Letter to the Editor: Stimulus intensities and sensory modalities constitute two major challenges for online threat conditioning research

In this letter, we expand on Ney et al.'s (2023) review on moving human threat conditioning research online by highlighting two major challenges for such a transition: the restricted ranges of stimulus intensities and sensory modalities that can be tested in this setting. We illustrate the implications of these challenges. Specifically, we discuss how they are key in establishing (a) the translational relevance, specificity, and reliability of threat conditioning phenomena that can be studied online, and (b) the extent to which online experiments can capture the richness and sophistication of threat conditioning processes.