Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes Management

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes Management | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes Management JANCY RANI D This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6740080/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BACKGROUND : Trianthema portulacastrum , a member of the Aizoaceae family, is a multipurpose medicinal plant that has long been used to treat a range of symptoms, including fever, jaundice, respiratory diseases, skin concerns, liver problems, and urinary tract infections. Hepatoprotective, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, and wound-healing qualities are also well-known. There is little scientific evidence to support its biochemical effectiveness in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia, despite its extensive ethnomedical history. The purpose of this study was to assess T. portulacastrum ’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties using well-established in vitro tests such as heat-induced hemolysis inhibition, α-amylase inhibition, and DPPH radical scavenging. RESULTS : Fresh leaves of T. portulacastrum demonstrated strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, with increasing concentrations showing inhibition levels of 12.13%, 30.85%, 43.59%, 45.95%, and 58.39%, and a total antioxidant capacity of 58.39 μg/mL. In anti-inflammatory testing, the plant exhibited 83.40 μg/mL scavenging activity in heat-induced hemolysis assay—substantially higher than the standard diclofenac (27.92 μg/mL). The α-amylase inhibitory activity also showed promising results across concentrations, ranging from 9.95% to 38.45%, compared to acarbose, which showed 13.81% to 64.72% inhibition. Notably, T. portulacastrum achieved a total inhibition value of 113.97 μg/mL, markedly surpassing acarbose’s 12.53 μg/mL. These findings suggest that the plant exhibits significant therapeutic bioactivity relevant to the management of metabolic and inflammatory disorders. CONCLUSION : The findings say that Trianthema portulacastrum' s bioactive substances can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia. Its significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory qualities highlight its potential as a viable choice for the creation of plant-based medications. This study confirms the plant's traditional use while also emphasising T . portulacastrum 's increasing importance in contemporary phytomedicine and functional food formulations intended to promote overall health and wellness. Food Science & Technology Trianthema portulacastrum antioxidant anti inflammatory anti diabetic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have been used to cure a variety of diseases in ancient times. They have bioactive substances like terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids which can improve human health and their medicinal potential is well known 1 . Their therapeutic qualities made them essential in many ancient medical systems like Ayurveda and ancient Chinese Medicine (TCM). As people search for natural and sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, the use of medicinal plants in modern healthcare has garnered a lot of interest. The therapeutic and medicinal applications of these plants are numerous and range from short-term ailments to chronic conditions. Numerous pharmacological characteristics of medicinal plants, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, have been demonstrated by studies 2 . These qualities of medicinal plants make them useful in improving general health and preventing from diseases. They are generally regarded as safe alternatives for synthetic medications with lower adverse health effects and a desirable choice for long-term health maintenance 3 . The ongoing interest in medicinal plants has led to a great deal of scientific research to both confirm their historic use and explore new therapeutic potential. There is growing evidence that these plants are effective, which highlights their importance in modern medicine and their potential as a source of novel pharmacological compounds 1 . Horse purslane, or Trianthema portulacastrum , is a common herb that grows annually in tropical and subtropical climates, such as Asia, Africa, and Central America.The plant is adaptable to wide range of habitats,grows quickly and thrive in a variety of soil types and climates 4 . The plant belongs to Aizoaceae family and has small, yellow blooms and thick, oval leaves 5 . T. portulacastrum plant has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat ailments including fever, inflammation, wounds, and digestive issues 6 . Its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities are due to the presence of a range of bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. According to research, the plant's extracts may help fight inflammation and oxidative stress which are connected to a number of chronic illnesses, including cancer and heart disease 7 . T. portulacastrum has also been discovered to be rich in important nutrients. Vitamins like C and A as well as minerals like calcium and iron are rich in the leaves which increase their health benefits. The plant is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid which makes it a desirable functional food 5 . The current investigation analyses the therapeutic effects of Trianthema portulacastrum leaves. Based on the background information the current study was carried out to Estimate the antioxidant activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Estimate the anti inflammatory activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Estimate the anti diabetic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity, in vitro anti inflammatory activity and in vitro anti diabetic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum leaves. Collection of the sample The Trianthema portulacastrum leaves were collected from a village in Tirupur district, Tamilnadu in the month of August, 2024. The Trianthema portulacastrum L. was identified and authenticated by Scientist ‘F’ & Head of Office Dr. M. U. Sharief, Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore and the letter no. BSI/SRC/5/23/2024-25/Tech. /418 for Trianthema portulacastrum L. The collected leaves were thoroughly washed in running water to remove the debris. The leaves were allowed to dry a room temperature to remove surface water. In vitro antioxidant activity Compounds known as antioxidants scavenge free radicals and guard against oxidative damage. They render free radicals innocuous by providing them with an electron. By slowing down the lipid peroxidation process, which is the primary reason why food products deteriorate during processing and storage, antioxidants increase the shelf life. Using the DPPH radical scavenging test (DPPH), the antioxidant capacity of fresh Trianthema portulacastrum L. leaves was evaluated. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using Blois’s (1958) method of hydrogen donation or radical scavenging with the stable radical DPPH. Methanol was used to lower the level to 100 µL after sample extracts were collected at various quantities. The standard aliquots (BHA, BHT, rutin, and quecertin) and the sample were shaken vigorously after approximately 5 mL of a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH was added. To make the negative control, 100 µL of methanol was combined with 5 mL of 0.1 mM methanol solution DPPH. For twenty minutes, the tubes were let to stand at 27°C. At 517 nm, the absorbance of the sample was measured in relation to the blank, which is methanol.IC50, or the sample concentration needed to block 50% of the DPPH content, was used to express the samples’ radical scavenging potential. In vitro Anti inflammatory activity Heat-Induced Hemolysis This approach was first presented by Shinde et al. (1999), and Hennech et al. (2018) employed it with minor adjustments. A 10% HRBC (1.0 ml) and a variety of plant extracts (1 mg/ml) (1.0 ml) are added to each tube and thoroughly mixed to create the reactional mixture (2 ml). One milliliter of HRBC and one milliliter of diclofenac sodium at different concentrations (10 to 50 µg/ml) made up the positive control. One milliliter each of saline and a 10% red blood cell solution made up the negative control. Experience was gained in three stages. For 30 minutes, the resulting solution was heated to 56°C. After cooling to ambient temperature, it was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 RPM.The amount of hemolysis was determined by measuring the absorbance of each solution using spectrophotometry (UVmini 1240, Shimadzu) at 560 nm after the supernatant was collected. The formula was used to determine the hemolysis inhibition %. Percentage of inhibition = Ac – At ÷ Ac X 100 Where ‘Ac’ is absorbance of control and ‘At’ is absorbance of the test. In vitro anti diabetic activity Inhibition assay for α-amylase activity The reaction was started by adding starch as a substrate (0.5% starch solution) after α-amylase was combined with extract at varying doses (50–200 µg/mL). DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) reagent was added in two milliliters to halt the reaction after five minutes at 37°C. Following 15 minutes of heating to 100°C, 10 milliliters of distilled water were added to the reaction mixture to dilute it in an ice bath (Miller, 1959). The activity of αamylase was measured using the spectra at 540 nm. Under test conditions, the IC50 value was the quantity of α-amylase inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In vitro anti inflammatory activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. leaves Table 4.1 Heat-Induced Hemolysis of Trianthema portulacastrum Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Trianthema portulacastrum 50µl 21.07 83.40 100µl 28.23 150µl 39.98 200µl 42.4 250µl 49.39 Diclofenac 50µl 47.43 27.92 100µl 51.05 150µl 56.38 200µl 63.71 250µl 70.45 Table 4.1 . In the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity screening it was observed that Trianthema portulacasrtrum extract showed significant activity when compared to the standard diclofenac. Heat induced hemolysis activity in fresh Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves (21.07%, 28.23%, 39.98%, 42.4%, and 49.39%) and the standard diclofenac (47.43%, 51.05%, 56.38, 63.71%, and 70.45%).The total % scavenging activity of fresh Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves is 83.40 µg/mL and the standard is 27.92 µg/mL. Compared to standard diclofenac, fresh Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves showed best result in 83.40 µl. In vitro anti oxidant activity of Trianthema portulacastrum leaves Table 4.2 DPPH radical scavenging activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Trianthema portulacastrum 50µl 12.13 68.29 100µl 30.85 150µl 43.59 200µl 45.95 250µl 58.39 Rutin 5µl 15.14 4.44 10µl 19.36 15µl 36.61 20µl 59.97 25µl 76.05 BHT 5µl 18.89 5.56 10µl 34.27 15µl 44.71 20µl 63.84 25µl 67..13 Table 4.2 .: It indicates the in vitro antioxidant activity of Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves. DPPH radical scavenging activity of Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves (12.13%, 30.85%, 43.59%, 45.95%, and 58.39%) The total is DPPH radical scavenging activity of Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves (58.39 µg/mL). In vitro anti diabetic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum leaves Table 4.3 α-amylase activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Trianthema portulacastrum 50µl 9.95 113.97 100µl 15.91 150µl 23.62 200µl 31.21 250µl 38.45 Acarbose 10µl 13.81 12.53 20µl 28.70 30µl 43.66 40µl 52.53 50µl 64.72 Table 4.3 . Depicts the ability of fresh Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves to prevent diabetes. Fresh leaves of Trianthema portulacasrtrum with varying levels of α-amylase activity (9.95%, 15.91%, 23.62%, 31.21%, 38.45%) and Acarbose (13.81%, 28.70%, 43.66%, 52.53%, 64.72%).Acarbose has a scavenging activity of 12.53 (µg/mL) while fresh Trianthema portulacasrtrum leaves had a total of 113.97 (µg/mL). DISCUSSION The current study highlights the importance of Trianthema portulacastrum in natural medicine and the development of functional foods by showcasing its strong therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetes. The findings offer strong support for both its historical use and its potential as a plant-based medicine in the future. Antioxidant Activity and Its Implications An accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress, which is a major factor in the development of many chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. Free radicals are neutralised by antioxidants, which shield the body from oxidative harm 10 . The DPPH radical scavenging assay shown that T. portulacastrum has significant antioxidant activity and is capable of effectively neutralising free radicals, with an inhibition range ranging from 12.13–58.39%. Comparing its overall antioxidant capacity (68.29 µg/mL) to well-known synthetic antioxidants such as rutin and BHT demonstrates its effectiveness. T. portulacastrum has potent antioxidant qualities due to bioactive substances such flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins 1 . Because flavonoids may provide hydrogen atoms to stabilise unstable molecules, they are especially crucial for scavenging free radicals 7 . These results are consistent with earlier research showing plant-based antioxidants have the ability to lower oxidative stress and fend off chronic illnesses 4 . Its abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, is largely responsible for its antioxidant action. Particularly, flavonoids are known to stabilise unstable molecules and lessen oxidative damage by giving them hydrogen atoms 9 . T. portulacastrum' s ability to scavenge free radicals is based on this mechanism. Yaqoob et al . (2014) reported that the total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 50.75 to 98.09 mg GAE/g and 41.88 to 75.12 mg QE/g, respectively, and that the IC₅₀ value for T. portulacastrum leaf extract was as low as 6.98 µg/mL. These data support T. portulacastrum 's potential as a natural source of antioxidants and have a high correlation with antioxidant capacity. Anti-Inflammatory Potential and Its Role in Chronic Disease Prevention An essential immunological response to dangerous stimuli like infections or wounds is inflammation. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, can play a major role in the emergence of a number of metabolic disorders, such as arthritis, heart disease, and neurological disorders 11 . Because it can worsen insulin resistance and lead to other metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation is also crucial to the pathogenesis of diabetes 12 . With results ranging from 21.07–49.39%, the study's heat-induced haemolysis experiment indicates that T. portulacastrum significantly lowers haemolysis. With a total scavenging activity of 83.40 µg/mL, it may be a good natural anti-inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory activity of T. portulacastrum may be due to the fact that alkaloids and terpenoids, in particular, have been shown to regulate inflammatory pathways by lowering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines 6 . By contrast, the range of inhibition for the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac was 47.43–70.45%. The plant extract demonstrated noteworthy efficacy in spite of diclofenac's higher rate of inhibition, indicating its potential as an additional or replacement anti-inflammatory medication with potentially fewer side effects 7 . One of the main causes of metabolic diseases like diabetes is chronic inflammation. T. portulacastrum may indirectly improve metabolic health by reducing inflammation. These results are in line with recent studies that demonstrate the strong anti-inflammatory properties of bioactive compounds derived from plants, which can either supplement or replace manufactured drugs 5 . Anti-Diabetic Properties and Potential Mechanisms Diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance and poor glucose metabolism, is a rapidly expanding global health concern. With inhibition levels ranging from 9.95–38.45%, T. portulacastrum demonstrated considerable inhibitory effects on starch hydrolysis, according to the results of this study's α-amylase inhibition assay. The plant extract's total scavenging activity (113.97 µg/mL) was significantly higher than that of acarbose, a common anti-diabetic drug (12.53 µg/mL). This suggests that T. portulacastrum may have a significant role in controlling blood sugar levels following meals. The ability of T. portulacastrum to inhibit α-amylase is particularly significant since excessive carbohydrate breakdown results in rapid glucose absorption and elevated blood sugar. Inhibiting this enzyme reduces the release of glucose and improves glycaemic management 6 . The polyphenols and flavonoids included in medicinal plants have been shown in previous studies to lower hyperglycemia by disrupting the metabolism of carbohydrates 3 . The present study confirms earlier results and suggests that T. portulacastrum may be utilised as a natural alternative to diabetes medication.Oxidative stress also plays a major role in the pathophysiology of diabetes 1 by promoting insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. The antioxidant properties of T. portulacastrum may also aid to mitigate the challenges related to diabetes by scavenging free radicals that harm pancreatic cells 4 . Comparative Efficacy and Future Perspectives Even though synthetic drugs like acarbose and diclofenac have been shown to be beneficial, they often have negative side effects such gastrointestinal distress and liver damage. The results of the study indicate that T. portulacastrum has the potential to be a safer alternative due to its significant bioactivity and natural state. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties all complement its all-encompassing strategy for managing metabolic disorders. Future studies should primarily concentrate on clinical trials and in vivo studies to validate these findings and determine the optimal dosages for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, understanding the precise molecular pathways underlying its bioactivity will be necessary to incorporate it into modern therapy. T. portulacastrum -based dietary supplements, functional foods, or herbal medications may offer a sustainable and effective means of combating inflammation, oxidative stress, and diabetes. CONCLUSION The research indicates that Trianthema portulacastrum leaves possess potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. A range of 21.07–49.39% was seen in the heat-induced haemolysis inhibition activity when compared to diclofenac (47.43–70.45%). With a total scavenging activity of 83.40 µg/mL, T. portulacastrum outperformed the norm of 27.92 µg/mL. With a peak of 58.39 µg/mL, the range of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 12.13–58.39%.The leaves also showed better scavenging efficacy (113.97 µg/mL) than acarbose (12.53 µg/mL) and α-amylase inhibition (9.95–38.45%). According to these findings, leaves of T. portulacastrum show promise as a natural remedy for diabetes, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Department of Bio Technology for supporting the research work. References Gopalan, A., Kumar, D., & Verma, A. (2021). Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in modern pharmacology. Phytotherapy Research, 35(4), 1251-1265. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6804 Singh, P., Patel, R., & Rathi, R. (2021). Medicinal plants in the treatment of chronic diseases: A review of their therapeutic properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 274, 113998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113998 Chen, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Medicinal plants for metabolic disorders: Current trends and Future perspectives. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 721970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.721970 Prakash, S., Kumar, A., & Rathi, R. (2021). Nutritional and medicinal values of Trianthema Portulacastrum: A review. Food Chemistry, 358, 129931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129931 Sohail, M., Hussain, M., & Khan, S. (2021). Nutritional profile and medicinal uses of Trianthema Portulacastrum: A potential resource. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113973 Ibrahim, M. A., Khalil, M. H., & Mansour, A. A. (2022). Medicinal properties of Trianthema portulacastrum and its potential health benefits. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 10(3), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2022.03.006 Patel, R. S., Joshi, M., & Desai, P. (2020). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trianthema portulacastrum. Phytotherapy Research, 34(4), 1165-1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6731 Yaqoob, S., Sultana, B., & Mushtaq, M. (2014). In vitro antioxidant activities of Trianthema portulacastrum L. hydrolysates. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 19(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2014.19.1.027 Chandra, R., & Upadhyay, P. (2021). Flavonoids and their antioxidant potential in plants: A comprehensive review. Antioxidants, 10(8), 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081262 Gonçalves, L. A., Silva, M. A., & Nascimento, T. S. (2020). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of plant-derived compounds: Mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14(10), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2020.7039 Zhang, L., Li, S., & Yu, X. (2020). Chronic inflammation and metabolic diseases: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Current Diabetes Reviews, 16(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191015123443 Calder, P. C. (2021). Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: Insights and therapeutic approaches. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(5), 1396–1415. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa115 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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DPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6740080/v1/7e2d46e077e23640af040f72.png"},{"id":83544267,"identity":"a25ccc57-dcb0-4a58-9d26-598bd56fa476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 08:47:59","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 4.3 α-amylase activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6740080/v1/e44d09a6c18709e19669a2cd.png"},{"id":83546910,"identity":"48e9a7ad-84fb-4f9f-9686-a97f3b81e52a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 09:19:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1697071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6740080/v1/79a5cf79-e567-48a9-b791-40f7b71532b3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExploring the Therapeutic Potential of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes Management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION ","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants have been used to cure a variety of diseases in ancient times. They have bioactive substances like terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids which can improve human health and their medicinal potential is well known\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Their therapeutic qualities made them essential in many ancient medical systems like Ayurveda and ancient Chinese Medicine (TCM). As people search for natural and sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, the use of medicinal plants in modern healthcare has garnered a lot of interest. The therapeutic and medicinal applications of these plants are numerous and range from short-term ailments to chronic conditions. Numerous pharmacological characteristics of medicinal plants, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, have been demonstrated by studies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese qualities of medicinal plants make them useful in improving general health and preventing from diseases. They are generally regarded as safe alternatives for synthetic medications with lower adverse health effects and a desirable choice for long-term health maintenance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The ongoing interest in medicinal plants has led to a great deal of scientific research to both confirm their historic use and explore new therapeutic potential. There is growing evidence that these plants are effective, which highlights their importance in modern medicine and their potential as a source of novel pharmacological compounds\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHorse purslane, or \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e, is a common herb that grows annually in tropical and subtropical climates, such as Asia, Africa, and Central America.The plant is adaptable to wide range of habitats,grows quickly and thrive in a variety of soil types and climates\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The plant belongs to \u003cem\u003eAizoaceae\u003c/em\u003e family and has small, yellow blooms and thick, oval leaves\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e plant has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat ailments including fever, inflammation, wounds, and digestive issues \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities are due to the presence of a range of bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. According to research, the plant\u0026apos;s extracts may help fight inflammation and oxidative stress which are connected to a number of chronic illnesses, including cancer and heart disease \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e has also been discovered to be rich in important nutrients. Vitamins like C and A as well as minerals like calcium and iron are rich in the leaves which increase their health benefits. The plant is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid which makes it a desirable functional food\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The current investigation analyses the therapeutic effects of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the background information the current study was carried out to\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate the antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate the anti inflammatory activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate the anti diabetic activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study was conducted to evaluate the \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant activity, \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti inflammatory activity and \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti diabetic activity of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection of the sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves were collected from a village in Tirupur district, Tamilnadu in the month of August, 2024. The \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e L. was identified and authenticated by Scientist \u0026lsquo;F\u0026rsquo; \u0026amp; Head of Office Dr. M. U. Sharief, Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore and the letter no. BSI/SRC/5/23/2024-25/Tech. /418 for \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e L. The collected leaves were thoroughly washed in running water to remove the debris. The leaves were allowed to dry a room temperature to remove surface water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eantioxidant activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompounds known as antioxidants scavenge free radicals and guard against oxidative damage. They render free radicals innocuous by providing them with an electron. By slowing down the lipid peroxidation process, which is the primary reason why food products deteriorate during processing and storage, antioxidants increase the shelf life. Using the DPPH radical scavenging test (DPPH), the antioxidant capacity of fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves was evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using Blois\u0026rsquo;s (1958) method of hydrogen donation or radical scavenging with the stable radical DPPH. Methanol was used to lower the level to 100 \u0026micro;L after sample extracts were collected at various quantities. The standard aliquots (BHA, BHT, rutin, and quecertin) and the sample were shaken vigorously after approximately 5 mL of a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH was added. To make the negative control, 100 \u0026micro;L of methanol was combined with 5 mL of 0.1 mM methanol solution DPPH. For twenty minutes, the tubes were let to stand at 27\u0026deg;C. At 517 nm, the absorbance of the sample was measured in relation to the blank, which is methanol.IC50, or the sample concentration needed to block 50% of the DPPH content, was used to express the samples\u0026rsquo; radical scavenging potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAnti inflammatory activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeat-Induced Hemolysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was first presented by Shinde \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (1999), and Hennech \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2018) employed it with minor adjustments. A 10% HRBC (1.0 ml) and a variety of plant extracts (1 mg/ml) (1.0 ml) are added to each tube and thoroughly mixed to create the reactional mixture (2 ml). One milliliter of HRBC and one milliliter of diclofenac sodium at different concentrations (10 to 50 \u0026micro;g/ml) made up the positive control. One milliliter each of saline and a 10% red blood cell solution made up the negative control. Experience was gained in three stages. For 30 minutes, the resulting solution was heated to 56\u0026deg;C. After cooling to ambient temperature, it was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 RPM.The amount of hemolysis was determined by measuring the absorbance of each solution using spectrophotometry (UVmini 1240, Shimadzu) at 560 nm after the supernatant was collected. The formula was used to determine the hemolysis inhibition %.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage of inhibition\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ac \u0026ndash; At \u0026divide;\u0026thinsp;Ac X 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026lsquo;Ac\u0026rsquo; is absorbance of control and \u0026lsquo;At\u0026rsquo; is absorbance of the test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eanti diabetic activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibition assay for \u0026alpha;-amylase activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reaction was started by adding starch as a substrate (0.5% starch solution) after \u0026alpha;-amylase was combined with extract at varying doses (50\u0026ndash;200 \u0026micro;g/mL). DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) reagent was added in two milliliters to halt the reaction after five minutes at 37\u0026deg;C. Following 15 minutes of heating to 100\u0026deg;C, 10 milliliters of distilled water were added to the reaction mixture to dilute it in an ice bath (Miller, 1959). The activity of \u0026alpha;amylase was measured using the spectra at 540 nm. Under test conditions, the IC50 value was the quantity of \u0026alpha;-amylase inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn vitro\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eanti inflammatory activity of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eL. leaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat-Induced Hemolysis of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging activity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (µg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiclofenac\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.1\u003c/span\u003e. In the \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti-inflammatory activity screening it was observed that \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e extract showed significant activity when compared to the standard diclofenac. Heat induced hemolysis activity in fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves (21.07%, 28.23%, 39.98%, 42.4%, and 49.39%) and the standard diclofenac (47.43%, 51.05%, 56.38, 63.71%, and 70.45%).The total % scavenging activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eportulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves is 83.40 µg/mL and the standard is 27.92 µg/mL. Compared to standard diclofenac, fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves showed best result in 83.40 µl.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn vitro\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eanti oxidant activity of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging activity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (µg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRutin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBHT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67..13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e.: It indicates the \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves. DPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves (12.13%, 30.85%, 43.59%, 45.95%, and 58.39%) The total is DPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves (58.39 µg/mL).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn vitro\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eanti diabetic activity of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eleaves\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-amylase activity of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging activity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (µg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcarbose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50µl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4.3\u003c/span\u003e. Depicts the ability of fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves to prevent diabetes. Fresh leaves of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e with varying levels of α-amylase activity (9.95%, 15.91%, 23.62%, 31.21%, 38.45%) and Acarbose (13.81%, 28.70%, 43.66%, 52.53%, 64.72%).Acarbose has a scavenging activity of 12.53 (µg/mL) while fresh \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacasrtrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves had a total of 113.97 (µg/mL).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study highlights the importance of \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e in natural medicine and the development of functional foods by showcasing its strong therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetes. The findings offer strong support for both its historical use and its potential as a plant-based medicine in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntioxidant Activity and Its Implications\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress, which is a major factor in the development of many chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. Free radicals are neutralised by antioxidants, which shield the body from oxidative harm\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe DPPH radical scavenging assay shown that \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e has significant antioxidant activity and is capable of effectively neutralising free radicals, with an inhibition range ranging from 12.13–58.39%. Comparing its overall antioxidant capacity (68.29 µg/mL) to well-known synthetic antioxidants such as rutin and BHT demonstrates its effectiveness. \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e has potent antioxidant qualities due to bioactive substances such flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Because flavonoids may provide hydrogen atoms to stabilise unstable molecules, they are especially crucial for scavenging free radicals\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These results are consistent with earlier research showing plant-based antioxidants have the ability to lower oxidative stress and fend off chronic illnesses\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIts abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, is largely responsible for its antioxidant action. Particularly, flavonoids are known to stabilise unstable molecules and lessen oxidative damage by giving them hydrogen atoms\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum'\u003c/em\u003es ability to scavenge free radicals is based on this mechanism. Yaqoob \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2014) reported that the total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 50.75 to 98.09 mg GAE/g and 41.88 to 75.12 mg QE/g, respectively, and that the IC₅₀ value for \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extract was as low as 6.98 µg/mL. These data support \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e's potential as a natural source of antioxidants and have a high correlation with antioxidant capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnti-Inflammatory Potential and Its Role in Chronic Disease Prevention\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn essential immunological response to dangerous stimuli like infections or wounds is inflammation. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, can play a major role in the emergence of a number of metabolic disorders, such as arthritis, heart disease, and neurological disorders \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Because it can worsen insulin resistance and lead to other metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation is also crucial to the pathogenesis of diabetes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith results ranging from 21.07–49.39%, the study's heat-induced haemolysis experiment indicates that \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e significantly lowers haemolysis. With a total scavenging activity of 83.40 µg/mL, it may be a good natural anti-inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory activity of \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e may be due to the fact that alkaloids and terpenoids, in particular, have been shown to regulate inflammatory pathways by lowering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. By contrast, the range of inhibition for the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac was 47.43–70.45%. The plant extract demonstrated noteworthy efficacy in spite of diclofenac's higher rate of inhibition, indicating its potential as an additional or replacement anti-inflammatory medication with potentially fewer side effects \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. One of the main causes of metabolic diseases like diabetes is chronic inflammation. \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e may indirectly improve metabolic health by reducing inflammation. These results are in line with recent studies that demonstrate the strong anti-inflammatory properties of bioactive compounds derived from plants, which can either supplement or replace manufactured drugs \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnti-Diabetic Properties and Potential Mechanisms\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance and poor glucose metabolism, is a rapidly expanding global health concern. With inhibition levels ranging from 9.95–38.45%, \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated considerable inhibitory effects on starch hydrolysis, according to the results of this study's α-amylase inhibition assay. The plant extract's total scavenging activity (113.97 µg/mL) was significantly higher than that of acarbose, a common anti-diabetic drug (12.53 µg/mL). This suggests that \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e may have a significant role in controlling blood sugar levels following meals. The ability of T. portulacastrum to inhibit α-amylase is particularly significant since excessive carbohydrate breakdown results in rapid glucose absorption and elevated blood sugar. Inhibiting this enzyme reduces the release of glucose and improves glycaemic management\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The polyphenols and flavonoids included in medicinal plants have been shown in previous studies to lower hyperglycemia by disrupting the metabolism of carbohydrates \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The present study confirms earlier results and suggests that \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e may be utilised as a natural alternative to diabetes medication.Oxidative stress also plays a major role in the pathophysiology of diabetes 1 by promoting insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. The antioxidant properties of \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e may also aid to mitigate the challenges related to diabetes by scavenging free radicals that harm pancreatic cells\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparative Efficacy and Future Perspectives\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven though synthetic drugs like acarbose and diclofenac have been shown to be beneficial, they often have negative side effects such gastrointestinal distress and liver damage. The results of the study indicate that \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e has the potential to be a safer alternative due to its significant bioactivity and natural state. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties all complement its all-encompassing strategy for managing metabolic disorders. Future studies should primarily concentrate on clinical trials and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e studies to validate these findings and determine the optimal dosages for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, understanding the precise molecular pathways underlying its bioactivity will be necessary to incorporate it into modern therapy.\u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e-based dietary supplements, functional foods, or herbal medications may offer a sustainable and effective means of combating inflammation, oxidative stress, and diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research indicates that \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e leaves possess potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. A range of 21.07–49.39% was seen in the heat-induced haemolysis inhibition activity when compared to diclofenac (47.43–70.45%). With a total scavenging activity of 83.40 µg/mL, \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e outperformed the norm of 27.92 µg/mL. With a peak of 58.39 µg/mL, the range of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 12.13–58.39%.The leaves also showed better scavenging efficacy (113.97 µg/mL) than acarbose (12.53 µg/mL) and α-amylase inhibition (9.95–38.45%). According to these findings, leaves of \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e show promise as a natural remedy for diabetes, oxidative stress, and inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENT\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Department of Bio Technology for supporting the research work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGopalan, A., Kumar, D., \u0026amp; Verma, A. (2021). Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in modern pharmacology. Phytotherapy Research, 35(4), 1251-1265. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6804\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh, P., Patel, R., \u0026amp; Rathi, R. (2021). Medicinal plants in the treatment of chronic diseases: A review of their therapeutic properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 274, 113998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113998\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChen, X., Li, Y., \u0026amp; Zhang, Z. (2022). Medicinal plants for metabolic disorders: Current trends and Future perspectives. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 721970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.721970\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePrakash, S., Kumar, A., \u0026amp; Rathi, R. (2021). Nutritional and medicinal values of Trianthema Portulacastrum: A review. Food Chemistry, 358, 129931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129931\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSohail, M., Hussain, M., \u0026amp; Khan, S. (2021). Nutritional profile and medicinal uses of Trianthema Portulacastrum: A potential resource. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113973\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbrahim, M. A., Khalil, M. H., \u0026amp; Mansour, A. A. (2022). Medicinal properties of Trianthema portulacastrum and its potential health benefits. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 10(3), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2022.03.006\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePatel, R. S., Joshi, M., \u0026amp; Desai, P. (2020). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Trianthema portulacastrum. Phytotherapy Research, 34(4), 1165-1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6731\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYaqoob, S., Sultana, B., \u0026amp; Mushtaq, M. (2014). In vitro antioxidant activities of Trianthema portulacastrum L. hydrolysates. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 19(1), 27\u0026ndash;33. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2014.19.1.027\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChandra, R., \u0026amp; Upadhyay, P. (2021). Flavonoids and their antioxidant potential in plants: A comprehensive review. Antioxidants, 10(8), 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081262\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGon\u0026ccedil;alves, L. A., Silva, M. A., \u0026amp; Nascimento, T. S. (2020). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of plant-derived compounds: Mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14(10), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2020.7039\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, L., Li, S., \u0026amp; Yu, X. (2020). Chronic inflammation and metabolic diseases: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Current Diabetes Reviews, 16(1), 13\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191015123443\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCalder, P. C. (2021). Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: Insights and therapeutic approaches. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 106(5), 1396\u0026ndash;1415. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa115\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Dr.N.G.P Arts and College ","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Trianthema portulacastrum, antioxidant, anti inflammatory, anti diabetic ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6740080/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6740080/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBACKGROUND\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e, a member of the Aizoaceae family, is a multipurpose medicinal plant that has long been used to treat a range of symptoms, including fever, jaundice, respiratory diseases, skin concerns, liver problems, and urinary tract infections. Hepatoprotective, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, and wound-healing qualities are also well-known. There is little scientific evidence to support its biochemical effectiveness in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia, despite its extensive ethnomedical history. The purpose of this study was to assess \u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties using well-established in vitro tests such as heat-induced hemolysis inhibition, α-amylase inhibition, and DPPH radical scavenging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS\u003c/strong\u003e: Fresh leaves of\u003cem\u003eT. portulacastrum\u003c/em\u003edemonstrated strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, with increasing concentrations showing inhibition levels of 12.13%, 30.85%, 43.59%, 45.95%, and 58.39%, and a total antioxidant capacity of 58.39 μg/mL. In anti-inflammatory testing, the plant exhibited 83.40 μg/mL scavenging activity in heat-induced hemolysis assay—substantially higher than the standard diclofenac (27.92 μg/mL). The α-amylase inhibitory activity also showed promising results across concentrations, ranging from 9.95% to 38.45%, compared to acarbose, which showed 13.81% to 64.72% inhibition. Notably,\u003cem\u003e T. portulacastrum \u003c/em\u003eachieved a total inhibition value of 113.97 μg/mL, markedly surpassing acarbose’s 12.53 μg/mL. These findings suggest that the plant exhibits significant therapeutic bioactivity relevant to the management of metabolic and inflammatory disorders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION\u003c/strong\u003e: The findings say that \u003cem\u003eTrianthema portulacastrum'\u003c/em\u003es bioactive substances can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperglycemia. Its significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory qualities highlight its potential as a viable choice for the creation of plant-based medications. This study confirms the plant's traditional use while also emphasising \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eportulacastrum\u003c/em\u003e's increasing importance in contemporary phytomedicine and functional food formulations intended to promote overall health and wellness.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes Management","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-28 08:47:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6740080/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1dba2233-4806-4b11-ad7f-4c0f20804607","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":49156594,"name":"Food Science \u0026 Technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-28T08:47:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-28 08:47:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6740080","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6740080","identity":"rs-6740080","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}