Enhanced EfficientNet-B0 with Dual Attention Mechanisms for Food Category Classification in X-ray Images

Enhanced EfficientNet-B0 with Dual Attention Mechanisms for Food Category Classification in X-ray Images | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhanced EfficientNet-B0 with Dual Attention Mechanisms for Food Category Classification in X-ray Images Jianfeng Yao, Hengyuan Liu, Junchao Ye This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To improve the operational efficiency of food foreign object inspection systems, this study proposes a food category recognition model for X-ray images. 6800 X-ray images containing 34 types of food were collected. Image labels were automatically assigned according to the folder corresponding to each food category. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and testing sets in an 8:1:1 ratio. The model was based on EfficientNet-B0. To enhance the representation capability of key image regions, Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and Efficient Channel Attention Module (ECA) have been added to EfficientNet-B0. To improve the robustness of the model to noise and image variability, the images were enhanced through various methods such as random scaling, horizontal flipping, rotation, occlusion and so on. The proposed model achieved a test accuracy of 96.60%, which is 2.03% higher than ResNet-50, 1.56% higher than the baseline EfficientNet-B0, and 2.14% higher than MobileNet-V2. The test results indicate that the proposed method can provide accurate, efficient, and automated technical solutions for food classification in X-ray images. Food X-ray image classification EfficientNet-B0 Attention mechanism Image classification Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7395394","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549297165,"identity":"f0b9a43b-1fa8-4b1d-acce-b70ae5141fa4","order_by":0,"name":"Jianfeng Yao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACg4oKKIuHaC1nzpCqheFsGylaDI4fPlBwcN7hxO0SCYwP3rYxyJsTdlRagsHBbWmJO2ckMBvObWMw3NlASMuBHAPjj9tsEjfcSGCT5m1jSDA4QEjL+TcGBgfnSIC0sP8mTsuNHKCWBogtzERpkbzxDKjoWJrxhjMPmyXnnJMw3EBIC9/55GMGB2oOy244nnzww5syG3mCtigcYGAzANKODQyMDUBagoB6IJBvYGB+AKTtCSsdBaNgFIyCEQsAKZBICO9SfDsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Xinyang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Yao","suffix":""},{"id":549297166,"identity":"cb2b911e-c334-4468-9a79-b382b67379fd","order_by":1,"name":"Hengyuan Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinyang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hengyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":549297167,"identity":"cef9d7ef-ebcf-4e95-8081-a34c4ec0e2c5","order_by":2,"name":"Junchao Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Unicomp Technology (Group) Company Limited","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junchao","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 03:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-026-01348-4","type":"published","date":"2026-03-27T16:11:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96920187,"identity":"d6ae008b-4fd7-4782-8a66-5cf260dbdb27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:55","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1614653,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EnhancedEfficientNetB0withDualAttentionMechanismsforFoodCategoryClassificationinXrayImages0818.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/61176ba0951e550bc83c2519.docx"},{"id":96920737,"identity":"2e0b3b3a-b142-4b5d-8fc2-97d68b928ba2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:23","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1566c02b5f974c4f87956585a4b80e39.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/842ab718d17fce8b49b7bb16.json"},{"id":96906658,"identity":"0ecc80e7-3145-4eb7-bf5d-7540f2d37e74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97592,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1566c02b5f974c4f87956585a4b80e391enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/512ab481a6ff3045966f1405.xml"},{"id":96906655,"identity":"d0a9a97e-32cb-4ff6-bb5b-01f3896d392f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/b8936159fffc882cce04be69.jpeg"},{"id":96920965,"identity":"0fbec968-57c9-4663-b8e3-4279359f4316","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/e40fe643eff7f9a161b7a5cc.jpeg"},{"id":96920354,"identity":"1c3ffd82-f4eb-49e2-82d6-8ffaecc722d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/fbe7b85f5c40ac544b2f0bf2.jpeg"},{"id":96906666,"identity":"c8bbe16f-eed6-403a-9f1e-4799f3f61df6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/44dc3b657fb64e1c5e733bfb.jpeg"},{"id":96921057,"identity":"1defc19f-cd24-4b73-b89d-050c9ad95250","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/54866718bf0081dd4ae7c377.jpeg"},{"id":96906662,"identity":"7ef1f5f6-f2a4-4034-8bc0-7105c8ce93db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/e4d9d73369b9693ef5f8deaf.jpeg"},{"id":96920370,"identity":"32293f5d-a380-413c-b6c9-d2b3d4f9b3d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:06","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":333359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/8b515c35e8ffa10beefdcf76.png"},{"id":96920880,"identity":"ce37b3f2-33d4-4023-8898-e3f8d01de4d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:29","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/914c936e4dd263930bddaf6e.png"},{"id":96920884,"identity":"4376a3b0-49fc-477b-901a-d1f771e8a499","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:29","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":220752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/6688558088f5c2fbfe26776a.png"},{"id":96920544,"identity":"15de2c2d-3342-4ad0-ab8b-fa70b589faff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:15","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":590002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/9a87f9e7e182e40117353d01.png"},{"id":96920387,"identity":"471c2912-8d1a-430d-b3bc-117496a793ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:07","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/7274179bc62732a901286129.jpeg"},{"id":96920350,"identity":"aafc8097-699b-4b61-8d5b-4cc1dd290017","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/4ed993be05ee2188212d823d.jpeg"},{"id":96920496,"identity":"88161704-7164-4fa7-ab15-e30f973fd40a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/a321cc426ddb9d0d239979ed.jpeg"},{"id":96906665,"identity":"40fb899c-5fb6-456f-b966-c96383389903","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/93c24653b5986b8dcf72de88.jpeg"},{"id":96906670,"identity":"e39e58c4-ce69-4040-bf37-ab4cd668c23a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/fb48db834b26c41d0e310dca.jpeg"},{"id":96906667,"identity":"e91f9564-24c6-4ca8-80ea-ef7c38cfc35c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/e01d9ed54cad1f87b938778b.jpeg"},{"id":96906668,"identity":"9d8bb567-598f-409c-9b73-43c664dcd5cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40965,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/0867c1cbe9cf200e765f9361.jpeg"},{"id":96906683,"identity":"be16a56a-4ebc-478f-a6d9-e4aa582635b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/cdf7a3c888c8490cc6e010d7.jpeg"},{"id":96906673,"identity":"b42e4731-1553-41f3-a3a8-0d426958ac9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/d3f15f4dc05a81db3c4c068c.png"},{"id":96920726,"identity":"8c3e2a07-db55-4823-9b99-5cbc7e7485fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:23","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/a43500c142a46a2a2eb62718.png"},{"id":96920390,"identity":"49991999-0c03-49f6-91ca-246320b6e152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/5765422e9a626d6eda57a92b.png"},{"id":96920333,"identity":"ba514fcf-6310-459d-a378-1bedaf379d73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:04","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/63412381119896d4c113773c.png"},{"id":96920083,"identity":"23064d47-f36f-4c0d-8d1b-b2da331dfad1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:46","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/0ce5884a5fdfd3be51a06a7e.png"},{"id":96906678,"identity":"d7abaf14-cd70-4ab6-bb8a-2b39fb8b83e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/e52357ec1a4e350ed6278f9a.png"},{"id":96921004,"identity":"edda8b0d-740f-4b17-bbc5-91c2bcc508e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:35","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/011c960920619bd9e85a3887.png"},{"id":96906682,"identity":"1cf8a737-f642-4f8b-a8a6-6e4a355d6fa3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/997661dd6e8b2e58ee857800.png"},{"id":96920312,"identity":"32d30b1a-31b6-4136-b0a9-6a06a3427476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:03","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/834457ef5410c722b8dc9d3f.png"},{"id":96906687,"identity":"1eedb720-f21e-4f40-8702-2665fc6d0aba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/f1a7d6a15d52b97e2d52c257.png"},{"id":96921104,"identity":"a076f677-7934-4795-9e84-88992992343e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:43","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/269829603532b31665866161.png"},{"id":96920497,"identity":"b2b4716d-40c5-4c42-84a8-59b15d500cd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:13","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/0eb0813f4e645f611ab54646.png"},{"id":96906689,"identity":"0839fe21-349e-4721-b4ef-037523e7b0cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/2213657b545cc44c732bf241.png"},{"id":96921096,"identity":"af991605-497f-4abb-888b-d16f8bd0aeb2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:42","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/cefbac607240e0ca7ba56a4f.png"},{"id":96906686,"identity":"8f00173a-9de1-4cbe-8b0e-1f6722aa62f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/5b7743383b6b7ce7d2d15cb9.png"},{"id":96906685,"identity":"6a27b924-4dcb-423b-be08-4239ca722479","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/b5b52b922f3aa5886fee8bff.png"},{"id":96906693,"identity":"0db316ef-f560-4f53-8d12-1f1ec9051c62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":92308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/e238573e824883b3046a0071.png"},{"id":96906688,"identity":"bac35014-ea75-4ea2-9538-284c26ed109c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":59471,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/730ea2913fa5cd83d5e1b578.png"},{"id":96920935,"identity":"f1b20593-1214-411b-9475-7834e1fbf088","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:31","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1566c02b5f974c4f87956585a4b80e391structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/eaf0f16f8cebd278b56452ed.xml"},{"id":96906692,"identity":"8a4a5a68-bfc5-4baf-8c89-82ac2a3ccbd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 12:28:00","extension":"html","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":104662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1/0a5f38ee6839132e4e998a3e.html"},{"id":105755989,"identity":"6076b948-04f5-49c4-9b09-8380c132e141","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 16:33:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":765614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EnhancedEfficientNetB0withDualAttentionMechanismsforFoodCategoryClassificationinXrayImages0818.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7395394/v1_covered_d97651ff-ba1c-4d5b-9b59-68e1e56f2d34.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhanced EfficientNet-B0 with Dual Attention Mechanisms for Food Category Classification in X-ray Images","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-nondestructive-evaluation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jone","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation](http://link.springer.com/journal/10921)","snPcode":"10921","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10921/3","title":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Food X-ray image classification, EfficientNet-B0, Attention mechanism, Image classification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo improve the operational efficiency of food foreign object inspection systems, this study proposes a food category recognition model for X-ray images. 6800 X-ray images containing 34 types of food were collected. Image labels were automatically assigned according to the folder corresponding to each food category. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and testing sets in an 8:1:1 ratio. The model was based on EfficientNet-B0. To enhance the representation capability of key image regions, Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and Efficient Channel Attention Module (ECA) have been added to EfficientNet-B0. To improve the robustness of the model to noise and image variability, the images were enhanced through various methods such as random scaling, horizontal flipping, rotation, occlusion and so on. The proposed model achieved a test accuracy of 96.60%, which is 2.03% higher than ResNet-50, 1.56% higher than the baseline EfficientNet-B0, and 2.14% higher than MobileNet-V2. The test results indicate that the proposed method can provide accurate, efficient, and automated technical solutions for food classification in X-ray images.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced EfficientNet-B0 with Dual Attention Mechanisms for Food Category Classification in X-ray Images","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-27 12:27:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7395394/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-02T08:10:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T00:53:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-26T11:23:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"119070172694575548549335331281774487905","date":"2026-01-26T03:09:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"337075623150455490583710260704836787634","date":"2026-01-21T00:15:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T13:59:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T21:39:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T15:05:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","date":"2025-08-18T03:34:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-nondestructive-evaluation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jone","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation](http://link.springer.com/journal/10921)","snPcode":"10921","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10921/3","title":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8f3827fa-8c2c-4412-854b-4c92b8566db7","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:32:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7395394","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-026-01348-4","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-nondestructive-evaluation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-27 16:11:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-27 12:27:55","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10921-026-01348-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-026-01348-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7395394","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7395394","identity":"rs-7395394","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}