghum bicolor L, Zea Mays","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIntegration systems have benefits in agricultural production due to the diversification of products generated through the use of annual species with high productive potential when they are intercropped with perennial species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, production and chemical composition of forage plants. Six forage consortia were evaluated in a randomized block design with 4 replications: Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Gliricidia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sorghum, Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum, Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn. The consortia with Gliricidia presented a higher (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) % of leaves and leaf/stem ratio, the Pornun\u0026ccedil;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Corn consortium presented the largest (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) stem diameter, largest (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) green forage mass and dry forage mass. The Sabi\u0026aacute; + Corn consortium presented the highest (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) dry matter content and percentage of ether extract. The Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum consortium presented the highest (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) values ​​of Acid Detergent Fiber and Neutral Detergent Fiber. The Sabi\u0026aacute; + Sorghum consortium presented the highest (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) height, production of green forage mass and dry forage mass. The results can be useful to improve the biomass production of the intercropped systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of growth and chemical composition of forage consortia of grasses with tree species","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-20 15:06:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6820970/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-15T14:57:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T21:59:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T08:48:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-04T21:07:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317855677976746337183451679784925574458","date":"2025-08-03T05:47:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"286348353296337594343799299966971175938","date":"2025-08-01T04:31:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"47659981615641196980910910532489667057","date":"2025-07-15T18:22:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-18T16:12:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T15:40:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-06T13:26:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Agroforestry Systems","date":"2025-06-04T13:21:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3421ce6b-0c3e-4db9-b256-3c33a5e1057c","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-29T16:11:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6820970","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01417-z","journal":{"identity":"agroforestry-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Agroforestry Systems"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-26 15:58:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-20 15:06:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01417-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01417-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6820970","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6820970","identity":"rs-6820970","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}