Monitoring and management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using novel insecticides in potato crop

Monitoring and management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using novel insecticides in potato crop | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Monitoring and management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using novel insecticides in potato crop Shivam Dubey, Pradeep Kumar Dalal, Manoj Kumar Maurya, Sameer Kumar Singh, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An experiment was conducted for the first time to understand the population dynamics of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on potato crop in eastern Uttar Pradesh and also study the effect of different novel insecticides against this pest in the year 2024-25. Population of whitefly, which is also an important vector of Potato Apical Leaf curl Virus Disease (PALCVD) was monitored at almost daily intervals on 100 compound leaves from 34 potato plants of variety Kufri Pukhraj. The results revealed that high whitefly population remained in the range of 18–40 whiteflies/100 compound leaves in November 2024, which declined progressively as the winter season commences. Coccinelid beetles were recorded at the time of high whitefly activity in potato crop. The correlation analysis also revealed strong positive correlation between whitefly population and ambient temperature condition. The future events of rising ambient temperature likely to increase whitefly population and cause colossal yield losses in potato crop. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effect of novel insecticides against this insect pest. The single spray application of Flupyradifurone 200 SL caused maximum reduction in whitefly population (88.5%) followed by Diafenthiuron 50 WP (83.8%) PALCVD Whitefly Potato Virus IPM Pest monitoring Introduction Potato is cultivated in over 100 countries; with China and India are leading producers. Estimates of 2023-24 indicate that India cultivated potato over an area of 2.32 million hectares, which yielded 56.7 million MT of potato (MoA&FW, 2023). Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in India, which produced 19.2 million MT of potato from an area of 0.696 million hectares in 2023-24. Considering this, there is a huge potential of earning foreign exchange by exporting potato tubers from India to other countries to fulfill their demand for quality seed and table use. Potato is cultivated during short winter days from October to March in the states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar which lies in the vast Indo-Gangetic plains, which account for more than 75 per cent of the potato-growing area in India (Pandey and Kang, 2003). Potato is a temperate or cool season crop which requires a low temperature, low humidity, less windy and bright sunny days for optimum production ( Campos and Ortiz, 2020) Whitefly completes three generations in potato crop. The build-up in B. tabaci populations are favoured by warmer temperatures thus they remain prevalent in potato crop until the fall in ambient temperatures i.e. up to November month (Bhatnagar, 2007 ). Kumar et al ., (2016) also recorded high whitefly population in the early planted varieties of potato crop (October month) in comparison to late planted crop, which indicate strong positive correlation between whitefly population and ambient temperatures. whitefly is also known to transmit Begomovirus in potato plants and causes potato apical leaf curl virus disease (PALCVD) in both seed and ware crop, which is reported from north India (Lakra, 2003 ; Bhatnagar et al ., 2017). This disease was first reported in Hisar (Haryana, India) in the year 2000 (Garg et al., 2001 ). Previous reports indicate 45–70% infection of PALCVD in major potato varieties cultivated in sub-tropical plains of India (Venkatasalem et al ., 2011). This disease usually appears in 40–45 days after planting the potato crop (Chandel et al., 2010 ). The incidence of this disease is higher in early planted potato crop than late planting as the whitefly population is higher under moderate temperature conditions (Kumar et al ., 2016). Thus, the future events of elevated temperatures due to climate change likely to exacerbate whitefly incidence population. Therefore, it becomes imperative to manage this menace with novel group of insecticides. Materials & Methods An experiment was conducted to understand the population dynamics of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in relation to weather parameters in eastern Uttar Pradesh and also studied the effect of different novel insecticides against this insect pest in potato crop in the year 2024-25. Population of whitefly was monitored at weekly intervals on 100 compound leaves from 34 potato plants of variety Kufri Pukhraj Five plots of 21.6 m 2 (5.4m × 4.0m) of potato variety Kufri Pukhraj each were prepared for monitoring whitefly population in the potato crop. Each plot had 9 ridges, which were planted with untreated potato tubers of variety Kufri Pukhraj at the spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm to record the population of whitefly ( B. tabaci ) and their natural enemies (Coccinelid beetles). The potato crop in these plots was unsprayed with any pesticide. All the observations such as number of whiteflies, and coccinelid beetles were recorded regularly from top, middle and bottom leaves of randomly chosen 33 plants and one compound leaf of 34th plant (100 compound leaves) in the unsprayed 100 m 2 plot at three points in X movement within plot. These observations were recorded from the day of tuber emergence (12 November 2024) till the day of potato haulm cutting (28 January 2025). The agrometeorological data during this potato crop season was collected from the department of Agro-meteorology, College of Agriculture, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. The recorded dataset of number of whitefly adults and coccinelid beetles were correlated with the data of agrometeorological parameters i.e. minimum and maximum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, wind speed and bright sunshine hours (BSH) to calculate the correlation coefficient (r) as given in the Eq. 1 for understanding the relationships between these factors. The correlation analysis was carried out using GRAPES 1.1.0 software (Gopinath et al., 2021). Evaluation of different insecticidal treatments on whitefly in potato crop Methodology The potato crop of variety Kufri Pushkar was cultivated with recommended package and practices in to 24 plots that exhibited irrigation channels and bunds. Each plot exhibited five ridges of 2m length at 60 cm apart, which were made manually by using shovel. The potato variety Kufri Pukhraj was cultivated with recommended package of practices at MES, Department of Vegetable Science, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) to study the effect of different spray schedules on population and reduction percentage of whitefly in potato crop. The crop was cultivated in randomized block design with plot size of 3m × 2m. There were 8 spray treatments with 7 treatments representing novel insecticides, botanical insecticides, biocontrol agents and potassium silicate and 8th treatment acted as unsprayed control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The spacing between row to row and plant to plant was kept at 60 and 20 cm, respectively. To test the efficacy of different treatment insecticides against whitefly population, the insecticides were applied after 30 days of potato crop sowing (30 DAS) when population of whiteflies were significantly higher than initial days of potato crop emergence (5 November 2024). The population of whitefly were recorded 1 day before and 1,3,5,7 and 14 days after the application of different insecticides in the spray schedule as mentioned in the table below according to the Henderson-Tilton’s formula (Henderson and Tilton, 1955 ). Treatments Detail of treatments Doses T 1 Flupyradifurone 200 SL 0.1% at 14 days interval T 2 Diafenthiuron 50 WP 0.08% at 14 days interval T 3 Pymetrozine 50 WG 0.06% at 14 days interval T 4 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL + Thiamethoxam 25WG 0.04% +0.05% (14 days after last spray) T 5 Potassium silicate 0.3% + repeat at 14 days T 6 Neemazal 3ml/l or 300 ml/100l/acre) repeat at 14 days T 7 Beauveria bassiana 10g/l or 1000 g/100 l/acre) repeat at 14 days T 8 Control (Unsprayed) The reduction percentage of different pests such as whitefly were calculated according to the equation mentioned below $$\:Reduction\:\%=\frac{\left(Pest\:population\:in\:control-Pest\:population\:in\:treatment\right)}{Pest\:population\:in\:control}\times\:100$$ The treatments were applied using knapsack sprayer of 16 l capacity. To evaluate the field efficacy of particular insecticide/chemical or biocontrol agent, reduction percent was evaluated for all the treatments on each day of observations i.e. 1,3,5,7 and 14 days after application of particular spray. Observations recorded Population of whiteflies were counted immediately after emergence of tubers before the application of spray from 5 tagged plants (Top, Middle and Bottom leaves) from each plot of every treatment. The population of whiteflies were counted after 1,3,5,7 and 14 days of application of specific spray technique. For a particular treatment, reduction per cent of pest population was computed over control plots. Statistical Analysis The recorded dataset of whitefly population before and after different spray treatments were subjected to one-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test with GRAPES 1.1.0 software (Gopinath et al., 2021). Results and Discussion Monitoring of whitefly population in potato crop in eastern Uttar Pradesh The results revealed that population of whitefly adults appeared on potato plants with the emergence of potato crop. The population of whitefly fluctuated in the range of 18 to 40 whitefly adults per 100 compounds leaves in the month of November with peak population recorded during 15 November 2024 (40 whitefly adults/100 compounds leaves; Table 1 ). Thereafter, the population declined drastically (1–19 whitefly adults/100 compound leaves) during the month of December 2024 and January 2025 with the fall in ambient temperatures i.e. during the winter season (Tables 2 and 3 ). Furthermore, the correlation analysis between whitefly population and meteorological parameters (Table 4 .) revealed significantly positive correlation between whitefly population and maximum (r = 0.784) and minimum temperature (r = 0.633). The whitefly population also showed significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity (r=-0.590) and positive with bright sunshine hours (r = 0.432). The population of coccinelid beetles namely, Brumoides suturalis and Coccinela septumpunctata was also recorded from the potato crop during the activity of whitefly. Manoj et al., (2016) in Hisar, Haryana (North-West India) also showed that the mean B. tabaci population was highest in the last week of October which varied from 24 to 85 white flies per plant. B. tabaci decreased gradually with the fall in both maximum and minimum temperatures. They also showed that both maximum, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed were significant contributing meteorological factors that can predict vector population by 57 percent. Table 1 Monitoring of whitefly and coccinelid beetles in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25 Sucking insect pests and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves Date Whitefly population Coccinelid beetles Min Temp º C Max Temp º RH Mor (%) RH Eve (%) Wind speed Km/hr Bright Sunshine hours 12-Nov 36 0 17.0 30.0 83.0 52.0 1.1 6.5 13-Nov 35 5 15.5 30.0 88.0 52.0 1.4 5.0 14-Nov 37 2 15.5 30.5 52.0 86.0 1.5 7.5 15-Nov 40 3 15.0 31.0 50.0 87.0 1.8 7.0 16-Nov 35 4 14.0 29.0 48.0 89.0 2.9 6.0 17-Nov 34 0 13.5 29.5 46.0 87.0 2.6 7.5 18-Nov 36 0 12.5 29.5 85.0 44.0 2.5 8.0 19-Nov 33 5 12.0 28.5 89.0 48.0 2.6 7.0 20-Nov 32 1 11.0 27.6 88.0 50.0 0.6 5.0 21-Nov 24 3 10.5 26.5 88.0 52.0 0.7 4.5 22-Nov 19 4 9.0 25.6 85.0 48.0 0.8 5.5 23-Nov 22 0 10.5 25.5 86.0 42.0 0.5 6.5 26-Nov 29 1 13.8 28.0 79.0 38.0 2.7 8.0 27-Nov 28 3 10.0 27.0 86.0 42.0 2.0 7.0 29-Nov 18 2 8.5 26.5 83.0 40.0 0.7 7.5 03-Dec 15 5 9.0 26.5 79.0 38.0 0.9 8.5 05-Dec 19 1 9.0 29.0 86.0 38.0 3.7 9.6 07-Dec 15 1 6.5 25.0 74.0 42.0 3.8 8.5 08-Dec 14 0 6.0 25.0 86.0 46.0 2.8 8.5 17-Dec 19 0 5.0 25.0 85.0 43.0 0.9 8.5 19-Dec 14 0 6.0 25.5 84.0 46.0 0.8 7.5 21-Dec 11 3 6.5 24.0 84.0 42.0 0.8 7.5 22-Dec 6 2 6.0 25.0 86.0 40.0 1.6 7.5 23-Dec 1 0 5.5 24.5 86.0 41.0 1.4 8.5 Table 2 Monitoring of sucking pest complex and natural enemies in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25 continued Sucking insect pest and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves Date Whitefly population Coccinelid beetles Min Temp º C Max Temp º C RH Mor (%) RH Eve (%) Wind speed Km/hr Bright Sunshine hours 24-Dec 0 0 10.0 23.5 88.0 67.0 2.4 6.0 25-Dec 1 0 12.5 18.6 93.0 59.0 2.1 0.0 26-Dec 4 0 10.0 17.0 85.0 46.0 0.9 0.0 27-Dec 7 0 10.5 25.0 80.0 46.0 1.2 7.0 28-Dec 7 1 13.0 25.5 89.0 45.0 2.4 7.5 29-Dec 5 2 12.0 22.0 88.0 49.0 1.8 0.0 30-Dec 2 7 9.0 21.0 88.0 52.0 8.0 3.5 31-Dec 6 11 11.0 19.0 86.0 72.0 6.6 0.0 1-Jan 5 5 7.5 15.0 90.0 69.0 6.1 0.0 2-Jan 7 10 5.5 14.0 91.0 74.0 4.4 0.0 3-Jan 10 0 5.0 15.0 91.0 78.0 2.7 0.0 4-Jan 5 6 8.0 12.0 90.0 69.0 2.6 0.0 5-Jan 4 4 7.0 16.0 92.0 68.0 2.4 0.0 6-Jan 6 0 7.5 21.5 94.0 55.0 2.8 0.0 7-Jan 3 11 9.5 21.5 88.0 78.0 1.0 4.0 8-Jan 2 5 10.0 15.5 86.0 69.0 8.7 0.0 9-Jan 4 0 5.5 18.0 86.0 63.0 9.4 0.0 10-Jan 9 0 4.0 19.0 85.0 65.0 0.9 4.5 11-Jan 2 0 4.0 20.0 88.0 53.0 0.8 7.5 12-Jan 9 1 7.0 22.0 89.0 58.0 3.5 8.0 13-Jan 8 2 8.0 18.0 87.0 55.0 2.2 3.0 14-Jan 9 0 9.0 19.0 90.0 52.0 2.3 7.0 15-Jan 4 1 10.5 21.0 88.0 80.0 6.0 4.5 16-Jan 7 2 10.0 15.5 85.0 62.0 1.2 0.0 Table 3 Monitoring of whitefly and natural enemies in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25 continued Whitefly and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves Date Whitefly population Coccinelid beetles Min Temp Max Temp RH (%) Mor RH (%) Eve Wind speed Km/hr Bright Sunshine hours 18-Jan 8 1 7.0 21.0 84.0 60.0 3.9 0.5 20-Jan 11 0 10.0 20.0 86.0 42.0 7.8 7.5 22-Jan 10 2 7.0 25.0 84.0 46.0 2.5 8.0 24-Jan 4 1 9.0 18.0 85.0 58.0 0.7 2.5 26-Jan 7 2 5.5 23.0 86.0 54.0 3.2 9.0 28-Jan 8 1 6.5 22.5 84.0 56.0 2.8 8.5 Table 4 Correlation matrix indicating relationship between sucking insect pests, natural enemies and weather parameters Whitefly Natural enemy Min Temp Max Temp R H Mor R H Eve Wind speed Km/hr Bright Sunshine Hours Whitefly 1 -0.071 0.633 ** 0.784 ** -0.590 ** 0.040 -0.292 * 0.432 ** Natural enemy 1 0.080 -0.210 0.055 0.323 * 0.240 -0.327 * Minimum Temperature 1 0.519 ** -0.452 ** 0.200 -0.087 0.056 Maximum Temperature 1 -0.515 ** -0.247 -0.367 ** 0.742 ** Relative Humidity Morning 1 -0.452 ** 0.095 -0.317 * Relative Humidity Evening 1 0.241 -0.426 ** Wind speed Km/hr 1 -0.315 ** Bright Sunshine Hours -. 1 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) Table 5 Effect of different insecticides on population and reduction percent of whiteflies on potato cv. Kufri Pushkar in 2024-25 Number of whiteflies per five potato plants (Mean ± SE) Reduction (%) Treatments*** Population Before 1st spray Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 14 Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 14 Mean T1 5.7 ± 0.3 (1.82)* 0.7 ± 0.7 (1.24) 0.7 ± 0.3 (1.28) 0.3 ± 0.3 (1.14) 0.7 ± 0.3 (1.28) 1.0 ± 0.6 (1.38) 83.3 ± 16.7 (74.99)** 90.3 ± 5.0 (75.05) 95.2 ± 4.8 (82.59) 88.9 ± 5.6 (73.92) 85.0 ± 7.6 (71.13) 88.5 ± 6.3 (73.78) T2 6.7 ± 0.7 (1.66) 1.0 ± 0.6 (1.38) 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.52) 0.3 ± 0.3 (1.14) 0.7 ± 0.3 (1.28) 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.52) 75.0 ± 14.4 (64.99) 81.3 ± 3.2 (64.54) 93.3 ± 6.7 (81.14) 89.7 ± 5.2 (74.55) 79.6 ± 4.6 (63.45) 83.8 ± 3.7 (66.55) T3 6.3 ± 0.7 (1.63) 1.0 ± 0.6 (1.38) 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.52) 0.7 ± 0.3 (1.28) 1.0 ± 0.6 (1.38) 1.7 ± 0.3 (1.63) 80.6 ± 10.0 (68.23) 80.8 ± 4.8 (64.27) 89.7 ± 5.2 (74.55) 83.3 ± 9.6 (70.20) 73.0 ± 8.0 (59.23) 81.5 ± 4.1 (64.70) T4 5.3 ± 0.9 (1.82) 0.7 ± 0.3 (1.28) 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.52) 1.0 ± 0.6 (1.38) 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.52) 1.7 ± 0.6 (1.63) 86.1 ± 7.3 (71.95) 80.0 ± 6.7 (63.92) 81.9 ± 11.7 (69.50) 78.6 ± 6.0 (62.79) 73.0 ± 8.0 (59.23) 79.9 ± 5.0 (63.70) T5 6.3 ± 1.3 (1.69) 3.0 ± 0.6 (1.99) 3.3 ± 0.3 (2.08) 3.0 ± 0.6 (1.99) 2.3 ± 0.3 (1.82) 4.0 ± 0.6 (2.23) 36.1 ± 7.3 (36.74) 51.0 ± 9.0 (45.52) 50.2 ± 8.5 (45.03) 63.5 ± 3.2 (52.84) 40.1 ± 1.5 (39.28) 48.2 ± 2.1 (43.93) T6 5.7 ± 0.9 (1.82) 2.3 ± 0.3 (1.82) 2.7 ± 0.3 (1.91) 2.3 ± 0.3 (1.82) 3.0 ± 0.6 (1.99) 4.0 ± 0.6 (2.23) 47.2 ± 12.1 (43.23) 61.3 ± 6.2 (51.62) 61.3 ± 2.8 (51.52) 51.6 ± 11.0 (45.97) 38.2 ± 10.7 (37.80) 51.5 ± 3.5 (46.09) T7 5.0 ± 1.0 (1.72) 2.3 ± 0.3 (1.82) 2.7 ± 0.3 (1.91) 2.7 ± 0.7 (1.90) 3.3 ± 0.3 (2.08) 4.3 ± 0.3 (2.31) 50.0 ± 0.0 (44.98) 61.3 ± 6.2 (51.62) 54.9 ± 11.3 (47.89) 46.8 ± 7.1 (43.11) 31.0 ± 15.6 (28.62) 48.8 ± 1.2 (44.30) T8 5.7 ± 1.2 (1.99) 4.7 ± 0.7 (2.37) 7.0 ± 0.6 (2.83) 6.0 ± 0.6 (2.64) 6.3 ± 0.3 (2.71) 6.7 ± 0.9 (2.76) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) C.D. (p < 0.05) N.A. (0.52) (0.31) (0.46) (0.39) (0.43) (27.47) (11.38) (22.89) (17.18) (19.30) (10.52) C.V. 12.38 17.68 9.48 15.81 12.45 12.41 30.68 12.36 22.90 18.36 24.34 11.81 ***T1- Flupyradifurone 200 SL @ 0.1%; T2- Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.08%; T3- Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 0.06%; T4- Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.04%+ Thiamethoxam25WG @0.05%; T5- Potassium Silicate @ 0.3%; T6- Neemazal spray (3ml/l or 300 ml/100l/acre); T7- Beauveria bassiana spray (@ 10g/l or 1000 g/100l/acre); T8- Control (Unsprayed) Effect of different spray treatments on population reduction of whitefly in potato crop In this experiment, the population of whitefly was recorded from five potato plants of each plot before the application of pesticide spray, which was recorded in the range of 5.0-6.7 whiteflies per five potato plants. Thereafter, the population of whitefly was recorded after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spray. The results presented in the Table. 5, revealed that single spray of Flupyradifurone 200 SL @ 0.1% caused maximum reduction in whitefly population (88.5%) followed by application of Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.08% (83.8%). The population of whitefly in Flupyradifurone treated plots decreased from 5.7-1.0 whiteflies/ five plants after 14 days of its spray. Among the non-chemical pesticide alternatives, Neemazal @ 3ml/l provided maximum reduction in whitefly population (51.5%) followed by Beauveria bassiana spray@ 10g/l (48.8%). In contrast, the population of whitefly did not result in any significant change from its initial level and remained in the range of 4.7–6.7 whiteflies/five potato plants. The present results were found to be in conformity with Yadav et al ., (2022) that recorded 82.0% mortality with the application of Diafenthiuron 50 WP. Whereas, Shah et al., (2022) studied the effect of soil incorporated insecticides on the incidence of whitefly at three different locations in India and noted Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 Kg/ha provided maximum reduction in whitefly population over control (53.17–62.40%). In conclusion, the whitefly remains at a moderate population level in eastern Uttar Pradesh during the pre-flowering phase of potato crop and its population declines with initiation of winter season during post-flowering phase of potato crop. However, the elevated temperatures due to climate change phenomenon may exacerbate this pest problem and its transmitted disease thus, it imperative to test the efficacy of novel group of pesticides against this pest menace. Declarations Conflict of Interest All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Funding Declaration No funding was provided by any agency to do this work Author Contribution S.D. carried out the research work, P.K.D. developed the framework for conducting the study, S.K.S. carried out the statistical analysis, C.N.R. and U.C.reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgement The authors acknowledges and express gratefulness to AICRP on Potato, Prof. & Head, Department of Vegetable Science and Prof. & Head, Department of Agrometeorology, ANDUAT, Ayodhya for providing all the necessary facilities and meteorological data to conduct this work. 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Ann Entomol Soc Am 90:521–541 Patel JK, Patel RN, Zapadiya DM, Vaghela SJ, Khaniya J (2021) Bio efficacy andeconomics of systemic insecticides against whitefly in potato. Int J Environ Clim Change 13(7):406–410 Shah MA, Katare S, Bhatnagar A, Sharma S, Sadawarti MJ, Singh SP (2002) Efficacy of soil insecticides against sucking pests of potato. Indian J Entomol 84(1):122–125 Venkatasalam EP, Pandey KK, Singh V, Singh BP Seed potato production technology. ICAR-CPRI, Shimla (2011) 57 p. Uthama Swamy. 2001. Insect pests of potato and their management. IPM in India. Annual Review of Entomology 24(1): 25–9 Yadav DL, Patidar BK, Nagar BL (2002) Efficacy of insecticides against whitefly (GENN.) in Potato. Indian J Entomol 84(4):900–902 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7119137","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498978696,"identity":"c4f003c0-7329-48e3-8801-c3d283b95041","order_by":0,"name":"Shivam Dubey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shivam","middleName":"","lastName":"Dubey","suffix":""},{"id":498978697,"identity":"1cab9d85-73a4-47ba-a2da-b613e4a926fb","order_by":1,"name":"Pradeep Kumar Dalal","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pradeep","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Dalal","suffix":""},{"id":498978698,"identity":"48a54f3e-781f-4e11-8248-38a68e72cee7","order_by":2,"name":"Manoj Kumar Maurya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manoj","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Maurya","suffix":""},{"id":498978699,"identity":"644d90a9-a4ca-4cc9-8086-17bd4a73af41","order_by":3,"name":"Sameer Kumar Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sameer","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":498978700,"identity":"eff93b7a-8a32-43ee-8e7d-ee3e1d14b0be","order_by":4,"name":"C. N. Ram","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"C.","middleName":"N.","lastName":"Ram","suffix":""},{"id":498978701,"identity":"679ed592-2d23-483c-8b41-0d1fb01ab039","order_by":5,"name":"Umesh Chandra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Umesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Chandra","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-14 09:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88922159,"identity":"db802e45-b4ec-4077-8d1c-cee8bd2d9fe2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 17:38:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1464951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7119137/v1/e8fbfaf8-33fc-42a5-8d8e-8cc80c1038f7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Monitoring and management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using novel insecticides in potato crop","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePotato is cultivated in over 100 countries; with China and India are leading producers. Estimates of 2023-24 indicate that India cultivated potato over an area of 2.32\u0026nbsp;million hectares, which yielded 56.7\u0026nbsp;million MT of potato (MoA\u0026amp;FW, 2023). Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in India, which produced 19.2\u0026nbsp;million MT of potato from an area of 0.696\u0026nbsp;million hectares in 2023-24. Considering this, there is a huge potential of earning foreign exchange by exporting potato tubers from India to other countries to fulfill their demand for quality seed and table use. Potato is cultivated during short winter days from October to March in the states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar which lies in the vast Indo-Gangetic plains, which account for more than 75 per cent of the potato-growing area in India (Pandey and Kang, 2003). Potato is a temperate or cool season crop which requires a low temperature, low humidity, less windy and bright sunny days for optimum production \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eCampos and Ortiz, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly completes three generations in potato crop. The build-up in \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e populations are favoured by warmer temperatures thus they remain prevalent in potato crop until the fall in ambient temperatures i.e. up to November month (Bhatnagar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2016) also recorded high whitefly population in the early planted varieties of potato crop (October month) in comparison to late planted crop, which indicate strong positive correlation between whitefly population and ambient temperatures. whitefly is also known to transmit \u003cem\u003eBegomovirus\u003c/em\u003e in potato plants and causes potato apical leaf curl virus disease (PALCVD) in both seed and ware crop, which is reported from north India (Lakra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Bhatnagar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). This disease was first reported in Hisar (Haryana, India) in the year 2000 (Garg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Previous reports indicate 45–70% infection of PALCVD in major potato varieties cultivated in sub-tropical plains of India (Venkatasalem \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2011). This disease usually appears in 40–45 days after planting the potato crop (Chandel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The incidence of this disease is higher in early planted potato crop than late planting as the whitefly population is higher under moderate temperature conditions (Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). Thus, the future events of elevated temperatures due to climate change likely to exacerbate whitefly incidence population. Therefore, it becomes imperative to manage this menace with novel group of insecticides.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials \u0026 Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn experiment was conducted to understand the population dynamics of whitefly, \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in relation to weather parameters in eastern Uttar Pradesh and also studied the effect of different novel insecticides against this insect pest in potato crop in the year 2024-25. Population of whitefly was monitored at weekly intervals on 100 compound leaves from 34 potato plants of variety Kufri Pukhraj Five plots of 21.6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (5.4m × 4.0m) of potato variety Kufri Pukhraj each were prepared for monitoring whitefly population in the potato crop. Each plot had 9 ridges, which were planted with untreated potato tubers of variety Kufri Pukhraj at the spacing of 60 cm × 20 cm to record the population of whitefly (\u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e) and their natural enemies (Coccinelid beetles). The potato crop in these plots was unsprayed with any pesticide. All the observations such as number of whiteflies, and coccinelid beetles were recorded regularly from top, middle and bottom leaves of randomly chosen 33 plants and one compound leaf of 34th plant (100 compound leaves) in the unsprayed 100 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e plot at three points in X movement within plot. These observations were recorded from the day of tuber emergence (12 November 2024) till the day of potato haulm cutting (28 January 2025). The agrometeorological data during this potato crop season was collected from the department of Agro-meteorology, College of Agriculture, ANDUA\u0026amp;T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. The recorded dataset of number of whitefly adults and coccinelid beetles were correlated with the data of agrometeorological parameters i.e. minimum and maximum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, wind speed and bright sunshine hours (BSH) to calculate the correlation coefficient (r) as given in the Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 for understanding the relationships between these factors. The correlation analysis was carried out using GRAPES 1.1.0 software (Gopinath et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEvaluation of different insecticidal treatments on whitefly in potato crop\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethodology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe potato crop of variety Kufri Pushkar was cultivated with recommended package and practices in to 24 plots that exhibited irrigation channels and bunds. Each plot exhibited five ridges of 2m length at 60 cm apart, which were made manually by using shovel. The potato variety Kufri Pukhraj was cultivated with recommended package of practices at MES, Department of Vegetable Science, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) to study the effect of different spray schedules on population and reduction percentage of whitefly in potato crop. The crop was cultivated in randomized block design with plot size of 3m × 2m. There were 8 spray treatments with 7 treatments representing novel insecticides, botanical insecticides, biocontrol agents and potassium silicate and 8th treatment acted as unsprayed control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. The spacing between row to row and plant to plant was kept at 60 and 20 cm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo test the efficacy of different treatment insecticides against whitefly population, the insecticides were applied after 30 days of potato crop sowing (30 DAS) when population of whiteflies were significantly higher than initial days of potato crop emergence (5 November 2024). The population of whitefly were recorded 1 day before and 1,3,5,7 and 14 days after the application of different insecticides in the spray schedule as mentioned in the table below according to the Henderson-Tilton’s formula (Henderson and Tilton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetail of treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlupyradifurone 200 SL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1% at 14 days interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiafenthiuron 50 WP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08% at 14 days interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePymetrozine 50 WG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06% at 14 days interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImidacloprid 17.8 SL + Thiamethoxam 25WG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04% +0.05% (14 days after last spray)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium silicate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3% + repeat at 14 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeemazal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3ml/l or 300 ml/100l/acre) repeat at 14 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeauveria bassiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10g/l or 1000 g/100 l/acre) repeat at 14 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl (Unsprayed)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reduction percentage of different pests such as whitefly were calculated according to the equation mentioned below\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Reduction\\:\\%=\\frac{\\left(Pest\\:population\\:in\\:control-Pest\\:population\\:in\\:treatment\\right)}{Pest\\:population\\:in\\:control}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe treatments were applied using knapsack sprayer of 16 l capacity. To evaluate the field efficacy of particular insecticide/chemical or biocontrol agent, reduction percent was evaluated for all the treatments on each day of observations i.e. 1,3,5,7 and 14 days after application of particular spray.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObservations recorded\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePopulation of whiteflies were counted immediately after emergence of tubers before the application of spray from 5 tagged plants (Top, Middle and Bottom leaves) from each plot of every treatment. The population of whiteflies were counted after 1,3,5,7 and 14 days of application of specific spray technique. For a particular treatment, reduction per cent of pest population was computed over control plots.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe recorded dataset of whitefly population before and after different spray treatments were subjected to one-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test with GRAPES 1.1.0 software (Gopinath et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonitoring of whitefly population in potato crop in eastern Uttar Pradesh\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed that population of whitefly adults appeared on potato plants with the emergence of potato crop. The population of whitefly fluctuated in the range of 18 to 40 whitefly adults per 100 compounds leaves in the month of November with peak population recorded during 15 November 2024 (40 whitefly adults/100 compounds leaves; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Thereafter, the population declined drastically (1\u0026ndash;19 whitefly adults/100 compound leaves) during the month of December 2024 and January 2025 with the fall in ambient temperatures i.e. during the winter season (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the correlation analysis between whitefly population and meteorological parameters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.) revealed significantly positive correlation between whitefly population and maximum (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.784) and minimum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.633). The whitefly population also showed significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity (r=-0.590) and positive with bright sunshine hours (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.432). The population of coccinelid beetles namely, \u003cem\u003eBrumoides suturalis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCoccinela septumpunctata\u003c/em\u003e was also recorded from the potato crop during the activity of whitefly. Manoj et al., (2016) in Hisar, Haryana (North-West India) also showed that the mean \u003cem\u003eB. tabaci\u003c/em\u003e population was highest in the last week of October which varied from 24 to 85 white flies per plant. B. \u003cem\u003etabaci\u003c/em\u003e decreased gradually with the fall in both maximum and minimum temperatures. They also showed that both maximum, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed were significant contributing meteorological factors that can predict vector population by 57 percent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring of whitefly and coccinelid beetles in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSucking insect pests and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly population\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinelid beetles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin Temp \u0026ordm; C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax Temp \u0026ordm;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH Mor (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH Eve (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWind speed Km/hr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBright Sunshine hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29-Nov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e07-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e08-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring of sucking pest complex and natural enemies in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25 continued\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSucking insect pest and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly population\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinelid beetles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin Temp \u0026ordm; C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax Temp \u0026ordm; C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH Mor (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH Eve (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWind speed Km/hr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBright Sunshine hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31-Dec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring of whitefly and natural enemies in potato cv. Kufri Pukhraj w.r.t. weather parameters in 2024-25 continued\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly and natural enemy population per 100 compound leaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly population\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccinelid beetles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin Temp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax Temp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH (%) Mor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRH (%) Eve\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWind speed Km/hr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBright Sunshine hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28-Jan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation matrix indicating relationship between sucking insect pests, natural enemies and weather parameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhitefly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural enemy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR H Mor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR H Eve\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWind speed Km/hr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBright Sunshine Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhitefly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.633\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.784\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.590\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.292\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.432\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNatural enemy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.323\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.327\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMinimum Temperature\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.519\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.452\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaximum Temperature\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.515\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.247\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.367\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.742\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative Humidity Morning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.452\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.317\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative Humidity Evening\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.426\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWind speed Km/hr\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.315\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBright Sunshine Hours\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of different insecticides on population and reduction percent of whiteflies on potato cv. Kufri Pushkar in 2024-25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of whiteflies per five potato plants (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduction (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePopulation Before 1st spray\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.82)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(74.99)**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(75.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(82.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(73.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(71.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e88.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(73.78)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(64.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(64.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(81.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(74.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(63.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e83.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(66.55)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(68.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(64.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(74.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(70.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(59.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e81.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(64.70)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(71.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(63.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(69.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(62.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(59.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e79.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(63.70)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(36.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC.D. (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN.A.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.31)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.46)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.39)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.43)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(27.47)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(11.38)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(22.89)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(17.18)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(19.30)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(10.52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC.V.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.81\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e***T1- Flupyradifurone 200 SL @ 0.1%; T2- Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.08%; T3- Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 0.06%; T4- Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.04%+ Thiamethoxam25WG @0.05%; T5- Potassium Silicate @ 0.3%; T6- Neemazal spray (3ml/l or 300 ml/100l/acre); T7- \u003cem\u003eBeauveria bassiana\u003c/em\u003e spray (@ 10g/l or 1000 g/100l/acre); T8- Control (Unsprayed)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEffect of different spray treatments on population reduction of whitefly in potato crop\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the population of whitefly was recorded from five potato plants of each plot before the application of pesticide spray, which was recorded in the range of 5.0-6.7 whiteflies per five potato plants. Thereafter, the population of whitefly was recorded after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spray. The results presented in the Table. 5, revealed that single spray of Flupyradifurone 200 SL @ 0.1% caused maximum reduction in whitefly population (88.5%) followed by application of Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.08% (83.8%). The population of whitefly in Flupyradifurone treated plots decreased from 5.7-1.0 whiteflies/ five plants after 14 days of its spray. Among the non-chemical pesticide alternatives, Neemazal @ 3ml/l provided maximum reduction in whitefly population (51.5%) followed by \u003cem\u003eBeauveria bassiana\u003c/em\u003e spray@ 10g/l (48.8%). In contrast, the population of whitefly did not result in any significant change from its initial level and remained in the range of 4.7\u0026ndash;6.7 whiteflies/five potato plants. The present results were found to be in conformity with Yadav \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2022) that recorded 82.0% mortality with the application of Diafenthiuron 50 WP. Whereas, Shah et al., (2022) studied the effect of soil incorporated insecticides on the incidence of whitefly at three different locations in India and noted Fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 Kg/ha provided maximum reduction in whitefly population over control (53.17\u0026ndash;62.40%). In conclusion, the whitefly remains at a moderate population level in eastern Uttar Pradesh during the pre-flowering phase of potato crop and its population declines with initiation of winter season during post-flowering phase of potato crop. However, the elevated temperatures due to climate change phenomenon may exacerbate this pest problem and its transmitted disease thus, it imperative to test the efficacy of novel group of pesticides against this pest menace.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeclaration\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo funding was provided by any agency to do this work\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.D. carried out the research work, P.K.D. developed the framework for conducting the study, S.K.S. carried out the statistical analysis, C.N.R. and U.C.reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledges and express gratefulness to AICRP on Potato, Prof. \u0026amp; Head, Department of Vegetable Science and Prof. \u0026amp; Head, Department of Agrometeorology, ANDUAT, Ayodhya for providing all the necessary facilities and meteorological data to conduct this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data will be made available on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnuj Bhatnagar AB, Pant RP, Chakrabarti SK (2018) Effect of border crops on population buildup of whitefly, aphids and virus incidence in potato crop\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhatnagar A (2007) Incidence and succession of thrips, leafhoppers and whitefly in combination of planting dates and potato varieties. Annals Plants Prot Sci 15(1):101\u0026ndash;105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhatnagar A (2013) Management of sap sucking and soil insect pests of potato with insecticides. Pesticide Res J 30(1):1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandel RS, Banyal DK, Singh BP, Kamlesh M, Lakra BS (2010) Integrated management of whitefly, \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e (Gennadius) and potato apical leaf curl virus in India. Potato Res 53:129\u0026ndash;139\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarg ID, Khurana SMP, Kumar S, Lakra BS (2001) Association of geminivirus with potato apical leaf curl in India, and its immune, electron microscopic detection. J Indian Potato Association 28:227\u0026ndash;232\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhanim AA, El-Serafy HA, Hassan HA, Mohamed NE, Matti AE, F. B (2021) Studies on Certain Piercing-Sucking Insects Infesting Potato Plants and their Associated Predators in Dakhlia Governorate., Egypt. J Plant Prot Pathol 12(3):233\u0026ndash;238\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHenderson CF, Tilton EW (1955) Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J Econ Entomol 48:157\u0026ndash;161\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar M, Gupta A (2016) Effect of weather variables on whitefly (\u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Gennadius) population in development of potato apical leaf curl virus disease. J Agrometeorology 18(2):288\u0026ndash;291\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar V, Aulakh CS, Kooner R, Kaur J (2021) Nutrition and weather effects on population dynamics of insect-pests in potato (\u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e). Indian J Agricultural Sci 91(11):1690\u0026ndash;1694\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLakra BS (2003) Effect of date of planting on whitefly population, leaf curls incidence and yield of potato cultivars. J Indian Potato Association 30:115\u0026ndash;116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNault LR (1997) Arthropod transmission of plant viruses: a new synthesis. Ann Entomol Soc Am 90:521\u0026ndash;541\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel JK, Patel RN, Zapadiya DM, Vaghela SJ, Khaniya J (2021) Bio efficacy andeconomics of systemic insecticides against whitefly in potato. Int J Environ Clim Change 13(7):406\u0026ndash;410\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah MA, Katare S, Bhatnagar A, Sharma S, Sadawarti MJ, Singh SP (2002) Efficacy of soil insecticides against sucking pests of potato. Indian J Entomol 84(1):122\u0026ndash;125\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenkatasalam EP, Pandey KK, Singh V, Singh BP Seed potato production technology. ICAR-CPRI, Shimla (2011) 57 p. Uthama Swamy. 2001. Insect pests of potato and their management. IPM in India. Annual Review of Entomology 24(1): 25\u0026ndash;9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYadav DL, Patidar BK, Nagar BL (2002) Efficacy of insecticides against whitefly (GENN.) in Potato. Indian J Entomol 84(4):900\u0026ndash;902\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"PALCVD, Whitefly, Potato, Virus, IPM, Pest monitoring","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn experiment was conducted for the first time to understand the population dynamics of whitefly, \u003cem\u003eBemisia tabaci\u003c/em\u003e Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on potato crop in eastern Uttar Pradesh and also study the effect of different novel insecticides against this pest in the year 2024-25. Population of whitefly, which is also an important vector of Potato Apical Leaf curl Virus Disease (PALCVD) was monitored at almost daily intervals on 100 compound leaves from 34 potato plants of variety Kufri Pukhraj. The results revealed that high whitefly population remained in the range of 18\u0026ndash;40 whiteflies/100 compound leaves in November 2024, which declined progressively as the winter season commences. Coccinelid beetles were recorded at the time of high whitefly activity in potato crop. The correlation analysis also revealed strong positive correlation between whitefly population and ambient temperature condition. The future events of rising ambient temperature likely to increase whitefly population and cause colossal yield losses in potato crop. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effect of novel insecticides against this insect pest. The single spray application of Flupyradifurone 200 SL caused maximum reduction in whitefly population (88.5%) followed by Diafenthiuron 50 WP (83.8%)\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Monitoring and management of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using novel insecticides in potato crop","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-12 12:02:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7119137/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ba9db2d8-aa2f-4e9b-ab82-ee33524c2395","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-12T17:38:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 12:02:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7119137","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7119137","identity":"rs-7119137","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}