Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolated From Poultry Cages in Gwagwalada Market, FCT-Nigeria

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Ogbu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8896772/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Increased demand for meat and eggs has given significant impetus to the growth of the poultry industry. Pathogenic bacteria are a significant threat in poultry and in order to secure the huge investments made in poultry, there has been a heavy dependence on antibiotics with antibiotic resistance as the consequence. This study aimed to isolate and identify antibiotic resistant bacteria from poultry cages in Gwagwalada market, FCT- Nigeria using the streak plate technique and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacteria Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with prevalence of 60.0%, 15.0% and 55.0% respectively. The Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to Pefloxacin, Gentamicin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Amoxacillin, Rocephin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Erythromycin. However, Staphylococcus aureus showed susceptibility only to Ciprofloxacin. The Gram-negative Pseudomonas species was resistant to Cotrimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxacillin, Augmentin, Gentamicin, Pefloxacin, Tarivid and Streptomycin. The high antibiotic resistance observed in this study mirrors global concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the unregulated use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Animal Science Agricultural Economics & Policy Developmental Biology Applied & Industrial Microbiology General Microbiology Terrestrial Ecology Poultry Cages Antibiogram Bacteria Gwagwalada Market INTRODUCTION The poultry industry is rapidly expanding within global livestock production. Numerous factors, such as breed, nutrition and animal health, are utilized to optimize each segment of the production chain, enhancing overall efficiency (Bolan et al., 2010 ; Mottet and Tempio, 2017 ). According to numerous studies, contaminated feeds, drinking water, utensils, workers, human waste, rodents and unsanitary hatchery practices are some of the sources of microbial infections in poultry (Okonko et al., 2010 ). Bacterial infections in contaminated poultry products can result in food-borne illnesses that humans can get. Poultry meat is a common source of food-borne illnesses brought on by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp (Ghosh et al., 2021 ). Antibiotics are one of the commonly used substances that have helped the poultry industry continue to grow. Aside from their application as human therapeutic agents, in poultry antibiotics such as amoxacillin, doxycycline, cephalexin and others are essential for treating and preventing infections in animal herds or flocks. Additionally, they are controversially and widely used as growth-promoters in poultry, where they are injected directly into water or feed to speed up the growth of birds bred for food products (Amabile-Cuevas, 2016 ). The risk posed by the overuse of antibiotics in poultry to public health is on the rise, with a greater quantity of antibiotics being utilized for promoting animal growth than for human medical purposes (Van et al., 2020 ). Moreover, the presence of antimicrobial residues in meat, eggs and other animal products raises health concerns, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring of poultry bacteria and their antibiotic resistance (Goetting et al., 2011 ) MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The Gwagwalada main market is located in Gwagwalada Area Council, a local government area in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Geographically, Gwagwalada lies between latitudes 8° 57' 2.9988'' and 8.950833 North and longitudes 7° 4' 36.2532'' and 7.076737 East. The area spans 1,043 km² and has a population of 157,770. It is projected to experience a 6.26% population growth between 2020 and 2025, the largest increase on the African continent (Coop, 2021 ). This population surge has led to a rise in business activities, particularly in the main market. The laboratory work was carried out in the Microbiology Department of the University of Abuja. Sample collection A total of twenty (20) samples were randomly collected from different poultry cages from Gwagwalada Market using sterile cotton swab sticks. The sterile sticks were used to swab different sections of each poultry cages. The swab sticks were moistened with sterile saline before swabbing the different sections of each poultry cages. This was to ensure that the microbes situated or transferred to the poultry cages adhere and stick to the swab sticks appropriately. The swabbed samples were immediately placed in sterile swab containers, sealed, labeled with the sample type, poultry cage and date of collection. All samples were transported in a cooler with ice packs to maintain their viability and taken immediately to the Microbiology laboratory of the University of Abuja main campus and processed within 4 hours of collection. Materials and reagents The following materials and reagents were used in this study: Nutrient agar, tetracycline stock solution, Mueller-Hinton agar, Swabbed stick samples, Petri dishes, Glass slides, Cover slips, Test tubes, Pipettes, Conical flasks, Buffered peptone water, Distilled water, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Media and Sterilization All culture media used were prepared according to manufacturer’s instructions and sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C and 15psi for 15minutes. Media used included: Nutrient Agar and Mueller-Hinton Agar. These were used for the isolation, identification, growth of microorganisms and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Media Preparation The Nutrient agar was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C and 15psi for 15 minutes. The nutrient agar solution was allowed to cool down. Thereafter, Tetracycline antibiotic stock solution was added to achieve a final concentration of 10 µg/mL. The agar solution was mixed well to ensure uniform distribution of the antibiotic. The solution was then poured into sterile petri-dishes. The agar plates were allowed to solidify before inoculating. Bacterial Inoculation and Isolation The collected swab stick samples transported to the microbiology laboratory were directly inoculated onto Nutrient agar plates by gently streaking the swab sticks across the surface of the Nutrient agar. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, each type of colony growing on any of the inoculated plates, were then sub-cultured on Nutrient agar to obtain a pure culture. Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates Bacterial colonies were identified based on the colour, shape, elevation and margins depicted by the colonies on each Nutrient agar plate. Having obtained pure cultures, Bacterial isolates were examined using Gram staining and further characterization were done with biochemical tests namely; Catalase, Citrate, Coagulase, Methyl red and Oxidase Test. Gram staining test This was carried out to differentiate gram positive from gram negative bacteria (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Biochemical tests Catalase test: This test was carried out for all the bacteria isolates. A drop of hydrogen peroxide was put on a glass slide. Colonies were picked with a sterile loop and added to the drop. The observation was made for bubbles production (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Citrate utilization test The citrate test differentiates bacteria according to their ability to use citrate as the sole source of carbon and energy. The isolates were inoculated on the media containing sodium citrate. These colonies were picked up from the subculture of the pure bacteria isolate using a straight wire and inoculated into slope of Simmons citrate agar and incubated overnight at 37°C. If the organisms has ability to use citrate, the medium changes colour from green to bright blue (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Coagulase Test The coagulase test was performed to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species. A drop of sterile distilled water was placed on a clean glass slide. A colony of the test organism was emulsified with the drop of distilled water to make a thick suspension. A loopful of human plasma was stirred into the suspension on the slide. Clumping visible to the eyes within 5–10 seconds indicated positive result (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Methyl Red Test This is a test done to identify bacteria that produce stable acids from glucose through mixed acid fermentation. Isolates were incubated in test tubes with peptone sugar broth for 24 hours at 37°C. This was followed by adding 5 drops of methyl red reagent to 5 ml of culture. The broth's bright red coloration indicated positive result but yellow coloration within seconds showed negative result (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Oxidase Test The oxidase test was performed to identify bacteria isolates that have the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. In a Petri dish, a test isolate was picked up with a sterile inoculation loop and smeared onto a piece of filter paper, 2–3 drops of oxidase reagent was added to the smeared bacteria. The reaction was observed for 30 seconds to 2 minutes. A positive result was indicated by the appearance of blue- purple color at the site of the bacteria smear, while a negative result showed no color change (Cheesbrough, 2006 ). Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted using antibiotic disc (Oxoid, UK) according to Kirby-Bauer antibiotic disc diffusion techniques. Briefly described, Mueller-Hinton agar was prepared in petri-dishes. Pure colonies of the bacterial isolates were emulsified in normal saline and the turbidity matched against McFarland No. 0.5 turbidity standard. The Isolates were then plated on the Mueller-Hinton agar and antibiotic discs (Maxi Care) was placed centrally using the antibiotic disc dispenser (Oxoid, UK). The Petri-dishes and its content were incubated for 24 hours in a humidified incubator at 37°C. The organisms were observed for antibiotic sensitivity by measuring the zone of inhibition on the plate in millimeters using a ruler. Results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, categorizing the bacteria as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antibiotic. RESULTS This study examined twenty swab stick samples from poultry cages at Gwagwalada market, FCT- Nigeria. and identified three bacterial species namely: Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of these isolated bacteria are presented below Cultural morphological characteristics of bacterial isolates The physical colonial characteristics of the bacterial isolates observed on Nutrient Agar plates are summarized in the Table below. Most of the isolates exhibited irregularly shaped colonies with edges ranging from entire to irregular. The textures of the colonies varied, with most being shiny, while a few appeared dry. The colours of the colonies ranged from creamy white to golden yellow, and some displayed shades of blue and green. Cultural characteristics of bacterial isolates Isolate code Colour Shape Size Edge Texture FSC 1 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough FSC 2 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough FSC 3 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough FSC 4 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough FSC 5 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough FSC 6 Bluish green Round Large Entire Shiny and smooth FSC 7 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth FSC 8 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth SSC 3 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough SSC 4 Bluish green Round Large Entire Shiny and smooth SSC 5 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough SSC 6 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough SSC 7 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth SSC 8 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth SSC 9 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth SSC 10 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 1 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 2 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 3 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough TSC 4 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 5 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough TSC 6 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 7 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough TSC 8 Cream Irregular Medium Irregular Dry and rough TSC 9 Bluish green Round Large Entire Shiny and smooth TSC 10 Golden yellow Round Small Entire Shiny and smooth Characterization of bacterial isolates The results of Gram staining and biochemical characterization of the recovered isolates are summarized in the Table below. All the isolates were catalase positive, indicating their ability to produce the catalase enzyme. Gram staining reactions revealed a predominance of rod-shaped bacteria, with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms observed, along with a few cocci. The coagulase test identified several isolates as coagulase-positive, indicating their potential as Staphylococcus species. The methyl red test revealed isolates capable of performing mixed acid fermentation, while the oxidase test showed a mix of oxidase-positive and oxidase-negative bacteria, aiding in the differentiation of Gram-negative organisms. Characterization of bacterial isolates Isolate code Catalase test Citrate test Coagulase test Methyl red test Oxidase test Cellular morphology Gram reaction Probable organism FSC 1 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species FSC 2 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species FSC 3 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species FSC 4 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species FSC 5 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species FSC 6 + + NA - + Rod - Pseudomonas species FSC 7 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus FSC 8 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus SSC 3 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species SSC 4 + + NA - + Rod - Pseudomonas species SSC 5 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species SSC 6 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species SSC 7 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus SSC 8 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus SSC 9 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus SSC 10 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus TSC 1 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus TSC 2 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus TSC 3 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species TSC 4 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus TSC 5 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species TSC 6 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus TSC 7 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species TSC 8 + + NA - - Rod + Bacillus species TSC 9 + + NA - + Rod - Pseudomonas species TSC 10 + - + + - Cocci in clusters + Staphylococcus aureus KEY: + = Positive - = Negative NA = Not applicable ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING The Antibiogram of the Isolated Gram Positive Bacteria The antibiogram of Gram-positive bacteria is shown in the table below. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to Pefloxacin, Gentamicin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Rocephin, Amoxacillin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin, and Erythromycin. Despite measuring zones of inhibition, these were below the CLSI benchmark, leading to their classification as resistant. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible only to Ciprofloxacin as shown in Table below Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Gram positive bacterial isolate ( Staphylococcus aureus ) Zones of inhibition (mm) Antibiotics Abbreviations Concentration (µg) Staphylococcus aureus Pefloxacin PEF 10 7(R) Gentamicin CN 10 0(R) Ampiclox APX 30 0(R) Zinnacef Z 20 0(R) Amoxacillin M 30 2(R) Rocephin R 25 1(R) Ciprofloxacin CPX 20 22(S) Azithromycin AZ 12 6(R) Levofloxacin LEV 20 7(R) Erythromycin E 10 0(R) KEY : R = Resistant S= Susceptible The Antibiogram of the Isolated Gram Negative Bacteria The antibiogram of Gram-negative bacteria is shown in table below. Pseudomonas species exhibited resistance to Cotrimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxacillin, Augmentin, Gentamicin, Pefloxacin, Tarivid, and Streptomycin. Although zones of inhibition were recorded, they were below the CLSI benchmark, thus classified as resistant. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Gram negative bacterial isolate ( Pseudomonas species) Zones of inhibition (mm) Antibiotics Abbreviations Concentration (µg) Pseudomonas species Cotrimoxazole SXT 30 6(R) Chloranphenicol GH 30 6(R) Sparfloxacin SP 10 4(R) Ciprofloxacin CPX 10 8(R) Amoxacillin AM 30 2(R) Augmentin AU 30 3(R) Gentamicin CN 10 7(R) Pefloxacin PEF 30 2(R) Tarivid OFX 10 6(R) Streptomycin S 30 8(R) KEY : R = Resistant S= Susceptible Prevalence of the bacterial isolates The prevalence of bacteria isolates is shown in the table below. Bacillus species occurred with the highest prevalence at 60.0% (12/20 isolates), indicating their dominant presence in the poultry cages. This was followed closely by Staphylococcus aureus , which accounted for 55.0% (11/20 isolates) of the total isolates.The least prevalent were Pseudomonas species, with a prevalence of 15.0% (3/20 isolates). Table 4.4 Prevalence of the bacterial isolates S/N Isolates Occurrence Prevalence 1 Bacillus species 12 60.0% 2 Pseudomonas species 3 15.0% 3 Staphylococcus aureus 11 55.0% Total 26 DISCUSSION The study identified three bacterial species isolated from poultry cages in the Gwagwalada market: Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus . These finding agrees with Emmanuel-Akerele et al. (2022) who similarly isolated Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species and Salmonella species from poultry battery and its contents in Lagos. Among the bacteria isolated in this study, Bacillus species showed the highest prevalence at 60.0%, likely due to their robust spore-forming ability, which allows them to withstand adverse environmental conditions. This dominance of Bacillus species aligns with the findings of Mazanko et al. ( 2022 ), who emphasized their prevalence in poultry environments due to improper cleaning and sanitation practices. Bacillus species, are often harmless but their presence in poultry environments is a potential health risk for handlers and consumers. This prevalence highlights the necessity of implementing stringent hygiene measures to reduce environmental contamination. Staphylococcus aureus recorded a prevalence of 55.0% which reflects the role of human activity in contaminating poultry environments. These bacteria are often introduced through direct handling, inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), or improper waste disposal. The high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus raises concerns, as this bacterium is a known pathogen capable of causing severe infections in humans and animals. Furthermore, the observed antibiotic resistance, including resistance to ciprofloxacin and amoxacillin, suggests misuse or overuse of antibiotics in poultry farming. This mirrors global trends, as noted by Just et al. ( 2012 ), in which antibiotic misuse in agricultural practices contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Pseudomonas species, which had the least prevalence of 15.0% of the isolates, thrive in moist and nutrient-rich environments, such as improperly maintained water sources in poultry farms (Emmanuel-Akerele et al ., 2022). Their presence suggests inadequate water management and sanitation practices. Pseudomonas species are notorious for their biofilm-forming capabilities and intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, making their control challenging. Their identification in this study echoes findings by Emmanuel-Akerele et al. (2022), which linked the occurrence of Pseudomonas in poultry environments to poor waste disposal and water quality management. The persistence of this organism underscores the importance of ensuring clean and pathogen-free water for poultry to limit bacterial proliferation. The antibiotic resistance patterns observed in this study are particularly alarming, with multidrug resistance noted across several isolates. Pseudomonas species exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, a commonly used treatment. These findings agree with those of Bamidele et al. ( 2022 ) who reported similarly high resistance to quinolones (Pefloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Ofloxacin) and aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, and Streptomycin). This pattern mirrors global concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the unregulated use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Conclusion This study revealed the prevalence of three bacterial species in poultry cages in the Gwagwalada market, with Bacillus species being the most predominant. It also highlighted the presence of multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus , posing significant risks to public health. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene practices, responsible antibiotic use and regular microbial monitoring in poultry environments to mitigate these risks and ensure the safety of poultry production. RECOMMENDATIONS To address the bacterial contamination and high antimicrobial resistance observed in this study: Poultry handlers should adopt rigorous cleaning protocols, including the regular disinfection of cages, water sources and feeding equipment, to limit bacterial contamination. Regular monitoring of microbial loads and resistance patterns should be carried out to identify potential hazards and guide corrective measures in poultry farming practices. Regulators like the Ministries of Health and Agriculture should introduce antimicrobial stewardship programs to minimize antibiotic misuse, coupled with the adoption of alternative approaches such as probiotics and vaccines to reduce dependency on antibiotics. Declarations The study was approved by the animal care committee of the University of Abuja. References Amabile-Cuevas CF (2016) Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment. CRC Press/Balkema, Leiden, pp 47–71 Bamidele O, Yakubu A, Joseph EB, Amole TA (2022) Antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from smallholder poultry droppings in the Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Antibiotics 11(7):973–987 Bolan NS, Stogy AA, Chuasavathil T, Seshadri1 B, Rothrock MJ, Panneerselvam P (2010) Uses and management of poultry litter. World’s Poult Sci J 66:673–698 Cheesbrough M (2006) District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. (2 nd Ed). Cambridge University Press: pp 62–70 Coop A (2021) Ranked: The world's fastest growing cities. Visual Capitalist. 13 August 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/ . Retrieved 4th January 2023 Emmanuel-Akerele H, Adamolekun P (2021) Microbiological Assessment of Poultry Droppings, Water and Soil Under Deep Litter (Dl) And Battery Cage (Bl) Systems Within Lagos, Nigeria. Malaysian J Appl Sci 6(1):80–98 Ghosh S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R (2021) Formation and development of biofilm-an alarming concern in food safety perspectives. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 38:102210 Goetting V, Lee KA, Tell LA (2011) Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: A review of the literature. J Veterinary Pharmacol Therapy 34:521–556 https:// Just NA, Létourneau V, Kirychuk SP, Singh B, Duchaine C (2012) Potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations. Ann Occup Hyg 56(4):440–449 Mazanko MS, Popov IV, Prazdnova EV, Refeld AG, Bren AB, Zelenkova GA, Chikindas ML (2022) Beneficial effects of spore-forming Bacillus probiotic bacteria isolated from poultry microbiota on broilers' health, growth performance and immune system. Front Veterinary Sci 9:87–93 Mottet A, Tempio G (2017) Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poult Sci J 73:245–256 Okonko IO, Nkang AO, Eyarefe OD, Abubakar MJ, Ojezele MO, Amusan TA (2010) Incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in some poultry feeds sold in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 1(1):15–18 Van TTH, Yidana Z, Smookera PM, Coloec PJ (2020) Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses. J Global Antimicrob Resist 20:170–177 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8896772","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":592431663,"identity":"d42ac55a-ed4e-4f71-ba79-26937144dd26","order_by":0,"name":"Quadri Zainab Adedamola","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGKIuHgSGhAkgzMzfgVo6h5cEZkBa4CC4tcBYPA+PDNhCDgBb+2c1tEh/32DDw8689JpE4rzaavx2o5UfFNtyW3DnYJjnjWRqD5Ix3aRKJ247nzjjM2MDYc+Y2Ti0GEolt0jwHDjMY3DhjBtRyLLcBqIWZsY2Alj8H/kO1zDmWO58oLQwHDjAYnO8Bammoyd1ASIvEjcRmy54DyTySM/iSLRKOHcjdCNRyEJ9f+GekP7zx44CdHD//2YM3f9TU5c47f/jggx8VuLUAAQsoangYJBJAnMNgoQP41AMB8weIfWB1dQQUj4JRMApGwUgEANHRXnbkEC8JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Abuja","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Quadri","middleName":"Zainab","lastName":"Adedamola","suffix":""},{"id":592431664,"identity":"aa7c53d9-173d-4425-823c-43895ccdf5c9","order_by":1,"name":"J.C. 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Numerous factors, such as breed, nutrition and animal health, are utilized to optimize each segment of the production chain, enhancing overall efficiency (Bolan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Mottet and Tempio, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to numerous studies, contaminated feeds, drinking water, utensils, workers, human waste, rodents and unsanitary hatchery practices are some of the sources of microbial infections in poultry (Okonko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Bacterial infections in contaminated poultry products can result in food-borne illnesses that humans can get. Poultry meat is a common source of food-borne illnesses brought on by bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp (Ghosh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics are one of the commonly used substances that have helped the poultry industry continue to grow. Aside from their application as human therapeutic agents, in poultry antibiotics such as amoxacillin, doxycycline, cephalexin and others are essential for treating and preventing infections in animal herds or flocks. Additionally, they are controversially and widely used as growth-promoters in poultry, where they are injected directly into water or feed to speed up the growth of birds bred for food products (Amabile-Cuevas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The risk posed by the overuse of antibiotics in poultry to public health is on the rise, with a greater quantity of antibiotics being utilized for promoting animal growth than for human medical purposes (Van et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the presence of antimicrobial residues in meat, eggs and other animal products raises health concerns, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring of poultry bacteria and their antibiotic resistance (Goetting et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gwagwalada main market is located in Gwagwalada Area Council, a local government area in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Geographically, Gwagwalada lies between latitudes 8\u0026deg; 57' 2.9988'' and 8.950833 North and longitudes 7\u0026deg; 4' 36.2532'' and 7.076737 East. The area spans 1,043 km\u0026sup2; and has a population of 157,770. It is projected to experience a 6.26% population growth between 2020 and 2025, the largest increase on the African continent (Coop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This population surge has led to a rise in business activities, particularly in the main market. The laboratory work was carried out in the Microbiology Department of the University of Abuja.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of twenty (20) samples were randomly collected from different poultry cages from Gwagwalada Market using sterile cotton swab sticks. The sterile sticks were used to swab different sections of each poultry cages. The swab sticks were moistened with sterile saline before swabbing the different sections of each poultry cages. This was to ensure that the microbes situated or transferred to the poultry cages adhere and stick to the swab sticks appropriately. The swabbed samples were immediately placed in sterile swab containers, sealed, labeled with the sample type, poultry cage and date of collection. All samples were transported in a cooler with ice packs to maintain their viability and taken immediately to the Microbiology laboratory of the University of Abuja main campus and processed within 4 hours of collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMaterials and reagents\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following materials and reagents were used in this study: Nutrient agar, tetracycline stock solution, Mueller-Hinton agar, Swabbed stick samples, Petri dishes, Glass slides, Cover slips, Test tubes, Pipettes, Conical flasks, Buffered peptone water, Distilled water, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMedia and Sterilization\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll culture media used were prepared according to manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions and sterilized by autoclaving at 121\u0026deg;C and 15psi for 15minutes. Media used included: Nutrient Agar and Mueller-Hinton Agar. These were used for the isolation, identification, growth of microorganisms and antibiotic susceptibility testing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMedia Preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Nutrient agar was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and sterilized by autoclaving at 121\u0026deg;C and 15psi for 15 minutes. The nutrient agar solution was allowed to cool down. Thereafter, Tetracycline antibiotic stock solution was added to achieve a final concentration of 10 \u0026micro;g/mL. The agar solution was mixed well to ensure uniform distribution of the antibiotic. The solution was then poured into sterile petri-dishes. The agar plates were allowed to solidify before inoculating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBacterial Inoculation and Isolation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected swab stick samples transported to the microbiology laboratory were directly inoculated onto Nutrient agar plates by gently streaking the swab sticks across the surface of the Nutrient agar. The inoculated plates were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, each type of colony growing on any of the inoculated plates, were then sub-cultured on Nutrient agar to obtain a pure culture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCharacterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacterial colonies were identified based on the colour, shape, elevation and margins depicted by the colonies on each Nutrient agar plate. Having obtained pure cultures, Bacterial isolates were examined using Gram staining and further characterization were done with biochemical tests namely; Catalase, Citrate, Coagulase, Methyl red and Oxidase Test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGram staining test\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was carried out to differentiate gram positive from gram negative bacteria (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiochemical tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase test: This test was carried out for all the bacteria isolates. A drop of hydrogen peroxide was put on a glass slide. Colonies were picked with a sterile loop and added to the drop. The observation was made for bubbles production (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCitrate utilization test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe citrate test differentiates bacteria according to their ability to use citrate as the sole source of carbon and energy. The isolates were inoculated on the media containing sodium citrate. These colonies were picked up from the subculture of the pure bacteria isolate using a straight wire and inoculated into slope of Simmons citrate agar and incubated overnight at 37\u0026deg;C. If the organisms has ability to use citrate, the medium changes colour from green to bright blue (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCoagulase Test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coagulase test was performed to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species. A drop of sterile distilled water was placed on a clean glass slide. A colony of the test organism was emulsified with the drop of distilled water to make a thick suspension. A loopful of human plasma was stirred into the suspension on the slide. Clumping visible to the eyes within 5\u0026ndash;10 seconds indicated positive result (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMethyl Red Test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a test done to identify bacteria that produce stable acids from glucose through mixed acid fermentation. Isolates were incubated in test tubes with peptone sugar broth for 24 hours at 37\u0026deg;C. This was followed by adding 5 drops of methyl red reagent to 5 ml of culture. The broth's bright red coloration indicated positive result but yellow coloration within seconds showed negative result (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eOxidase Test\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oxidase test was performed to identify bacteria isolates that have the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. In a Petri dish, a test isolate was picked up with a sterile inoculation loop and smeared onto a piece of filter paper, 2\u0026ndash;3 drops of oxidase reagent was added to the smeared bacteria. The reaction was observed for 30 seconds to 2 minutes. A positive result was indicated by the appearance of blue- purple color at the site of the bacteria smear, while a negative result showed no color change (Cheesbrough, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntibiotic Susceptibility Testing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic sensitivity test was conducted using antibiotic disc (Oxoid, UK) according to Kirby-Bauer antibiotic disc diffusion techniques. Briefly described, Mueller-Hinton agar was prepared in petri-dishes. Pure colonies of the bacterial isolates were emulsified in normal saline and the turbidity matched against McFarland No. 0.5 turbidity standard. The Isolates were then plated on the Mueller-Hinton agar and antibiotic discs (Maxi Care) was placed centrally using the antibiotic disc dispenser (Oxoid, UK). The Petri-dishes and its content were incubated for 24 hours in a humidified incubator at 37\u0026deg;C. The organisms were observed for antibiotic sensitivity by measuring the zone of inhibition on the plate in millimeters using a ruler. Results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, categorizing the bacteria as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antibiotic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined twenty swab stick samples from poultry cages at Gwagwalada market, FCT- Nigeria. and identified three bacterial species namely: Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of these isolated bacteria are presented below\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCultural morphological characteristics of bacterial isolates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical colonial characteristics of the bacterial isolates observed on Nutrient Agar plates are summarized in the Table below. Most of the isolates exhibited irregularly shaped colonies with edges ranging from entire to irregular. The textures of the colonies varied, with most being shiny, while a few appeared dry. The colours of the colonies ranged from creamy white to golden yellow, and some displayed shades of blue and green.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCultural characteristics of bacterial isolates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTexture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBluish green\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBluish green\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrregular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry and rough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBluish green\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGolden yellow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShiny and smooth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCharacterization of bacterial isolates\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Gram staining and biochemical characterization of the recovered isolates are summarized in the Table below. All the isolates were catalase positive, indicating their ability to produce the catalase enzyme. Gram staining reactions revealed a predominance of rod-shaped bacteria, with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms observed, along with a few cocci. The coagulase test identified several isolates as coagulase-positive, indicating their potential as \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e species. The methyl red test revealed isolates capable of performing mixed acid fermentation, while the oxidase test showed a mix of oxidase-positive and oxidase-negative bacteria, aiding in the differentiation of Gram-negative organisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCharacterization of bacterial isolates\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolate code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatalase test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitrate test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoagulase test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl red test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidase test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular morphology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram reaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbable organism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003e+\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSC 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSC 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocci in clusters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKEY: + =\u003c/b\u003e Positive - = Negative NA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Not applicable\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Antibiogram of the Isolated Gram Positive Bacteria\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibiogram of Gram-positive bacteria is shown in the table below. \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates were resistant to Pefloxacin, Gentamicin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Rocephin, Amoxacillin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin, and Erythromycin. Despite measuring zones of inhibition, these were below the CLSI benchmark, leading to their classification as resistant. \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was susceptible only to Ciprofloxacin as shown in Table below\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility profile of Gram positive bacterial isolate (\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZones of inhibition (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (\u0026micro;g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePefloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmpiclox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinnacef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoxacillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRocephin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(S)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzithromycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLEV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKEY\u003c/b\u003e: R\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;Resistant S= Susceptible\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Antibiogram of the Isolated Gram Negative Bacteria\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibiogram of Gram-negative bacteria is shown in table below. \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species exhibited resistance to Cotrimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxacillin, Augmentin, Gentamicin, Pefloxacin, Tarivid, and Streptomycin. Although zones of inhibition were recorded, they were below the CLSI benchmark, thus classified as resistant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility profile of Gram negative bacterial isolate (\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003especies)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZones of inhibition (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (\u0026micro;g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCotrimoxazole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSXT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChloranphenicol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparfloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoxacillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAugmentin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePefloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarivid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOFX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreptomycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKEY\u003c/b\u003e: R\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;Resistant S= Susceptible\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrevalence of the bacterial isolates\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of bacteria isolates is shown in the table below. \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species occurred with the highest prevalence at 60.0% (12/20 isolates), indicating their dominant presence in the poultry cages. This was followed closely by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, which accounted for 55.0% (11/20 isolates) of the total isolates.The least prevalent were \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species, with a prevalence of 15.0% (3/20 isolates).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of the bacterial isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccurrence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study identified three bacterial species isolated from poultry cages in the Gwagwalada market: \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e. These finding agrees with Emmanuel-Akerele \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) who similarly isolated \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e species \u003cem\u003eand Salmonella\u003c/em\u003e species from poultry battery and its contents in Lagos.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the bacteria isolated in this study, \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species showed the highest prevalence at 60.0%, likely due to their robust spore-forming ability, which allows them to withstand adverse environmental conditions. This dominance of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species aligns with the findings of Mazanko et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who emphasized their prevalence in poultry environments due to improper cleaning and sanitation practices. \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species, are often harmless but their presence in poultry environments is a potential health risk for handlers and consumers. This prevalence highlights the necessity of implementing stringent hygiene measures to reduce environmental contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e recorded a prevalence of 55.0% which reflects the role of human activity in contaminating poultry environments. These bacteria are often introduced through direct handling, inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), or improper waste disposal. The high prevalence of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e raises concerns, as this bacterium is a known pathogen capable of causing severe infections in humans and animals. Furthermore, the observed antibiotic resistance, including resistance to ciprofloxacin and amoxacillin, suggests misuse or overuse of antibiotics in poultry farming. This mirrors global trends, as noted by Just et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), in which antibiotic misuse in agricultural practices contributes to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species, which had the least prevalence of 15.0% of the isolates, thrive in moist and nutrient-rich environments, such as improperly maintained water sources in poultry farms (Emmanuel-Akerele \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Their presence suggests inadequate water management and sanitation practices. \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species are notorious for their biofilm-forming capabilities and intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, making their control challenging. Their identification in this study echoes findings by Emmanuel-Akerele \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022), which linked the occurrence of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e in poultry environments to poor waste disposal and water quality management. The persistence of this organism underscores the importance of ensuring clean and pathogen-free water for poultry to limit bacterial proliferation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibiotic resistance patterns observed in this study are particularly alarming, with multidrug resistance noted across several isolates. \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, a commonly used treatment. These findings agree with those of Bamidele et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) who reported similarly high resistance to quinolones (Pefloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Ofloxacin) and aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, and Streptomycin). This pattern mirrors global concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the unregulated use of antibiotics in animal husbandry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed the prevalence of three bacterial species in poultry cages in the Gwagwalada market, with \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e species being the most predominant. It also highlighted the presence of multidrug-resistant strains of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, posing significant risks to public health. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene practices, responsible antibiotic use and regular microbial monitoring in poultry environments to mitigate these risks and ensure the safety of poultry production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRECOMMENDATIONS\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the bacterial contamination and high antimicrobial resistance observed in this study:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry handlers should adopt rigorous cleaning protocols, including the regular disinfection of cages, water sources and feeding equipment, to limit bacterial contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegular monitoring of microbial loads and resistance patterns should be carried out to identify potential hazards and guide corrective measures in poultry farming practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegulators like the Ministries of Health and Agriculture should introduce antimicrobial stewardship programs to minimize antibiotic misuse, coupled with the adoption of alternative approaches such as probiotics and vaccines to reduce dependency on antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the animal care committee of the University of Abuja.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmabile-Cuevas CF (2016) Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment. CRC Press/Balkema, Leiden, pp 47\u0026ndash;71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBamidele O, Yakubu A, Joseph EB, Amole TA (2022) Antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from smallholder poultry droppings in the Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Antibiotics 11(7):973\u0026ndash;987\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBolan NS, Stogy AA, Chuasavathil T, Seshadri1 B, Rothrock MJ, Panneerselvam P (2010) Uses and management of poultry litter. World\u0026rsquo;s Poult Sci J 66:673\u0026ndash;698\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheesbrough M (2006) District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. (2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Ed). Cambridge University Press: pp 62\u0026ndash;70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCoop A (2021) Ranked: The world's fastest growing cities. Visual Capitalist. 13 August 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Retrieved 4th January 2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEmmanuel-Akerele H, Adamolekun P (2021) Microbiological Assessment of Poultry Droppings, Water and Soil Under Deep Litter (Dl) And Battery Cage (Bl) Systems Within Lagos, Nigeria. Malaysian J Appl Sci 6(1):80\u0026ndash;98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhosh S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R (2021) Formation and development of biofilm-an alarming concern in food safety perspectives. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 38:102210\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoetting V, Lee KA, Tell LA (2011) Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: A review of the literature. J Veterinary Pharmacol Therapy 34:521\u0026ndash;556\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps://\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Gwagwalada-Area-Council-FCT-Abuja-showing-the-study-sites_fig1_330349853\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJust NA, L\u0026eacute;tourneau V, Kirychuk SP, Singh B, Duchaine C (2012) Potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations. Ann Occup Hyg 56(4):440\u0026ndash;449\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMazanko MS, Popov IV, Prazdnova EV, Refeld AG, Bren AB, Zelenkova GA, Chikindas ML (2022) Beneficial effects of spore-forming Bacillus probiotic bacteria isolated from poultry microbiota on broilers' health, growth performance and immune system. Front Veterinary Sci 9:87\u0026ndash;93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMottet A, Tempio G (2017) Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World\u0026rsquo;s Poult Sci J 73:245\u0026ndash;256\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkonko IO, Nkang AO, Eyarefe OD, Abubakar MJ, Ojezele MO, Amusan TA (2010) Incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in some poultry feeds sold in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. Br J Pharmacol Toxicol 1(1):15\u0026ndash;18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan TTH, Yidana Z, Smookera PM, Coloec PJ (2020) Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses. J Global Antimicrob Resist 20:170\u0026ndash;177\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Abuja","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Poultry Cages, Antibiogram, Bacteria, Gwagwalada Market ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8896772/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8896772/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIncreased demand for meat and eggs has given significant impetus to the growth of the poultry industry. Pathogenic bacteria are a significant threat in poultry and in order to secure the huge investments made in poultry, there has been a heavy dependence on antibiotics with antibiotic resistance as the consequence. This study aimed to isolate and identify antibiotic resistant bacteria from poultry cages in Gwagwalada market, FCT- Nigeria using the streak plate technique and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The bacteria \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e were isolated with prevalence of 60.0%, 15.0% and 55.0% respectively. The Gram-positive \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was resistant to Pefloxacin, Gentamicin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Amoxacillin, Rocephin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Erythromycin. However, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e showed susceptibility only to Ciprofloxacin. The Gram-negative \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species was resistant to Cotrimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxacillin, Augmentin, Gentamicin, Pefloxacin, Tarivid and Streptomycin. The high antibiotic resistance observed in this study mirrors global concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the unregulated use of antibiotics in animal husbandry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolated From Poultry Cages in Gwagwalada Market, FCT-Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-23 10:26:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8896772/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a78343d-9657-4cc7-bb03-65828eb9f6ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":63036480,"name":"Animal Science"},{"id":63036481,"name":"Agricultural Economics \u0026 Policy"},{"id":63036482,"name":"Developmental Biology"},{"id":63036483,"name":"Applied \u0026 Industrial Microbiology"},{"id":63036484,"name":"General Microbiology"},{"id":63036485,"name":"Terrestrial Ecology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T10:26:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-23 10:26:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8896772","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8896772","identity":"rs-8896772","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}